Production and Sandbox Environments

1. What is Cloud Computing?

Pictorial representation of the internet is Cloud.

Cloud Computing is nothing but internet computing.

Everything we do on the internet is cloud computing, no need for any heavy hardware requirements and no
need to install any software in the local system.

Cloud Computing is an approach to provide the following services

SAAS (Software as a Service)—Salesforce sales and service

PAAS (Platform as a Service) – force.com like Apex programming.

IAAS (Infrastructure as a Service)

2. What is a sandbox URL?

test.salesforce.com is a sandbox URL.

3. What is the production URL?

login.salesforce.com is the production URL.

4. What is Production?

Production is the live environment where the end users will use the application. We should not make coding
changes in production since end-users are using the application from a production environment.

5. What is a sandbox?

The environment that we will use for developing or testing purposes is known as a sandbox.

To create the sandbox, in production we can find one link called sandboxes. By clicking on that link we can
create the sandbox by choosing the type of the sandbox.

6. What are the types of Sandboxes?

Developer Sandbox

Developer pro sandbox

Partial data sandbox

Full copy sandbox

7. What is a Developer sandbox?

Developer sandbox will be used to develop the features.

It copies only configuration changes from the production.

It won’t copy real time data.

We can test the configuration changes with sample data.

Sample data limit is 200mb.

Refresh time interval is one day.

If we refresh all the sandbox contents will be replaced with production contents.

8. What is a developer pro sandbox?

Copy configuration changes.

No real time data.

Sample data limit is 1GB.

Refresh time interval one day.

9. What is a partial data sandbox?

Copy configuration changes.

Copy a certain amount of real time data.

Real time data limit is 5GB.

For each table it can copy a maximum of 10k records.

Refresh interval 5 days.

10. What is a Full copy sandbox?

It is an exact replica of the production. We will use this for a performance test and keep it as a backup.

Copy both configuration and entire real time data from the production.

Refresh time interval 29 days.

Customization
1. What is App,Tab,Object,Field in salesforce?

2. What is Track Field History?

While creating the object, we can enable 'Track Field History'.

If we enable 'Track Field History', users can see the 'Set History Tracking' button under 'Custom
Fields and Relationships' section which is available on the object detail page.

By clicking on the 'Set History Tracking' button, we can enable tracking for the fields whichever
we want.

To see the object history, go to the object's record layout and add the Object Name History
related list to the layout.

Whenever, user changes a field value from one value to another value, it will show the history
of the field in the 'Object History' related list.
Note that multi-select picklist and large text field values are tracked as edited; their old and
new field values are not recorded.

3. What are the Activities in Salesforce?

To create the Activities, while creating the object, we should check for the 'Allow Activities'
checkbox then the user can add open Activities and Activity History related lists on the Object
layout.

There are two types of activities :

Task: Task is nothing but work assigned to a particular person, it doesn't have a certain time
limit.

Event: It has a certain time limit in that time only all persons should assemble after the time
limit is over, event will get complete.

Once the event or task status changes to 'Complete' then we can see those records under
Activity History Related List.

4. How to rename the tab?

Tab name will be decided based on the Plural Label of the custom object, to rename go to
corresponding object detail page and rename the plural label.

5. How to display multiple columns after clicking on the tab?

Click on the tab (Which should be related to any of the custom/standard object) > Expand
Force.com Quick Access Menu > Edit Columns > Move the needed fields from Available Fields to
Selected Fields. > Click on Save > User should be able to see multiple columns.

(OR)

Click on Setup > Create > Objects > Select the corresponding object link > Under Search Layouts
section > Click Edit which should be left to Object Tab > Move the needed fields from Available
Fields to Selected Fields. > Click on Save > User should be able to see multiple columns.

6. What is the difference between ISBLANK () AND ISNULL ()?

ISNULL () works only for number data type fields, if we don't populate with value for number
fields it will return true.

ISNULL () won't support TEXT data type fields because text fields never become null.

ISBLANK () supports both numbers as well as text data types.

7. What is a dependent picklist?

In some scenarios, we should be able to control one of the fields (Dependent field) from
another field (Controlling field), example If we select Country (Controlling field) as India then
City (Dependent Field) should display only Indian cities.

We can use checkbox data type fields also while creating dependent picklist (Note: Checkbox
should be always controlling field)

We can use multiselect data type fields also while creating dependent picklist (Note: multi-
select data type field should be always dependent field)

{Controlling field must be either checkbox or picklist } {standard picklist should be always
controlling field but not depend field } {dependent field should be pick list or multiselect}

8. What is the architecture of the salesforce?

MVC Architecture - Model, View, Controller

View - It is the user interface (Apps, Tabs, Page Layouts, Fields and Record Types)

Controller - Business Logic (Save, Edit, New, Cancel and Delete - upon click on these button
salesforce execute some logic from controller)

Model - It is the Database, which stores Schema (Meta-Data (Data about Data) --> Apps, Tabs,
subject’s, fields, Apex Classes, Visualforce pages, etc...) and Instance (Records)

9. What is the difference between 15 digit and 18 digit ID in Salesforce?

In Salesforce, whenever a user creates any component (Object, field, tab etc ) or record then
salesforce will generate an unique id with which the user can identify the record or component.

After creating the record, in the URL user can see the id of the record which is of 15 digits
length.

Through the user interface the user always sees a 15 digit id which is Cases-Sensitive.

If the user query the existing records from the database through API (Either from Query Tool or
from a program), it will always return an 18 digit id which is Case-Insensitive.

Last 3 digits of the 18 digit represents checksum of the capitalization of 15 digit id.

Based on the first 3 digits the user can identify the object of the record.

All the records belonging to the same object will contain the same first 3 digits.

10. What is Record Type?

Record types allow you to offer different business processes, picklist values, and page layouts to
different users based on their profiles
After creating the record type, on the record type detail page user can see all the picklist data
type fields, user can edit the picklist and decide which values should display for this particular
record type.

11. What is the difference between detail page and edit page?

Whenever a user tries to create a new record or edit an existing record user can input the
values for the fields, this page is nothing but an edit page.

After creating a new record or editing an existing record, the user can see the information of
the record, this page is nothing but a detail page.

12. What is out of box functionality?

Within the SFDC standard functionality (no need to write code).

Like workflow rules, validation,flows , process builder, Reports and Dashboard.

13. What are the types of tabs?

Custom tabs ( will be created for objects)

Web tabs (will be created to display a website)

Visual force tabs (will be created to display the visual force page)

Lightning component Tab.(will be created Lightning Aura Components)

14. What is the validation rule?

Validation rules help to improve data quality by preventing users from saving incorrect data.

Validation rule consists of error condition and Corresponding error message.

Validation rules are executed at record saving time.

15. There are two fields in an object , the combination of these two fields should be unique,
how to achieve this without coding?

Using the VLOOKUP function in the validation rule we can achieve this.

16. What are Governor Limits?

Since we are working in a multi-tenant environment Salesforce is enforcing the limits for all the
functionalities.

How many no of fields for an object: 500

No of master detail relationships for an object: 2

No of lookup relationship for an object: 40

No of rollup summary fields: 25

How many external ids we can enable for an object: 7 (increased from 3 to 7 in Winter 15)

These values might be changed , we can extend these limits by raising the case to salesforce.

17. For which data type we can enable external id?

we can enable the external id for the data types like Text , number, auto number, email.

18. What is a list view?

List view is a feature which gives the following features

1. Save list views for future use.
2. Filter on a specific field or fields.
3. Specify which groups of users have access to the list view.
4. Print list views.
5. Edit records in list views.
6. Follow records and view related Chatter posts.

19. What is Inline editing?

On the detail page without clicking on the edit button we can edit a particular field if it is not
read-only.

20. How to disable Inline editing?

To enable or disable Inline editing follow the below navigation - Setup--> Customise--> User
Interface--> Enable Inline Editing

21. What is Enhanced list view?

In list views we can modify multiple records at a time using Enhanced list views Note: To modify
multiple records, all the records should belong to the same record type in the list view
otherwise we cannot modify.

22. What is the search layout?

Whenever we click on a tab or we click on a lookup icon or search for a record we see only one
standard field by default, to enable remaining fields -

To show multiple fields for the records which display under a tab, on object detail page > under
Search layouts edit tab and add required fields.

To show multiple fields for the records which display when we click on lookup of a field, on
object detail page > under Search layouts edit Lookup Dialogs and add required fields.
To show multiple fields for the records which display when we search for the records, on object
detail page > under Search layouts edit Search Results and add required fields.

