India country profile

 Published

10 June

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India is the world's largest democracy and, according to UN estimates, its population
is expected to overtake China's in 2028 to become the world's most populous nation.

As a rising economic powerhouse and nuclear-armed state, India has emerged as an important regional power.
But it is also tackling huge, social, economic and environmental problems.

Home to some of the world's most ancient surviving civilisations, the Indian subcontinent - from the
mountainous Afghan frontier to the jungles of Burma and the coral reefs of the Indian Ocean - is both vast and
varied in terms of people, language and cultural traditions.

 See more country profiles, external - Profiles compiled by BBC Monitoring, external

REPUBLIC OF INDIA: FACTS

 Capital: New Delhi
 Area: 3,287,263 sq km
 Population: 1.44 billion
 Languages: Hindi, English, plus local languages
 Life expectancy: 68 years (men) 71 years (women)

LEADERS
President: Droupadi Murmu
 IMAGE
SOURCE,INDIAN PRESIDENCY
Droupadi Murmu was sworn in as president in July 2022. A teacher and former governor of Jharkhand State,
she is the first person from a tribal community to serve as India's head of state. She is a member of the
governing Bharatiya Janata Party. The presidency is largely ceremonial, but can play a significant role if, for
example, no party wins an outright majority in elections.

Prime Minister: Narendra Modi

IM
AGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
Bharatiya Janata Party leader Narendra Modi was elected for a third term as India's prime minister in June
2024.
 Mr Modi's BJP-led National Democratic Alliance won the general election with 293 seats, a much lower margin
than predicted by exit polls. The election saw a resurgence of India's opposition, which won 234 seats.

Mr Modi is only the second Indian leader to win a third consecutive term after the country's first prime minister,
Jawaharlal Nehru.

Polls had projected outright victory for his Hindu Nationalist BJP party, which has ruled India for a decade, but it
lost its parliamentary majority and Mr Modi's bloc relied on two key allies, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and
the Janata Dal (United) JD(U), to cross the 272-seat mark needed to form the government.

During the election, critics accused Mr Modi and his party of using hate speech, attacking the country's Muslim
minority, and jailing opposition figures.

Following the election result, Mr Modi said his alliance was "committed to the principle of "sarva panth
sambhava" (religious equality).

KASHMIR

The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades.

Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought two
wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part.

Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory.

 See Kashmir profile

MEDIA
 IMAGE SOURCE,AFP
India has a burgeoning media industry, with broadcast, print and digital media experiencing tremendous
growth.

There are around 197 million TV households, many of them using satellite or cable. FM radio stations are
plentiful but only public All India Radio can produce news.

The press scene is lively with thousands of titles. India has the second largest number of internet users in the
world, after China.

 Read full media profile

TIMELINE
 IM
AGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
Image caption,
Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi with Viceroy of India Lord Mountbatten and his wife in 1947
Some key dates in India's history:

2500 BC - India is home to several ancient civilisations and empires.

1600s - The British arrive and establish trading posts under The British East India Company - by the 1850s
they control most of the subcontinent.

1858 - India comes under direct British rule.

1920 - Nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi heads a campaign of non-violent protest against British rule which
eventually leads to independence.

1947 - India is split into two nations at independence - Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.

1971 - India and Pakistan go to war over East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh.

1974 - India conducts its first underground nuclear test.

1990s - Government initiates a programme of economic liberalisation and reform, opening up the economy to
global trade and investment.

2014 - Hindu nationalist BJP party scores biggest election victory by any party in 30 years.
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[21] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-
largest country by area; the most populous country as of June 2023;[22][23] and from the time of its independence
in 1947, the world's most populous democracy.[24][25][26] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian
Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the
west;[j] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean,
India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border
with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago.[27][28][29] Their long
occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse,
second only to Africa in human genetic diversity.[30] Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western
margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the
third millennium BCE.[31] By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language,
had diffused into India from the northwest.[32][33] Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda.
Preserved by an oral tradition that was resolutely vigilant, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in
India.[34] The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions.[35] By
400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism,[36] and Buddhism and Jainism had
arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity.[37] Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-
knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin.[38] Their collective era was suffused with wide-
ranging creativity,[39] but also marked by the declining status of women,[40] and the incorporation
of untouchability into an organised system of belief.[k][41] In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-
languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.[42]

In the early medieval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism became established on India's
southern and western coasts.[43] Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently overran India's northern plains,
[44]
eventually founding the Delhi Sultanate, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of
medieval Islam.[45] In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture
in south India.[46] In the Punjab, Sikhism emerged, rejecting institutionalised religion.[47] The Mughal Empire, in
1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace,[48] leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.[l][49] Gradually
expanding rule of the British East India Company followed, turning India into a colonial economy, but also
consolidating its sovereignty.[50] British Crown rule began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted
slowly,[51][52] but technological changes were introduced, and modern ideas of education and the public life took
root.[53] A pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance
and became the major factor in ending British rule.[54][55] In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned into
two independent dominions,[56][57][58][59] a Hindu-majority Dominion of India and a Muslim-majority Dominion of
Pakistan, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.[60]

India has been a federal republic since 1950, governed through a democratic parliamentary system. It is
a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India's population grew from 361 million in 1951 to almost
1.4 billion in 2022.[61] During the same time, its nominal per capita income increased from US$64 annually to
US$2,601, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951,
[62]
India has become a fast-growing major economy and a hub for information technology services, with an
expanding middle class.[63] India has a space programme with several planned or completed extraterrestrial
missions. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[64] India has
substantially reduced its rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality.[65] India is
a nuclear-weapon state, which ranks high in military expenditure. It has disputes over Kashmir with its
neighbours, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century.[66] Among the socio-economic
challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition,[67] and rising levels of air pollution.[68] India's land
is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hotspots.[69] Its forest cover comprises 21.7% of its area.[70] India's wildlife,
which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in India's culture,[71] is supported among these forests, and
elsewhere, in protected habitats.

