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 Front cover

Up and Running with DB2

on Linux

Experience the power of the integration

of DB2 9.5 and Linux

Make it easier to get DB2 for

LUW up and running on Linux

Leverage DB2 powerful

autonomic technology

Whei-Jen Chen
Christian Hideaki Kondo
Helmut Riegler
Lifang LF Liu
Veiko Spranger

ibm.com/redbooks
International Technical Support Organization

Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

June 2008

SG24-6899-01
 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in
“Notices” on page ix.

Second Edition (June 2008)

This edition applies to DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows Version 9.5, Red Hat Enterprise Linux
(RHEL) 5, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 10, and Ubuntu 7.10.

© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2008. All rights reserved.

Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP
Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.
Contents

Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
The team that wrote this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Become a published author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Comments welcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi

Summary of changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

June 2008, Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 DB2 for Linux features and offerings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Supported platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 DB2 products and packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 DB2 environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 Deployment topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 DB2 database objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Parallelism with DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.1 SMP environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.2 Database clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.3 Partitioned database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 2. Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Basic requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.1 Hardware supported by DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.2 Linux distributions supported by DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.3 Required disk spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.4 Memory requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.5 Communication requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.6 Kernel parameter values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.7 Additional software requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 Installation considerations and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.1 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2 Installation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.3 Storage planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2008. All rights reserved. iii

 2.2.4 Lab environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.5 Setting up NFS for a partitioned database environment installation . 46
2.2.6 User and group setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.7 Enabling ssh for a partitioned database environment installation . . . 53
2.3 Installing DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.1 Non-root installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3.2 Root installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3.3 Installing a partitioned database environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.3.4 Installing DB2 license files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3.5 Installing DB2 documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Chapter 3. Post-installation tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3.1 Control Center setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.2 Preparation for the database creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2.1 Codepage considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2.2 Table space considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.2.3 Linux-specific configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.2.4 Multiple partition-specific configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3 Creating a database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.1 Creating a single partitioned database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.2 Creating a multiple partitioned database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.4 Further configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.1 Change the online log path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.2 Change the archive log path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4.3 Change the path for db2diag.log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.5 Add database partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.6 DB2 configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.6.1 STMM: Self-tuning memory management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.6.2 Database manager configuration parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.6.3 Database configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.6.4 DB2 registry and environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.7 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.8 Client configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.8.1 Installing IBM Data Server Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.8.2 Configuring the IBM Data Server Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.9 Configuring licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.9.1 DB2 License Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.9.2 db2licm tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Chapter 4. Migration and fix packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

4.1 Migration planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1.1 Migration requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.1.2 Planning considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

iv Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

 4.1.3 Migration test consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.2 Migrating multi-partitioned database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.2.1 Pre-migration tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.2.2 Install DB2 Version 9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2.3 Migrating instances and databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2.4 Post-migration tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.2.5 Enabling new DB2 9.5 functionality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.2.6 Migrating the DB2 Administration Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.2.7 Migrating DB2 clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.3 Migrating a single-partitioned database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.4 32-bit to 64-bit conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.5 Migrating to a new database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.6 Fix pack installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 5. IBM Data Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.2.1 Installing IBM Data Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.2.2 Installing IBM Data Studio Administration Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.2.3 Migration from the Developer Workbench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3 Features and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.3.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.3.2 Team function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.3.3 XML editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.4 Entity Relationship (ER) Diagramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.3.5 Data and object management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.3.6 Data Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.3.7 Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Chapter 6. Administering databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6.1 DB2 database backup and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.1 Enable rollforward recovery and log archiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.1.2 Recovery history file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.1.3 Enable usage of Tivoli STorage Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
6.1.4 Backup utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.1.5 DB2 database recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.1.6 Redirected restore sample scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.1.7 Recovering a dropped table sample scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.2 Table/index reorganization and statistics collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
6.2.1 Automatic table maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.2.2 Manual table maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6.3 Moving data using EXPORT, IMPORT, LOAD, and db2move . . . . . . . . 303
6.3.1 Export data to files from database tables and views . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Contents v
 6.3.2 Import data from files into database tables or views . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.3.3 Load data from files into database tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
6.3.4 Using the db2move utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.4 Task Center, Scheduler, and DB2 Tools Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.4.1 DB2 Administration Server and Tools Catalog Database . . . . . . . . 340
6.4.2 Task Center and Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Chapter 7. Monitoring and troubleshooting DB2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

7.1 Health Monitor and Health Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
7.1.1 Health indicator and Health Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
7.1.2 Monitoring with the Health Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
7.2 Memory Visualizer and Memory Tracker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
7.3 db2top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
7.3.1 db2top installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
7.3.2 Monitoring with db2top in interactive mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
7.3.3 Running db2top in the background mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
7.4 Log files for troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
7.4.1 DB2 administration notification log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
7.4.2 DB2 diagnostic log (db2diag.log) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
7.4.3 Operating system log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
7.5 DB2 Tools for troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
7.5.1 db2diag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
7.5.2 db2pd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
7.5.3 DB2 snapshot command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
7.5.4 db2ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
7.5.5 db2support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
7.6 Linux system monitoring tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
7.6.1 The top utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
7.6.2 The vmstat command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
7.6.3 iostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
7.6.4 The sar command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
7.6.5 Other system monitoring tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Chapter 8. Application development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

8.1 Application configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
8.2 DB2 application objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
8.2.1 Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
8.2.2 User defined functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
8.2.3 Stored procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
8.3 Programming languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
8.3.1 Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
8.3.2 PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
8.3.3 C and C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

vi Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

 8.3.4 Java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
8.4 pureXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
8.4.1 Storage model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
8.4.2 Using XML data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
8.5 Application development tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
8.5.1 Explain facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
8.5.2 Design Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
8.5.3 Application development with the Data Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Appendix A. Issuing commands to multiple database partitions. . . . . . 493

db2_all and rah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
db2_ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
db2_call_stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Appendix B. DB2 Tools Catalog creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

DB2 Tools Catalog creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Related publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

IBM Redbooks publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Other publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Online resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
How to get IBM Redbooks publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Contents vii
viii Up and Running with DB2 on Linux
Notices

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© Copyright IBM Corp. 2008. All rights reserved. ix

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x Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.

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Notices xi
xii Up and Running with DB2 on Linux
Preface

Linux® is one of the fastest growing server operating platforms within the past
few years. DB2® has long been known for its technology leadership. This IBM®
Redbooks® publication is an informative guide that describes how to effectively
integrate DB2 for Linux, UNIX®, and Windows® (LUW) with SUSE and Red Hat
Linux operating systems. This book provides both introductory and detailed
information about installing, configuring, managing, and monitoring DB2 in a
Linux environment.