23. What is a mini page layout and how to enable?

For lookup fields on record detail page we see a link, whenever we put cursor on that link we
see a popup window which displays few fields. To control the fields visibility, on that look up
field parent object page layout we see a mini page layout in that we can control.

24. What is the lead process?

To control the picklist values of the Lead status field on the lead object we should create lead
process.

Without selecting the lead process, we can't create the record type for lead object

25. What is sales process?

To control the picklist values of the stage field on the opportunity object we should create sales
process.

Without selecting the sales process, we can't create the record type for opportunity object

26. What is Support process?

To control the picklist values of the status field on the case object we should create support
process.

Without selecting the support process, we can't create the record type for case object

27. What is web-to-lead?

Without login into the salesforce we can create the lead record using web-to-lead.

1) Enable the web-to-lead check box

2) Create web-to-lead form
3) Select the fields from available to selected
4) Then provide the Return URL like http://Thankyou
5) Generate
6) Copy and paste the sample HTML then save it.
7) After click HTML form which you create now then fill the form and submit Query
8) Check the result in Salesforce Lead object.

On lead object we can generate the HTML code by selecting lead fields and by mentioning
return URL from web-to-lead option. The generated HTML code can be hosted in any of the
website. Upon entering the information in those fields and clicking on submit button that
information will be saved into lead object of the Salesforce.

28. What is Queue?

Queue is a group of users and used for load balancing.

Queue can be crated for custom object and standard object like Lead, Case and Knowledge
Article.

29. What is public group?

Public group is set of users and it contains individual users. Public group used for sharing
settings and public groups can be created across all objects.

30. What are the Assignment rules?

Assignment rule is an automatically assign Lead or Case to the user or queue based on criteria
which you define. You can create multiple assignment rules based on condition but only one
rule should be active at a time.

31. What are Auto-Response Rules?

On lead and case objects we can create the Auto-Response Rules. Whenever any record is
submitted for lead/case if specified condition in the Auto-Response Rules satisfied based on
that we can decide the email format which should send as auto response.

32. What are the Escalation rules?

On case object we can create Escalation rule. Based on the priority we can send escalation
mails.

33. I have a lead assignement rule which will update the owner of the lead onwer1 , and
workflow wihch will update the owner of the lead onwer2. finally who will be the owner ?

Questions on Relationships
1. Is it possible to create the Master – Detail Relationship field for the child object which is
having existing records?

No, we cannot create directly. To create first, we should create Look up relationship then
populate the field value for all the records and then convert the look up relationship to master
detail relationship.

2. Is it possible to convert Mater – Detail Relationship to Look up Relationship?

If the parent object doesn’t have Roll up Summary fields for the child object then we can
convert.

3. Is it possible to delete junction – Object in case of Mater – Detail Relationship?

If the parent objects don’t have Roll up Summary fields for the child object then we can delete.

To delete a child object it should not be referred in Apex Classes and Apex Triggers.

Later if we undelete the object, Master detail fields on the junction objects will be converted to
look up Fields.

Note:

If we delete only Master – Detail Relationship field from the child object and undelete it from
the Recycle Bin then it will be converted to look up relationship.

Parent Object we cannot delete because it will be referred in the child object.

4. What will happen if we undelete the deleted Junction Object?

Master – Detail Relationship data types will be converted to look up relationship data types.

5. What will happen to child records if we delete a parent record in case of Lookup
Relationship?

If we delete parent object record all the child object records relationship's field value will be get
deleted. (Entire record won’t be get deleted)

Example:

Child Object: Employee (Employee object have Department field which is related to
Department Object)

Parent Object: Department

Suppose N number of employee records related to IT department, if we delete IT department

all the child (Employee) records Department field value related to IT department will be get
deleted.

Note:

Salesforce store deleted records only for 15 day in Recycle bin later it will remove the records
permanently.

If we undelete the IT department record from the Recycle bin then all the related child records
department field value will be restored.

6. What will happen to child records if we delete a parent record in case of Master Detail
Relationship?
If we delete the parent object record all the child object records will be get deleted.

Example:

Child Object: Employee (Employee object have Department field which is related to
Department Object)

Master Object: Department

Suppose N number of employee records related to IT department, if we delete IT department

all the child records will get deleted.

Note:

Salesforce store deleted records only for 15 day in Recycle bin later it will remove the records
permanently.

If we undelete the IT department record from the Recycle bin then along with IT department
record all the related child (Employee) records will be restored. (We cannot see the child object
records in the Recycle bin)

7. What is Junction Object?

A child object which is having master detail relationships with two different parent object is
called junction object.

Example:

Object1: Department

Object2: Project

Child Object: Employee

Field1: Department (Master Detail with Department)

Field2: Project (Master Detail with Project)

Note: From the above example we can say Employee Object as Junction Object.

8. For a junction object if we delete one of the parent record what will happen to child
records?

Child records will be get deleted which are related to Department as well as Project.

Note: If we undelete the IT department record from the Recycle bin then along with IT
department record all the related child (Employee) records will be restored those will be
reflected for Project as well. (We cannot see the child object records in the Recycle bin)
Users, Profiles and Permission Sets
1. Is it possible to delete the user in salesforce?

No, once we create a user in salesforce we cannot delete the user record. We can only
deactivate the user record.

2. What is 'Grant Account Login Access'? How to enable 'Grant Account Login Access'

If we enable 'Grant Account Login Access' for a user, then we can see 'Log in' button on the
detail page of that user. By clicking on that 'Log in' button without giving that user's username
and password we can log in.

To enable the 'Grant Account Login Access' follow the below steps -

Log in as a user to whom you want to enable Log in access.

At top right corner click on name (Which should be left to Setup) > My Settings

User should be able to see user's personal set up page.

Left side, click on Personal Information > Grant Account Login Access

User should be able to see Grant Account Login Access page

In Access Duration column select '1 Year' for all the records and click on 'Save' button.

Log out and Log in as any other user in the organization then click on Manage Users > Users.

User should be able to see list of records and verify the user to whom we enabled the Grant
Account Login Access

User should be able to see the Login link beside Edit link.

Click on Login then user should be able to login as that user mode

Observe at top right corner, user should be able to see logged in as 'Name of the user' which
should be highlighted in black color.

Click on Logout

User should be come back to original user's mode, observe at top right corner, user should not
be able to see Logged in as 'Name of the user'

3. How to provide security for Meta-Data files (Schema)?

Using Profiles and Permission Sets.

4. What is Profile?
Profile is a collect of settings and permissions called profile.

Profile controls the following settings

FLS, Custom Object Permission, Page Layouts, Record types, Tab Settings, App Settings,
Administrative permission, General permissions and password policies, Apex class access, vf
page access and also Login hours, Login IP range.

5. What is Permission Set?

Permission set is a collect of settings and permission.

Permission set is also found in profile, but permission sets are extended User's functional access
without changing their profile.

Example- To give additional permissions to few users who belongs to different profiles over
Apps, Tabs, sObjects and fields.

6. How to give permissions to two fields for different users who belongs to different profiles?

Permission sets.

7. How many users are there in your project salesforce instance?

1000 (It will depend upon the number of licenses taken by the client, it will be like up to 4000
like that based on the client)

8. How to provide security for the Records (Instance)?

Roles

OWD (Organization Wide Defaults)

Sharing Rules.

Manual Sharing

Apex Managed sharing

View all 🡪 View Access to All records of the Object

Modify all🡪 we give permission on specific objects (Read, Edit, Delete permission for particular
objects)

View all data🡪 View All Data will give you permission to all records in the system across all
objects

Modify all data 🡪Create, Read, Edit, Delete entire organization (Standard and custom objects)
and regardless of the sharing setting

9. What is role?
Role controls Record level of settings. Role is not mandatory for user creation.

10. What is OWD?

OWD is the default access level on records for any object in sales force.

For custom objects we can see below access levels –

Sharing settings is extend for Role hierarchy.

Private

Public Read only

Public Read/Write
Public Read/Write/Transfer (Only for Case and Lead)

Public Full Access (Only for Campaign)

By default, after creating custom object OWD access level is Public Read/Write.

Private: only owner and above hierarchy users can have Read/Write access and below hierarchy
users don't have any access.

Public Read only: only owner and above hierarchy users can have Read/Write access and below
hierarchy users can have only Read Only.

Public Read/Write: Irrespective of role hierarchy everyone can have Read/Write permissions on
the records.

