w w w . e b s i . c o .

k r
 01 01
Let’s Check It Out
Gulliver Travel

2 1

40

(I would like to
discuss this position with you and will be happy to come in
for an interview at your convenience.)

[1 ] The requirements for the branch manager position

[(that) you advertised] describe almost perfectly my own
background.
(I would The requirements describe
like to take advantage of your invitation to viewers to [ ] you advertised the branch manager
make my argument.). position you that[which]

[10 ] I have [two years of experience in domestic

reservations], [one year of experience working with
[3 ] As a physician, I have forty years’ experience both
corporate international travel operations], and [a
in clinical research and general practice [to support why
thorough understanding of international tariffs].
the city ordinance should be passed].
have [ ]
[ ] to to forty years’ experience
why the city ~ be passed support

[7 ] I am willing [to submit my text for advance requirement

advertise
review] or [to discuss my proposed argument with you
assistant manager
or your representatives by telephone].
oversee
or [ ] to graduate
willing a great deal of (= a good deal of)
phase
issue
assignment
assist
assembly
domestic
EXERCISES corporate
thorough
01 02 03 04 05 06 tariff
at one’s convenience

2
 [11 ] So I’m afraid I find it necessary to resign from
the Volunteer Crime Watch committee immediately.
it to resign ~ committee immediately

crime watch
at a premium
take on
acting principal
02 time off
get ~ off the ground
resign
committee

New Ridge County Day School

03
Neil MacGregor Patricia Williams

National Gallery
Neil
MacGregor
(I find it necessary to resign from the
Volunteer Crime Watch committee immediately) Diana Davies
Felicity Luard

[3 ] And time really comes at a premium for me these I cannot thank them enough for ~
days. comments.
at a premium

thank

[6 ] ~ and I’ve recently taken on more responsibilities at

New Ridge County Day School, where I previously [4 ] To Neil MacGregor I am also grateful for art-
taught and now serve as acting principal. historical information and insights, as I am to all those
where New Ridge County Day National Gallery members of staff, past and present, [on
School whose research and generous help I have relied so
[9 ] ~ I’m helping my husband to get his new home- heavily].
based business off the ground. I am also grateful as I am
get ~ off the ground (grateful) grateful [ ] on whose
all those ~ present
as I am ~ as I am to
all those National Gallery members of staff, past and
present. + I have relied so heavily on their research and

3
 generous help. (on their on whose with screen savers, generally consuming at least half as
all those National much electricity as if they were working on a
Gallery members of staff past and present all ~ complicated graphics program.
members of staff ) as as
[8 ] I hope they will bear in mind the old saying [that as much half
plagiarism is the sincerest form of flattery].
the old saying that
strike(-struck-struck)
flicker
perceptive
automatically
comment
mode
grateful
generally
insight
complicated
staff
priority
rely on
systematically
bear ~ in mind
sincere
flattery
privilege
steer
needless to say

04
Fred Jones
05

So the first priority of our company should be to get people

systematically to turn off their computers when not in use.

[3 ] They are from the computer screens flickering in

the empty offices.
flickering ~ offices the computer screens [7 ] You can choose whether to file them according to
flickering that[which] are subject matter or according to the meeting [for which
[7 ] In fact, many employees still leave their machines they were produced].

4
 whether to file ~ produced choose [ ] a lot of athletes [ ]
for which ~ produced the meeting if decide
{ } where ~ them their first-
[11 ] ~ you do not then have to remember which choice school { } that
meeting a particular topic was discussed at to find the a school
paper in the future. [9 ] My advice for the 95 percent or more [who will
remember which meeting ~ at to find ~ never get an opportunity to play professionally] is [that
future to they should focus on going to a school {that they want to
attend} and {that they’ll be happy at}, knowing that if
they don’t make the team, they can still enjoy the sport].
agenda
My advice is [ ] that
daunting
recipient
who the ~ more
ensure { } that a
divider school knowing
document wallet
subject matter
time-consuming
alternatively athlete
index guarantee
sacrifice
opportunity
professionally

06

95

[1 ] Coming out of high school, a lot of athletes must

decide [if they’re going to attend their first-choice
school, {where they may or may not have a chance to
play the sport that interests them}], or [if they’re going to
attend a school {that might be fifth or sixth on their list
of choices}, but {that guarantees them a chance to
participate in an intercollegiate sport}].
Coming ~ school

5
 02 01
Let’s Check It Out Daniel 3

Daniel
strangler fig
Daniel

Daniel

Daniel

Daniel Daniel
(strangler fig)

[5 ] ~, his work always seemed to reflect his attitude

of, “What is the least amount of work I can do?”
[1 ] It starts life as an epiphyte growing from seeds left seem to
high in the branches by an animal.
growing an epiphyte [11 ] ~, he could function more like a gifted student
left high ~ an animal should (function).
seeds like
[5 ] Meanwhile, its crown grows [so big that it casts a should function
shadow over the tree, killing it].
[ ] so so that turn in
inaccurate accurate
[6 ] Its network of roots now forms a hollow trunk [that be capable of
complex simple
is strong enough to hold up the mature crown].
reflect
[ ] that a hollow trunk challenging
strong enough to hold up enough to option
upcoming
attractive
incentive
function
gifted
differentiation
skip
light(-lit-lit) up
subsequent
be in line with

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06
02
6
 Aztec Hernando
Cortés Hernando de Ovieda Valdez

Chris

Chris
Chris (cocoa beans)

Chris

[4 ] ~, they weren’t afraid to gulp down their tasty

money, drinking it in a thick beverage called chocolatl,
which probably tasted like our modern coffee.
Chris Chris drinking it ~ chocolatl
which chocolatl
[12 ] Hernando de Ovieda Valdez, a historian who
accompanied Hernando Cortés in his conquest of the
[1 ] As a parent, it’s hard to know for certain [whether
Aztecs, recorded the prices of different goods in these
you’ve done a good job in raising your kids].
beans: a rabbit cost four beans; a slave, one hundred.
it to know [ ]
Hernando de Ovieda Valdez
whether to know
recorded a historian who accompanied Hernando
[15 ] That was one of those watershed moments [when Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs
my son began to appreciate why he was so much happier a slave, one hundred a slave cost one hundred
than his friend]. beans cost beans
[ ] when those watershed
moments

cocoa bean
for certain coin
affirmation rare
functional feel like -ing
apparently gulp down
fairly thick
costly beverage
at least divinity
budget alongside
confused sacrifice
appreciate claim
victim
neighboring
tribe
03 collect
Aztec accompany
goods
14 Aztec
´

chocolatl

Aztec

7
04 devote A to B A B

Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln
05
Ashbrook Lincoln
A. Lincoln Lincoln
Halina
Lincoln
15
Eugenia

Lincoln
Halina

Eugenia
Halina

he Dr. Ashbrook Lincoln Halina

him he Abraham Lincoln

She Halina Eugenia

[5 ] I can still vividly recall a series of lectures [(that) he she her Halina Halina
gave about the genius of President Lincoln]. glanced at her father, whose face beamed with pride.
[ ] a series of lectures he She noticed her husband ~. her
that[which] husband Halina Eugenia
I can still vividly recall a series of lectures.
He gave a series of lectures about the genius of
President Lincoln. a series of lectures
[1 ] Halina ran into the water, holding her breath as the
that[which]
cold shocked her.
holding
[14 ] Furthermore, he praised their abilities, sought and she held
their advice, and encouraged them to devote their talents
[3 ] For a quarter of an hour she splashed, ~ fashion,
and energy to serving the country.
with her mother Eugenia standing by giving
praised, sought, encouraged
instructions, and holding her under the chin from time to
devote A to B to
time.
(serving)
with her mother Eugenia standing by with
(she)
absolutely giving
vividly holding her mother Eugenia
recall
fascinated
diverse hold one’s breath
surround apprehension
have ~ in common splash
enormous uncoordinated
ego fashion
match instruction
superior inferior chin
honor dishonor from time to time
seek(-sought-sought) drip

8
shiver flowered
fondly arise(-arose-arisen)
rise(-rose-risen) to one’s feet evident
beam weave(-wove-woven)
sense

06

this simple technique

[10 ] He very cleverly wove some of the names [(that)

he had learned] into his talk, ~.
A B weave A into B
the names [ ]
he that[which]
He very cleverly wove some of the
names into his talk. + He had learned them. them
that[which] the names