History
Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India
Ancient India

Manuscript illustration, c. 1650, of the Sanskrit

epic Ramayana, composed in story-telling fashion c. 400 BCE – c. 300 CE [82]

By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or Homo sapiens, had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from
Africa, where they had earlier evolved.[27][28][29] The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to
about 30,000 years ago.[27] After 6500 BCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction
of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in Mehrgarh and other sites
in Balochistan, Pakistan.[83] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[84][83] the first urban
culture in South Asia,[85] which flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India.[86] Centred
around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of
subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[85]

During the period 2000–500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic cultures
to the Iron Age ones.[87] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism,[88] were composed during
this period,[89] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the
upper Gangetic Plain.[87] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-
Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west.[88] The caste system, which created a hierarchy of
priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations
impure, arose during this period.[90] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests
the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.[87] In South India, a progression to sedentary life is
indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[91] as well as by nearby traces
of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[91]

Cave 26 of the rock-cut Ajanta Caves

In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and
the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as
the mahajanapadas.[92][93] The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which
became independent religions. Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira.
[94]
Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, attracted followers from all social classes excepting
the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India. [95]
[96][97]
In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal,[98] and both
established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had
annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[99] The empire was once thought to have
controlled most of the subcontinent except the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been
separated by large autonomous areas.[100][101] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building
and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of
the Buddhist dhamma.[102][103]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern
peninsula was ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the
Roman Empire and with West and Southeast Asia.[104][105] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control
within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.[106][99] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta
Empire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system
became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[107][108] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion,
rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.[109] This renewal was reflected in a flowering
of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite.[108] Classical Sanskrit
literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant
advances.[108]

Medieval India

Brihadeshwara temple, Thanjavur, completed in 1010 CE

The Qutub Minar, 73 m (240 ft) tall, completed by the Sultan of Delhi, Iltutmish

The Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.
[110]
When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to
expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[111] When his successor attempted to
expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[111] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand
southwards, they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by
the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south.[111] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and
consistently control lands much beyond their core region.[110] During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had
been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as
were new non-traditional ruling classes.[112] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.
[112]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[113] They were
imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern
languages of the subcontinent.[113] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in
great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[114] Temple towns of various sizes
began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[114] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the
effects were felt in Southeast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that
became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia,
and Indonesia.[115] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission;
Southeast Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist
and Hindu texts into their languages.[115]

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies
united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the
establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[116] The sultanate was to control much of North India and to
make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its
vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.[117][118] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol
raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia,
setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and
artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north. [119]
[120]
The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the
indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[121] Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military
technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India, [122] and was to influence South
Indian society for long afterwards.[121]

Early modern India

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, [123] fell again to the superior mobility
and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[124] The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out
the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative
practices[125][126] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[127] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform
rule.[128] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung
realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.
[127]
The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[129] and mandating that taxes
be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[130] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[128] The
relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic
expansion,[128] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[131] Newly
coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained
military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both
recognition and military experience.[132] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian
commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[132] As the empire disintegrated,
many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.[133]

A distant view of the Taj Mahal from the Agra Fort

A two mohur Company gold coin, issued in 1835, the obverse inscribed "William IV, King"
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly
blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established
coastal outposts.[134][135] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced
military training and technology led it to increasingly assert its military strength and caused it to become
attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over
the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.[136][134][137][138] Its further access to the riches
of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of
India by the 1820s.[139] India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead
supplying the British Empire with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial
period.[134] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having
effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to
enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.[140]

Modern India
Main article: History of the Republic of India
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in
1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to
a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the
population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the
telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe.[141][142][143][144] However, disaffection with the
company also grew during this time and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and
perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some
rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the
foundations of Company rule.[145][146] Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of
the East India Company and the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary
state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and
landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.[147][148] In the decades following, public life gradually
emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[149][150][151][152]

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was
marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.
[153]
There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[154] and, despite the risks of infrastructure
development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians. [155] There were
also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food
production for internal consumption.[156] The railway network provided critical famine relief,[157] notably reduced
the cost of moving goods,[157] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.[156]

1909 map of the British Indian Empire

Jawaharlal Nehru sharing a light moment with Mahatma Gandhi, Mumbai, 6 July 1946

After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served,[158] a new period began. It was marked
by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the
beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mahatma Gandhi would become the leader
and enduring symbol.[159] During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian
National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[160] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian
participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Muslim
nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into
two states: India and Pakistan.[161]

Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place
a secular and democratic republic.[162] Per the London Declaration, India retained its membership of
the Commonwealth, becoming the first republic within it.[163] Economic liberalisation, which began in the
1980s and the collaboration with Soviet Union for technical know-how,[164] has created a large urban middle
class, transformed India into one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[165] and increased its geopolitical
clout. Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;[166] by religious and caste-
related violence;[167] by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[168] and by separatism in Jammu and
Kashmir and in Northeast India.[169] It has unresolved territorial disputes with China[170] and with Pakistan.
[170]
India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newer nations; however, in spite of its
recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be
achieved.[171]

Five important features which will perhaps give us some aid in understanding modern India:

1. Its diversity
2. The depth of culture
3. A land of minorities
4. Its future depends on the interaction between two worlds:
5. In the cities and rural India, poverty, spirituality and modernity mix and coexist

Many people in the Western world think of India as an inert and distant [grouping] of people and
poverty, a combination of the exotic and tragic. This misperception, popularized through years of
media stereotyping, conceals reality.

In fact, India is a vibrant society with an increasingly vigorous internal dynamic and an increasing
influence, directly and indirectly, in the world. Its significance lies not only in its size—some 930
million Indians are 15 percent of the planetary population—but also in the questions raised by the
path India has chosen in domestic and foreign policy. This nation is the largest functioning
democracy, with regular and freely contested elections. Thus, it is the test of whether democracy
is a suitable system of govemment for large numbers of relatively poor people_in a world where
democracy, as we understand it, is a much-endangered political species, especially in Third World
countries.

Modern India is also a test of two middle-ground philosophies. As an early proponent of non-
alignment in international politics, India has attempted to establish a [middle] position between
Western and [communist] oriented states. Over the years, its leadership in carving out a Third
World posture demonstrated that there is a viable route for nations who did not want to take
sides in Cold War politics, an approach which many other nations in Asia, Africa, Latin America,
and the Middle East have followed and hope to sustain.

India's economic policies have also broken new ground. They were the first large-scale test of the
modern mixed economy: central government planning with a combination of both private and
public ownership of economic enterprises. It is perhaps still too early to evaluate the results. On
the one hand, poverty remains [widespread] and unemployment is high. On the other, Indian
agriculture has performed much better than either Soviet or Chinese agriculture. (India now feeds
her population and has imported hardly any grain in the past four years.) Also, India now ranks as
the ninth largest industrial economy in the world. A further significance of India today comes
from the geopolitics of South Asia. Bordering the Indian Ocean into which the Persian Gulf flows,
it is a key location in an era of oil logistics. Add the proximity of Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and
China, and India's situation becomes critical to the tensions and interactions of current global
politics. From this perspective alone, apart from the many human, cultural and other reasons, it
behooves thoughtful people around the world to make efforts to understand this vast and vital
nation.

It is possible to say almost anything about India and have it apply to some part of that
subcontinent. India is a land of [poverty] and, in some ways, of plenty. It is a nation both powerful
and weak, ancient and modern, climatically dramatic in its contrasts. The very term "India"
implies a unity which exists more as a tentative political form than as a human and socio-cultural
reality. From the intertwining of its complex history with contemporary society, one can distill five
important features which will perhaps give us some aids in understanding modern India.