11. What is Grant Access Using Hierarchies?

Grant Access using hierarchy enable only for custom object it is possible we can’t change
standard objects

Say there are three roles

Role A

Role B

Role C

Role A is higher in hierarchy, Role B is in middle and Role C is lower in hierarchy

If the Role A user through Manual Sharing or Sharing Rules, shares the record to Role C user
who is in lower hierarchy, then the Role B user who is above in hierarchy to Role C user can see
the records, if we enable Grant Access Using Hierarchies at sharing settings else Role B user
cannot see the record.
Import Wizard and Data Loader
1. What is Import wizard?

Import wizard is a web based tool to process bulk records.

With import wizard we can process maximum of 50,000 records.

It supports custom objects only few Standard objects like Account, Contact, Lead and Solution.

Its supports schedule export.

Delete operation is not available.

It doesn’t required installation.

While importing duplicate record can be ignored.

2. What is Data Loader?

Data Loader is a stand-alone tool to process bulk records. With Data loader we can process
maximum of 5 million records. Most of the time we use only Data loader. Default batch size of
the Data loader is 200.

It doesn’t support schedule export.

We can Insert, Update, Delete, Upset, Export, Export all and Hard Delete.

While importing duplicate records can’t be ignored.

It required installation.

It supports all custom and standard objects.

3. Which operations we can perform on data loader?

Insert (Inserting brand new records, no need of ID)

Update (Updating the existing records based on the record ID)

Upsert (To Upsert we should have one external ID field on the object, based on the external id
field if the value already exists it will update, if doesn't exist then it will insert)

Delete (Delete the records based on the id provided, to delete we need only id, deleted records
can be found in recycle bin)
Hard delete (Delete the records based on the id provided, to delete we need only id, deleted
records can't be found in recycle bin, Note: If we enable bulk API in data loader settings then
only we can perform Hard delete.)

Export (From any object we can export records based on the SOQL query, Note: We can't
export deleted records which are there in the recycle bin)

Export all (From any object we can export records based on the SOQL query, Note: Using Export
all we can export deleted records which are there in the recycle bin also)

4. Data loader or Import wizard supports which file format?

.CSV (Comma Separated Values)

5. What is the filed mapping file format of the data loader?

.SDL

6. How to insert null values into data loader?

In data loader settings we should enable 'insert null values' checkbox otherwise we can't insert
null values.

7. What is external ID?

Suppose we have account table in Salesforce and account table outside of the Salesforce
(ex: .csv file, sql database). In Salesforce all the records can be identified with record id and
outside of the Salesforce we can't recognize records with Salesforce id that is the reason to
compare outside table and salesforce table in Salesforce for one of the field we have to enable
external ID (we can enable external id for text, number, auto number and email). If we enable
external id we can compare that particular column with the column which is available in
external table. While comparing if the both column values are same then it will update
otherwise it will insert.

8. Maximum batch size of data loader?

10,000 records and minimum 1 record.

9. What is default batch size if we enable bulk API?

2,000 records.

10. What is the best approach to if I don’t want to fire triggers, validation rules , workflows
while loading data ?

Create custom fields in user skipTrigger__c,skipvalidationrule__c,skipWorkflow__c. Give default

value as false .Make this fields usage as mandatory in tigers, validation, workflows. Then we will
have option to on and off these features.
 Workflows and Approvals

1. What are the different kinds of evaluation criteria’s (events)?

Created

Created and every time it’s edited to meet the criteria (if we select this option you can’t add
time-dependent workflow rule action)

Created and any time it’s edited to subsequently meet the criteria

2. What is the difference between Created and every time edited to meet the criteria and
Created and edited to subsequently meet the criteria?

If we select 'Created and every time it’s edited to meet the criteria' whenever we create a
record or edit a record if the criteria of the workflow rule meets, then it will trigger every time.
If we select 'Created and edited to subsequently meet the criteria' -

While creating the record criteria meets so that workflow will fire and while editing the record
again criteria meets workflow won't fire (meeting the criteria to meeting the criteria)

While creating the record criteria doesn't meet so workflow won't fire and while editing the
record workflow criteria meets then workflow will fire (not meeting the criteria to meeting the
criteria)

Conclusion: Previous state of record should be not meeting criteria and current state of record
should be meeting the criteria then only in current state workflow will fire.

3. What are the types of rule criteria’s?

Criteria meet (field - operator - value, if there are multiple criteria’s then in filter criteria we can
give conditions like ( 1 or 2) and 3, field to field comparison is not possible, we can't fetch the
previous state information of the field )

Formula evaluated (we can write formulas with this we can do field to field comparison and we
can fetch previous state value of the record)

4. What is immediate workflow action?

The action which will be performed immediately after the record criteria meets.

5. What is time dependent workflow action?

The action which will be performed in future based on the any of the date field. To create time
dependent workflow action, we should create one-time trigger. In time trigger we can give
either days or hours with the maximum of 999 value and we can select either before or after.

6. For which event we can't create time dependent workflow action?

Created and every time it’s edited to meet the criteria.

7. What are the different kinds of workflow actions?

New field update (we can update a field of the same object or the fields of the parent objects
which are at master side in master-detail relationship, only for master-detail parent objects we
can update the field and for lookup we can't update)

New email alert (we can send emails if the criteria meets)

New task (we can create new task)

New outbound Message (we can make a callout)

8. What are the types of email templates?

Text

HTML (with letter head)

Custom HTML (without letter head)

Visual Force

9. There is a time based workflow which will update one of the fields if the criteria meet. User
submits the record with valid criteria, workflow triggered so that the field update is queued
in the 'time based flow' queue which will fire after one day. If the user modifies the record
which is submitted before the scheduled date, after modification, a record criterion is not
meeting. Whether the field will be updated or not in schedule date?

It won't trigger in the schedule date because if we modify the record to not meeting criteria
that queued field update will be removed from the 'time based flow' queue.

Salesforce will remove the task from queue.

10. For the same scenario explained in the above question what happens when we deactivate
or modify the criteria of the workflow to different criteria? Whether the field will be updated
or not in schedule date?

Yes, It will trigger in scheduled date.

11. Scenario: There are two workflow rules on the same object say namely wf1 and wf2. If
wf1 fires then a field will be updated on the same object, if the field updated and due to this
wf2 criteria meets then what will happen, wf2 will fire or not?

It won't fire. To fire wf2 we should enable 'Re-evaluate Workflow Rules' checkbox of the field
update which is there in wf1.

11. Can we create a record in work flow?

No , we can’t create a record except in task ,

12. Filed update on in work flow can be done on child object?

No , we can update the filed parent and in same object

12. What is Approval Process?

If the criteria of the record meets then by clicking on submit for Approval button user can
submit the record for approval (Note: Approval history related list should be displayed on the
record detail page)

13. How to configure Approval Process?

Before creating the Approval Process, we should select the object after that we should follow
below steps -

Give the Approval Process name

Give the criteria of the Approval Process

Select the email template (If we don't select any email template salesforce by default send an
email notification to the target approver else with our selected email template target approver
will be notified)

Select the users who can submit for the approval (If we do not select any user by default all the
users who can access to that record can submit)

Select the user to whom record should be submitted

Initial submission actions ( after submitting the record for approval immediately whatever the
actions included in the initial submission actions section will be triggered)

Approval Steps (we can add multiple steps)

For each and every step we can see 'Approval actions' and 'rejection actions' sections where we
can add actions to be performed

If the Approver approves the record then actions which are under 'approval actions' section will
be triggered
Final approval actions section (If all the steps approved then actions which are under 'final
approval actions' section will be triggered)

Final rejection actions section (If any one of the step rejected then actions which are under
'final rejection actions' section will be triggered)

Recall approval actions ( After submitting record for approval if you want to revoke we click on
recall approval action on the detail page, after clicking on that button actions which are under
recall approval actions section will be triggered )

14. Scenario: After activating the approval process, I want to add one more step. Is it
possible?

It’s not possible, to add one more step deactivate the approval process and clone the
deactivated approval process and add the new steps.

15. Difference between work flow and process builder

We can do limited functionalities with work flow where as we can do more actions using
process builder

a. throw work flow we can update only parapet and same record fields but in process
builder we can update child records as well
b. throw workflow we can send out bound msg but we can’t do this in process builder
c. we can’t call apex method in work flow, but we can call apex method from process
builder for this we need use @invokable
d. we can call flow and other process builder from other process builder, but we can’t do
this from work flow

on long run , if we we will concouter more workflows and process builder . So the
metadata of object will become huge , to read large metadata file it will take more
time .for each workflow process builder it will again loads the metadata file so the time
of process will become more . So We are converting all workflows to process builder
and triggers. Workflow solution or process builder solution will be good if it is for core
feature. else tigger is best option .