[11 ] ~ I could see the evident pleasure on the faces of

the persons [whose names were used] ~.
[ ] whose the persons
I could see the evident pleasure
on the faces of the persons. Their names were used.
their whose the
persons

banquet
curiosity
concerning
through
master of ceremonies

9
 03
Let’s Check It Out

Webster niche

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

(A) Imagine
each brick
each brick each brick
symbolizing
(B) (which)
(where)
the
brick is set back a bit which
where
a comfortable, inviting recess
the brick is set back a bit there there
where a comfortable, inviting recess (A) You learned ~ and how to be clean and good. ‘to be
clean and good
(C) (C) how however
Develop
Develop Developing (B) For instance, you learned rules about ~ and about
Developing gestures such as touching various parts of your body or
exposing them while sitting or standing. such as
touching
[4 ] But then your eye lights upon a cozy little place in exposing
the wall a comfortable, inviting recess [where the brick (C) You learned ~ how close you were supposed to be to
is set back a bit], allowing you a handhold, or sheltered people ~ You are supposed to be close to people
place to sit during the rain. how How close are
[ ] where a comfortable, you supposed to be to people
inviting recess allowing learned
a comfortable, inviting recess allow to do be
(you) (a handhold, or sheltered place) learned are were
do (close)

10
 (C) ~ each respondent provides what amounts to a running
record ~. provides
[6 ] For instance, you learned rules about what is clean
what what
and dirty about bodily functions including spitting,
which
eating with your left hand, blowing your nose,
defecating, or belching in public and about gestures such
as ~.
you learned rules about A [5 ] This technique, called the Experience Sampling
and about B rules about Method, involves asking people to wear an electronic
including spitting, eating, paging device for a week and to write down [how they
blowing, defecating, belching feel] and [what they are thinking about] whenever the
[12 ] You learned [how bad it was to break rules]. pager signals.
it to break rules This technique involves
(how bad) (it) (was) ~ involve to
learned asking [ ] how
what to write down
[11 ] At the end of the week, each respondent provides
aim
sibling what amounts to a running record, a written film clip of
imitate his or her life, made up of selections from its
spit representative moments.
belch a written film clip of his or her life a running record
expose made up of
initiative
a running record, a written film clip of his or her life
(which is) made up of ~ which is

02
questionnaire
precision
measure
subjective objective
sample
1
page
device
pager
signal
activate
radio transmitter
random
interval
(A) for
respondent
amount to
the quality of subjective experience running
measuring clip
(B) This technique ~ involves asking people to wear an selection
electronic paging device for a week and to write down ~. representative

involves asking people to wear ~ and

to write ask to to
to write 03
writes involves

11
 hold out
bother
convinced
Ellen
shoot up

04

A
told

Since
Since

disgusting I I was disgusted ~, remember it is more productive to stir emotions than

to arouse thoughts. it to stir emotions
(C) be convinced of S V than to arouse
be convinced that S V the minute I sat stirring to stir
down the minute as soon as much
convinced of that for
To arouse to
if if he does not speak
[1 ] Even ~ there was one thing about Grandmother’s sincerely unless he speaks sincerely
farm [that I just could not stand].
[ ] that one thing about [5 ] When your aim is to convince, remember it is more
Grandmother’s farm productive ~.
[6 ] I thought it was so disgusting, I vowed to hold to convince
everything inside until I ~. to
so ~ that [9 ] Regardless of the petty phrases [(that) a man may
that concoct], regardless of the illustrations [(that) he may
assemble], ~.
with (all) [ ] the petty phrases the
stand illustrations that[which]
facility (pl.)
plumbing
luxury
behind contradict
outhouse arise(-arose-arisen)
faint present
vow to do contagious
obviously enthusiasm

12
thrust aside the courtroom.
opposing
[9 ] Fascinated by his technical knowledge, the jurors
convince
left their seats, came over, and got down on their knees
stir
arouse beside him.
intensely Fascinated ~ knowledge the jurors
in earnest As they were
regardless of fascinated ~ knowledge
illustration
assemble
hollow take on
glittering master
trappings case
lawsuit
patent
jury
make
05 mechanical
kneel(-knelt-knelt)
Lincoln
point out
Lincoln part (pl.)
fascinated
juror
get down on one’s knees
at one’s best
address
season
boil down
complex
term

He was at his best when addressing a jury. He

address
addressed addressing
when
06
when he was addressing a jury
he was
agree to
to take
during
S+V while
how S V
how

the jurors left, came over, got down

[5 ] Models of several reapers were brought into the Kids [who exercise regularly] have bigger hearts, ~.
courtroom. Kids have Kids
be p.p. exercise whose
They brought models of several reapers into who whose whose exercise

13
is regular
the healthy state achieve
04
achieved that[which] is achieved Let’s Check It Out
that[which] is
Being fit in childhood helps

children be injured
since

1789 50
12 13
[9 ] Being fit in childhood helps people fight off a host
of diseases in later life, including heart disease, back
pain, and osteoporosis. 1861

help to 2.5
18 50
help to
including
[13 ] Recent evidence also suggests that regular
exercise helps youngsters’ academic performance; ~.
suggest
that should

[4 ] In northern and southern France, it would have been

fitness virtually impossible to find anyone who spoke French.
component it to find
endurance would
strength have+p.p.
flexibility
[7 ] In eighteenth-century Germany, fewer than 500,000
fat
muscle
people read and spoke in the dialect [that later came to
short-term be the official German language].
long-term [ ] that the dialect
mass come to
fatty
flexible
joint
fit
fight off
a host of EXERCISES
in shape
academic 01 02 03 04 05 06
concept

01

TV 1960 1970

14
 Hawaii Five-0
1970
Keifer Sutherland 24
Hawaii Five-0

02

[1 ] It’s hard [not to acknowledge the enormous impact

of visual imagery on modern life].
It not to to
to not
[2 ] The amount of visual information [(that) we 19
consume] grows ever greater, ~.
we consume The amount of visual information
we that[which]

[12 ] ~ and it will hit home how much things have

changed.
it how much hit
home
[1 ] In Asia alone, wealth is being generated on a scale
acknowledge and with a speed [that is probably without historical
enormous precedent].
impact be being+p.p. that
visual a scale a speed ~ on a scale
imagery
[that is probably without historical precedent] and with a
collective
speed [that is probably without historical precedent].
attention span
shrink(-shrank-shrunk)
rerun [10 ] To find even a close precedent for so remarkable
block-buster a leap from rags to riches, one needs to revisit ~.
stun
a(n)
sluggish
pacing as[so/how/too]
discourage as[so/how/too] a(n) a
hit home remarkable leap so so remarkable a leap
striking
graphic
revolutionary
verbal generate
unmemorable scale

15
 precedent
multimillionaire confrontation
exceed expose
billionaire cooperation
spring up ecological
aid military
close hygienic
remarkable regional
leap border
from rags to riches cope with
revisit threat
region warfare
organized crime
extinction
recession
03 opinion leader
think well of
in turn
broad
implement

AIDS
04

[8 ] [Coping with the threats of nuclear warfare, global

warming, organized crime, poverty, terrorism, ocean
pollution, extinction of animals, AIDS, or a worldwide
recession] demands cooperation of opinion leaders from
many countries.
[ ] Coping
Coping demands [2 ] However, its ability to communicate its needs or
[12 ] Opinion leaders ~ and because the public’s good demands, using touch, is also quite subtle and incredible.
opinion is what businesses need, it is important for ability
businesses to be thought well of by the opinion leaders. is
what it to be [8 ] Those [foolish enough to disregard the gentle
to businesses stroke] know that it will soon become a more urgent tap.
to Those know [ ]
foolish Those Those (who are)

16
 foolish ~ stroke who are
extent
mow(-mowed-mown/mowed)
scent
lawn
subtle
interweave(-interwove-interwoven)
feather-light featherlight
suck
paw
abundant scarce
impending
irrigate
disregard
shallow deep
stroke
diminish
tap
decline
comfort
lick
literally

06
2,000
05
8 1993

2003
200

[3 ] But light a firecracker in Beijing nowadays and

[4 ] Unless {you live in a region with abundant you could be heading for a fine.
rainfall}, or {you irrigate regularly}, or {your lawn soil is and
deep and rich}, the ground [that supports your lawn] will
dry out and heat up on sunny days. [14 ] The reason, authorities said, was that people
unless if ~ not bought illegal fireworks, which are dangerous as they
Unless { } often contain more gunpowder, as well as banned
[ ] that ~ lawn the ground chemicals.
authorities said
[13 ] This will stress the lawn grass, diminish its health B as well as A A B
and may lead to a decline in coverage, starting a cycle of
further dryness and decline. set off
starting ~ decline This firecracker
gunpowder

17
 partial
emit
05
authorities
Let’s Check It Out

10

Nora

Nora

10

Nora
10

peaceful(

[1 ] Nora walked ~, her chocolate Labrador, who was

content to walk by her side, (with) a wet tennis ball in
his mouth.
with
with
[5 ] She thought about [how much she loved this beach],
~.
[ ] how much