The first feature to remember when thinking of India is its diversity. It is a country in which there
are 15 official languages, over 300 minor languages and some 3,000 dialects. Twenty-four
languages have more than one million speakers each. The largest spoken language is Hindi, but
this is the mother tongue of only about 40 percent of the population. Often Indians cannot
understand each other and frequently use English as a link or administrative language. But
language is not the only diversity. There are four principal social groupings, what we sometimes
call castes, and several thousand sub-categories of the castes. Although predominantly Hindu, all
the world's major religions are represented in India. Ethnic differences also [abound]. This mosaic
is culturally extraordinary. It is a source of divisiveness in a nation where particular loyalties have
a deep meaning, both spiritually and physically. Given this diversity, it is remarkable that India
has remained and grown, and continues to grow, as one nation.

A second feature is the depth of culture, which contrasts with the newness of the nation in its
present form. There has been over 4,000 years of philosophical and cultural development in
India, going back to early Aryan civilization. Since then, Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, Islamic, Sikh
and other influences have left deep imprints on society. Every Indian, even the poorest illiterate,
can tell stories of myth and history, a consciousness of a great civilizational heritage which is
unusually widespread. Yet, there was no India as we know it until the achievement of
independence in 1947. Before that there were various fragmented (some very large) territories.
Many of these were absorbed into the British Indian Empire which mixed direct British rule with
supervision of many areas ruled by traditional princes and local kings or maharajas. The modern
state of India is only 34 years old and its development must be understood in the context of
trying to impose a national framework on old cultural patterns. The consciousness of the great
past and the newness of the present sometimes produces an abrasive reaction.

The third feature is that India is a land of minorities. About 80 percent of the population are
Hindus. But Hinduism is an amalgam of pluralistic beliefs and forms, often containing conflicting
elements. An additional 12 percent are Muslims, deeply aware of their Islamic faith. Hindu, Urdu,
Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Telegu, Punjabi and other languages create minorities of their own. Tribal
and neo-aboriginal peoples number almost 40 million. No contestant for political office can be
successful without an awareness of these constituencies. And this, in turn, conditions both
domestic and foreign policy.

A fourth feature of modern India is that, broadly speaking, its future depends on the interaction
between two worlds: the cities of India, where 20 percent of the population live, and rural India,
where about 600,000 villages contain the rest of the population. Urban India is the India of
modern industry, national politics and foreign policy, government planning, the national media,
the major universities, business, the armed forces, science and technology. Its best products are
frequently as good as the best in the world, its orientation is cosmopolitan. Rural India is the India
of age-old patterns where tradition is the principal dynamic of society, where outsiders come and
go but life continues, often without much change. When the two Indias mesh effectively, India is
a success, as in the expansion of education, the reduction of illiteracy, the extension of the
average lifespan, the introduction of some basic health care, the sustenance of a democratic
political system. When they do not connect effectively, India is in trouble, as with population
control and unemployment. For the nation to realize its considerable potential, the linkage
between those two Indias has to be expanded and strengthened.

The fifth and final feature we must remember is that poverty, spirituality and modernity mix and
coexist in India, without the paradoxical implications which a Western perspective suggests. It is
the essence of Indian spirituality which enables even the most deprived to endure poverty and it
is modernity which provides the prospect of improvement.

It is this spirit, a composite of many small individual visions and inspirations, which characterizes
modern India and offers the best hope for the nation and its people.

20 Cool Facts About Maths

If you were to play a word association game with a school-aged child, you’d be pretty
unlikely to get a response of ‘cool’ when you asked them what word first came into their
mind when you said ‘maths’. Despite what some people may tell you, maths is far from dull.
On the contrary, there are plenty of fun and strange maths-related facts out there that will
fascinate children of all ages. To prove this, we’ve compiled a list of 20 cool facts about
maths which we encourage you to share with the children in your life.

1. The word “hundred” comes from the old Norse term, “hundrath”, which actually means
120 and not 100.

2. In a room of 23 people there’s a 50% chance that two people have the same birthday.

3. Most mathematical symbols weren’t invented until the 16th century. Before that,
equations were written in words.

4. “Forty” is the only number that is spelt with letters arranged in alphabetical order.
5. Conversely, “one” is the only number that is spelt with letters arranged in descending
order.

6. From 0 to 1000, the only number that has the letter “a” in it is “one thousand”.

7. ‘Four’ is the only number in the English language that is spelt with the same number of
letters as the number itself.

8. Every odd number has an “e” in it.

9. The reason Americans call mathematics “math”, is because they argue that
“mathematics” functions as a singular noun so ‘math’ should be singular too.

10. Markings on animal bones indicate that humans have been doing maths since around
30,000BC.

11. “Eleven plus two” is an anagram of “twelve plus one” which is pretty fitting as the
answer to both equations is 13.

12. Also, there are 13 letters in both “eleven plus two” and “twelve plus one”.

13. Zero is not represented in Roman numerals.

14. The word “mathematics” only appears in one Shakespearean play, “The Taming of the
Shrew”.
15. -40 °C is equal to -40 °F.

16. In France, a pie chart is sometimes referred to as a “camembert”.

17. The symbol for division (i.e.÷) is called an obelus.

18. 2 and 5 are the only prime numbers that end in 2 or 5.

19. A ‘jiffy’ is an actual unit of time. It means 1/100th of a second.

20. If you shuffle a deck of cards properly, it’s more than likely that the exact order of the
cards you get has never been seen before in the whole history of the universe.

Wow, after hearing those facts about maths, we’re positive that the young person in your
life will no longer think that the subject is ‘uncool.’ That said, if you’re looking for an
additional tool to help your child engage with maths, you should check out our multi-
award-winning online maths tutor, Maths-Whizz. With its educational maths games and
personalised lessons, it has been found that students who use Maths-Whizz for 60 minutes
a week increase their Maths Age™ by, on average, 18 months in their first year of use.* To
find out more, book a free consultation today.

*Research by Whizz Education — conducted with over 12,000 students and verified by
independent experts — demonstrates that children who learn with the Maths-Whizz Tutor
for 45-60 minutes a week increase their Maths Age by an average of 18 months in their
first year.

Here Are 45 Amazing Math Facts That You May Not Know:
Let’s explore the top 10 interesting facts about maths:

1. Math facts can’t begin without talking about zero. The number zero was first used in India over 5,000
years ago.

2. The ancient Egyptians and math facts go hand in hand. The ancient Egyptians used a set of numbers
known as hieroglyphs to represent basic mathematical calculations.