Reports and Dashboards

1. What is Report?

Collection of data to summarized for an object.

2. What are the types of Reports?

Tabular (Displays records just like a table)

Summary (we can summarize the information based on certain fields)

Matrix (we can summarize the information in two dimensional manners, both rows and
columns)

Join (we can summarize information in different blocks on the same object and the related
objects)

3. How many blocks we can create for join reports?

5 blocks. ***

4. How many maximum groupings we can do for summary, matrix and join reports?

3 groupings

5. What is bucketing in reports?

Bucket field in Reports is used to group values to the name we specify.

See in detail here

6. What is Analytic Snapshot or Report Snapshot.

An Analytic snapshot help us to create report on historical data. It is called” Report Snapshot”.

Analytic snapshot is:

1) A Source Report type should be either Tabular or Summary Report.

2) A Target custom object fields matching the columns in the Source Repot type
3) Analytic Snapshot definition, which maps fields and schedules the snapshot runs

Steps to do the Analytics snapshot is

Go to ->Setup -> Select Administration setup -> Data Management -> Report Snapshot

Apex Programming Basics

1. What are the Opp's Concepts?

Any language which supports the following concepts are called opp's based languages.

Encapsulation (Class and Interface)

Abstraction (private, protected, public and global)

Polymorphism (Overloading and Overriding)

Inheritance (extends and implements)

Apex supports all the above mentioned concepts so Apex is an opp's based language.

Note: Apex is Case Insensitive.

2. What is the difference between non-static and static?

By default all the variables and methods are non-static.

Scope of the non-static variables or methods is within the scope of the same object.

We can declare variables and methods as static by using static keyword.

Scope of the static variables and methods is throughout the transaction.

Static variables and methods, we can directly call with class name (we cannot access static
variables and methods with object name).

Collections
1. What are the types of Collections available in Apex?

List (ordered and allow duplicates)

Set (unordered and won't allow duplicates)

Map (Key and value pair)

2. What is the difference between List and Set?

List
Set

List is ordered.
Set is unordered.

List allows duplicates.

Set doesn't allow duplicates.

We can access list elements with index.

Set elements cannot be accessed with index.
We can sort list elements with sort method (default sorting order is ascending).
Sort method is not available for Set.

Contains method is not available in List.

Contains method is available for Set to search for a particular element in
the set.

We can process records which are stored in list using DML statements (insert, update, delete
and undelete).We cannot process records which are stored in set using DML statements.

3. What is the maximum size of the list?

No limit for the size of a list. It only depends on the heap size which is 6 MB (Synchronous) and
12 MB (Asynchronous).

4. What are the map methods available in Apex?

//Map holds key and value pair.

//Syntax: Map mapName = new Map();

/*Map countryISTCodeMap = new Map();

countryISTCodeMap.put('India','91');

countryISTCodeMap.put('USA','001');

countryISTCodeMap.put('India','911'); //replaces old value with new value.*/

Map countryISTCodeMap = new Map{'India'=>'91','USA'=>'001', 'India'=>'911'};

system.debug('countryISTCodeMap result: '+countryISTCodeMap+' with size

'+countryISTCodeMap.size());

system.debug('countryISTCodeMap keys: '+countryISTCodeMap.keyset());

system.debug('countryISTCodeMap values: '+countryISTCodeMap.values());

system.debug('countryISTCodeMap search: '+countryISTCodeMap.containsKey('India'));

system.debug('countryISTCodeMap fetching value based on key:

'+countryISTCodeMap.get('India'));

//map keys are case-sensitive.

Clear().Clone(),put(key,value),size(),Containkey(key),get(key),remove(key)isEmpty() etc..

keyset(): To fetch only keys from the map.

values(): To fetch only values from the map.

containsKey(value): To search a key from the map.

get(key): By supplying the key we can fetch the value.

put(key,value): To add key and value in a map.

DML, SOQL and SOSL

1. What are the DML statements available in Apex?

Insert

Update

Delete

Undelete

Upsert (Combination of insert and update)

Merge (Combination of update and delete)

2. Governor Limits for DML statements?

Number of DML statements per transaction: 150 (as a whole including insert, update, delete
and undelete)

Number of rows processed per DML stmt: 10000(10k)

3. What is SOQL?

SOQL: Salesforce Object Query Language

SOQL Purpose: To fetch info. From an object and related objects.

We can write query on one object while querying on those objects we can fetch the child object
info. Or parent object info. (We cannot capture UN related objects info.)

SOQL queries per transaction: 100.

SOQL query rows returned: 50000.

https://developer.salesforce.com/blogs/developer-relations/2013/05/basic-soql-relationship-
queries.html
Child to Parent Query:
 SELECT LASTNAME, ACCOUNT.NAME FROM CONTACT
Parent to Child Query:
SELECT Account.Name, (SELECT Contact.Name FROM contacts) FROM Account

Inner Join:
SELECT Name, (SELECT Contact.Name FROM contacts) FROM Account WHERE Account.Id
IN (SELECT Contact.accountId FROM Contact)

4. What is SOSL?

SOSL: Salesforce Object Search Language.

SOSL Purpose: We can search for a value in multiple objects (no need of any relationship).

Results of SOSL query can be stored in List of List.

SOSL queries per transaction: 20.

SOSL query rows returned: 2000.

5. Difference between insert/update and Database. Insert/ Database. Update?

insert/update

Database.insert/Database.update

Assume that you are inserting 100 records. If any one of the record fail due to error, then entire
operation will fail. None of the records will be saved into the database. With insert/update if we
use try-catch then we can capture only one error which will cause to stop the operation

Assume that you are inserting 100 records. If any one of the record fail due to error then it will
perform partial operation (valid records will be inserted/updated) if we use
Database.Insert(list,false)/ Database.update(list,false).

. with Database.insert/Database.update we can capture all the errors by saving result in

Database.saveResult[].

6. There is a Queue with name MyQueue. How to query it using SOQL query from the
database?

Queues will store in Group object. To query for MyQueue from the database using SOQL, we
should use the following syntax -
 Group grp = [select Id, Name from Group where Name = 'MyQueue' and Type = 'Queue' Limit
1];

Apex Triggers
1. What are the trigger events?
Before Mode: Before the record is saving into the database, it will fire.

After Mode: After the record is saved into the database (doesn't commit at this point of time), it
will fire.

Before After
before insert after insert
before update after update
before delete after delete
After undelete
Note: before undelete event is not available.
2. What are the trigger context variables?
To capture the runtime information we use trigger context variables.
Below context variables will return either true or false.
Trigger.isBefore (returns true if the trigger context is Before Mode)
Trigger.isAfter (returns true if the trigger context is After Mode)
Trigger.isInsert (returns true if the trigger context is Insert)
Trigger.isUpdate (returns true if the trigger context is Update)
Trigger.isDelete (returns true if the trigger context is Delete)
Trigger.isUndelete (returns true if the trigger context is Undelete)
Trigger.isExecuting (returns true if the apex class method is getting call from Apex Trigger)
Below context variables will store records at runtime.
trigger. Old (stores history (old versions) of the records.)
trigger.oldMap (stores history (old versions) of the records along with id.)
trigger. New (stores new version of the records.)
trigger. newMap (stores new version of the records along with id.)
3. Availability of trigger.old and trigger.new for the different trigger events?
Apex Trigger Collections availability for the different events -
Events trigger.old trigger.oldMap trigger.new trigger.newMap
before insert ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘

after insert ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔

before update ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

after update ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

before delete ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘

after delete ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘

after undelete ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔

4. Read/Write accessibility of trigger.old and trigger.new?

Read/Write access over the trigger collections on different events -
Events trigger.old trigger.oldMap trigger.new trigger.newMap
before insert NA NA Read/Write NA
after insert NA NA Read Only Read Only
before update Read Only Read Only Read/Write Read Only
after update Read Only Read Only Read Only Read Only
before delete Read Only Read Only Read Only Read Only
after delete Read Only Read Only Read Only Read Only
after undelete Read Only Read Only Read Only Read Only
5. When to use before triggers and when to use after triggers?
Before Triggers
To perform the validations, we should use before triggers.
If you are updating any field on the same object on which you are writing the trigger and no need
to explicitly include the DML statemetns (already due to DML operation only trigger fire and it
is still in progress at this point of time.)
After Triggers
If you are dealing with relationship records and if you need record id in these situations we
should use after trigger (in before insert record doesn't contain the record id).
6. For the same event if there are multiple triggers on the object, how to control the order
of execution?
We cannot control the order of execution in this situation. It is recommended to have only one
trigger per one object.
Note: We can keep the logic of the apex trigger in an apex class and can invoke from that class.
7. What are the recursive triggers and how to avoid?
Recursive trigger will happen when we use the after update on trigger on same object.
To avoid recursive trigger, we need to use the static Boolean variable is true in the class.
For example:
Class:
Public class recursive
{ @future
Public static Boolean run =true;
}
Trigger:
Trigger recurssivetrigger on Account(after update)
{
If(recursive.run)
{ //code here
}
}

8. What is MIXED-DML-OPERATION error and how to avoid?

If we perform DML operation on standard/custom object and global objects(User, UserRole,
Group, GroupMember, Permission Set, etc...) in same transaction this error will come.