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

18
 3

Hollywood
Healthcare 30

I nervous and discouraged

urgent and tense

[3 ] I hadn’t gotten home from the hospital until two

A.M. ~.
[2 ] Several battle-hardened soldiers pounded on the not ~ until
door, trying to force their way in.
trying [4 ] By the time the alarm went off, I’d had only three
hours of sleep.
[10 ] Inside the small room stood a wooden table with had+p.p.
low benches in front of it. went off
a wooden table stood (had had)
Inside the small room [9 ] Opening my day planner, I wrote “ hire new
housekeeper” on my list of things to do today.
Opening my day planner After I opened
temple my day planner
torchlight
flicker
by the time
battle-hardened
go off
pound
forget to do
priest
cupboard
desperately
bare
bar
let out
robe
sigh
leather
practice

02
03
Felix

19
 blot
flee

04
Mary Lou

Mary Lou

Mary Lou
I felt deeply distressed I felt sorry for
myself I
desperate and miserable

I nervous and uneasy

[6 ] Of my creation and creator I was absolutely
ignorant; ~.
I was absolutely ignorant of my creation and creator
of

[13 ] Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth,

[from which all men fled], and [whom all men
disowned]? [10 ] It was not the words that bothered me nothing
a monster a blot upon the earth too frightening there it was the idea [that someone
[ ] a monster, a blot upon the earth was sneaking around and leaving them on my porch]
(that bothered me).
it was ~ that
[ ] that the idea
division
property
it was the idea ~ that bothered me
descent that bothered me
noble [13 ] I worried that someone was watching my house,
induce waiting for the right moment to leave the message.
distressed
waiting
creator
ignorant
figure
hideously envelope
deformed agenda
disgusting intriguing
coarse spooky
stature bother
exceed sneak around

20
porch Jackson
indifferent Jackson 100
depressed

Jackson
05

Jackson

Jackson
disappointed

[5 ] Jackson’s campaign manager would have charged

admission if Jackson had let him, ~.

I
[14 ] Jackson just wished he had called off the picnic.
scared and frightened
wished had called off

organize
campaign
refreshment
admission
[2 ] ~ thought I must have been sleeping with my right candidate
understandably
arm under me ~.
let down
must have+p.p.
provide
no doubt
call off

pins-and-needly
numb
stroke
permanent

06
Jackson City Park

Jackson
Jackson

21
 06 EXERCISES

Let’s Check It Out 01 02 03 04 05 06

01
19

19
19 1

19

Seth Godin

19

19

Seth Godin
[1 ] Nineteenth-century civilization was not destroyed
by ~; its vitality was not weakened by ~ nor by the
rebellion of a socialist proletariat. [6 ] We need to rethink the habits [that have made us
nor successful in the past], and challenge the conventional
~ nor (was its vitality weakened) by wisdom and industry models [that have defined our
the rebellion ~ proletariat. was its vitality world]
weakened to rethink (to) challenge [ ]
[6 ] Apart from exceptional circumstances, the conflict that the habits the
between the market and the elementary requirements of conventional wisdom and industry models
an organized social life provided the century with its
dynamics and produced the typical strains and stresses
accessibility
[which ultimately destroyed that society].
an array of
the conflict provided innovation
produced provide A with B A significant
B [ ] which challenge
the typical strains and stresses conventional wisdom
in full swing
thrive
era
institution
executive

02

22
 [1 ] The more you use it, the more you can continue to
use it.
the
(S+V) the (S+V)
[2 ] New learning makes new connections ~, making
you sharper ~.
making New learning and it(=new
[5 ] That is something [that has changed quite a great
learning) makes ~
deal] considering when grandma was shopping in our
friendly grocery store.
[ ] that something sharp
a great deal considering disconnect
challenge
when considering
navigate
[8 ] [What used to be gentle persuasion] is now accomplish
significant business.
[ ] What
used to

04
when it comes to
by way of
convince
persuasion
desire
encounter
manipulate
in charge of
budget
liable to do

03
6

23
 [5 ] Questions ~ because there are no definite
methodological principles [on which to base such an
analysis].
[ ] on which definite methodological
principles on which we can base such an
analysis
[12 ] ~ for the role of ~ and interests is very much in
evidence; ~.
[1 ] As much as we all want to succeed ~.
for
As much as ~

[15 ] ~ one does not know [how an articulation so

[6 ] For the gas to make the engine run, it has to ~.
complex and so diverse in composition actually
For the gas to it
operates].
the gas
[ ] how how an articulation
operates so
complex and so diverse in composition an articulation strive(-strove-striven) for
power
core
professional
determine run on
theory practice feed(-fed-fed)
highly spark
embarrassing mixture
definite supercharge
methodological
principle
analysis
alter
corresponding
06
reach one’s highest point
empirical
instrument 70
institution
in evidence
diverse
composition
operate

05

[4 ] Covering 70 percent ~, they are in fact the most

important factor, after the Sun itself, in ~.
after

24
[6 ] It is not just [that the oceans cover so much of the
07
planet’s surface] that makes them so important. Let’s Check It Out
not just [that the oceans ~ surface] It is ~ that
[that ]

relevance
formation
currents
humidity
behaviour behavior
remarkably
efficient
transport
globe
principal
effect
critical

ecology

[1 ] ~ the wealth of nations depends as much upon the

resources of nature as (it depends) upon the courage ~.
depends upon
as much ~ as as
it depends
[3 ] ~ a soil [(that is) less able now to support us than it
was (able to support us)] it represents ~.
[ ] a soil a soil
that[which] is it was
able to support us
[5 ] Our welfare is still rooted in the resources [of which
the world environment is the sum].
[ ] of which the resources
Our welfare is still rooted in the
resources. The world environment is the sum of them.
of them of which
[7 ] Life is much more a matter of ecology than it is ~.
‘B A’ more A than B

25
 much
02

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

99 self-serving
thoughts, self-deceptive thinking

[2 ] When (it is) challenged, the mind says (to itself) ~?

be
[9 ] Any fleeting thoughts [suggesting that we might be
at fault] typically are overcome ~:
Any fleeting thoughts are
overcome [ ] suggesting
Any fleeting thoughts
[12 ] It is important to recognize this nature of the
[1 ] How can my actions be a choice [for which I am human mind as its natural state.
responsible] ~? recognize A as B A B
[ ] for which a choice
How can my actions be a choice? irrationally
I am responsible for it. for it for which give someone a hard time
a choice make sense
justified
fleeting
responsible for at fault
random overcome
momentous self-serving
predict just
alternative natural state
agonize self-deceptive
inevitable innate

26
03
Samuel Taylor Coleridge

40
Kubla Khan
Joan Didion

James
Surls

[6 ] This kind of variation in speech is usually referred [1 ] Many creative people insist that in their most
to as style-shifting. inspired moments they think not in words but in mental
refer to A as B A B images.
A is referred to as B ‘A B’ not A but B
We[People] usually refer to this kind of variation in
speech as style-shifting.
[7 ] One of the theories explaining this variation in [5 ] He managed to copy the first forty lines onto paper,
style is [that speakers adjust their speech primarily resulting in the poem [we know as “Kubla Khan,”]
towards that of their audience in order to express before a knock on the door shattered the images and
solidarity or intimacy with them]. obliterated forever [what would have been the rest of the
One of the theories is [ ] poem].
that explaining ~ resulting in ~ Khan
style the theories that of their [ ] we know the
audience that the speech poem before a knock on
the door shattered obliterated what
position obliterated
variation
style-shifting
inspired
adjust
involuntarily
solidarity
shatter
intimacy
contemporary
assumption
notion
plot
dictate
04 sculptor
manipulate

27
 tumble
06
05

2005 7 7
K-Tell

K-Tell
8,600 15 50
K-Tell

K-Tell

(A) businesspeople (B) (customer)

[2 The want [(that) a business satisfies] may have been

felt ~.
The want may have been felt
[ ] The want
[2 ] Companies flooded with information are using this
that[which] may have+p.p.
system to see data in pictorial form, with color
becoming an increasingly important contributor.
with -ing
[3 ~ he or she was offered the means of satisfying it.
~ they businesspeople) offered him or her the
means of satisfying it. 4 (S+V+IO+DO)
[8 ] It wasn’t long before the U.K. mobile telephone
~ he or she was offered the means
service management center learned that the huge surge in
of satisfying it (by them). by them
mobile phone usage grew out of the London bombings
that morning.
It wasn’t long before ~
want
business
famine
management dominate
pictorial convert ~ into
contributor demand
traffic photocopier
surge available
grow out of innovation
bombing advertising
handle salesmanship
estimated
representation

28
 08 Free

Let’s Check It Out

Thomas Jefferson

17

17
sharing of information, open
publication of an invention

~ correct wrong notes by playing them

in the context of a larger phrase
[2 ] It’s based on the long traditions of the scientific
world, where researchers freely build on the published
work of those who came before.
where

[11 ] In exchange for open publication of an invention,

[2 ] Amateurs tend to play long passages straight
the inventor can charge a license fee to anyone [who uses
through, stopping to repeat faulty notes several times
it for the term of the patent].
when they encounter them.
[ ] who anyone
stopping