3. The symbol for infinity was first used by the ancient Greeks in the 5th century BC.

4. The term “algebra” comes from the Arabic word “al-jabr”, meaning “the reunion of broken parts”.

5. Math facts are incomplete without the historic mathematician. The famous mathematician, Pythagoras,
had a very strange belief: he believed that all numbers were made up of the same building blocks.

6. The number pi (3.14159…) is an irrational number, meaning it can never be written down as a finite
decimal.
7. The symbol for pi has been used in mathematics since the 1700s.

8. The number 12 is the only number that is equal to the sum of its divisors, excluding itself.

9. The amount of time it would take to solve all of the puzzles is estimated at 5 billion years.

10. The mathematician, Leonhard Euler, is credited with inventing graph theory.

A few interesting facts about mathematics in daily life:

11. The number of possible different Sudoku puzzles is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960. Math facts are
incomplete without sudoku

12. The Egyptians were the first to use multiplication tables.

13. There are a number of math facts behind every equation. The most famous equation in mathematics
is Euler’s identity: eiπ + 1 = 0.

14. The oldest surviving mathematical text is the Rhind Papyrus, written in Egypt around 1650 BC.
15. One of the unknown maths facts is related to the Pythagorean theorem. The oldest surviving
mathematical proof is the Pythagorean Theorem, first proved by the ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC.

16. The most famous unsolved problem in mathematics is the Riemann Hypothesis.

17. The number of possible combinations of a Rubik’s Cube is 43,252,003,274,489,856,000.

18. Some interesting math facts for kids: The number of possible combinations of a Rubik’s Cube is
greater than the number of atoms in the universe.

19. The most common number used in mathematics is the number 3.

20. In the 17th century, Isaac Newton invented calculus.

21. The most famous formula in mathematics is the quadratic equation, x2 + bx + c = 0.

22. The most famous theorem in mathematics is Pythagoras’ Theorem.

23. A typical soccer ball is constructed from pentagons and hexagons; it contains 12 pentagons and 20
hexagons.
24. 26 is the only natural number sandwiched between a perfect square number (25) and a perfect cube
number (27).

Some interesting facts about maths related to prime numbers.

25. The smallest prime number is 2.

26. One of the cool math fun facts is on prime numbers. The largest known prime number is over 13
million digits long.

27. The standard deviation, a measure of variation, is used to measure the spread of data around its
mean.

Some facts about maths related to irrational numbers:

28. Many interesting facts about mathematics are based on irrational numbers. The most commonly used
irrational number is e, which is equal to 2.71828…

29. The most commonly used irrational number is pi, which is equal to 3.14159…

30. The most commonly used irrational number is the golden ratio, which is equal to 1.6180339…

31. The most famous equation in mathematics is Euler’s identity: eiπ + 1 = 0.

32. One of the unknown facts about maths is that the most famous problem in mathematics is the three-
body problem.

33. One of the interesting mathematical facts is about Fibonacci. The most famous set of numbers in
mathematics is the Fibonacci Sequence.

34. The most famous theorem in mathematics is Pythagoras’ Theorem.

35. The most famous puzzle in mathematics is the Tower of Hanoi.

36. The most famous game in mathematics is Sudoku.

37. The most famous equation in mathematics is the quadratic equation, x2 + bx + c = 0.

38. The most famous number in mathematics is the golden ratio, which is equal to 1.6180339…

39. The most famous number in mathematics is the square root of two, which is equal to 1.41421356…

40. The most famous function in mathematics is the logarithm.

41. The most famous constant in mathematics is the number e, which is equal to 2.71828…

42. One of the amazing facts about mathematics: The most famous mathematical series is the Taylor
Series.

43. The most famous algorithm in mathematics is the Euclidean algorithm.

44. One of the amazing facts about maths is about trigonometric functions. The trigonometric functions
(sine, cosine, and tangent) were first used by the Arabs in the 10th century.

45. Maths amazing facts and wonders are related to probability. The probability of an event is the ratio of
the number of ways it can occur to the total number of possible outcomes.
Did you find the math facts interesting? These interesting facts about maths were just 1 millionth of math
facts that exist all around the world. Let’s explore vedic maths now!

Vedic Maths
The world of mathematics has been around for centuries, and its secrets have been sought after for just
as long. Vedic mathematics is an ancient system of mathematics that is still used today and has been
used by many cultures throughout history. In this blog, we’ll explore some of the tricks and tips of Vedic
mathematics, and the ways it can help you with your math studies. Come and explore the mysteries of
Vedic mathematics, and you will find that your math skills are greatly improved!

Vedic maths is an ancient system of calculations that was developed by Indian mathematicians in 800
BC. This system has been used for thousands of years and is still used today in some parts of the world.
It provides a very fast and efficient way of performing calculations and can be used for a variety of
different tasks.

Let’s explore some of the cool Vedic maths tricks that can be used for fast calculations. Before we get
into the tricks, let’s first understand how Vedic maths works.

Vedic maths is based on 16 Sutras (formulae) that can be used to solve almost any problem. These
Sutras are a set of rules that can be used to directly calculate the answer to a problem.

Trick 1: Vertically and Crosswise Trick

One of the most popular Vedic maths tricks is the “Vertically and Crosswise” trick. This trick can be used
to multiply two-digit numbers quickly. All you have to do is line up the numbers vertically and then
crosswise. For example, if you wanted to multiply 23 and 32, you would line up the numbers vertically as
follows:

23

32

Then you would crosswise multiply the numbers, starting from the right side. In this case, the product
would be 736 (2 x 2 = 4, 3 x 3 = 9 and 3 x 2 = 6).

Trick 2: Divide and Conquer Trick

Another cool Vedic maths trick is the “Divide and Conquer” trick. This trick can be used to divide two
numbers quickly. All you have to do is divide the two numbers into halves and then use the halves to
calculate the quotient. For example, if you wanted to divide 50 by 10, you would divide 50 into two halves:
25 and 25. You would then divide 10 into two halves: 5 and 5. Finally, you would multiply the two halves
together (5 x 5 = 25) to get the answer (25).

These are just a few of the cool Vedic maths tricks that can be used for fast calculations.

There are many more tricks that can be used to solve a variety of different problems. If you are interested
in learning more about this ancient system of mathematics, there are many books and websites available
that can provide an introduction to the system. With practice and dedication, you can become an expert in
this system of calculations and use it to your advantage.

How to Make Maths Fun?

Maths is one of the most important subjects in the world today. Maths can be an incredibly fun subject to
learn and explore. Here are some of the ways you can make maths fun!

1. Try hands-on activities: Hands-on activities are a great way to make maths engaging and fun.
This can include activities such as counting out different amounts of money, playing board games such as
Monopoly, or making shapes with different blocks.

2. Challenge yourself: Trying to understand a concept or solve a more difficult problem can be a
great way to challenge yourself and keep your interest in the subject.