We describe the DB2 product family and features for Linux, and we provide
step-by-step instructions for a single as well as for a multiple partition DB2
system installation and configuration. We discuss how to migrate single and
multiple partition DB2 to DB2 Version 9.5, and discuss, in detail, DB2 database
administration in a Linux environment, procedures and tools for database backup
and recovery, online maintenance, and system monitoring. We cover DB2
integrated tools and their features and use.

We discuss aspects of DB2 application development in the Linux environment

and provide general tips about building and running DB2 applications on Linux
and the use of DB2 application development tools.

The team that wrote this book

This book was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working
at the International Technical Support Organization, San Jose Center.

Whei-Jen Chen is a Project Leader at the International Technical Support

Organization, San Jose Center. She has extensive experience in database
design and modeling, DB2 system administration, and application development.
Whei-Jen is an IBM Certified Solutions Expert in Database Administration and
Application Development as well as an IBM Certified IT Specialist.

Christian Hideaki Kondo is a DB2 Systems Support member in Brazil. He has

seven years of experience in DB2 and Informix®. He holds a degree in computer
science from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). His areas of expertise
include DB2 Engine and Business Intelligence (BI) solutions, including
migrations and performance and tuning services. He also is an IBM Certified
Advanced Database Administrator for DB2 9.

© Copyright IBM Corp. 2008. All rights reserved. xiii

 Helmut Riegler is an IT Specialist working for the World Wide Learning
Applications Development organization in Vienna. He is the technical lead for the
ongoing support of the learning applications. He has been with IBM since 1998
and has broad experience in software development and database administration.
Before he joined IBM, he developed CAD software. He holds an Engineering
degree in Electrical Engineering.

Lifang LF Liu is a Senior IT Specialist of the IBM Software Group, IBM China.
His major job responsibilities are solution design and proposal delivery, technical
support at the presale stage, and helping clients finish the Proof of
Concept/Proof of Technology (PoC/PoT) part of their projects. Lifang focuses on
supporting DB2 online transaction processing (OLTP) business, supporting large
ISV/OEM clients, and selling DB2/SAP®. Prior to this position, he was a DB2
worldwide L2 support engineer working in the Technical Support Center, IBM
China. He is an IBM Certified Advanced Database Administrator of DB2. His
areas of expertise include DB2 troubleshooting, database performance
management, and database maintenance.

Veiko Spranger is an Advisory IT Specialist in it’ Services and Solutions GmbH,

an IBM subsidiary, with 14 years of experience in DB2, focusing on DB2
Distributed and Business Intelligence. Veiko is a member of the Central Region
Frontoffice support team and the EMEA BI VFE (virtual front end) and an IBM
Certified Advanced Database Administrator. He is an SAP Support Backoffice
Specialist for DB2 for LUW, focusing primarily on DB2 backup, restore, and
recovery.

xiv Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

 Figure 1 Left to right: LiFang, Helmut, Veiko, and Christian

Acknowledgements
Thanks to the following people for their contributions to this project:

Boris Bialek
Ian Hakes
Jeff Shantz
Martin Schlegel
Rav Ahuja
Grant Hutchison
Yvonne Chan
Amy Tang
Budi Surjanto
Paul Zikopoulos
IBM Toronto Laboratory, Canada

George Lapis
Gary Lazzotti
Tom Cheung
IBM Silicon Laboratory, USA

Daniel Krook
IBM Sales and Distribution, USA

Preface xv
 Emma Jacobs, Sangam Racherla, Deanna Polm
International Technical Support Organization

Thanks to the authors of the previous editions of this book:

򐂰 Authors of the first edition, Up and Running with DB2 on Linux, published in
March 2003, were:
Rav Ahuja
Louisa Ford
Paul Jud
Kang Yong Ying

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xvi Up and Running with DB2 on Linux

IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization
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Preface xvii
xviii Up and Running with DB2 on Linux
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The Indians as a preventive would blacken their faces with charcoal or
damped powder, but as nearly all the natives had dark eyes, they were most
susceptible to snow-blindness. My experience was that those with lighter
colored eyes were generally free from this dreaded malady.

Old Joseph, Susa and myself made a number of quick trips to and from
different camps during these March days and nights; and about the end of
the month we gave this up for the season. Then it came to pass that I put into
execution a project I had been contemplating for some time and that was to
take unto me a wife. My bride to be was the daughter of the Rev. H. B.
Steinhauer. I had met her in the autumn of 1862, when I accompanied father
on his first visit to Whitefish Lake. Our acquaintance, which had grown into
a courtship on my part, was now between two and three years old. Our
parents willingly gave us their consent and blessing. Father and Peter
accompanied us to Whitefish Lake, and father married us in the presence of
my wife's parents and people. Our "honeymoon trip" was to drive from
Whitefish Lake to Victoria with dog-train, when the season was breaking up,
and in consequence the trip was a hard one. Then after a short sojourn at
Victoria we set out for the purpose of establishing the new Mission at Pigeon
Lake, father having signified his strong desire that such should be done,
notwithstanding that the Board of Missions had not as yet either consented to
or approved of such a course. But father was thoroughly impressed with the
wisdom and necessity of such action, and finally told me I ought to go and
begin work out there; and, said he, "You can live where any man can." Of
course I was proud to have father think this of me. His knowledge of the
work required, and his confidence in my ability to do this work, more than
made up to me at the time for the fact that there was not a dollar of
appropriation from the Missionary Society. But father gave us a pair of four-
point Hudson's Bay blankets, two hundred ball and powder, and some net
twine, together with his confidence and blessing; to which in all things
mother said, "Amen."

In the meantime the epidemic we had heard rumors of came to us, and
proved to be a dangerous combination of measles and scarlet fever. Among
the Black feet and the southern tribes hundreds had died, and already the
mortality was large among the northern Crees. From camp to camp the
disease spread. As winter still lingered and the deep snow was again turning
into water on the plains and in the woods, these lawless, roving people
without quarantine protection, lacking the means of keeping dry or warm,
and altogether destitute of medicine or medical help, became an easy prey to
the epidemic.

Already many lodges of sick folk were camped close to the Mission, and
others were coming in every day. Father and mother and Peter had their
hands full in attending to the sick, ministering to the dying, and burying the
dead. And as this was a white man's disease, there were plenty of the wilder
Indians to magnify the wrongs these Indians were submitting to at the hands
of the whites. Some of them were exceedingly impudent and ugly to deal
with; indeed, if it were not for Maskepetoon and his own people, many a
time our Mission party would have suffered. As it was life was constantly in
danger. Men and women crazed and frenzied because of disease and death
were beside us night and day. Nevertheless father said "Go," and we started
from among such scenes on our journey to Pigeon Lake.

Father had loaned us two oxen and carts for the trip. I had some eight or
ten ponies, about all I had to show for five years' work; but as I had been
helpful to father in educating my brother and sister in Ontario, I was thankful
I had come off as well as I did. A great part of the way was under water. The
streams were full, but on we rode and rolled and rafted and forded.

