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19 views

unit -4

unit -4 DM

Uploaded by

ishwari.raskar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit -04 (Topic)

data governance and data lineage., testing


strategies specific to data engineering, including
unit testing and integration testing of data
pipelines, and compliance requirements,
metadata management, data cataloguing,
understanding of data privacy regulations

1. Data Governance
Data governance is the framework that ensures data is
managed as a valuable organizational asset. It encompasses
policies, processes, and standards to ensure data quality,
security, and compliance.
Key Principles
 Accountability: Assigning roles and responsibilities for
data ownership and stewardship.
 Data Quality: Maintaining accurate, complete, and timely
data.
 Transparency: Ensuring clear documentation of data-
related policies and processes.
 Compliance: Adhering to laws, regulations, and
standards relevant to the organization's industry.
Core Components
 Policies and Standards: Rules governing data access,
usage, and sharing.
 Data Stewardship: Designated personnel responsible for
specific data assets.
 Technology: Tools like data catalogs, governance
platforms, and metadata management systems.
Benefits
 Improved decision-making.
 Enhanced regulatory compliance.
 Mitigation of risks like data breaches.

2. Data Lineage
Data lineage refers to the life cycle of data, detailing its
origin, transformations, and movements across systems.
Importance
 Transparency: Helps stakeholders understand how data is
processed and transformed.
 Debugging and Issue Resolution: Identifying errors and
tracking their sources.
 Compliance: Demonstrating the data's journey to
regulators.
Core Elements
 Source Data: The origin of the data.
 Transformations: Changes made to data during
processing.
 Destinations: Endpoints where data is stored or used.
Tools
 Open-source tools: Apache Atlas, Amundsen.
 Proprietary tools: Informatica, Collibra.

3. Testing Strategies in Data Engineering


Testing ensures the reliability and accuracy of data pipelines,
ETL processes, and data transformations.
Types of Testing
1. Unit Testing
Focuses on testing individual components (e.g., a single
transformation step).
o Tools: PyTest, JUnit, dbt.
o Example: Testing if a column value is correctly
transformed.
2. Integration Testing
Validates that different components work together as
expected.
o Tools: Apache Airflow Test Frameworks, dbt test.
o Example: Ensuring data flows correctly from source
to target systems.
3. Performance Testing
Assesses pipeline efficiency under various loads.
o Tools: Apache JMeter, Apache Benchmark.
o Example: Simulating high data volume ingestion.
4. Regression Testing
Ensures new changes don’t break existing functionality.
o Example: After updating a pipeline, ensuring
previous queries yield the same results.

4. Compliance Requirements
Compliance in data engineering ensures adherence to legal,
ethical, and regulatory standards.
Key Regulations
 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation): Enforces
data privacy and security in the EU.
 CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act): Grants
California residents rights over their personal data.
 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act): Protects health information in the US.
 SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act): Regulates financial data
integrity.
Compliance Strategies
 Data minimization and encryption.
 Access controls and audit trails.
 Regular compliance audits.

5. Metadata Management
Metadata refers to "data about data" and is critical for
understanding, managing, and utilizing data.
Types of Metadata
1. Technical Metadata: Schema, file size, format.
2. Business Metadata: Definitions, business rules.
3. Operational Metadata: Data lineage, logs.
Benefits
 Easier data discovery.
 Enhanced data governance.
 Better decision-making support.
Tools
 Apache Atlas, Amundsen, Informatica, Collibra.

6. Data Cataloging
A data catalog is a curated inventory of data assets that helps
users discover, access, and understand data.
Features
 Searchable Interface: Users can locate datasets easily.
 Data Lineage Tracking: Shows the origin and
transformations of datasets.
 Data Quality Indicators: Highlights the reliability of
datasets.
Advantages
 Accelerates data democratization.
 Enhances collaboration between teams.
 Facilitates compliance efforts.
Tools
 AWS Glue Data Catalog, Google Data Catalog, Azure
Data Catalog.

7. Data Privacy Regulations


Data privacy regulations govern how organizations collect,
process, store, and share personal data.
Principles of Data Privacy
 Transparency: Informing users about how their data is
used.
 Consent: Obtaining explicit permission before data
collection.
 Data Minimization: Collecting only necessary data.
 Right to Access and Erasure: Allowing users to view and
delete their data.
Best Practices
 Implement robust encryption and anonymization.
 Conduct privacy impact assessments (PIAs).
 Regularly update privacy policies.

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