3. Create tutorials: Creating tutorials can be an enjoyable way to learn maths. You can create
videos or text-based tutorials on various mathematical concepts or problems.

4. Use online resources: There are a lot of online resources available to help you learn and practice
maths. The Internet has a lot of helpful tutorials and examples of different mathematical concepts.

How to Score Good Marks in Maths?

Here are some tips to help you score higher marks in mathematics.
1. Have a realistic goal: Figure out how much you need to score to get the grade you want and set
a target.

2. Start early: Start preparing for your mathematics exams as early as possible. This will give you
enough time to understand the concepts better and practice the problems.

3. Understand the basics: Before you move on to solving more complex problems, make sure that
you understand the basic concepts.

4. Make notes: Your maths notes will help you remember the concepts better and also help you
revise quickly before the exam.

5. Practice: Solve previous year’s question papers, sample papers, and mock tests to get a
better understanding of the exam pattern.

6. Take breaks: Do something other than studying like going for a walk, watching a movie or listening
to music. Taking breaks will also help you retain the concepts better.

7. Ask for help: Don’t be afraid to ask for help if you are stuck with a problem. Ask your teacher,
friends or even online forums for help.

SCIENCE
20 UNBELIEVABLE SCIENCE FACTS
1: 50% of the world’s oxygen is produced by the sea: Our first thought may be the rainforest. But
did you know half of the world’s oxygen is actually produced by plankton, seaweed and other ocean-based
photosynthesis.
2: The human stomach can dissolve razor blades: Acids are ranked on a scale 0-14 (the lower the
PH level, the stronger the acid). The human stomach is typically rated 1.0-2.0 meaning it is impeccably strong.
3: Animals use the magnetic field to know where they are: According to the U.S Geological
Survey, “evidence suggests that some animals (including sea turtles) have the ability to sense the Earth’s
magnetic field and to use this sense for navigation.”
4: There are more trees on the planet than stars in the solar system: According to experts
from NASA, there are up to 400 billion stars in the milky way galaxy – but the number of trees on Earth is
estimated to be more than 3 trillion.
5: One letter doesn’t exist in the periodic table: If you have studied science in KS3 it is highly
likely you will have come across the periodic table. It contains a large number of letters (or multiple letters)
associated with elements, but one letter in the alphabet doesn’t feature: the letter ‘J’.
6: Water can boil and freeze at the same time: What is known as ‘triple point‘ exists in science. It
occurs when temperature and pressure is just right for three phases (gas, liquid and solid) of a substance to
coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
7: Spacecraft are hurtling towards the edge of our solar system: The New Horizons place
probe (which already flew past Pluto) is travelling at speeds of 36,000 mph. The SR-71 Blackbird (the fastest
aircraft on earth) travels at speeds of 2,700 mph.
8: If you spin a ball as you drop it, it will fly: The Magnus effect occurs as the air on the front side
of the spinning object is going in the same direction as the spin. The means the ball is dragged outwards as
well as downwards. Watch the video below for more information.
9: Babies have more bones than adults: Babies have around 300 bones at birth. This extra flexibility
means they pass through the birth canal and enable rapid growth. With age, many of the bones fuse. Most
adults have 206 bones in their skeleton.
10: The Eiffel Tower grows in summer: As substances are heated up, particles move more and take
up a larger volume. This effect is most dramatic in gases but it also affects liquids and solids too. It is the
reason see bridges built with expansion points.
11: Some chemicals cannot live with oxygen: Potassium, sodium and lithium are so reactive that
they oxidise when they come into contact with the air. This is because they are built with an outer electron
shell, and alkali metals contain only one electron in this shell which they would pass on to an another element
at the first opportunity via elemental bonding.
12: Hawaii moves closer to Alaska every year: The Earth’s crust is split into segments known as
tectonic plates. Hot, less-dense rock rises before cooling and sinking. The consequence of this is a minute
shifting of where rock (and the land above it) is placed. The Pacific Plate is drifting slowly north towards the
North American Plate. Meaning it is around 7.5cm closer every year.
13: Life cannot exist on Earth in 2.3 billion years due to temperature: The Earth’s
temperature is rising every year, as discussed in our recent climate change blog post. In this time period,
temperatures will be high enough to evaporate the oceans, and Earth will become a vast desert, similar to Mars
today.
14: It takes eight minutes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth: Light travels 300,000km
per second. There is around 150 million kilometres between us and the Sun, so this equals around 8 minutes,
19 seconds.
15: Infrared cameras don’t really work on polar bears: Polar bears are experts at conserving
heat. They have mulitiple levels to keep them cosy on the chillest on arctic day.
16: The Earth is a magnet: The inner core of Earth is a sphere of solid iron. Variation in temperature and
density currents this iron, and produces electrical current. Alongside the Earth’s spin this creates a magnetic
field which is used by compass needles worldwide.
17: Venus spins clockwise: Most planets spin anti-clockwise if viewed from above, including the Earth.
However there are two exceptions: Uranus spins on it’s side, and Venus’ spin is clockwise. This is likely to have
been caused by gigantic asteroids in the distant past.
18: A flea can accelerate faster than a space shuttle: A jumping flea reaches heights of about
8cm in a milli-second. Acceleration is the change in speed of an object over time as caused by gravity
(measured in g’s). Fleas experience 100g whereas the Space Shuttle peaks at around 5g.
19: 9 out of ten heaviest people ever were American: The heaviest weight of a person ever
recorded was Jon Brower Minnoch, born in 1941 and weighing 636kg. In fact, in records dating back 250 years,
nine out of the top 10 heaviest people were from the United States. The exception, Manuel Uribe from Mexico.
You can see the list here.
20: Tornadoes also has the USA at number one: The USA also experiences more tornadoes than
any other country in the world, to the extent there is one section in the centre of the ‘States’ known as Tornado
Valley.

1. These animals have all been in outer space: chimpanzees, monkeys, dogs, mice,
and a guinea pig.

2. Venus spins backwards.

3. On the planet Mercury, days are longer than years on Earth.

4. Dwarf planet Pluto was named by an 11-year-old girl.

5. At least 12 rocks from planet Mars have landed on Earth.

6. The first food eaten in space by an American astronaut was applesauce.

7. On Neptune, the wind blows over 1,000 miles per hour.

EARTH FACTS
8. Scientists estimate the Earth is around 4.5 billion years old.

9. Around one million Earths could fit inside the sun.

10. Earth is the third planet from the sun.

11. Earth is the fifth largest planet in our solar system.

ANIMAL FACTS
12. A flamingo can only eat when its head is upside down.

13. Walruses can sleep while floating in water, thanks to air sacs in their throats
that can function as inflatable pillows.