To avoid this error, we should perform DML operation on standard/custom object records in a
different transaction.

In general all the apex classes and apex triggers execute synchronously (execute immediately).

if we perform DML operation on standard/custom object records asynchronously (execute in

future context), we can avoid MIXED-DML-OPERATION error.

To execute logic asynchronously keep the logic in an apex method (in a separate apex class, not
in same apex trigger) which is decorated with @future annotation.

see the below example -

Note: To analyse the code copy it and paste it in notepad for the convenience.
public class TriggerUtility {
/*
1. Following future method execute asynchronously (whenever server is free it will execute in
future context).
2. We should not declare @future method in Apex Trigger.
3. @future method should be always static.
4. @future method accepts only primitive data types (Integer, String, Boolean, Date, etc...) as
parameters and it won't accept
non-primitive data types (sObject,Custom Objects and standard Objects etc.. ) as parameters.
5. @future method should not contain return type. Always it should be void.
6. From an apex trigger we can make only make asynchronous call outs. To make call out we
should include "callout = true" beside the future @annotation.
7. We cannot perform synchronous call outs from Apex Trigger.
 */
//Below is the example for the future method -
@future(callout = true)
public static void processAsync(primitive parameters) {
//Logic to insert/update the standard/custom object.
}
}
9. Following Custom Objects are available in the organization -
ChildObject__c
ParentObject__c
Click to see the full question.
Relationship between ChildObject__c and ParentObject__c objects is Lookup relationship.

In case of lookup relationship if we delete the parent object record in child object only the
relationship field value will be removed (child records won't be deleted).

But client has a requirement to delete the child object records. How to achieve this?

Write an apex trigger to achieve this functionality.

We should take before delete event. If we take after delete relationship will broke up b/w parent
and child object records.

Trigger ParentTrigger on ParentObject__c(before delete) {

/*
Note:
- For delete events only trigger.old and triggger.oldMap will be available.
 - trigger.old holds old versions of the records but if we mention that in SOQL query salesforce
will automatically convert those records into ids.
*/
List childLst = [select id, Parent_Object__c from ChildObject__c where Parent_Object__c in:
trigger.old];
delete childLst;
}
10. What is the order of execution in salesforce?
1. The original record is loaded from the database (insert, update)
2. Executes all before triggers
3. System Validation Rules.

Like 1. Required values at layout level and FLS level

2. Valid field format

3. Maximum filed length.

4. Custom Validation rules.
5. Executes all after triggers.
6. Executes assignment rules.
7. Executes auto-response rules.
8. Executes workflow rules.
9. If there are workflow field updates, updates the record again.
10. If the record was updated with workflow field updates, fires before and after triggers one more
time. Custom validation rules are not run again.
11. Executes escalation rules.
12. If the record contains a roll-up summary field or is part of a cross-object workflow, performs
calculations and updates the roll-up summary field in the parent record. Parent record goes through save
procedure.
13. If the parent record is updated, and a grand-parent record contains a roll-up summary field or is part
of a cross-object workflow, performs calculations and updates the roll-up summary field in the parent
record. Grand-parent record goes through save procedure.
14. Executes Criteria Based Sharing evaluation.
15. Commits all DML operations to the database.
16. Executes post-commit logic. Ex: Sending email

11. There is a validation rule which will fire if amount = 100 and will display the error
message. There is a workflow rule which will fire if amount > 100 and will update amount
field to 100. One of user saved the record by giving value as 1000.
What will the value of the amount field?
Validation rules will fire first then workflow rules will fire. So, the answer is 100 (Even though
there is a validation rule because of the workflow rule it will accept 100 in the amount field).
12. There is a before trigger which will fire if amount = 100 and will display the error
message. There is a workflow rule which will fire if amount > 100 and will update amount
field to 100. One of user saved the record by giving value as 1000.
What will the value of the amount field?
It will throw the validation error because after the workflow field update before triggers fire one
more time.

Batch Apex

1. What is Batch Apex?

Batch Apex is used to process the large volume of the data.

Batch Apex write an apex class that implements the Database.Batcable interface including the following
three methods.

1) Start method 2) Execute method 3) Finish method

Start Method: Used to collect the records or objects and pass to the execute method.
global (Database.QueryLocator | Iterable<sObject>)
start(Database.BatchableContext BC {}

Strat method returns the Databse.QueuryLocator | Iterable that contains the records or objects pass to
the job.

Databse.QueryLocator: returns 50 Million records

Iterable: returns 50k records and also enforce salesforce governor limit.

Execute Method: Used to Process the records batch wise

global void execute(Database.BatchableContext BC, list<P> scope){}

Finish Method: This method is Execute after all batches are processed and will send
confirmation mail which are records are processed successfully

global void finish(Database.BatchableContext BC){}

Batch apex default batch size is 200 and maximum batch size is 2000

Batch apex Governor limits:

1) Up to 5 batch jobs can be queued or active
2) You can submit maximum 5 batch jobs.
3) Database.QueryLocator maximum of 50 million records can be return. If more than 50
million records are return, then the batch jobs immediately terminated and marked as
failed.
4) Start, Execute and Finish methods can be implemented up to 100 callouts each.
 5) If we want to run the batch apex using database.executeBatch()

Batch Apex code:

Apex Code:

global class batchAccountUpdate implements Database.Batchable<sObject> {

global Database.QueryLocator start(Database.BatchableContext BC) {
String query = 'SELECT Id,Name FROM Account';
return Database.getQueryLocator(query);
}

global void execute(Database.BatchableContext BC, List<Account> scope) {

for(Account a : scope)
{
a.Name = a.Name + 'Updated';
}
update scope;
}

global void finish(Database.BatchableContext BC) {

}
}

To run the Batch apex for above class

batchAccountUpdate bc = new batchAccountUpdate();

database.executeBatch(bc,200);

2. What are the Batch Apex methods?

Since we are inheriting Database.Batchable interface we should implement all the method
prototypes declared in the interface.

We should implement the following global methods -

start: It will prepare the records to process and execute only one time.

execute: It will take the records prepared in start method and split those records into batches
and it will execute multiple times. For example if the start method is returning 1000 records
then execute method executes 5 times if you don't mention the batch size (Default Batch Size
is: 200). Maximum batch size is: 2000.

finish: We can perform post commit logic like sending emails with the success or error
information. It will execute only one time.

Batch Class Syntax:

//Database is Class provided by Salesforce.

//Batchable is an global interface which is inside of the Database class.

//Batchable include 3 method prototypes: 1. start 2. execute 3. finish

//start and finish methods will execute only one time.

//execute method executes multiple times.

global class BatchUsage implements Database.Batchable , Database.Stateful {

//at a time we can inherit multiple interfaces but we cannot inherit multiple classes.

//By default batch class is stateless (variable info. store in one method cannot be remembered
in other method),

//to make it stateful we should inherit Database.Stateful interface.

String name = '';

global Database.queryLocator start(Database.BatchableContext bc) {

//From asynchronous to asynchronous we cannot call

//(from batch class we cannot call future mehthod vice versa.).

name += 'start';

system.debug('@@@Start Method: '+name);

//Collects the records to process. It will forward these records to execute method.

//If we use Iterable as return type for this start method it can hold

//max. of 50k records only.

//If we use Database.queryLocator as return type for this start method it can hold

//max. of 50 million records.

return Database.getQueryLocator('select id, name, Location__c from Department__c where

Location__c = \'\'');

global void execute(Database.BatchableContext bc, LIST sObjLst) {

name += 'execute';
system.debug('@@@Execute Method: '+name);

//Split the records forwarded by start method into batches.

//Default batch size is: 200.

//Max. batch size is: 2000.