[4 ] They understand that the cause of a bad note often recognize

in the same vein
lies not in the motions for that note, but in the motions
patent
for the notes around it.
encourage
not A but B Founding Fathers
in exchange for
license
expire
incorporate
shared knowledge
EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06
02
01

29
 ‘Pickwick Papers’
‘Pickwick Papers’
Linda Susan

55 95
Pickwick
Papers

when students do well on an exam, they remember feeling

more anxious before the exam than they actually felt

[5 ] The statement conceals the fact that he has failed

every other quiz and that his actual average is 55.
[5 ] Researchers asked the students to recall [how the fact that
anxious they had felt on the day before the exam]. that
had felt asked how
[11 ] The statement may disguise the fact that Pickwick
anxious they had felt on the day before the exam
Papers is the only novel by Dickens [that she has read],
recall
and it may give Linda the impression that Susan is a
[8 ] ~ research shows that when students do well on an
great Dickens enthusiast.
exam, they remember feeling more anxious before the
the fact the impression that
exam than they actually felt, and when students do
Dickens that
poorly on an exam, they remember ~.
[ ] that the only novel by Dickens
that shows that S+V, and S+V
when S+V

effect
outscore
cheerfully
recall
statement
apparently
conceal
performance
pursue
disguise
impression

03 enthusiast
illustrate
accent
logically

95
55
04
Linda
Susan Susan

30
 10
10
05

15 Eddie
68
5

10

Eddie

10 10
Eddie
10
15 5

5
68 Eddie

Eddie

[1 ] A glut may arise from comparative poverty in one

of the parties making the exchange.
making the exchange the parties

[7 ] My wife’s on my back, wanting me to stop

[15 ] ~, but that they have nothing with which to
working, just enjoy our remaining years together, and
purchase it.
live a happy life.
with which to purchase it to
wanting and to
with which they can purchase it
to stop, (to) enjoy, (to) live
[16 ] Hence, after one hundred thousand dollars’ worth
[9 ] His advisor tells him, “Of course, you do you can
has been purchased, there will be sellers, but (there will
live quite handsomely on the interest [(that) the money
be) no buyers.
earns] and leave the principal to your kids or whomever
but there will be
you want.”
[ ] the money earns
arise from the interest whomever
but anyone whom
worth
export (pl.)
purchase amass
import (pl.) tidy
annual retirement
cause nest egg
say to be exact
comparative literally
temporary kill oneself -ing
diminished financial advisor

31
 tone it to dominate your life choices with
desperation 24/7 work favoring work over nonwork
set aside
activities
on one’s back
handsomely
interest mindset
principal industrialized country
unconvinced dramatically
visit with current
Enough is enough notion
stand out from hence
stand up for originate
manufacturing sector
virtually
available
06 to make matters worse
24/7 portable
office equipment
favor
dominate

24 7
24 7 24 7

24 7

24 7

[1 ] At some point in the past century, the mindset of

industrialized countries throughout the world changed
dramatically from the idea [that machines were created
to serve human beings] to the current notion [that human
beings are here to serve the machines].
that the idea
that the current notion
[17 ] Technology has made it easier than ever to
dominate your life choices with 24/7 work, favoring
work over nonwork activities.

32
 09
Let’s Check It Out

Instead, get involved in a few activities that truly interest

you, activities you will want to spend at least two hours a
week on.

They your initial expectations about the

[1 ] You may keep a record of ~ to ensure [that you do
roommate
not miss any opportunities to highlight activities {that
will raise your admissions profile}]
[ ] that you ~ profile to ensure to
highlight to any
opportunities { } that will ~ profile
activities
[10 ] Instead, get involved in a few activities [that truly
[4 ] For example, if you immediately decide that you interest you], activities [you will want to spend at least
aren’t going to like your roommate, you probably won’t. two hours a week on].
won’t like your roommate [ ] that a few activities
[ ] you will activities
[6 ] One piece of information [coupled with your desire activities on which you will ~ a week which
to figure everything out at once] will lead to erroneous
expectations.
One ~ information will lead admission
[ ] coupled ~ once profile
evaluate
quality
get involved with
well-rounded
EXERCISES insignificant

01 02 03 04 05 06
02
01
33
 03

9 11 4

[3 ] The fact [that information is conveyed in the high- Advertising agencies pay film companies to
tech manner] somehow adds authority to what is have scriptwriters include products they want to push in
conveyed, when in fact the Internet is a global conveyer films and in other media. For example
of unfiltered, unedited, untreated information.
[ ] that The fact
when

[11 ] This is particularly true among people [who might

not themselves have access to the Internet but hear a
piece of news or gossip from the people around them
{who do have access}]. [6 ] Therefore, advertisers have to find new ways to get
[ ] who people television viewers to purchase products and services.
A B not A but B get to
{ } who the people around TV
them [9 ] Advertising agencies pay film companies to have
scriptwriters include products they want to push in films
aura and in other media.
convey have scriptwriters include (have)
somehow
authority
unfiltered
untreated commercial
publish eliminate
have access to purchase
undeserved scriptwriter
credibility integrate

34
backpack expectations [ ] that
the adjustment pains
[9 ] On the other hand, if a young couple, perhaps
because of other life experiences, anticipate that there
04 will be adjustment pain, if they expect to face problems
in the marriage, then the occurrence of these routine
challenges will only confirm what they expected, and ~.
if if

long-established
circumstance
violation
expectation
starry-eyed
enter into
react
adjustment
typically
accompany
merging
on the other hand
anticipate
face
occurrence
routine
confirm
encounter
irrational
irreversible

05
[1 ] A long-established fact of psychological functioning
is [that it is not so much the particular circumstance that
2 2 Arnold
upsets the person involved, as it is the violation of his or
Toynbee Senate House
her expectations (that upsets the person involved)].
[that it is ~ expectations]
that it is ~ that not
so much A as B A B 1947 11
her expectations it is ~ that 10
that ~ involved Marshall McLuhan

[4 ] If a young, starry-eyed couple enter into marriage

with storybook expectations [that everything’s going to
be “sweetness and light,”] they are likely to react very
badly to the adjustment pains [that typically accompany
the merging of two lives into one]. Arnold Toynbee
[ ] that storybook

35
global village

[5 ] I cannot recall [what prompted me to attend], and

all [(that) I remember of the talk] is its basic thesis: [that
developments in transport and communications would
soon create a single planetary society].
[ ] what
what prompted and
all is [ ] I
all that [ ]
that its basic thesis

ruin (pl.)
lecture
entitle [1 ] Not only do we make ourselves unhappy [when we
unification suppress emotions], [when we pretend], but we make
recall
others unhappy as well.
prompt
A B not only A but (also) B
thesis
transport not only A but B as well
unusually We not only make ourselves
farsighted nearsighted not only
lie(-lay-lain) do we make
have yet to do [ ] when [ ] when
herald
dawn
generous [6 ] In putting on the facade, we communicate to
definition others that everyone is doing just great, except for them,
far from which makes them feel worse and even more determined
unify to hide their pain.
region
in -ing In putting on the facade
indeed
When we put on the facade which
come apart at the seams
we communicate to others that everyone is doing just
great, except for them
makes feel
[14 ] And so we all continue, smiling our way through
06 the insincere dance of words and gestures, engaged in a
downward spiral of deception and depression.
smiling ~ gestures engaged
we

suppress

36
pretend
deception
10
contribute to
depression Let’s Check It Out
determined
perpetually
permission
in turn
consequently
insincere Van Gennep
engaged
spiral

(A) Van Gennep

(A)
For example (B)

On the contrary

[3 ] For example, all tribal cultures [that we know

about] initiate their members ~.
all tribal cultures initiate
[ ] that all tribal cultures
[4 ] Yet American culture, [which is relatively ritual-
poor], lacks any definitive rites of passage to celebrate
this transition.
[ ] American culture
lacks to celebrate ~ any definitive rites of
passage

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

37
 (A)

On the
contrary (B)
overreachers

however

[2 ] It belongs to our reasoning, for example, [that it

(A) (A) however always goes on within a specific situation].
(B) It that it
(B) therefore our reasoning
[7 ] The only truths [(that) we can attain to] are those
appropriate to finite beings like ourselves.
[9 ] So far as statistics have been collected, indeed, they [ ] we The only truths
seem to indicate that the wealthy uneducated are we that those the truths
producing fewer children than the educated classes who appropriate those
associate with them.
they statistics them the wealthy belong to
uneducated reasoning
perspective
obstacle
allege grasp
birth rate attain to
stock finite beings
qualified anteater
alumni alumnus overreacher
attendance enabling
associate with constraint
standard of living free of
luxury authentic
utter
blindness

02
03

38
 (A)

(A)

In fact (B)
On the other hand (B)