Our party consisted of my wife and self, Oliver, a young Indian, Paul by
name, and his wife. Our provisions were buffalo meat, fresh and dry and in
pemmican. We had five bushels of potatoes with us, but these were saved for
the purpose of starting the new Mission. I purposed having every Indian who
might come to me begin a garden, and these potatoes were for seed, and
should not be eaten. Paul and I supplemented our larders by hunting. Ducks
and geese, chickens and rabbits saved the dried provisions and proved very
good fare.

We scouted carefully across and past those paths and roads converging
from the plains and south country to Fort Edmonton. Not until we had made
sure, so far as we could, that the enemy was not just then in the vicinity, did
we venture our party across these highways of the lawless tribes. Then
passing Edmonton we struck out south-westward, into a country wherein as
yet no carts or waggons had ever rolled; and now it kept Paul and myself
busy hunting and clearing the way, while Oliver and the women brought up
the carts and loose horses. Our progress was slow and tedious, but we were
working for the future as well as the present.

When up here in the winter I concluded that we could on the first trip
with carts take them to within some twenty-five miles of the lake to which
we were going. Working along as best we could, Saturday night found us at
this limit, and as we were very tired, and the weather was fine, we merely
covered our carts, made an open fire in front, and thus prepared to spend the
Sabbath in rest and quiet.

Because of the dense forest and brush we had come through, and also as
we were some thirty miles from Edmonton, we felt comparatively safe from
any war parties of plain Indians that might be roaming the country, as these
men were more or less afraid of the woods. Sunday was a beautiful day, but
towards evening there came a change, and during the night a furious
snowstorm set in. Monday morning there was nearly a foot of snow, and the
storm continued all day and on into Tuesday night. We kept as quiet as
possible under our humble shelter without fire or any warm food until
Wednesday morning, when the sun came out and the storm was over. Then
to our dismay Mrs. McDougall and Paul's wife were taken with the measles,
and sending Oliver to look after the stock, Paul and I sought the highest
ground in the vicinity, cleared away the snow, cut poles and put up our
leather lodge.

This we floored thickly with brush. Then we laid a brush causeway from
our carts to the lodge, and moved our sick folk into the tent. In the meantime
I had put some dried meat and pounded barley into a kettle to boil over the
fire, and as the only medicine we had was cayenne pepper, I put some of this
into the soup, and this was all we had for our sick ones. Just then Oliver
came in, having found the stock, but was complaining of a sore back and
headache. I gave him a cup of my hot soup to drink, and as he sat beside the
fire warming his wet feet and limbs and drinking the soup, I saw he was
covered with the measles. So I quietly told him to change his clothes and go
into the tent. Thus in our small party of five three were down with the
epidemic which was now universal in the North-West.

For the next five or six days Paul and I had our hands full to attend to the
sick night and day, to keep up the supply of firewood (for the nights were
cold and we consumed a great amount) and to look after the stock.

Our patients in the one-roomed buffalo-skin-walled hospital were very

sick, and as we had no medicine to speak of, and nothing in the way of
dainties to tempt their appetite, often caused us extreme anxiety. Hard grease
pemmican, dried meat, or pounded meat and grease are all right when one is
strong and well, but it was more than we could do to cook or fix these up for
sick folk. When we could Paul and I took it in turn to seek for ducks and
chickens to make broth with, but there were very few of these to be found
near to us, and it was not until the fever abated that, by leaving wood and
water ready and making our patients as comfortable as possible, we went
farther afield for game, and were successful in finding ducks and geese and
the eggs of wild-fowl as our reward.

It was on one of these hunts, and while our sick people were steadily
convalescing, that we came upon the fresh tracks of a buffalo bull. As we
thought he might provide good meat we determined to follow him up. I think
we had kept his track steadily for three hours, when all of a sudden my
sleigh dogs, whom I had left as I thought secure at camp, came up to us on
the jump, and now took the lead on the track, and very soon were at the bull,
as we knew from their furious barking. We rode as fast as we could in the
soft ground and through the dense bush, and presently galloped out on an old
beaver-meadow. Sure enough the dogs had the bull at bay, and the old fellow
as soon as we came in sight charged straight at us. As there was an opening
into another part of the meadow I thought he was making for that, so sat my
horse, gun in hand, ready to shoot him as he passed. But this was not in the
bull's programme. He was in for a fight, and putting down his head came
right at me. My horse knew what that meant, for he already had been gored
by a mad bull, and the little fellow did not wait for a second dose, but
bounded on as fast as he could. My gun was a single-barrelled, muzzle-
loading shot-gun, and though I had a ball in, I did not care to risk my one
shot under such circumstances. In fact I very soon had all I could do to sit on
my horse, keep my gun, and save my head from being broken; for in a few
bounds we were across the meadow and into the woods, where, the ground
being soft, my horse was hard pressed by the big fellow, who was crashing
along at his heels. Fortunately "Scarred Thigh," as the Indians called him,
was no ordinary cayuse, but strong and quite speedy. Yet owing to soft
ground and brush the bull seemed to be gaining on us at several times. Paul
afterwards told me he was so close to me as to raise my pony's tail with his
horn, but could not come nearer to his much desired victims.

I knew that my horse could not, sinking as he was at every jump into the
soft ground, keep this gait up much longer, and because of the trees and
brush I had no chance to shoot back at the bull. I was momentarily expecting
to feel him hoisting us, when I spied a thick cluster of big poplars just ahead.
Now, I thought, if we can dodge behind these we may gain time on our
enemy. So I urged on my noble beast, and as if to help us, just as I pulled
him around the clump of poplars, a projecting limb knocked my cap off. This
falling right in the face of the bull for the moment blinded him, and with an
angry snort he went thundering past as I pulled behind the trees.
 "My cap ... falling right in the face of the bull, for the moment blinded
him."

"That was close," said Paul, who was following up as fast as his pony
would bring him; "if he had been a bear he would have bitten your horse, but
every time he put his head down to toss you, your horse left him that much."
I jumped from my horse and patted his neck, rubbed his nose, and felt
thankful for our escape. Then we tied our animals in the shelter of the large
trees, and followed after the bull on foot, for in such ground and such timber
we were much safer on foot than on horseback.

Already our dogs had again brought the bull to bay, as we could hear, and
approaching with caution we soon saw him fighting desperately. Alert as we
were he heard us coming and again charged, but we met him with two balls,
and the old fellow staggered back to the middle of a swamp of ice and snow-
water and fell dead.

"That fellow had a bad heart, or he would not have gone out into the
middle of a pond of water to die," said Paul; and it was cold enough work
skinning and butchering him, with the ice-water up to our knees. But those
were the days when stockings and boots and rubbers were beyond our reach
in more ways than one. However, the meat was good and a providential
supply to us and our sick folk. Moreover, our dogs needed an extra feed, and
they got it.