List depUPdLst = new List();

for(SObject sObj: sObjLst) {

Department__c dept = (Department__c) sObj;//Type Casting.

dept.Location__c = 'Bangalore';

depUPdLst.add(dept);

if(depUPdLst.size() > 0)

update depUPdLst;

global void finish(Database.BatchableContext bc) {

name += 'finish';

system.debug('@@@Finish Method: '+name);

//Post Commit logic like sending emails for the success or failures of the batches.

AsyncApexJob a = [select id, Status, NumberOfErrors, JobItemsProcessed,

TotalJobItems, CreatedBy.Email from AsyncApexJob where id =: bc.getJobId()];

Messaging.singleEmailMessage mail = new Messaging.singleEmailMessage();

mail.setToAddresses(new String[]{a.CreatedBy.Email});

mail.setSubject('Batch Class Result');

mail.setHtmlBody('The batch Apex job processed ' + '' + a.TotalJobItems + '' +

' batches with '+ '' + a.NumberOfErrors + '' + ' failures.');

//sendEmail methods
 Messaging.sendEmail(new Messaging.singleEmailMessage[]{mail});

/*** Scheduling in minutes or hours ***/

/*//Create object for schedulable class

SchedulableUsage su = new SchedulableUsage();

//Preparing chron_exp

Datetime sysTime = System.now();

sysTime = sysTime.addminutes(6);

String chron_exp = '' + sysTime.second() + ' ' + sysTime.minute() + ' ' +

sysTime.hour() + ' ' + sysTime.day() + ' ' + sysTime.month() + ' ? ' + sysTime.year();

System.schedule('Dep Update'+sysTime.getTime(),chron_exp, su);*/

}}

3. How to schedule batch apex?

Schedule apex run at specific time like weekly or daily basis.

Schedule apex that write an apex class that implement the Schedulable interface.

If we want to run the schedule apex class using System.schedule method

Sample code:

global class RemindOpptyOwners implements Schedulable {

global void execute(SchedulableContext ctx) {List<Opportunity> opptys = [SELECT Id, Name,

OwnerId, CloseDate FROM Opportunity WHERE IsClosed = False AND CloseDate <
TODAY];

// Create a task for each opportunity in the list

TaskUtils.remindOwners(opptys);

RemindOpptyOwners reminder = new RemindOpptyOwners();

// Seconds Minutes Hours Day_of_month Month Day_of_week optional_year

String sch = '20 30 8 10 2 ?';

String jobID = System.schedule('Remind Opp Owners', sch, reminder);

4. How to schedule batch apex in minutes/hours?

To schedule the batch class in minutes/hours, in the finish method we should use
System.schedule method which will take 3 parameters Job Name, Chrone Expression and
schedulable class instance name respectively.

/*** Scheduling in minutes or hours ***/

//Create object for schedulable class

SchedulableUsage su = new SchedulableUsage();

//Preparing chron_exp

Datetime sysTime = System.now();

sysTime = sysTime.addminutes(6);

String chron_exp = '' + sysTime.second() + ' ' + sysTime.minute() + ' ' +

sysTime.hour() + ' ' + sysTime.day() + ' ' + sysTime.month() + ' ? ' + sysTime.year();

System.schedule('Dep Update'+sysTime.getTime(),chron_exp, su);

5. How to maintain the state between the methods of batch class?

By default batch class is stateless (variable value which is stored in one method cannot be
remembered in another method).

To maintain the state for the batch class, we should inherit Database.Stateful interface.

Scenario: In a set list of emails are stored in execute method. In the finish method that set is
not having any emails. What is the reason?

Answer: By default batch class is stateless. Emails which are added to set can be remembered
only in execute method. If we try to access the set in finish method you won't see those emails.
In finish method if you want to access those emails of that set we should inherit the interface
called Database.Stateful.

6. Is it possible to call batch class from one more batch class?

Yes it is possible, starting with Apex saved using Salesforce API version 26.0, you can call
Database.executeBatch or System.scheduleBatch from the finish method. This enables you to
start or schedule a new batch job when the current batch job finishes.

For previous versions, you can’t call Database.executeBatch or System.scheduleBatch from any
batch Apex method. Note that the version used is the version of the running batch class that
starts or schedules another batch job. If the finish method in the running batch class calls a
method in a helper class to start the batch job, the Salesforce API version of the helper class
doesn’t matter.

7. Is it possible to call future method from a batch class?

We cannot call one asynchronous process from another asynchronous process.

Since @future method and Batch Class both are asynchronous we cannot call future method
from batch class or we cannot call batch class from the future method.

Future: @future notation to identify method that run asynchronous.

@future method must be static method and can only return void type.

@future methods are used in Web services and Test class

@future methods can’t be used in visual force controller in getmethodnam(),setmethodname()

and also constructor.

8. How to cover the code for a batch class?

To cover the code for the batch class we should call the batch class from the inside of the
Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest().

Test.startTest();

//Call the batch class from here.

Test.stopTest();

9. How many batch jobs can be active/queued at a time?

Up to 5 batch jobs can be queued or active.

10. Is it possbile to write batch class and schedulable class in a same class?

By implementing Database.Batchable and Schedulable interfaces we can implement the

methods in a same class.

Though it is possible it is not recommended to write like this.

Test Classes
1. What is the purpose of writing the test class?

After developing an apex class or apex trigger we should write the unit tests and ensure that we
are able to execute at least 75% of the lines of code.

If you are moving the code from sandbox to sandbox regarding code coverage you won't face
any issue.

If you are moving the code from sandbox to production, you need to include all the test classes
at the time of deployment and salesforce will run all the test classes which you included for the
deployment as well as test classes which are already present in production, if the code
coverage is less than 75% deployment will fail.

2. Is it possible to write test code inside of an apex class or apex trigger?

we cannot write test code (test methods) inside of the apex trigger.

From API Version 28.0, we cannot write the test methods inside of an apex class which is not
decorated with @isTest.

We can write test methods only in a class which is decorated with @isTest.

Note: We have a governor limit for the overall Apex Code size of the organization which is of 3
MB. If we decorate a class with @isTest annotation Apex Code Size governor limit will be
bypassed.

3. Syntax of testMethod?

@isTest
 private class MyTestClass {

static testMethod void myTest1() {

static testMethod void myTest2() {

Note: Test Class can be either public or private.

4. What is the purpose of seeAllData?

By default, test class cannot recognize the existing data in the database.

if you mention @isTest(seeAllData = true) then test class can recognize the existing data in the
database.

See the below examples -

From a List Custom Settings, we cannot fetch the existing data without seeAllData = true in test
class.

Suppose you have a custom object called 'CustomObject__c' and it contains many records, we
cannot fetch the existing data without seeAllData = true in test class.

Note: It is not recommended to use seeAllData = true for a test class. Based on the existing data
in database code coverage will impact.

5. What is the purpose of Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest()?

Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest() maintains fresh set of saleforce governor limits. Assume
that you are consuming 99 SOQL queries outside of Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest() then if
you include any SOQL inside of Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest() count will start from 1.

Per testMethod we can use Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest() only for one time.

To execute asynchronous methods synchronously we can call those methods from inside of
Test.startTest() and Test.stopTest().
6. What is the purpose of system.runAs()?

By default test class runs in System Mode. If you want to execute a piece of code in a certain
user context then we can use system.runAs(UserInstance). For more details refer 2nd question
in visualforce category.

To avoid MIXED-DML-OPERATION error we can include DML statements inside of

system.runAs(), still the error persists keep DML statements inside of Test.startTest() and
Test.stopTest().

7. What are the assert statements?

What is the purpose?

To compare Actual value and Expected value we use assert statements.

Types of assert statements

system.assertEquals(val1,val2): If both val1 and val2 are same then test class run successfully
otherwise test class will fail.

system.assertNotEquals(val1,val2): If both val1 and val2 are not same then test class run
successfully otherwise test class will fail.

system.assertEquals(val1> val2): If the condition satisfied then test class run successfully
otherwise test class will fail.