14. Tigers are the largest wild cats in the world and can weigh up to 800 pounds.

15. Panda bears eat for up to 12 hours a day, and around 90 percent of their diet is
bamboo.

16. Honey bees can fly at speeds of up to 15 miles per hour.

17. Great white sharks are the largest predatory fish, and can grow up to 19 feet
long (about half as long as a bus).

18. An elephant is the largest land mammal.

19. Cows and horses sleep standing up.

20. Crows can recognize human faces.

21. Rats laugh when being tickled.

22. Hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly sideways, backwards, up and
down, and hover in mid-air.

23. Ostriches can run faster than horses.

24. Dogs have two different air passages, one for breathing and one for smelling.

NATURE FACTS
25. The Amazon Rainforest produces over 20 percent of the world's oxygen supply.

26. Hot water freezes faster than cold water.

27. A cloud can weigh over one million pounds.

28. Nearly 85 percent of all plant life on Earth is found in the ocean.

29. Some plants, like the Venus Flytrap, are carnivores—meaning they eat tiny
insects for nutrients.

30. Ginko Biloba is the oldest living tree species, at around 250 million years old.

FOOD FACTS
31. Bananas contain a chemical (tryptophan) that can make you feel happy and
relaxed.

32. Avocados, tomatoes, and cucumbers are fruits.

33. Honey never goes bad.

34. You can fry an egg on a hot sidewalk when it's reached 158 degrees Fahrenheit.

35. 20 percent of the food we eat is used to fuel our brain.

36. Strawberries are the only foods grown with seeds on the outside.

27. Pineapples take two years to grow.

38. Apples consist of about 25 percent air, which is why they float in water.

HUMAN BODY FACTS

39. It takes the human body about 12 hours to digest food after it's been eaten.

40. Your mouth produces about 1 liter of saliva a day.

41. Human bodies give off a tiny amount of light that is too weak for our eyes to
see.

42. Your left lung is about 10 percent smaller than your right lung.

43. The human body has up to 206 bones.

44. About half of your body is bacteria.

45. Men are more likely to be colorblind than women.

10 Interesting Science Facts About Earth

Let us first check out some of the interesting scientific facts about mother earth.
1. Maximum Oxygen on the Earth Comes from the Oceans
Ever wondered what’s the primary source of oxygen on this earth?

The National Oceanic Service states that marine organisms are direct contributors to fresh air.

Maximum oxygen on the earth, at least half of it, comes from these organisms such as plankton,
seaweeds and different other photosynthesizers.

2. Soil is full of life

This among the many amazing science facts is sure to leave you taken aback!

More microorganisms are present in one teaspoon of soil than the people on earth. A report suggests,
Millions of species and billions of organisms like bacteria, algae, earthworms, microscopic insects, mites,
fungi and more reflect the highest biomass anywhere on this planet.

3. Water can have three existing forms at the same time

The next one among some scientific facts is that water can exist in three states at the same time.

It is also termed the ‘triple point’ or ‘triple boil.’ It is the only temperature at which water can exist in all
three states that are solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (vapour).

The temperature is 0.01 degree Celsius.

4. Helium can work against Gravity

One of the most amazing science facts about the earth is, helium can work against gravity.

When it is cooled to nearly zero temperature (-460 degrees F or -273 degrees C), it’s a superfluid. That
signifies it can flow without friction.

How amazing, isn’t it?

5. Animals use the earth’s magnetic field for orientation

One of the most interesting science facts for students is that animals use the earth’s magnetic field for
orientation.

The US Geological Survey states that evidence shows some animals like salmon or sea turtles can sense
the earth’s magnetic field and might use it for navigation.

It might appear to be science fiction but it’s one of the most interesting facts about the earth you’ll read.

6. A cloud might weigh about a million pounds

Most of us have at least once dreamt in our childhoods to float in the cottony clouds.

If you’re on that list, here’s another one of the most interesting science facts to astonish you.

As per the US Geological Survey reports, a cloud can weigh up to millions of pounds.

How exciting, that’s almost similar to a fully-loaded heaviest jet on the planet!

7. Trees on earth are more in number than stars on the planet

Who doesn’t love greens? Who doesn’t admire the numerous benefits the trees bless us with?
But did you know an interesting fact about trees on earth?

According to the space journal Nature, published a few years back, the number of trees on the earth is
much higher than the existing stars in the galaxy.
8. Days are getting longer on earth
Here is another interesting fact about our planet that you wouldn’t like to miss.

Studies have found out, the length of days on earth is increasing. Reason? The moon is reducing the
earth’s rotation speed through the tides that it helps to form. The twisting force is responsible for making
the days longer.

Isn’t it big enough to make a difference in your everyday busy schedule?

9. Earth’s gravity isn’t uniform

Did you know? The earth’s gravity isn’t uniform.

It’s one of the most intriguing science facts about our very own mother earth. Why this gravitational
difference? Because the earth doesn’t have an equal surface everywhere but a bumpy one.

The variations are also known as gravity anomalies.

10. The earth might have frozen several times

That sounds impossible but who knows that might be true.

Studies show, around 600-800 million years ago, Earth has been through intense climatic changes. It
became so cold that many scientists believe our mother plant might have frozen at least a few times
earlier.

10 Interesting Facts About our Solar System

If you want to explore science stream subjects like Geography, the study of the solar system is
compulsory.
How incredible are our solar system and the hidden facts that revolve around it? Next, we will move on to
some interesting science facts about the solar system.

1. You can’t stand on Uranus

If you have always been into space and wanted to travel it at least once in your life, here’s the science
fact of the day for you. You can’t stand on Uranus.

In the list, there are Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune too. Though they have a rocky core, they’re huge balls of
hydrogen and helium.

2. The entire Mars is as cold as the South Pole

This one is sure to blow your mind. Mars is as freezing as the South Pole.

Even if you ever make it to space, you need to carry your warmest coat to bear up with the -60 degrees
celsius temperature of Mars.

3. The rings around Saturn are 90% water

Did you know? The ring around Saturn is water frozen to ice.
It lies far away from the sun and that’s why the ice has frozen into water. The planet is the home to the
Solar System’s most amazing ice ring.

4. Ganymede, Jupiter’s largest moon has a salty ocean

If you love the oceans, this is something to accelerate your interest.

Ganymede, Jupiter’s biggest star, has a salty ocean and has more water than on the entire earth. Had it
been orbiting the sun and not Jupiter, it’d be considered a planet.

5. A day is longer than a year on Venus

Yes, this might sound absurd but hold on! It’s true. A day on earth is longer than a year on Venus.

Venus takes 243 earth days to finish one rotation and 225 earth days to orbit the sun. Hence, a day on
earth is longer than a year on Venus.

6. It can rain diamonds on other planets

Here’s one of the most scintillating science facts for you to swallow. It can rain diamonds on other
planets.
According to American Scientist, Neptune, Uranus and Saturn have extreme atmospheres and the
vast pressure can crystallize carbon atoms to turn them into diamonds.
Researchers suggest it might rain nearly 2.2. Million pounds of diamond on Saturn every year.