It was late in the day when two heavily laden horses and two tired men
came in sight of camp, and it was as good medicine to Oliver, who saw us
approaching and noted the fresh meat with a smile all over his gaunt and
pale face, for the disease had wofully thinned the poor fellow. Only those
who have been in such circumstances can truly appreciate the relief
experienced by our sorely-tried party.

CHAPTER V.
Our caravan moves on—Difficulties of packing—Oliver's adventure with a buffalo—Novel
method of "blazing" a path—Arrival at Pigeon Lake—House-building—Abundance of
fish—Indians camp about the Mission—I form many enduring friendships—Indians
taught fishing with nets.
 Now that our people were convalescing we began to make ready for a
fresh start, this time without carts. Everything had to be packed on the backs
of our oxen and horses, entailing no small amount of work on the part of
Paul and myself. As the ground was everywhere wet, I was afraid to run the
risk of a relapse with any of our patients, and would not let them step off the
brush flooring we had placed to keep them out of the water. The distance we
had to travel to bring us to the lake was about twenty-five miles, and we
purposed making it in two days. Our sick folk would find twelve miles far
enough for one day, and our thin and weak horses would also find the
distance sufficient.

Paul and I had two oxen and eight horses to saddle and pack with sick
folk and tent and bedding and all our household stuff, and while we did not
seem to be possessed of much of anything, yet it was quite a problem to
arrange all on the backs of those ten animals. Sometimes while we were
fastening the one pack on, three or four of our horses would lie down with
their loads, and in thus getting down and up disorganize the whole work.

We put our wives on the strongest and quietest horses, and placed Oliver
on a quiet but very hungry Blackfoot cayuse, giving him our guns to carry in
addition to his own. Thus we set out along the almost obliterated bridle-path
which I had gone over but once and that in the winter time when the snow
was deep, and which neither Paul nor Oliver had as yet seen. My memory
was sorely taxed to make out the trail where there was open country to pass
through. In single file and with slow and solemn steps our sick people rode
their steeds, while our horses labored under the burdens of their weak packs.
Paul and I were kept busy arranging these packs, for as our saddles were
crude and our binding material rawhide, this would stretch, and the saddles
or packs become loose, so that we were kept rushing from one to the other of
our transports. This made progress so slow that it did seem as if even the
twelve miles we hoped to cover would prove too much for the long spring
day. But notwithstanding all the worrying and the work we had some fun as
well. During the afternoon, while we were behind the rest fixing up a pack
on one of the horses, I heard Oliver in a greatly excited voice shouting,
"John! John! Hurry—come quick!" I sprang away to the front, and found
that our train was crossing a small bit of prairie, and from one end of it, and
coming out of the woods, there was a buffalo bull charging right straight for
Oliver.
 My dogs were worrying the big fellow, but it was Oliver who demanded
my attention. He had our three guns on the saddle before him, but seemingly
never thinking of them, he kept shouting to me to "shoot the bull." In his
excitement he had let go his bridle, and this had fallen on the ground, while
his hungry horse was intent on cropping grass and would not budge from the
spot. In vain Oliver kicked and shouted; what cared that Blackfoot pony for
the charge of a buffalo? He was accustomed to this, and moreover was
hungry, and here was grass, and so far as he was concerned all else might
"go to grass." Not so philosophic, however, was his rider. He was all
excitement. With a big muffler wrapped around his face, a blanket around
his body and legs, and our three guns in his arms, he kept shouting
vehemently for "John." As I ran, not even the possibility of the bull hurting
some of us could keep me from laughing.

Oliver dared not jump from his horse into the water that surrounded us,
for I had threatened him all manner of punishment if he got wet and ran the
risk of a relapse, and he was in mortal fear of the huge bull that was now
coming quite close to him. But as I ran up, and before I could reach for my
gun from Oliver, the brute took away in another direction, thus happily
relieving the situation. He evidently was, as Paul put it, "a good-hearted
fellow," and as we had all we could very well manage, we did not fire any
shots after him. But this excitement and fun helped to break the monotony of
our journey.

It was late when we reached a point that I thought would be half way to
the lake, and we hurriedly cut brush for our patients to alight on, and
unsaddled the oxen and horses. I had put the whole of our seed potatoes on
my saddle horse, "Scarred Thigh," and he had behaved extremely well all the
day, carrying his load without a jar or disarrangement, as if he instinctively
knew we had enough trouble with the rest. But now he insisted on my taking
the load from him before I should relieve the others. As soon as I went to a
horse to unpack him the little fellow would step in between me and the other
horse, and plainly say by his actions that his was the first claim, so all our
party said, "Help him first, he deserves it." To unsaddle the ten animals and
unpack seven of them, to cut lodge-poles and erect the lodge and floor it
with brush, to chop firewood and cook supper kept Paul and I on the jump
until late, but our patients though tired were gaining strength and appetite,
and we were thankful.
 The next day was a repetition of the one just described, only more so—
water deeper, timber denser, and creeks multiplying. My wife and I each had
an old-fashioned Hudson's Bay trunk. One was painted blue and the other
red, and we packed these on the biggest of the oxen, firmly securing them by
the handles before and behind, with collar straps and breeching of harness;
and now as these boxes rubbed alternately on the trees on either side of the
narrow path, one could track them by the paint, this side red and the other
blue, which often was a source of wonder to travellers who came later along
this path.

When we came nearer the lake we were glad to find that the land around
the lake, being higher than that over which we had come, was comparatively
dry, and that spring was further advanced than anywhere else along our
route. Thankful for this, we put up our skin lodge near the place where we
proposed to build our house.

We were not the first in the same line on this spot. Nearly twenty years
before Benjamin Sinclair, a native lay agent, under the direction of the Rev.
R. Rundle, began a Mission, but the coming into the vicinity of a party of
Blackfeet, and their killing of some of the people, had created a stampede
from here to Lac la Biche, some two hundred miles north-east, and this place
was abandoned.

The little clearing had well-nigh grown up again, and with the exception
of the lake in front we were surrounded with dense forests. The surrounding
country was altogether more like my native land than any other spot I had
seen in the North-West. The lake was approximately some five by eighteen
miles in size, and full of fish—too full of the whitefish for these to be of
good quality. But just now we could not test them, as the ice was in such
condition that it was not safe to attempt to set a net under it. There was
nothing to do but to wait until it melted before attempting any fishing.

Our first work was to put up a house. Humble though it might be, we
hoped to make it better than the "smoking skin lodge." As we had most of
the logs on the ground, we were not long in raising the shanty. It was another
thing, however, to whip-saw the lumber for flooring, etc. The building of the
chimney, too, was altogether a new experience to me; and when I had built
this to the proper height, I was terribly disgusted to have it smoke worse than
the lodge did. But I soon saw my mistake, and pulling the greater portion
down began anew on a different plan, which proved a great success.