8. What is the purpose of Test.isRunningTest()?

Sometimes we cannot satisfy certain if conditions for the apex classes, in those situations on
those if conditions we can add Test.isRunningTest separated with or condition. Example:
if(condition || Test.isRunningTest())

9. What is the purpose of @TestVisible?

Sometimes in test classes we need to access a variable from Apex Class, if it is private we
cannot access for that we will replace private with public. for this reason we are compromising
the security. To avoid this before the private variables in apex class we can include @TestVisible
so that even though variable is private we can access from the test class.
@Testvisible-- Use the TestVisible annotation to allow test methods to access private or
protected members of another class outside the test class. These members include methods,
member variables, and inner classess

For example

public class TestVisibleExample {

// Private member variable

@TestVisible private static Integer recordNumber = 1;

// Private method

@TestVisible private static void updateRecord(String name) {

// Do something

@isTest

private class TestVisibleExampleTest {

@isTest static void test1() {

// Access private variable annotated with TestVisible

Integer i = TestVisibleExample.recordNumber;

System.assertEquals(1, i);

// Access private method annotated with TestVisible

TestVisibleExample.updateRecord('RecordName');

// Perform some verification

10. What are the test class best approaches?

We should not depend on the existing data in the database. We should create the test data for
all the possible scenarios. Note: Profiles and record Types cannot be created programmatically,
we can query from the database. For the remaining objects including users we should create
the test data.

While testing apex triggers and batch classes, we should do bulk testing at least with 200
records.

We should test for all the positive and negative scenarios.

Visualforce Basics
1. Visualforce Basics.

Previously Visualforce Pages were not there, instead S-Controls were there.

S-controls have been superseded by Visualforce pages. Organizations that haven’t previously
used s-controls can’t create them. Existing s-controls are unaffected, and can still be edited.

S-controls: It is a combination of HTML and S-control but with this to achieve saelsforce look
and feel, it is very difficult and consume lot of tags.

Visualforce: With visualforce we can easily achieve the salesforce look and feel by consuming
very few tags.

Browsers (IE, Chrome, Firefox, etc...) can understand only HTML, Visualforce will be converted
to HTML before display on the browser by salesforce.

Visualforce page should start with the following syntax –

2. What is the difference between system mode (system context) and user mode (user
context)?

System Mode: Current logged in user permissions (Object-level, Field-level, Record-level

security) won't be considered. Even though user doesn't have access, it will provide full
permissions.
User Mode: Current logged in user permissions (Object-level, Field-level, Record-level security)
will be considered.

See the following table -

Component Default Mode

Apex Class System Mode

Apex Trigger System Mode

standardController User Mode

controller System Mode

Extensions (standardController) User Mode

Extensions (controller) System Mode

Anonymous Block User Mode

Note: to apply security for Apex Class, we can use with sharing while declaring the class. With
sharing will apply only Record-level security. It won't apply Object-level and Field-level security.

3. What are the types of controllers available for the visualforce page?

There are the two types of controllers -

Standard Controller

Custom Controller

Note: on a visualforce page, we can use either standardController (attribute name for Standard
Controller) or controller (attribute name for Custom Controller). We cannot refer both at a
time.

StandardController -

We can refer any standard object or custom object in this attribute. At a time we can refer only
one object and we cannot refer apex class in this attribute.

standardController by default works in user mode.

controller -
We can refer any apex class in this attribute. At a time, we can refer only one apex class in this
attribute.

controller by default works in system mode.

Other supported attributes for the controllers -

extensions

Standard List Controller

Custom List Controller

extensions -

We can refer this attribute along with standardController or controller attribute.

In extensions attribute, we can refer multiple apex classes. We cannot refer standard/custom
objects.

Standard List Controller -

There is no such attribute called standard list controller but in the standardController page if
you mention recordsetVar attribute then that page we can call it as standard list controller
page.

In recordsetVar attribute we can give any name which will hold the list of records of the object
which we mentioned for the standardController.

Custom List Controller -

There is no such attribute called custom list controller but in the controller page if we display
multiple records then that page we can call it as custom list controller.

In controller class, we have to query the records from the database to display the records on
the page.

4. Following classes are there what will be the priority -

controller="MainClass"

extensions="ClassA,ClassB,ClassC"

click to see the question in detail.

A method with the name save exists in all the classes mentioned above. Which will execute first
and what is the order?

First of all it will give priority for the extensions, in case there are multiple classes referred then
it will give priority from left to right after that only it will check in main controller (either
standardController or controller).

In the above scenario, it will invoke the save method from ClassA.

5. What is View State?

Creation: In a visualforce page, whenever we use form tag then view state will be created for
the page.

Purpose: Assume that, we need to display the user input form in 3 different visualforce pages.
In first and second pages, user has to fill the information and click on Next button. On the final
page, after filling the form if he/she will click on Save button, which ever the information we
filled in the first and second pages should be also saved. View state will store the information
which is filled in first and second page . To maintain the state of the page, we need view state.

Size: All the variables which we use in controller/extensions classes and expressions which are
declared on the page will occupy the space in view state.

Governor Limits: Maximum size of the View State is: 135 KB.

Page Performance:

Whatever the variables information we don't required to maintain the state while navigating to
other pages those variables we can decorate with transient keyword which won't occupy space
in the view state.

Static variables also won't occupy space in the view state.

It is recommended to use only one form tag. If there are multiple form tags hierarchy of the
folder structure increases which will occupy more space.

6. What are the Static Resources?

To store the following kind of files and refer on the visualforce page -

images

javaScript/jQuery
CSS Style Sheets

zip files

Overall size of the static resources per organization: 250 MB

Size of each static resource file: 5 MB

To refer the static resource on the vf page use: $Resource.FileName

To refer the zipped static resource on the vf page use: URLFOR($Resource.zipname,

'/images/FileName.png')

<apex:page showHeader="false">

<apex:image url="{!$Resource.HPLoadingImage}" width="50" height="50"/>

</apex:page>

7. What is the difference between Static Resources and Documents?

Please find the following differences -

Static Resources Documents

Static Resource is cached at server side. Documents will store in database.

Static Resources can be referred with file name. Documents should be referred with url.

8. How to display error messages on VF(Visualforce) page?

On VF page we should use -

In Apex Class, we should use -

ApexPages.addMessage(new ApexPages.Message(ApexPages.severity.Error,'Error Message'));

Note: For the standardController no need to include code inside of the Apex Class.
Following severity levels are available -

CONFIRM

ERROR

FATAL

INFO

WARNING

Click here for the reference

9. What is RecordSetVar?

on a standardController page to display the multiple records we use recordSetVar (without the
support of any extensions class).

10. What is the difference between dataTable and pageBlockTable?

dataTable: Display the records without standard salesforce look and feel.

pageBlockTable: Display the records with standard salesforce look and feel.

11. Maximum number of records displayed on the VF page?

1000

12. How to display more records beyond the supported limit on the VF page?

For the page tag we can enable readOnly attribute value as true so that -

Number of query rows will increase from 50000 to 1 million rows.

Number of records displayed on VF page will be increased from 1000 to 10000

13. What is the difference between input Text and input Field?

input Text: Always display the field as text box irrespective of data types (Checkbox, Picklist,
Look up).
input Field: Display automatically according to the fields data types.

Note: We cannot refer primitive data types (String etc.) with input Field.

14. What is the difference between output Text and output Field?

output Text: Always display the field value as text irrespective of data types (Currency, Look up,
URL etc.).

output Field: Display automatically according to the fields data types.

If it is currency, then it will append currency symbol while displaying on the page. If it is look up
type then it will display as a link.

15. What is pagination and what are the ways to achieve it?

Assume that we need to display 100 records on the page. If the requirement is to display only
10 records at a time -

First: Displays first set of 10 records.

Previous: Displays previous set of 10 records.

Next: Displays next set of 10 records.

Last: Displays last set of 10 records.

We can achieve the above functionality with Pagination. We can achieve the pagination in two
ways -

Using standardSetController

Using Limit and Offset keywords in SOQL query.

16. What is Wrapper Class?

Wrapper Class is nothing but list of instances of a certain class. Follow the below steps to create
the wrapper list -

Create an Apex Class say 'MyWrapper'(It can be inside/outside of the controller class.)

Declare the necessary variables in the class to store the information.

Create a list called 'MyWrapList' for 'MyWrapper'.

Create multiple instances for 'MyWrapper' and store it in 'MyWrapList' list.

Access 'MyWrapList' list from VF page.

In the below scenarios, we have to go for wrapper class -

If you want to display checkboxes along with records so that upon selecting checkboxes
corresponding records can be processed (Updating, Deleting, etc.).

If you need to display records in single table by combining the columns which belongs to
multiple objects.

17. What are the custom labels?

Custom labels are custom text values that can be accessed from Apex classes or Visualforce
pages. The values can be translated into any language Salesforce supports. Custom labels
enable developers to create multilingual applications by automatically presenting
information (for example, help text or error messages) in a user's native language.

You can create up to 5,000 custom labels for your organization, and they can be up to 1,000
characters in length.