Instead

therefore
[3 ] We cannot escape our thinking, even if we want to.
[10 ] An authoritarian leader ~ tends to ignore growing even if
problems until they make their effects seriously felt. to escape our thinking
until they their growing problems [7 ] In fact, problems in thinking lead to more problems
make in life than perhaps any other single variable.
than any other
[12 ] Worse, the influence [(that) he wields as a leader]
can cause the majority of his followers to ignore the
danger as well. [14 ] Instead, they often live the whole of their lives
[ ] he the influence without recognizing the leading role [that thinking plays
he that[which] in it].
cause to [ ] that the leading role
it the whole of their lives

open-minded
broad flawed
expectation regrettable
assessment emerge (from)
confirm faulty
authoritarian reasoning
view lead to
wield variable
frustration
cruelty
trace
04 leading

05

11
7 4

39
 (A) 11 7 4
(B)

(A) However, (B) For example

[12 ] Each has advantages, depending on [which players (A)

need to interact] and [what the objective is]. (B)
Each Each formation (A) In fact (B) However
depending on
[ ]
which players which players
[1 ] Fantasy is often ridiculed for its lack of ideas, and
[14 ] For example, the shotgun formation puts ~ so that
readers of fantasy are attacked for their desire to escape.
he has more time ~ while (he is) avoiding rushers from
for
the defense.
[4 ] In fact, if fantasy as a form were merely a way of
so that while avoiding
escaping, it might create problems for children, [who
he is
need all the practice they can get] dealing with a world
[that grows increasingly complex].
influence if were
structure
might create [ ] who children
enormous
a world that a world
formation
specialized dealing with
self-explanatory [8 ] But far from [isolating children] or [encouraging
advantage them to escape from ~], high fantasy unites people into
interact
groups and reinforces the values [around which those
avoid
groups stick together].
far from [ ]
“high fantasy” ~ stick together.
“high fantasy” unites people into
groups and reinforces the values. + Those groups stick
together around them. (around them around which
the values
[16 ] However, the best children’s fantasies encourage
[questioning of commonly held cultural values rather
than mere conformity to them].
encourage [ ] them
commonly held cultural values

06
ridicule
escape
withdrawal
coping strategy

40
practice
isolate
11
encourage
reinforce Let’s Check It Out
stick(-stuck-stuck) together
obedient rebellious
authoritarian
question
conformity

(A) evolve revolve

evolved
(B) prospective
perspective
perspective
(C) complex simple

complex

[1 ] ~ language had evolved [in order to facilitate an

exchange of information ~ ] or [as a secondary
consequence {related to our development of tools}].
language had evolved had evolved in
order to ~ or (had evolved) as a ~ { }
related to ~ a secondary consequence
[5 ] A strong indicator of this fact is [that ~].
[ ] that A strong indicator of this
fact

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

41
 Michael

fixed variable

[4 ] So I turned to ~ and found out [that the effect of

other students depends on {how confident the student
is}].
Michael found out So I that
discovered covered the effect of other students depends { }
how depends on

[4 ] A hawk stood on the ground, (with) her dark,

[8 ] When you feel confident, [having other people
bright eyes fixed on him.
present] improves [how well you learn and perform].
her dark her dark, bright eyes
[ ] having ~ present
fixed on him with
[ ] how well improves
[6 ] Cautiously he drew nearer, surprised to find her
alive.
Cautiously drew pressured
turn to
surprised he
literature
and he was surprised ~
presence
insecure
come upon virtual
hollow
slope
hawk
fix 03
cautiously
warily
flight
cast 20
make one’s way
1950

02

(A) affected unaffected

the cost of
travel, the absolute levels of income, an exclusive privilege
of the upper classes
affected
(B) hinder facilitate

42
facilitated (A) solitary sociable
(C) aspiration respiration
solitary
aspiration respiration (B) advance decline
advances breakthroughs

(C) secret public

[7 ] The post-1950 era of mass consumption in the
public open architecture
developed countries saw an increase not only in the
number of goods that people owned but also in the
number of leisure activities that they participated in.
saw ~ [4 ] ~, basic ideas bubble out of universities and
not only ~ but also laboratories ~.
in the number of come out of come
[14 ] At least of equal importance was a change in bubble
people’s aspiration.
a change in people’s aspiration [6 ] ~ both major breakthroughs, like understanding
was A change in people’s aspiration was at least of the genetic structure of life, and smaller ones, such as ~.
equal importance. at least of equal importance ones breakthroughs
of
of equal importance equally
solitary
important by and large
oversimplify
academia
tourism
architecture
availability
quest
absolute
extrinsic
privilege
recognition
post-
era
participate in
mobility
extension 05
ownership

6
04

(A) converse convert

conversed
(B) respective responsive

43
 responsive
(C) sensitive [5 ] Intuitively you might think that the rather
insensitive surprising predictions [that you are likely to be
sensitive untrustworthy] would be more memorable because they
would disagree with your generally positive self-
concept.
[7 ] This was despite the fact [that boys were no less
think that the ~ predictions
responsive to their mother’s speech and were no more
would be more memorable [ ] that
likely to leave their mother’s side].
the ~ predictions they the ~ predictions
the fact [ ]
boys girls This was despite the fact
that ~ [12 ] The reason was [that their brains simply refused to
allocate as much processing time to nasty predictions as
[10 ] This may help girls learn the higher level of
to the nice ones].
social interaction expected of them, and (may help) boys
[ ] that A B
(learn) the greater independence (expected of them).
allocate A to B
( )
as much ~ as as
(they[=their brains] allocated processing time) to the nice
ones
discernible
independence
label intuitively
gendered untrustworthy
perception self-concept
stick(-stuck-stuck) in one’s memory[mind]
allocate
nasty
eye of a needle
06

11 12

(A) memorable forgettable

memorable
(B) refuse agree
refused
(C) positive negative
negative

44
 12
Let’s Check It Out

20

20
20

Which
pieces of baggage are more alike than others depends not
only upon what properties they share, but upon who makes
the comparison, and when.

(~, some things that are available for longer than 20

seconds are in fact available years and even decades later
in our memory.)

[3 ] ~ the pilot is more concerned with weight, and the

passenger (is more concerned) with destination and
ownership.
the passenger is more concerned

[5 ] [Which pieces of baggage are more alike than

[1 ] ~, some things [that are available for longer than 20
others] depends not only upon what properties they
seconds] are in fact available years and even decades
share, but upon who makes the comparison, and when.
later in our memory.
[ ] Which ~ others depends
some things are [ ]
depends upon A
that some things
B not only A but (also) B
[7 ] ~ but it is also subject to being knocked off onto
the floor and lost.
be subject to to
baggage
being knocked off
check-in
spectator
property
EXERCISES dye
beholder
01 02 03 04 05 06 regardless of

01
02

45
 scarcity
tyranny
locale
at the mercy of

Massimo Montanari 03

These technologies were blessings, freeing people from

nature’s cycles of abundance and scarcity, as well as from
the tyranny of the calendar or locale.

The more we can zero in on and accentuate the similarities

we have with someone else, the more likely we are to get
along with that person.

[7 ] These technologies were blessings, freeing people

from nature’s cycles of abundance and scarcity, as well
as (freeing people) from the tyranny of the calendar or
locale.
B A A as well as B
as well as freeing
[1 ] It doesn’t really matter [whether we share a first
people
name, a birthday, a home state, or a rare fingerprint
[10 ] As Massimo Montanari, an Italian food historian, pattern] ~.
points out, the fresh, local, and seasonal food [(that) we It [ ] whether
prize today] was for most of human history “a form of
[3 ] ~ similarity can help to create an in-group dynamic
slavery,” since it left us utterly at the mercy of the local
that brings people together.
changes of nature.
to create help
[ ] we prize today the fresh, local, and seasonal
food we that[which] [4 ] The more we can zero in on and accentuate the
similarities we have with someone else, the more likely
we are to get along with that person.
the
liberate (S+V) the (S+V)
take back
spoilage
cure rare common
vacuum-pack zero in on
abundance accentuate

46
04 consistent
grid
proponent
in the meantime
electrician

05

The grid would be comprised of a network of smart

devices, all communicating with each other, to do real-time
balancing of energy need and production.

The entire story line cannot be reconstructed without all of

the pieces.