One morning bright and early Providence sent us a deer. Paul took his
gun and went towards the lake to get, as I thought, a shot at some ducks. But
it was a deer he had seen, and soon he had it secured, for which we were
very thankful, as our stock of fresh meat was now low. But what is the meat
of a small deer to the eating capacity of five healthy people—especially
those of our party who were now fairly over the epidemic? When you are on
the one diet, and that wild meat, the consumption thereof is rather startling.
In the meantime the ice melted, and we made a raft, set a net and caught
some poor whitefish. We caught plenty of pike and suckers, too, and to
ourselves and dogs these were a wholesome change.

The first Indians to come to us were some pagans, having with them two
genuine old conjurers, whose drums and rattles and medicine songs were
thum-thumming and yah-yahing almost all the time they stayed with us. As
some of the older members of this camp, and nearly all the younger ones,
came to our services, which we held every evening and three times on
Sunday, these "high priests of this old faith" renewed their efforts, if one
might judge by the noise they made; but do what they would they could not
keep their young people from our meetings. After a time a larger camp came
to us, nearly all of whom were Mountain Stonies and mostly Christian or
semi-Christian in adherence, and our gatherings became very much more
interesting. But as all of these people had the measles or were convalescing
from the epidemic, and had lost many friends because of the fearful
mortality which this caused, we were hard worked in attending to the sick
and in comforting the bereaved. As to the former, Providence smiled upon
us, and all of our patients, young and old, recovered, which helped us in our
first acquaintance and gave us the beginning of an influence which grew
with the years.

Here I first met many who became my warm friends and bosom
companions around many a camp-fire and on many a hunting field, when
danger and darkness and hunger and storm alternated with peace and
sunlight and plenty and calm. Here was great big Adam, who from being a
first-class Pharisee, with demeanor a voicing of "Lord, I thank Thee," etc.,
became, through the instrumentality of a hymn I taught him to sing, humbled
and penitent, and sought forgiveness and light. He found it; and oh, how
changed he became! And there was his son Jacob, one of the grandest men I
have known, for whom both nature and grace had done great things. When I
first saw him he was recovering from the prevailing scourge. A noble fellow
he was in form and feature. He had a big record as a moose-hunter, and was
famed as a long distance runner. As he spoke both Stony and Cree fluently, I
very soon saw he was a man to be cultivated and made useful for God and
country.

Then there was "Little Beaver," a Southern Mountain Stony, who very
soon let me know that while he was glad to see me, he could never make up
his mind to live down here in the woods and lowlands, but was always
sighing for the mountains and foot-hills of his own section of the country,
and who by his descriptions made me wish to start west with him and view
for myself the land he loved. Another genuine character was "Has-no-hole-
in-his-ear," an old man with a large family of boys who became my allies
and faithful friends. The father was an ardent Christian in his way, and
thoroughly loyal to the new Mission and the young missionary.

Later there came in a camp of Crees, amongst whom was Samson, then in
his prime as a hunter, and who afterwards became the successor of
Maskepetoon as chief of the wood Crees. Samson and I soon found that we
were congenial spirits, and our warm friendship continues to this day. There
was also Paul Chian, a French mixed blood, who had grown up amongst the
Indians, and was one of them in everything but appearance. He had been a
noted gambler and warrior, and the blood of men was on his hands; but he
had found that the blood of Christ is efficacious to the cleansing from sin,
and he became a splendid character, a solid man, a class leader and a local
preacher, always in his place, and a "genuine stand-by." And there were
many good women in these camps who became our staunch friends, and in
whose lodges we received true hospitality and many real evidences of a solid
appreciation of our work and message.

These various people came and went at short intervals. I suppose during
our stay at Pigeon Lake for about two months that spring of 1865 no camp of
Indians remained longer than two weeks at a time. Until I provided them
with nets they had none. Indeed, some of the plain and wood Indians did not
know how to set a net, much less how to make or mend one. To provide
twine and teach them to make nets was an undertaking that took time to
accomplish. Then to live in one place very long was a hardship in itself to
these nomads of wood and plain, while to live on fish alone would be foolish
to them so long as buffalo were on the plains or moose and elk in the woods.
No matter as to time in the obtaining of these animals. The days and months
might come and go—these men did not value time; that appreciation is an
evolution belonging to a permanent or settled life.

CHAPTER VI.
We are visited by a band of Crees—Our guests steal away with a bunch of horses—Stonies
set out in hot pursuit—Little William's strategy—Horses recaptured—We begin
farming operations—Arrival of Mr. Steinhauer—Home to Victoria again—A
memorable Sabbath—My gun bursts—Narrow escape—My mother's cares and
anxieties—Home-made furniture.

While we were building our house, and during the stay of the Stonies
with us, a small war party of Crees came to our little settlement on their way
(so they said) to the Blackfoot country. As they knew me they came to our
lodge, and all went well the first day and night; but during the second night
they stole out of our lodge, took a bunch of the Stonies' horses and put for
home. Awakened by their retreating footsteps, I roused Paul and we struck a
light and found our guests were gone, Then we ran down to the path leading
eastward, and lighting some matches found the tracks of the horses.
Immediately we aroused

CHAPTER VII.
I travel with Maskepetoon's camp—Effects of environment on the Indians—Nature's
grandeur and beauty—Degradation through paganism—The noble Chief Maskepetoon
—Indian councils—On the fringe of the buffalo herds—Indian boy lost—A false
conjurer—The lad recovered.

Maskepetoon's camp had now been gone about two weeks, and my
instructions were to accompany this camp for part of the summer in its
movements, and to do what I could towards the Christianizing of the people.
Accordingly, taking Paul with me, and leaving our wives and Oliver with
mother, we started for the big camp. We took two oxen and carts and several
horses, as father had made arrangements with Muddy Bull to make dried
provisions for home use. Our course was down the valley of the Vermilion,
and then out through the hilly country that runs by Birch Lake to Battle
River.

We killed several moulting geese as we travelled, and enjoyed them as

food. On our fourth day out we came up to the camp, and turning the oxen
and carts over to Muddy Bull, we domiciled ourselves in his lodge, and at
once became part of this moving town. My work was all around me. Here
was paganism intensely conservative, the outcome of many centuries of
tradition. And here were its high priests, and the novitiate following which
thronged after them, seeming to me as "the blind leading the blinder," if this
were possible; the whole causing a devolution which was lowering the range
of thought and life and ideal, and all the while producing a profundity of
ignorance as to things moral and spiritual which in turn, as a logical
sequence, affected the physical and material life of this people.

Doubtless environment has a great deal to do with the formation of

character and being, but in the environment of these men, outside of buffalo
and tribal communism, I failed to find anything that might be thought
degenerating in its tendencies. The great herds of buffalo as abused by man
were hurtful to himself, and therefore in the fulness of time the Great Father,
in the interests of His children, wiped them from the face of the earth. Tribal
communism has always been hurtful to individuality, and without this no
race of men can progress. But apart from these factors in the life of this
people, the rest of their environment was, in my judgment, of the nature and
kind to help them, and to give them large, broad and fine views of life and
all things. Why, then, this degradation witnessed on every hand? This intense
superstition and ignorance, to my mind, is all due to the faith and religion of
this people. Their faith is a dead one; no wonder they are dead in trespasses
and sins. We believe we are now coming to them with a living faith, but even
then we require infinite patience. The change will come, no doubt, but
when? O Lord, Thou alone knowest when.

