Fluids - Lesson I friction and turbulence in

 Fluids flow.
o A substance that cannot Classifications of Fluids
maintain its own shape but  Newtonian Fluids
takes the shape of its o Viscous real fluid where
container. Liquids and gases shear stresses are a linear
are classified as fluids. function of fluid strain (e.g.,
o A substance that deforms air, water).
continuously when subjected  Non-Newtonian Fluids
to shear stress. o Real fluids like pastes, gels,
 Fluid Mechanics electrolyte solutions, etc.
o Deals with the behavior of Fluid Properties
fluids at rest as well as in  Density, Specific Weight, and
motion. Specific Volume
Three Types of Fluid Mechanics o Density is mass per unit
 Hydrostatics volume of a fluid.
o Studies the mechanics of o Specific Weight is the
fluids at absolute and relative weight of fluid per unit
rest. volume.
 Kinematics o Specific Volume is the
o Deals with translation, volume occupied by the fluid
rotation, and deformation of per unit mass.
fluid without considering the
force and energy causing
such motion. Fluids - Lesson 2
 Dynamics Fluid Properties
o Prescribes the relation  Specific Weight
between velocities, o Weight of fluid per unit
acceleration, and forces volume: γ=ρg\gamma = \rho
exerted by or upon moving gγ=ρg.
fluids.  Specific Volume
Characteristics of Fluids o The volume occupied by the
 Compressibility fluid per unit mass, reciprocal
o Liquids are assumed of density.
incompressible.  Specific Gravity
o Gases are highly o Dimensionless ratio of fluid to
compressible. the density of the standard
 Resistance to Motion fluid.
o Liquids resist changes in  Mole Fraction
velocity due to viscosity. o Assuming a composition of
o Gases are low viscous fluids. Fluids A, B, and C, the mole
 Molecular Spacing fraction can be expressed as
o For liquids, the molecules are XAX_AXA, XBX_BXB, and
close but have low kinetic XCX_CXC.
energy.  Viscosity
o For gases, the molecules are o Fluid's resistance to flow or
far apart with high kinetic shear deformation.
energy. o Viscosity index – rate at
Types of Fluids which viscosity changes with
 Ideal Fluids temperature.
o No viscosity, incompressible,  Absolute/Dynamic Viscosity
no shear resistance, no eddy o Determined by direct
currents, and no friction. measurement of shear
 Real Fluids resistance.
o Incompressible, non-uniform  Kinematic Viscosity
velocity distributions, with o Viscosity divided by fluid
density.
  Reynold’s Number  Volume Flow Rate (q): Volume of
o Dimensionless ratio of inertia fluid passing through a point per unit
forces to viscous forces. time.
 Surface Tension  Mass Flow Rate (m): Mass of fluid
o The membrane formed on passing through a point per unit
the free surface of the fluid time.
due to cohesive forces. Conservation of Mass
 Capillary Action  All mass flow rates into a control
o Surface tension behavior volume equal those flowing out.
between liquid and vertical Conservation of Energy
solid surface.  Bernoulli’s Principle: The total
 Compressibility mechanical energy of a fluid in
o Measure of the change in steady flow remains constant.
volume when pressure is Restrictions include
exerted. incompressibility, non-viscosity, and
 Bulk Modulus constant density.
o Inverse of compressibility.

Fluids - Lesson 3
Pressure
 Defined as force per unit area.
o For liquids, pressure is a
continuous distribution of
matter.
o For gases, it is the average
pressure of molecular
collisions on the container.
o Pascal’s Law: Pressure
change at any point in a
confined incompressible fluid
is transmitted throughout the
fluid.
 Hydrostatic Pressure
o Pressure of fluid exerted on
container walls, varies
linearly with vertical depth.
 Buoyancy
o Force exerted on an object
immersed in a fluid, acting
upward.
o Archimedes’ Principle:
Buoyant force equals the
weight of the displaced fluid.

Fluids - Lesson 4
Pressure Head
 Hydrostatic Law: Pressure exerted
by a liquid at rest is proportional to
its weight density.
Velocity Head
 Torricelli’s Theorem: The velocity of
a liquid discharging under a head
equals the velocity of a falling body
from the same height.
General Flow Equations