[1 ] The new administration wants to get a price put on

carbon emissions.
get p.p.
have p.p.
[4 ] A wide multitude of renewable sources cannot [1 ] Activities [in which sharing is required to complete
easily plug into it, and neither the generators nor the a task] are more likely to lead to development.
purchasers of power ever get enough consistent [ ] in which Activities
information to make intelligent decisions. are
A B neither A nor B [2 ] This type of activity motivates children, encourages
them to coordinate roles, and provides the missing
components in an individual child’s skills.
administration This type of activity motivates,
carbon encourages, provides
emission [5 ] An example is [when children have complementary
infrastructure
pieces of information and have to share and coordinate
outmoded
this information to solve a problem or create a whole].
patchwork
multitude [ ] when
renewable when children
plug into have have to share and coordinate solve create
generator to

47
 coordinate to the extent that
component maternal
complementary optimize
reconstruct infant
summarize facilitate
present parental
effectively commitment
assign lullaby
analyze consequence
reduction
induction
sustain
presumably
contented
06 offspring
pass on
authority
biological

[9 ] In general, favorable consequences of maternal

singing on an infant, whether through cry reduction,
sleep induction, or positive effect, would contribute to
infant well-being while sustaining maternal behavior.
whether through A, B, or C
[14 ] Presumably, the healthy and contented offspring of
singing mothers would be more likely to pass on their
genes than would the offspring of non-singing mothers.
the healthy and contented offspring of singing mothers
the offspring of non-singing mothers

48
 13 steadily since 2001 ~.
2001
had been declining
Let’s Check It Out

estimate
underemployment
drop
1991 2010
2006
1991
2008 -3 02
2001 2010
1991
1996 2000 2008 GDP
1996 2000 2010 4 2008 EU-27
GDP 5% GDP
GDP 7.8%

2010 4 GDP 4% 6%

GDP 3.5% GDP

[7 ] ~, 2010 was preceded by declines in two out of the

four previous years.
2010 4
3.5% 7.8% GDP

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06 [14 ] This ratio was approximately three times lower

than in Denmark, which spent the highest percentage of
GDP on education.
01
~ times than ~ times as as
2001 11 2011 11

2001
expenditure
2008 2001
Gross Domestic Product
2008
equivalent
2009 2008 8 12
proportion
2010 2005 account for
2011 12 2010 share
9 approximately

2010 9.7 2011

11 03

[5 ] The underutilization rates had been declining

49
 mobile homes 17%
2 4

(higher)

[13 ] One percent of the US population, [whose housing

type was classified as ‘other’ in the graph], lived in
houseboats, railroad cars, campers, vans, and so forth.
One percent of the US population
lived [ ] whose

mobile
[8 ] ~ the former is ranked second and the latter (is
camper
ranked) fifth.
van
is ranked and so forth
occupy
[12 ] As far as organization skills are concerned, they residence
arrangement
are ranked third by high school teachers and (they are
make up
ranked) fifth by college instructors.
combine
and they are ranked classify

rank
usage
05
punctuation
strategy 2007 25
element
organization
gap

04 2

1990
64%
5
2 4

28% 2
7% High school graduate Two-year college
1%

[15 ] Just as non-veterans showed a steady decrease in

5 or more units in a building 18% their percentage from the category of high school
10% 2 to 4 units in a building 7% graduate to the category of advanced degree, so did the

50
 veterans. that of 1981.
so do
with and
the improvement rate of East Asia rose dramatically ~
attainment
graduate
bachelor’s degree
advanced
halve
veteran
improvement
achieve
compared with
complete
region
steady
continuously
stable unstable

06
1

1981 2001 1
1
1981 40% 2001 20%

1981 2001

1981 1991
1999

(Sub-Saharan Africa)
1986

[6 ] However, most of this improvement occurred in

East Asia and South Asia, with the improvement rate of
East Asia rising dramatically in 2001, compared with

51
 14
Let’s Check It Out biting lice
biting lice

Angela Greene

47 Angela Greene 20

Richmond

Richmond

[11 ] Many biting lice have strong hooks on their feet to

McGeoy Solar Richmond allow them to hold on to feathers or hair.
allow
And then the printing company with which she was to to allow strong hooks
affiliated shut down, and Greene lost her job.
[13 ] These claws can be used to distinguish species
[that live on mammals], [which have one claw on each
foot], from species [that live on birds], [which have two
claws].
[3 ] And then the printing company [with which she
A B S S can
was affiliated] shut down ~.
be used to distinguish A from B
the printing company shut down
to distinguish to
[ ] with which the printing
We can use these
company And then
claws to distinguish ~.
the printing company shut down. She was affiliated
[ ] that which
with it. with it with which the printing
species
company
[6 ] Figuring [she would at least learn skills to save
money around her own home], she enrolled. flatten
feather
Figuring ~ home she
host (cf. parasite)
[ ] Figuring Figuring ~
jaw
As she figured ~ parasite
species
hook
claw
EXERCISES
distinguish A from B A B
mammal
01 02 03 04 05 06

01 02
biting lice John Gottman

biting lice John Gottman

biting lice

52
 1960
03
wild buckwheat
MIT
Gottman The wild buckwheat
Mathematics of Divorce’ 500 wild buckwheat
Colorado

wild buckwheat

MIT
wild buckwheat

[11 ] When I met Gottman, he had just published his wild buckwheat
most ambitious book, a dense five-hundred-page paper Colorado
called The Mathematics of Divorce, and he attempted to
give me a sense of his argument, scribbling equations
and graphs ~. [1 ] Clay-loving wild buckwheat likes to grow in valley
had published met bottoms [where the competition for water is less intense].
his most ambitious book a [ ] where valley bottoms
dense five-hundred-page paper called The Mathematics
of Divorce scribbling he

intense
sparse
trim dominant
beard shrub
light up shrublet
major in potential
rigor characteristically
precision barren
ambitious alteration
dense agriculture
scribble livestock
equation grazing
swim off-road vehicle

irrigation
residential
mining

04
Automobile Association

2005 100
AA

AA

53
 AA
AA AA
AA
AA

[1 ] The circumzenith arc (CZA) is an optical

phenomenon [similar in appearance to a rainbow]; ~.
[ ] similar an optical phenomenon
similar to a rainbow in
appearance
[5 ] The CZA has been called “a smile in the sky” since
its first impression is that of an upside-down rainbow.
[5 ] The original aim was to help motorists avoid police since
speed traps, ~. since that the impression
to help to help
to
arc
[12 ] ~ for a small fee a prospective buyer can have a phenomenon
car inspected by an AA mechanic. in appearance
refraction
have crystal
upside-down
no more than
have cf)
overlap
~ for a small fee a prospective buyer can have an AA
altitude
mechanic inspect a car.

celebrate
found
06
Asperger
unreliable reliable
novelty Asperger 1944 1990
establish
aim
speed trap
mechanic
Asperger
prospective
inspect
suitable

05

Asperger

1/4

[1 ] Asperger’s syndrome is a disorder [that, despite its

32.2 discovery in 1944, had not reached a level of medical
22 acceptance until the mid-1990s].

54
 [ ] that a disorder
not ~
15
until
Let’s Check It Out
[13 ] Other common symptoms of this disorder can
include inappropriate or one-sided social interaction,
clumsy body language, lack of eye contact, awkward
movements, and strange posture.
include 5

syndrome
disorder
neurobiological
developmental disorder
range from A to B A B
severe
impaired
interaction
inability
hyper-sensitive
additionally
routine
symptom
inappropriate
clumsy
awkward
posture

[3 ] ~ and let the music ‘wash over’ your body and

mind without having to concentrate or actively listen at
all.
let let

[6 ] ~ just as we automatically infer a speaker ’s

thoughts ~, so we automatically have emotions ~.
just as S+V, so S+V
so

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

55
 80~90 Anuradha Mittal

10 1 $85
8 4 8
13 8 20
1 8 8 5,565 20

[3 ] ~, they earn as much as 80-90 percent of the price

of food.
as much as
as many as [2 ] The larger the portion, for example, the more we
eat; the bigger the container, the more we pour.
[6 ] If just 10 percent ~ were directed ~, an estimated the
$848 million in additional income would flow to the the
state’s farmers, $1.38 billion would be injected into [11 ] ~ the sensation of fullness will arrive too late to be
California’s overall economy, $188 million in tax of any use.
revenue would be generated, and 5,565 jobs would be too ~ to
created.

external internal
determine
portion
subscription
cultivate
calculate
accurate
impact
get at
expenditure
revolution
direct
intake
estimated
inject
revenue
in harmony with
03
Stravinsky
02

56
 [5 ] The result is [that the flue gases filling the chimney
are at a much lower pressure than the outside air].
that the flue gases
are
[11 ] Build a tall chimney and you get a big pressure
difference, a strong updraft and a roaring fire hot enough
to generate the steam to drive a lot of heavy machines.
[9 ] The musical sense cannot be acquired or developed and
without exercise. a big pressure difference, a strong
or cannot be updraft and a roaring fire get hot
enough to ~ a roaring fire

uninitiated
await wait for updraft
inspiration vent
driving force on the whole
in no way pronounced
peculiar stack
acquire roaring
inactivity
paralysis
faculty