To come back to environment. So far as nature's realm affected the

sojourners in this part of the valley of the Saskatchewan, these should be
among the best of men. Beauty and wealth and power and a mighty purpose
are apparent on every hand. These hundreds of miles of territory, these
millions of acres of rich grass and richer soil, these hundreds of days of
glorious sunshine in every year, these countless millions of cubic feet of
healthful atmosphere, surcharged with ozone so that one ever and anon feels
like "taking the wings of the morning"—what a splendid heritage!

Look at this delightful spot where we are encamped for the day. It is now
nearing the midsummer, and the hills and valleys are clothed in the richest
verdure. Take note of these hills and valleys. Behold the shapeliness of
yonder range of hills, and the sweep of this vale at your feet. See the
exquisite carvings of this ascent, and the beautiful rounding of that summit.
Drink in the wonderful symmetry displayed in planting those islands of
timber. Behold as yon fleecy cloud comes between the sun and the scene of
sylvan beauty, how the whole is hallowed and mellowed by the shading of
light! Think of the corrosions of ice and the cleansings of flood necessary to
create such a variety of hill and dale as this. Ponder over the ages of later
development, and calculate the layers of vegetable matter needed to make
this wealthy soil and produce this infinite variety of flora and herb and forest
and grass. Now to my mind all this is exceedingly helpful, and every time I
look upon such environment I am made a better and stronger man. Then why
not all men be thus helped and made better? All?—there it is, our faiths are
not alike. Even a wrong faith is mighty to the pulling down of "strongholds,"
and man under such influences descends.

But even here there are exceptions, and environment has its way in a
measure. Amongst these men and women you will come across those who
are big and broad and grand and noble. Blessed be the Lord for this! And one
of these latter even now is calling to me and speaking in broken English,
"John Mak-e-doo-gal-un, come here now," with big emphasis on the "now,"
and I readily recognize the voice and walk over to the lodge of the old Chief
Maskepetoon.

"So you have come, John? I asked your father to let you come with my
camp for a few weeks. There is plenty for you to do, my boy. But I called
you just now, as my tent is empty, to tell you that I am sorry and ashamed
that my son was with those young rascals who tried to steal horses from the
Stonies at Pigeon Lake.

"I told him that under the circumstances I could not have done anything if
he and his party had been killed: that he must remember that all men were
now my friends, and especially all missionaries, and if I ever fought again it
would be on the side of the missionary. That he should have gone from your
lodge to steal the horses of your people made me much ashamed and sorry in
my heart. I told your father about it, and he said the young men were foolish
to act in that way towards you—that you were the Indians' friend; and I
believe that, and I want you to work hard, and will pray the Great Spirit to
help you to gain a power over young men."

I thanked the old Chief for his confidence, and told him I should always
expect his advice and help in my work. Then I gave him my news, and he
told me what the camp's movements were to be, and that there was to be an
immense gathering of several camps for the holding of the annual festival
and "Thirst Dance" of the pagan Indians. He also told me that the buffalo
were coming northward and westward, and we should move slowly to give
them a chance to come in; that the plain Crees who were coming up country
to join us were behind the herd of buffalo; and further informed me that the
peace was effectually broken on both sides, and we might expect more or
less trouble all summer.

I sat and chatted with the Chief and had supper in his lodge, and then
arranged for an evening service in the open camp. These services elicited
much interest. Paul, who was a good singer and a fine young fellow, would
take his stand by my side. Then as we sang the people gathered, and our
service would begin. I would take advantage of our surroundings or the
occurrences of the day in the selection of my subject, and then call upon our
old Chief or some one of our native Christians to lead in prayer.
 In the meantime warriors and hunters on horseback and on foot and
curious women and children with "tattooed" and painted faces would come
around and watch and listen, but with native courtesy keep silence and act
orderly and seem interested.

Thus day after day we publicly proclaimed the Gospel and teaching of the
Master according to our ability, for I was but a child in these things myself;
and yet the Lord did not despise the day of small beginnings, but blessed us
and our work. While during the week conjuring and gambling and
heathenish riots went on in many portions of the camp, such was the respect
in which Maskepetoon was held by all these people that they desisted from
these things on the Sabbath. They even gave up hunting on that day because
he wished it. Not that he thus commanded. Oh, no; he was too much of a real
gentleman and too wise in his ideas of chieftainship to do this.

Slowly we moved out on the plains. Every day brought fresh scenes, and
steadily I was becoming acquainted with these people. Maskepetoon always
invited me to their councils, and seated beside him I listened to argument
and oratory, and beheld genuine gesticulation, natural and true. Sometimes
the Chief would ask me to tell about white men and how they conducted
matters. I would respond with a short address on government and municipal
organization, or at another time speak of civilization and some of its
wonders, or give a talk on education, and Maskepetoon would say, "Listen to
John. Although he is only a child in years he is a man in experience; he has
seen far and wide, he has gone to school, he has listened for years to that
wise man his father." Then at the closing up of these council gatherings
Maskepetoon would give judgment on what had been said, either approving
or condemning, and settle the matter in discussion in his own way, when the
Council would break up for the time.

Day after day we moved slowly out on the plains, the prairie openings
growing larger. All this time strict guard was kept, and the camp travelled,
when the country would permit of it, in several parallel lines of march. At
night scouts were sent out in every direction, and all of the horses either
tethered or hobbled up close within the circle of tents.

On every hand were scenes which acted as stimulators in the exercise of

care to most of the inhabitants of our moving village. Here had been a fight.
Yonder some one would point out where many had been killed. "This is
where the camp was when we brought in so many scalps and horses;" and as
I listened to these people I could in a measure begin to realize how
exceedingly romantic their lives had been, and how constantly the
excitement of tribal war had followed them.

One evening we were startled by the wail of a mother. Her eight-year-old

son was missing. The camp was searched and the boy not found. For two
nights and a day we remained in the one place and made diligent search; but
as we were now in the fringings of the large herds of buffalo, and the whole
country was tracked up, it was impossible to find any trace of the lad.

One old conjurer drummed all night, and said that the boy was killed,
locating the place of his death in a little valley near the line of our march the
day the boy was missed. He was so particular in his description of the place
and as to the manner in which the Blackfeet had waylaid the boy, that many
thought the old conjurer was telling the truth, and quite a number went with
the "Medicine Man" to the spot he had so vividly described. But while they
found the spot just as he had indicated, there were no traces of the lost boy,
nor yet any signs of the enemy. Needless to say, the party came back very
much disgusted with their "false prophet."