Where to use?

we can refer in below components -

Validation Rules and Formula fields

Apex Classes and Apex Triggers

Visualforce Pages

What is the advantage?

Assume that you are referring a Record Type Name multiple times in an apex class, in future if
the client asked to rename the record type then in all the palaces we need change by searching
which consume good amount of time. To avoid that if you store the Record Type Name in
custom label and refer that custom label in all the places. If you need to change the name in
future then you need to change only in that custom label.
Assume that you are displaying an error message on the visualforce page, in future if the client
asked to change the error message then it will be a code change. For code change it requires lot
of approvals from business which consume lot of time. If you keep the error message in a
custom label and refer on the page, in future it won't be a code change, in production directly
they can replace the error message in that custom label.

18. What are the Custom Settings?

There are two types of custom settings -

List Custom Settings

Hierarchy Custom Settings

List custom settings -

List Custom Settings are like custom objects.

We can create the fields and we can store the records.

List Custom Settings records will store in Application Cache memory.

To access List Custom Settings records no need to use SOQL query.

Example: Based on the regions, zip codes should be retrieved. In this case, If you store these
records in a custom object every time we need to query from the database. Instead if you store
the records in List Custom Settings, without consuming SOQL query we can capture the
information from the database.

Hierarchy custom settings -

We can add users and profiles.

After that we can check that a particular/current logged in user is part of this custom settings.

We can refer this in below components -

Validation Rules

Apex Classes and Apex Triggers

Visualforce Pages

19. What is the difference between List Custom Settings and Custom Object?
Custom setting to create and manage custom data at the organization, profile and user level.

Custom setting data is stored in the application cache.

Custom setting data can be used formula field, visualforce, apex and Force.com web service
API

Two type of custom settings:

1) List and 2) Hierarchy

List: List type is a reusable set of static data that can be accessed across your organization.

Hierarchy: You can add the data for the user, profile and organization leve.

Please find the below differences -

List Custom Settings Custom Objects

Stores data in Application Cache memory. Stores data in database.

No need to use SOQL query to fetch the records. We need to use SOQL query
to fetch the records from the database.

Limited data types are available when compared to Custom Object. All the data types will
be available.

We cannot create validation rules and apex triggers on List Custom Settings. We can
create.

We cannot create tab for List Custom Settings. We can

create.

20. What is the difference between rendered, rerender, renderAs and contentType?

rendered: Accepts true or false. If it is true then component will display on the page, if it is false
then it won't display on the page.

rerender: To refresh certain area of a page based on component id.

renderAs: Used in page tag, We can display VF page in PDF format if we give renderAs = "PDF".

contentType: Used in page tag, we can download VF page in MS Word/Excel etc. based on the
input to contentType.
21. What is button overriding?

We can override few standard buttons with visualforce pages.

To override standard button with visualforce page, VF page should be of standardController to

an object which is related to standard button.

Custom buttons we can override with URL, javaScript or Visualforce.

22. What are the inline visualforce pages?

On a record detail page we can embed visualforce pages.

Assume that you are displaying inline VF page on Account record detail page. VF page should be
standardCotnroller to Account Object.

Note: We cannot embed VF page inside of the Edit page.

23. What is the use of immediate attribute?

Whenever we click on Back or Cancel button on a VF page if there are mandatory fields then we
will see the error messages saying to populate those field values.

To bypass validations upon clicking on a button/link, we can use immediate attribute.

24. What are the parameters and how many ways we can pass the parameters?

Parameters Example: /apex/SamplePage?param1=val1&param2=val2

?param1=val1 : parameters should start with ? symbol.

&param2=val2 : To add multiple parameters, each parameter should be separated with &
symbol.

Ways of passing parameters -

From a VF Page: Whenever we click on commandButtton or commandLink or outputLink, we

can pass parameters with param tag. See the below example -
 click

From pageReference: Upon calling an action method while returning pageReference we can
append parameters. See the below example -

PageReference nextpage = new PageReference('/apex/SamplePage');

nextpage.getParameters().put('param1','val1');

nextpage.getParameters().put('param2','val2');

Assume that there are three VF pages which are using the same Apex Class. In this case no need
to pass the parameters from one page to other to hold the information.

Assume that there are three VF pages which are using three different Apex Classes. In this case
to hold information from one page to other, we should pass teh parameters.

Click here for the reference.

25. What is retURL and saveURL?

We cannot override Save button. When you are on record edit page upon clicking on Save
button if you want to navigate it to a specific url then we need to append saveURL=someURL
parameter to the URL. You will come to this edit page if you click on 'New' or 'Edit' button which
can be overriden with VF page, from this page you can pass saveURL parameter to edit page.

When you are on record edit page upon clicking on Cancel button if you want to navigate it to a
specific url then we need to append retURL=someURL parameter to the URL.

26. What are the Visualforce Components?

Like VF page we can create visualforce component. Syntax -

Your code here.

We can use only controller and extensions attribute for the VF component. standardController
cannot be used.
When to use VF Component?

If you want to reuse the VF page logic.

If the VF page logic is huge and if you want to split into different pieces.

27. What is the order of execution of VF page?

We can request VF page in two ways -

Get Request: Whenever we click on a link or button or directly hitting the url in address bar we
can open a VF page.

Get Request Order

Postback Request: On a VF page after populating fields if you click on save button certain action
will invoke it is nothing but postback request.

Postback Request Order

28. What are the types of Ajax Functions in VF page and what is the usage?

There are around 5 ajax functions -

actionSupport

actionStatus

actionFunction

actionPoller

actionRegion

ActionPoller: Timer send an Ajax request to the server according time interval that you specify,
the update request can either full or partial page update.

Example:

Public class Actionpoller

{

Integer count =0;

Public PageReference incrementcount();

{ Count ++; Return null;

Public integer getcount()

{ Return count;}

Page:

<apex:page Controller=”ActionPoller”>

<apex form>

<apex:outputtext value=”SendTimeIntervel{!count}” id=”counts”/>

<apex:actionpoller action=”{!incrementcount”} rerender=”counts” interval=”5”/>

</apex:form>

</apex:page>

ActionStatus: ActionStatus is a component that display the page is in progress or completed.

For Example: <apex:actionstatus starttext=”Increment” stoptext=”Done” id=”Status”/>

<apex:page Controller=”ActionPoller”>

<apex form>

<apex:outputtext value=”SendTimeIntervel{!count}” id=”counts”/>

<apex:actionstatus starttext=”Increment” stoptext=”Done” id=”Status”/>

<apex:actionpoller action=”{!incrementcount”} status=”status” rerender=”counts”

interval=”5”/>

</apex:form>

</apex:page>

ActonFunction: ActionFucntion is a component that call the controller action method using
JavaScript.
Syntax: <apex:actionFunction name="callfind" action="{!searchAndfind}" reRender="a" />

ActionSupport: Actionsupport is a component that adds Ajax support to another component.

Syntax: <apex:actionsupport action=”” event=”on lick” status=”” rerender=””/>

Salesforce Lightning :

1. What is Salesforce Lightning?

Lightning is the collection of tools and technologies behind a significant upgrade to the
Salesforce platform. Lightning includes:

Experience: A set of modern user interfaces optimized for speed. This includes the Lightning
Experience, Salesforce1 Mobile app and template-based communities.

Lightning Component Framework: A JavaScript framework and set of standard components that
allow you to build reusable components to customize the Lightning Experience, Salesforce1
Mobile app and template-based communities and build your own standalone apps.

Visual Building Tools: Drag-and-drop technologies for fast and easy app building &
customizations. Use the Lightning App Builder to customize the Lightning Experience and
Salesforce1 Mobile app. Use the Community Builder to customize template-based
communities.

Lightning Exchange: A section of the AppExchange where you can find 70+ partner components
to jumpstart your development.

Lightning Design System: Style guides and modern enterprise UX best practices to build pixel
perfect apps that match the look and feel of the Lightning Experience and Salesforce1 Mobile
app.

2.Where we can use Lightning Components?

We can use Lightning Components in the many places:

Drag-and-drop Components in the Lightning App Builder and Community Builder.

Add Lightning Components to Lightning Pages.

Add Lightning Components to Lightning Experience Record Pages.

Launch a Lightning Component as a Quick Action

Override Standard Actions with Lightning Components

Create Stand-Alone Apps

3. What is a Lightning App builder ?

Lightning App builder is a tool used to configure lighting pages.

We can create three types of pages with lightning App Builder

1. App page 2. Home page 3.record page

4.What is the Aura component structure ?

What are the challenges you have faced with your lightning components ?