7. Solar flares are astoundingly powerful

How does it feel to read these interesting scientific facts so far? Hold on a few more minutes, we have
more in the pile for you.

NASA suggests the energy solar flares release is equal to 100 million megaton atomic bombs exploding
at the same time.

It’s a blessing that the earth’s atmosphere protects us from such kind of radiation.

8. You can’t burp in space

Burping into space is impossible.

When you burp on earth, gravity keeps down the solid and liquid food you ate. So, you only exhale the
gas. In absence of gravity, gas can’t separate from liquid or solid.

9. Pluto might not be the fag end of Pluto

Does the solar system end with Pluto? Seemingly no.

There’s a distant part of the Solar System, known as Kuiper Belt.

10. Spacekraft are hurtling towards the edge of our solar system
The New Horizon space place probe is travelling at innumerable speeds of 36,000 mph. The fastest
aircraft on earth, The SR-71 Blackbird travels at 2700 mph.

10 Interesting Science Facts About the Universe

Let us now explore some of the amazing science facts about the universe.

1. The Universe be colder as it grows

Research on galaxies at an extreme point from us shows the Universe is expanding at an accelerated
speed.

The fact that it is cooling might be an indication that the end of the Universe will be cold.

2. The Earth is not flat but the universe is

According to Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, the universe might take three possible shapes: open, closed
and flat.

As per the research measurements, the Universe is flat.

3. Interesting large-scale structure of the universe

The next one among the most amazing science facts about the universe is its large-scale structure.

The universe comprises voids, filaments, galaxy groups and clusters. The clusters together combine to
form superclusters, which in turn form a wall that might be a part of the filaments.

4. A huge block of it is comprised of things we can’t see

Here’s another phenomenal interesting fact about the universe to blow your mind.

Various wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum like radio waves, X-rays, and visible lights, enable
us to see into the cosmos and witness large potions of it. However, we can’t see a larger portion of this.

5. There’s no existence of the Universe’s centre

We might grow up with a misconception that the earth is the centre of the universe. But, it’s not!

Not only the earth but no galaxies too. The universe doesn’t have a centre.

6. The galaxies are in a hurry to be away from each other

A major interesting fact about the universe is the galaxies are in a rush to be away from each other.

The rushing away takes place at an accelerated pace, suggesting everything down to the atom will be
ripped apart.

7. Light takes eight minutes to travel from Sun to Earth

Did you know?

The sun and the earth are at a distance of 150 million km. Because light travels 300,000 km/second, it
takes only 8 minutes and 19 seconds to travel from the sun to the earth.

8. The Earth is a magnet

Here’s another amazing fact about our mother earth in this universe.

The earth’s spin forms a magnetic field which is used by compass needles globally.

9. More stars are present in the Universe than grains of sand on Earth
If you’re all into stars, you’ll like this fact.

There are more stars in the universe than grains on all beaches on earth.

10. Big stars’ explosion create a black hole

When big stars explode, a black hole is created.

The strong gravitational force makes no one escape it. The nearest black hole is about 10,000 light-years
from earth.

10 Interesting Science Facts About Human Body

Isn’t it amazing to know about our bodies and explore the interesting facts around them? Now, let us
move into some general science facts about the human body.

1. Infants are born with 300 bones

We have beeN knowing all our life that the human body has 206 bones. But did you know, infants are
born with approximately 300 bones?

As they grow up, the bones fuse and only 206 bones remain.

2. The body produces 25 million new cells every second

Here’s another staggering fact about our body that will make you take a back!

Our body produces 25 million cells every second. That means every 15 seconds the body produces cells
even more than the total population in the United States.

3. The quantity of blood vessels in our body is super long

This one of the most interesting science facts about the human body will surely surprise you.

There are around 60,000-100,000 miles of blood in the human body. If had a chance to lay them end-to-
end, it will be long enough to take a world tour thrice.
4. Teeth are not considered bone
You’ll be surprised to know that teeth don’t come under the category of bones.

They are a part of the skeletal system but not counted as bones.

5. The brain uses 20% of the body’s oxygen

The brain acquires only 2% of the human body mass.

However, it uses 20% of the oxygen and blood supply.

6. Maximum part of the body is composed of water

You’ll be thrilled to know this.

About 60% of our body is composed of water.

7. Human body bones are stronger than steel

That sounds incredible, isn’t it?

Human bones are stronger than steel. A block of bone is capable to support a size of up to 18,000
pounds.

8. The smallest bone lies outside the eardrum

Most of us know the femur, the thigh bone is the largest in the human body. Do you know what’s the
smallest?

It’s the stirrup bone lying outside the ear drum.

9. The human stomach can dissolve razor blades

Did you just hear that? Hold your nerves!

One of the most amazing science facts is the human stomach is incredibly strong. Acids are ranked on a
scale of 0-14 (the lesser the PH level, the stronger the acid).

The human stomach gets a rating of 1.0-2.0, signifying its massive strength.

10. Your eyes blink around 20 times a minute

Here’s a fact about your beautiful eyes.

They blink around 20 times a day, which equals over ten million times a year!

10 Interesting Science Facts About Light

Here comes some amazing science facts everyone should know about light.

1. Plants make food from light

Light is essential for the plans to make food.

Plants convert sunlight into food in the process of photosynthesis.

2. Light is the only energy we can see with our eyes

There are different types of energy around us.

However, light is the only energy that we can see with our eyes.

3. We see a rainbow because of the light

How wonderful it is to watch the glittering rainbow, right?

It’s because the water droplets in the air result in the light splitting up into colours, forming a marvellous
rainbow.

4. Sunlight can reach a greater depth in the ocean

Here are other magnificent facts about light to leave you thrilled.
Sunlight can dig deep into about 80m in the ocean.

5. Light moves in a straight line

Did you know? Light travels in a straight line.

There are objects in its path that cause the light to either bend or refract.

6. Blue light can calm you down

This is one of the most interesting science facts about the light you have read in a while. Blue lights have
the quality to calm you down.

Studies show, in countries like Japan and Scotland, the street lights switch to blue at night. It had reduced
the crime and suicide rates.

7. Bioluminescence is the largest light source in the oceans

The largest light source in the oceans is Bioluminescence.

The majority of the creatures, thriving below about 1,500 feet, are luminous.

8. A 100-watt bulb can form a temperature of 325 degrees Fahrenheit

If you’re interested in careers in science stream, the study of light will be a major part.
In the closed space of an Easy-Bake oven, a 100-watt bulb can form a temperature of 325 F.

9. Light has momentum

Light doesn’t have mass but it does carry momentum.