Another "sight-seer" went into his mysterious lodge, and when he came
out he said the boy was alive, that he had passed to the east of our course,
and gone on until he was bewildered, and continuing his wanderings he was
found by Indians from another camp which was now coming up country
from the east to intercept us. This was more comforting, but who could
vouch for its truth! Nevertheless this did prove true, for some three or four
days later, after we had encamped for the day, some strangers were seen
approaching, and when they were formally seated, and each had taken a few
whiffs of the big pipe, one of them deigned to open his lips and tell us that a
strange boy had been found and was now in their camp; that at first he was
quite out of his head, but after a day or two came to himself, and told them
where he came from, and the place to which our camp was heading, and thus
they had intercepted us. These couriers also told us of several other camps
which were coming up to join ours for the Thirst Dance Festival. The poor
mother was overjoyed to hear of her boy's safety, and our whole camp
rejoiced with her.
 CHAPTER VIII.
The "Thirst Dance"—"Tobacco messages"—The head conjurer—"Dancing lodges"—The
rendezvous—The "idol tree"—Meeting of the head conjurer and the chief of the
warriors—An anxious moment—Building the "temple"—Self-torture, dancing and
sacrifices—The festival concluded—Romantic situation for our camp.

We now were drawing close to the spot which had been indicated by the
chief priest of the season as a desirable place for the annual religious
festival. Couriers came and went from the several camps. The excitement
intensified, and our camp was all astir in anticipation of meeting with the
multitudes who, like us, were making for this common ground of
appointment. I will here give my readers a brief description of this great
festival, known as

THE THIRST DANCE.

This religious gathering has been for ages an annual occurrence. It is an

occasion for the fulfilment of vows, and an opportunity for the more
religious of this pagan people to make sacrifices and to endure self-inflicted
torture and hardship in meeting the requirements of the traditional faith of
their fathers.

As the season for this approached some leading men sent "tobacco
messages" to different camps near and far, intimating that the time had come
for the annual festival, and suggesting the most desirable locality. This latter
was determined largely by the proximity of buffalo and the conditions of
tribal war.
 These tobacco messages were carefully worded and wrapped in the
presence of trusty couriers, who would make all haste in reaching their
several destinations, often travelling night and day, and generally on foot.
When they reached the camps to which they were sent their message was
received with solemn dignity and themselves treated with hospitable respect.

Then in quiet council the tobacco was unwrapped and the proposition
discussed. If assented to the tobacco was smoked and the head man
commissioned to send a return message signifying assent and willingness to
come to the appointed place. And now from long distances these camps
would move steadily towards the location indicated. The big meeting, the
rites to be observed, the blessings that would ensue, the character and
prestige and the temporal and supernatural ability of those leaders expected
to attend to all these things, were the constant topics of conversation of all
these converging camps.

The conjurer rehearsed his medicine hymns, sorted over his medicine
bag, fixed his rattles and bells, and retouched his ghastly costume. The
warrior went over in memory his bravest deeds and most notable exploits,
and carefully arranged his war dress, mending here and fixing there, and
generally burnishing up for this grand chance for glorious display. And the
women and belles of the camp, notwithstanding all the work of constant
moving and making extra provisions to be used during the festival, missed
no opportunity to make ready their finery for special use on this great
occasion, though all they might have would be contained in a small bag
made of calfskin, and would consist mainly of beaded leggings and shoulder
straps and a much-brassed leathern girdle.

In the meantime the originator of this concentrative movement was

having a hard time of it. The responsibility of the whole gathering rested
heavily upon him, and to prepare himself for his duties he fasted and
thirsted, left his home and camp, and stayed nights and days alone in cold
and wet with little or no covering for his naked body. He petitioned and
prayed to "the Spirits," and seemed to commune with them. He grew wan
and wasted physically; but he developed spiritually, and there seemed to
come to his very appearance that which was supernatural. As the time drew
near this intensified. There was a weird mystery about this man, which was
felt through all the camp.
 The conjurers prepared their medicines, and night and morning before
camp moved the drums beat furiously, "dancing lodges" were erected at
every encampment, and the four orders of dancers took their turns. The
"wood partridges," the "prairie chickens," "medicine rattlers," and the "kid
foxes," each in turn to vocal and drum music went through their evolutions
of movement. Sacrifices were got ready and consecrated, and amidst night
and day alarms from the enemy, and all the necessary hunting for the
maintenance of these camps, this work of preparation went on for days and
sometimes weeks. And now the chosen spot is reached, which is
accomplished almost at the same time, for the scouts and couriers have kept
the different camps in touch, and the movement of each has been governed
for the purpose of reaching the rendezvous about the same day. But this
strange crowd is gathered for a specific purpose, and no time is lost. The
conjurers and medicine-men convene in one part of the camp, the warriors in
another; and while the priests and medicine-men intensify their petitions and
incantations, the warriors go out to scout the country and search for a
suitable tree to be used as the centre or "idol tree."

A sharp watch is kept for the scouts, and when these are seen returning to
camp the medicine-men form in procession with their chief (pro tem.), the
originator of this whole movement, at their head, and march through camp
singing and incanting and speaking in unknown tongues. The chief
medicine-man holds a big pipe with a sacred stem in his hands, and with this
he points heavenward and earthward and all around, following the sun, and
thus in solemn aspect and with dignified movement these high priests of an
old faith march out of camp to meet the warriors. Now comes the crucial
time for this chief medicine-man. If these warriors accept the pipe from him
then the success of his venture is assured. But if they do not take the pipe as
he offers it to them the whole scheme is a failure, and a new chief priest and
a new location will have to be sought. No wonder it is a tense moment for
the would-be high priest of this great gathering.

The two companies draw near to each other, and while the priests are
chanting in doleful notes petitionary and sacrificial hymns, and the warriors
are lustily singing songs of victory, the whole camp is hushed in silent
expectation as to the outcome. The warriors know the issue lies with them,
and carry themselves accordingly. In all the pride and pomp of martial
dignity and costume they sit their picked steeds and await the priest's action.
This personage is now almost unnerved. The long vigils and fastings and
hardships have emaciated his body, and this is weak; but his communings
with the spiritual have made him feel that he has a mission, and that he is
essential to the well-being of his people. He has grown within the last few
days to believe he is an apostle and a bringer of good, and in his mind he
feels these warriors must in their own interest accept him. Nevertheless there
is the possibility of their not doing so. No messenger has reached him from
the secret conclave held yonder behind the hills. Soon he will know. And
now he pulls himself together, and, at first with quavering voice and
trembling limbs, he holds the sacred pipe aloft and prays. Immediately in
front of him is the chosen chief of the warriors, who gives no indication of
what he is going to do in this matter. In silence he and the entire assemblage
listen as the aspirant for priestly honors seems to forget himself in the
intenseness of his purpose. His voice gathers strength, his limbs cease to
tremble, and with native and pure eloquence he calls upon the Deity to bless
this gathering, to pity his children, to accept their sacrifices, to smile upon
their effort. His metaphors are beautiful, his similes are fine; the range of his
thought reaches the heavens above and covers the earth beneath. There is a
spell that accompanies the prayer. His whole soul is in it. If you and I had
been there, my reader friend, we would have seen the countenance of the
warrior chief undergo a change. Fence as he will, he is caught, and as we
look we say to ourselves, "He will accept the sacred pipe." And presently as
the priest stops he steps forward, and with a majestic wave upward and
downward and all around, he hands the sacred emblem to the warrior. While
the crowd watch him in breathless expectancy the latter takes it from him,
also lifts it heavenward and then earthward, and then all around the complete
circle, and the air rings with joyous acclamations. The feast is to take place,
and the time is now.