04

05

57
 [13 ] ~ they provide information [that cannot be
derived from the spoken utterance alone].
that information
information derive
[1 ] Generally, Americans expect traffic laws to be cannot be derived
enforced and operate on the assumption that ~.
[15 ] Beattie’s experimental work indicates that gestures
expect expect to
are particularly important for conveying information
be enforced to operate
about the speed and direction of movement, about the
[11 ] He had rolled through some stop signs and failed relative position of people and objects, and about the
to signal his intention to turn. relative size of people and objects.
failed had had information about
rolled (had) failed he said of the driver’s
license examiners

undertake
enforce spontaneous
operate striking
on the assumption that irrespective of
apprehend complementary
violate utterance
picky derivative
supplementary
retrieve
derive A from B B A
06 convey

Manchester Geoffrey Beattie

‘Hmmmm’

Beattie

Beattie

58
 16
Let’s Check It Out

Margaret Fogarty Rudkin

Margaret Fogarty Rudkin EXERCISES

(B)
01 02 03 04 05 06

(C)
01

(A)
(C)

(A)

Margaret Fogarty Rudkin

(B)
(C) (A)
(B)

[6 ] ~ it was discovered [that the health of her youngest

son was being endangered by an allergy {that made it (C)
impossible for him to eat, among other items in his diet, (A) (B)
commercially produced bread}].
it [ ] that { }
that an allergy made it it
to eat for him to eat
[1 ] We have in our conceptual system a special case of
metonymy, namely, THE FACE FOR THE PERSON.
[9 ] For her son, she began to make bread as she a special case of metonymy have
remembered her grandmother having made it, and it THE FACE FOR THE PERSON a special case of
seemed to improve her son’s health. metonymy
remember having made it her
[5 ] She will consider herself to have seen a picture of
grandmother having made it
him.
remember

to to have seen ~
having+p.p.
will consider to
to
[12 ] In our culture we look at a person’s face to get our
basic information about what the person is like.
to get to
what the person is like about

59
 confrontation
conceptual tolerate
namely resistance
satisfy outlet
merely
portrait

03

02
(B)
Amy
Amy
(B)
(A)

Amy (A)

(C)
Kitt Peak Arizona Tucson

(C)

(B) These lamps (A)

the latter ones (B) (C) (A)

(B) They (A) (B)

(B) (A) (C)
appearances can be misleading
(C) such displays (A)
(B) (A) (C)
[6 ] As their contamination is much more narrowly
confined in color, it can be easily accounted for and
[5 ] Among South Africans, anger is an emotion [that is
removed from telescope data.
not expressed in the typical ways {that we have learned
As it
to show in Western culture}].
their contamination
[ ] that an emotion { }
that the typical ways [10 ] These lamps “burn” brighter, longer, and use less
energy than conventional incandescent bulbs do.
[7 ] For instance, it is not unusual for someone to shout
bulbs do
or slam a door when (he or she is) very agitated.
burn bright, long, and use energy
it to for
someone to [15 ] That’s why the entire city of Tucson, Arizona, the
when be he or closest large city to the Kitt Peak National Observatory,
she is has, by agreement with the local astronomers, converted
all its streetlights to low-pressure sodium lamps.
That’s why S V
consultant
why S
contract
A B S has converted A to B
think of A as B A B
emotion why the entire city of Tucson,
typical Arizona the closest large city to the Kitt
slam Peak National Observatory
misleading has converted by agreement with the local

60
 astronomers since it would become usable along its entire length.
Repairing the missing sections would
amount would double since ~ length
sodium
abundant scanty
active ingredient [15 ] A graphic illustration of increasing returns to
astronomy capital is the case of roads like the one that connects the
inflict
port at Mombasa, Kenya, with the landlocked countries
contamination
Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi.
confine
account for A graphic illustration of ~
telescope capital is one
conventional road
observatory
astronomer
convert income
section
amount to
paved
usable
disrupt
impassable
alternate
illustration
return
port
04 stretch

1
(C)
Kenya Mombasa
05
Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

(B) Chen (C)

11
(A) Chen
(B)
4
20
(A) Chen

(C) (B) the road

(C) the one that connects the port at Mombasa, Kenya,
with the landlocked countries Uganda, Rwanda, and
Burundi (A) the missing sections B
(C)
(C) (B) (A) (B) (A)

(C) (B) (A)

[4 ] Repairing the missing sections would amount to
doubling the kilometers of paved road, but would much
more than double the economic benefits of the road, [4 ] It seemed that neither Master Chen nor the family

61
 members knew anything about a basic scientific fact. was affected
It seems that S V [17 ] The two studies led the researchers to the
that A B neither A conclusion, now accepted, [that in women language and
nor B spatial skills are controlled by centers in both sides of the
[19 ] The electric wiring and heating had still not been brain; ~].
installed yet. A B lead A to B
the conclusion [ ] that
had+p.p. now accepted the conclusion

somewhat
rundown hemisphere
material command
volume retain
crucial spatial
mishap relative
temperature scarcely
plank capacity
buckle verbal
curl
hardwood
flooring

06
30

(B)

(A)

(C)

(B)
(A)
(C)
(B) (A) (C)

[12 ] Yet the relative performance of the similarly

brain-damaged women was scarcely affected.
women the relative
performance was

62
 17 EXERCISES

Let’s Check It Out 01 02 03 04 05 06

01

100

nylon ropes Such ropes

nearly unbreakable that
(conviction)
build your confidence

[5 ] These were usually fine for protecting those [who

came up from below], but could not be relied upon to
[14 ] The more conviction you have about yourself, the
hold a leader fall, ~.
more assurance and consistency will show up in your
These were could not be relied
dancing.
upon
the the
rely upon A to be
relied upon to but
they could not rely upon these to hold a leader fall [16 ] When you lack confidence, it’s actually harder for
those who you to do things, even those [(that) you basically know
how to do well]
[9 ] All [(that) the leader had to do] was tie in to the
it to do things for you
rope, ~.
to do things [ ] you
[ ] the leader All All
those you that[which]
that All, The
only thing do
All[The only thing] you have[had] to do is[was] tremendous
to asset
uphill battle
accomplishment
constant
undermine
objective
practicality
conviction
assurance
consistency inconsistency

63
02 8

10 10
10

25 50 8
8
2 4
8

3
8

a large group of 8-year-old children

it fifty pounds of manure Among them them 8-year-old
children one girl

[5 ] Despite the ubiquity of the base 10 counting system

[1 ] But instead of regularly removing it, the farmer in early culture, there is ~.
leaves the manure in place, every few days covering it despite
with another layer of woodchips or straw. though although
it fifty pounds of manure covering
~ straw [8 ] I used to ask mathematicians [if they could think of
the farmer a good reason], and ~.
[7 ] The barn is a plain structure [where the cattle ask mathematicians if
spend three months during the winter], each day if
consuming twenty-five pounds of hay and producing
fifty pounds of manure.
[ ] where a plain structure counting system
consuming ~, producing ~ fingertip
the divide
cattle string
material

layer
woodchip
winning 04
cattle
barn
plain
adjustable
ration
bedding
generate
fertilize

03
64
 Napoleon 3

a Catholic priest named Giovanni Caselli and

This ability This ability his partner, Gustav Froment
the child’s ability to contact ~ Their

[1 ] They have lost the child’s ability to contact and [9 ] It was created by Alexander Bain, a Scottish
accept reality, and then use it to create an even more clockmaker who envisioned using pendulums at each end
vivid illusion. of the telegraph to transmit messages.
to contact, accept, use the child’s ability envisioned using
to create ~ illusion to to transmit messages to

[11 ] The actor must continually relate to things on stage [17 ] Encouraged by this success, the duo demonstrated
as if they were something else, ~. their machine to Emperor Napoleon III of France ~.
as if were Encouraged by this success
the duo

priest
vivid bug
illusion transmit
float telegraph
twig patent
liner envision
transform synchronize
interpretation version
visualize simultaneously
invariably duo
hinder direction
spotlight legislature
moonlit establish
sensation

05

Alexander Graham Bell

33 1843

Alexander Bain
20
Giovanni Caselli 06
Gustav Froment Bain

65
 18
Let’s Check It Out

98% 90%
40% Stuart Anstis
30%

northern Europe and a few other regions

these cold climates

[1 ] Several thousand years ago, however, peoples in

northern Europe and a few other regions underwent a
genetic change [that allowed them to produce lactase
throughout life].
them peoples in northern Europe and a few other
regions allow to [ ]
that a genetic change people
s peoples
[13 ] The logic is obvious: it’s a waste of its resources
for the body to produce an enzyme ~.
it to produce for the body [2 ] But the real problem may be that it is even more
to produce difficult to see than we think it is (difficult to see).
even more difficult we
undergo(-underwent-undergone) think it is difficult to see
infancy
exception
[7 ] Everything around us appears to be moving more
obstacle
slowly than it is, and we seem to be moving more slowly
absorb
as is through the landscape (than we are moving).
component Everything appears
enzyme every- the landscape
obvious than we are moving
exceptionally
digest