10. Goldfish are capable to see infrared radiation

There’s infrared radiation invisible to human eyes. But Goldfish can see that radiation. Bees, birds, and
lizards have eyes that are capable of picking up ultraviolet light.

10 Amazing Science Facts About Food

In the next section of important facts about science, we will explore some coolest ones in the food sector.

1. Chicken contains 266% more fat than a year back

Sorry to break your heart but what you just read is true.

Chicken has 266% more fat than 50 years back. A recent study claims, it has more fats now instead of
proteins.

2. Peanuts can help in making dynamite

Yes, that’s hilariously true! One of the most prominent science facts is that peanuts could be of help to
make dynamites.

The oil extract of peanuts can be processed into glycerol. That, in turn, can be made to nitroglycerin, an
important component of dynamite.

3. Apples and Roses belong to the same category

You’ll be fascinated to know that apples and roses are linked, as they come from the same family.

The same goes for pears, cherries and apricots. They belong to the same Rosaceae family.

4. Honey has a long shelf life

You’ll be amazed to know that pure honey has an extremely long shelf life.

It can last up to even 3000 years without being spoiled.

5. Same wax is used to coat candies and cars

Do you love taking candies? Or, are you into cars? Then, you’ll be excited to know this.

Carnauba, a kind of Brazilian and Palm wax, is used to coat both gummy candies and cars.

6. Cranberries can bounce like rubber balls

Did you know bounce berries is another name for cranberries?

Because the berries can bounce like rubber balls. The jump indicates the berry is still ripe and fresh.

7. Potatoes can absorb radio wave signals

Here’s another appealing science fact about food.

Potatoes are capable of absorbing and reflecting radio wave signals.

8. Bananas are radioactive

Is banana your favourite fruit? Then, you’ll be intrigued to know this.

The fruit is radioactive as it contains small quantities of the isotope potassium-40. But not to worry, for the
radiation to be harmful you need to take around 700 bananas daily for close to 80 years!

9. Apple has 25% air

You’ll see an apple floating in the water. Why? Apples have a massive 25% of the air in them.

That volume makes them less dense than water.

10. Apples are rich in fibre

Here’s one of the most healthy science facts about an apple.

It contains twice the amount of fibre present in a related supplement.

10 Interesting Science Facts About the Animal Kingdom

After going through so many facts about science and technology, let’s explore some interesting ones
about the animal kingdom.

1. Elephants are the only mammals unable to jump

Sounds astounding but it’s true.

Elephants are believed to be the only mammals on earth to be unable to jump.

2. Animals have origins in the sea

You’ll be amazed to know that animals had their origins in the sea.

Some insects like tapeworms have invaded the body of other animals while some like dolphins have
moved back to the waters.

3. Animals depend on other organisms for food and energy

One of the most real facts about animals is, unlike plants, they’re unable to convert sunlight into food.

They are heterotrophs and need to take plants or other organisms to feed their stomachs.

4. Every animal is a multicellular eukaryotic

Every animal has a body consisting of multiple cells. That’s what makes them multicellular.
Besides being multicellular, they are also eukaryotes.

5. Sponges are the simplest animals

Sponges are multicellular organisms and that’s where their similarity with other animals ends. It’s the
simplest of all animals.

6. Bats don’t get sick from most viruses

That list also includes the Coronavirus.

Due to their antibacterial properties, Bats don’t get sick from viruses, as suggested by the European
Commission.

7. Dragonfly creates a heart shape during mating

One of the most beautiful science facts in the animal kingdom comes from the dragonflies.

Symbolizing spiritual growth, they form a heart shape during mating.

8. Polar bears have hollow furs

Most of us have at least once admired the polar bears in our life.

Polar bears have colourless furs. Each of these furs is hollow and reflects light, which makes them look
white.

9. Squirrels help thousands of trees in the world

The little squirrels help the trees worldwide vehemently.

The acorns and seeds are everywhere they go around. That is surely a magnificent contribution.

10. Octopus has blue blood

The vast ocean shelters the eight-armed octopuses.

They have nine brains, three hearts and blue blood.

10 Interesting Science Facts About Ocean

The deep, intense ocean-what a beauty!

Now, we will move on to some interesting facts about science and the ocean.

1. Oceans cover 70% of the earth’s surface

Here’s one of the most denoted science facts about oceans.
It covers around 70% of the earth’s total surface. The marine environment is crucial to our dear planet.

2. The maximum life on earth is aquatic

You’ll be thrilled to know the presence of aquatic life on earth.

94% of the earth’s total living organisms are marine animals.

3. So far less than 5% of the oceans on the planet are explored

The Ocean Service states, less than 5% of the oceans on this earth have been explored so far.

4. We have only discovered a fraction of marine organisms

The World Register of Marine Species states, by now 240,470 species have been explored which is still a
small amount to the total number of existent species.

5. There can be rivers or lakes beneath the ocean

Here’s a cosy fact to blow your mind.

After salt water and hydrogen sulphide combine, the water around it is denser resulting in the formation of
a lake or river beneath the ocean.

6. About 50% of the US lies beneath the ocean

Not only the entire planet, but the United States has a large portion, around 50% lying beneath the
ocean.

7. The Pacific Ocean has around 25,000 islands

The Pacific Ocean is home to nearly 25,000 islands. The numbers are higher than anywhere else on the
planet.

8. There are more historic artefacts lying under the sea than anywhere in World’s
museum
Close to 1,000 shipwrecks are located in the Florida Keys alone, some of which come within the National
Marine Sanctuary.

9. World’s longest mountain chain is situated underwater

The longest chain of the mountain on earth, the Mid-Ocean Ridge, lies almost underwater, spreading
across a distance of 65,000 km.

10. The Ocean contains 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere
Here we go with another one of the most intriguing science facts about the ocean.
It contains 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere and hence is an amplified storehouse.

It stores, absorbs and releases greenhouse gas in various ways, thus acting as the global climate
regulator.

Wrapping Up
The universe is unique and even more are the scientific facts that surround it. Wasn’t it impressive to
know about all these wild and appealing facts about the world we live in?

That’s all with those amazing science facts to blow your mind. Do you have anything in your store? Feel
free to hit it in the comments.

FAQs on Amazing Science Facts

Q1. What’s the best science fact?
Ans. The human body has enough DNA to stretch from the Sun to Pluto and get back 17
times.

Q2. Is Math a branch of science?

Ans. Yes, Math is a crucial branch of science and knowing the math facts will interest you
even more.

Q3. What is the coolest science fact?

Ans. Hot water freezes faster than cold water. According to scientists, velocities water
particles have a particular disposition when they are hot that pushes them towards a rapid
freezing.
Q4. What is an incredible science fact about the body?
Ans. Orbicularis oculi is the fastest-moving muscle in the human body. It can contract in
less than 1/100th of a second.