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

01

66
[1 ] Some people still hold on to the notion of travel
substitution that we are going to trade airplane seats
for computer screens and we will travel less because we [3 ] People tell me [that though they like what I do, they
will videoconference more]. buy from the other guy’s grocery store because he’s been
the notion substitution [ ] that good to them].
[ ] that tell
that though because
[9 ] In fact, if you analyze the statistics, you will see
that travel miles and telecommunications minutes have
been chasing each other upward for the last half-century. [13 ] If I kept pounding I might be able to win a
percentage of my competitor’s business, ~.
(have been -ing)

If S would should could might

notion
substitution
videoconference
might
absurd
statistics
grocery store
electronically
compete
inevitably
slip up
in-between
hallmark
analyze
pound
chase
competitor

02 03
2

67
 12

(A) agreed

(B) standard

[2 ] The diversity of aesthetic theories ~ makes the task

of the literary historian a very difficult one.
The diversity of aesthetic theories makes
the task of the literary historian a very
difficult one one task
[2 ] When the whole thing was over, the person [who
benefited greatly from the project] sent a thank-you
[5 ] It is not only [that answers to such questions as
email.
‘What is art?’ or ‘What is poetry?’ disagree].
[ ] who the person
that answers disagree
sent
B A such A as B
[11 ] Here was a case [in which the emailer actually answers to
had told each person how much he appreciated her or
[14 ] ~ it is hard to find [where they agree], [where they
his individual effort very little].
disagree], or even, [what the points at issue are].
[ ] in which a case
it to find [ ]
had told each person had told
to find
how much ~ effort very little
how much ~

aesthetics
benefit
literary
dozen 12
diversity
massive
readily
morale
clash
keystroke
diverse
signification
integral
assumption
04 procedure
at issue

05

68
 Robert Provine
30

TV
TV

(A) succeed (B)

uplifting contagious (A)

infect
(B) how
often
[3 ] When we connect to positive emotions, to great
people, to companies and causes [that make a
difference], ~. [3 ] ~ it diverts attention from a speaker and makes it
to [ ] difficult to continue.
companies and causes it laughter it
to continue
[8 ] We have to make sure that the things [(that) we
choose to put our passions into] are worthy of us. [5 ] The psychologist Robert Provine, [who has
[ ] (that) the things we documented the ethology of laughter in humans], found
that[which] that ~.
We have to make sure that the things are [ ] who The psychologist Robert
worthy of us. We choose to put our passions into them. Provine found
them that[which] the things
involuntary
[12 ] And that’s why I have devised a framework noisemaking
[designed to help people connect]. divert
contagious
[ ] designed a framework help
document
laugh track
compensate for
live
fulfillment
cause
make a difference
forge
passion
worthy of
framework

06
Arthur Koestler

69
 19 Lisa
She Lisa Jane Watson

Let’s Check It Out

03
01~03
(A) Lisa Elizabeth Smith Happy Jane Watson
Diner
Lisa

(B) [2 ] After a while, I decided it probably was more

(C) Happy Diner 2001 reasonable for me to learn the basics of their language
Jane Watson than for them to start using mine, Lisa said.
Watson it to learn language for me
Happy Diner to learn language for them to mine
for me for them to
(B) [4 ] She enrolled in sign language classes, paying
Happy Diner Watson
the $50 fee herself.

(B) Lisa

(D) [3 ] To further accommodate the growing needs of

the customers, the Happy Diner’s owners put in a special
Lisa telephone system and a captioned television.
50 To accommodate to

celebrity
(D) Lisa
status
feature
Happy Diner proof
Happy Diner catch on to
Happy Diner tease
90 enroll
Lisa fee
impaired

01 frequent
modest
impact
befriend
(A) Lisa (C) Lisa accommodate
captioned
(B) Lisa
(D) Lisa

02 EXERCISES

01 02 03 04 05 06

70
 Duveen
01~03
03
(A) 1920
Joseph (C) He exclaimed But, what would I want with the
Duveen original pictures when the ones right here in these books are
5
so beautiful? The consortium’s effort was in vain.
Duveen Ford

Henry Ford Ford

(D) 100 Ford (A) [8 ] Ford had yet to venture into the art market, and
he was such a big target that it made sense for them to
work together.
such ~ that
3 Michigan
it to work together
Dearborn Ford
for them to work together
Ford
(B) Ford (D) [1 ] The dealers decided to assemble a list, “The
100 Greatest Paintings in the World”, and to offer the lot
of them to Ford.
decided to assemble to offer

Ford

art dealer
Duveen
alliance
(C) Ford Duveen
consist of
have yet to do
Duveen venture
Ford study
Ford look through
astonishment
exclaim
puzzled
reproduction
01 lot the lot
consortium
magnificent
(A) Joseph Duveen
volume
scholarly
Henry Ford (D) Duveen accompany
Ford simplicity
(B) Ford unaffected
Duveen
(C) Duveen Ford
Ford 04~06
(A)
02
Good Player
(b) (c) (d) (e) Ford (a)

71
(C)

Good Player
(B) [4 ] Children previously in the “unexpected-award”
and “no-award” groups drew just as much as they had
before the experiment.
(B) 2 had had drawn drawn
(D) [1 ] To be clear, as shown in the experiment, it
wasn’t necessarily the rewards themselves that
dampened the children’s interest.
it was that it wasn’t
2 that not necessarily

(D)
(D) [8 ] Like the gentlemen driving carriages for
money instead of fun, they’re no longer fully controlling
their lives.
Like driving carriages for money instead
of fun the gentlemen

certificate
adorn
feature
04 cubicle
session
dampen
(A)
intrinsic
(C) autonomy
(B) (D) carriage
spring
drain

05

06

72
 20
biographies
Let’s Check It Out

01~02

[1 ] Because of their emotional power, memories of

childhood become crucial elements in determining [the
Erik Erikson kind of adults {we grow up to be}], and [how our minds
will function].
their memories of childhood
Thomas { } we grow up to be the kind of adults
Carlyle
adults we to be
that determining [ ]
determining determining

[5 ] Erik Erikson has held [that the last ~ involves the

task of achieving “integrity,” or bringing together what
one has accomplished and what one has failed to
accomplish in the course of one’s life into a meaningful
story {that can be claimed as one’s own}].
[ ] that has held bringing
together achieving integrity
bringing A B
C bringing together A and
01 B into C { } that a
meaningful story
[10 ] People keep diaries, save snapshots, make slides
and home movies, and collect souvenirs and mementos to
store in their houses to build [what is in effect a museum
of the life of the family], even though a chance visitor
might be unaware of most of the historical references.
People keep, save, make, collect
[ ] what
even though

chance
02 [12 ] He might not know [that the painting on the
living-room wall is important because ~], [that the rug in
the hall is valuable because ~], and [that the scruffy sofa
in the study is kept because ~].
that [ ] know

73
 Le
in a sense
Bon
historian
existence
crucial
element
determine
function
psychoanalysis
to a large[great] extent
attempt
order 01
distorted
make sense of
(collective mind)
hold that
stage
involve (social contagion)
integrity
claim
innumerable
instrumental
preservation
identity
keep a diary
home movie
souvenir
in effect
02
chance
unaware
reference
rug
study

EXERCISES

01 02 03 04
[6 ] Beneath those restraints, [Le Bon believed], hides
a barbarian.
01~02 (Beneath those restraints) (hides) (a
(collective mind) (social contagion)
barbarian) [ ]
Gustave Le Bon
[11 ] The large number of people gives individuals a
cloak of anonymity [that weakens their restraining sense
of responsibility and releases primitive emotions].
[ ] that a cloak of anonymity
Le Bon
weakens releases

[26 ] [Watching a videotaped arm-wrestling match], the

subjects’ tendency [to imitate the wrestlers] increases

74
with higher levels of audience noise.
[ ] Watching the subjects
[ ] to imitate
the subjects’ tendency

homogeneous heterogeneous 03
collective
irrational rational
stripped bare of
civilize
restraint
barbarian
suppress
cloak
anonymity
restrain
release
individuality
contagion
uncover
facilitate
frequent 04
subject
tendency There must have been indications that the patient was
imitate troubled by my assessment, but I didn’t notice them.

03~04
[9 ] Instead, I later learned that my opinion had been so
upsetting that he’d become depressed and abusive
towards his wife.
so that

[24 ] There must have been indications [that the patient

was troubled by my assessment], but I didn’t notice them.
indications [ ] that
them indications
[26 ] If I had sensed that I was going to provoke a
crisis, I would have tried a more casual approach.

If S had+p.p. S
have+p.p.

logging
tremendous
shortness of breath
lightheadedness
chest
significant

75
 risk
factor
suggest
medication
prescription
abusive
simulate
exertion
confirm
maximum
symptom
evident
extraordinary
overwork oneself
exhaustion
diagnosis (pl. diagnoses)
correct
indication
assessment
provoke
casual
approach

76