This being settled the warriors parade around the camp in full review.
Others go and cut down the "idol tree," and now the warriors break ranks,
and dashing into the camp open the lodges and take from them the young
women of the camp and hurry these along with them to haul home the idol
tree. Many long lines are fastened to this tree, and the women on foot and
the warriors on horseback take hold of these lines and pull together, and thus
proceed homeward. Others act as drivers and shout and fire off their guns to
urge on the men and women. As the camp is neared immense crowds of the
old and infirm and of women and children join in the march, and thus the
idol tree is brought to the spot where the temple is to stand.

Meanwhile others are cutting and hauling home the posts and pillars and
beams required for the "big lodge." Not a nail or pin is used in this structure.
Each joint and splice is firmly secured with green hide, which as it dries
becomes very tight and strong. All work with alacrity. Everything about the
erection of the temple is done on the principle that "the king's business
requires haste."

When the idol tree is raised in place the conjurers make a special effort
with medicine-rattles and religious singing. Some make the "nest" in the idol
tree, or, as it might be called, the sacrificial table, and fasten in and on this
the sacrifices which had been purchased long before at the trading-posts for
this purpose. All the timbers in place, the whole is covered with the lodges of
the principal men of the camp, it being thought an honor to have these used
in this way. And now the high priest approaches. He has a big buffalo head
mask, both himself and the head well covered with earth. Stepping slowly,
and wailing as he walks, he enters the temple. Immediately on his entrance is
made the inner circle for those who have vows and will dance through the
long hours. Then a spot in the temple is selected for the drummers and
singers, and these come in turns, so that the choir is continuous day and
night during the festival. Fire is placed in four places, and on these fires are
put sweet smelling herbs, which as they burn create incense. Then the high
priest takes a whole parchment and speaks to the Great Spirit, and to all the
lesser powers; then swings the parchment four times, while all the dancers
blow their horn whistles. The high priest now throws the parchment into the
centre, all the drummers and singers start up, and the entire company join in
the chorus. In the inner circle, and immediately around the "idol tree," the
real dancers who are to undergo torture are arranging themselves.

Some of these attach long lines to the "idol tree," and then passing the
end through the muscles of their arms thus dance and swing around the
circle. Others hang guns to the tendons of their back, and dance with these
swinging and jerking about them. Others go from out the camp, and finding
a bull's skull with horns attached, pass a line through the eyelets, and then
hitch themselves to the other end of the line through the tendons of the back,
and drag the head to the temple, entering amongst the dancers for the rest of
the festival.

One man, at the time I am writing of, thus hitched himself to a big skull,
and dragged this around the big encampment seven times, wailing as he
pulled and tugged, and thus sought for forgiveness and salvation.

The self-tortured and the dancers do not eat or drink until the afternoon of
the third day. At that time the warriors in costume come in a body to the
temple, the bravest ten in the lead, all singing as they march, either on foot
or on horseback, and forming a circle just outside the "thirst lodge." Then
come those who make gifts; and horses, guns, blankets, etc., are placed in
the ring as a general offering, being afterwards distributed to the needy and
the infirm. Then the bravest warriors are led out into the centre, and made to
recite their exploits and escapades, and between these recitals the various
orders of dancers alternate in exhibition of their peculiar skill. Inside the
temple torture and thirst and exhaustion; outside, declamation and glory and
joyous celebration. And as the sun draws near to the earth on the evening of
the third day the annual festival is finished. A day or two later the big camp
divides into several smaller camps, each going its own way, leaving only the
bare poles around the "idol tree," from the tops of which flutter in the breeze
the various-colored sacrificial cloths to remind of this great religious
gathering of the wood and plain Crees.

Our camp, having in it the high priest or chief conjurer for this year,
might fittingly be called the "Convenor," and therefore it was in place for us
to reach the rendezvous before the others. This we did one lovely afternoon,
and I could not but admire the selection made by the high priest as the scene
of this year's festival.

We camped on the crest of a plateau or table-land, where to the south and

west from our feet the country sloped gently to the valley of the Iron Creek,
which wound its way from the west and then with a majestic sweep turned
southward to the Battle River, its terraced banks with their beautifully
timbered heights giving grace to the scene. Where we stood was a fine large
plain, with very little, if any, cover for the wily enemy to approach from
behind. But within a few miles, and thence on as far as the eye could reach,
were ranges of hills, in the valleys of which, as also on their stately summits,
prairie and timber were struggling for supremacy, each alternately being
beaten, but the whole making a lovely picture.

To-day we have the wild nomadic heathen life, but doubtless in the near
to-morrow this will give way to permanent settlement, and the church and
school will bring in the clearer light of a larger and fuller revelation.

CHAPTER IX.
Our great camp a study of native types—I attend a "wolf feast"—A disgusting orgie—Paul
and I start for home—Our horses stampede—Difficult tracking—Enormous herd of
buffalo—Home again and all well—Party of half-breeds from the Red River settlement
at our Mission—Father returns, bringing a brother and sister from Ontario.

In two or three days our camp grew immensely, and many distinct types
of men were at hand for one to study and become acquainted with. The
absorbing theme was the approaching festival. For this warriors were
preparing, and many devotees were praying; for this every conjurer in the
camp was making medicine, and day and night the tapping of drums and the
intoning of religious songs went on. Morning and evening we also sang our
hymns and held our services, and were ardently studying this new strange
life—every day acquiring a better grip of the language and beginning to
waken up to the largeness of its vocabulary.

One day I was invited to a "wolf feast." Being a learner I went, and was
both shocked and amused at what I saw. About two dozen sat around in the
large buffalo lodge, and before each one a big wooden dish of thick soup
was placed. This soup was made by boiling slices of fat buffalo meat and
wild lily roots together. Neither Maskepetoon nor myself took part. When
each guest was served an old medicine-man began to chant in an unknown
tongue, accompanying himself by swinging his rattles. By and by all who
were to partake joined in the song of blessing. This over, each one drew his
big bowl to him and at a signal put both hands into the hot soup, and feeling
all through it for chunks of meat, pulled these to pieces and then began to
cram the contents of the dish down his throat. While doing this, each one
made a noise like the growling of a wolf. And now the race was fast and
furious as to who should soonest swallow all that was given to him. The
growling and snarling and gulping was terrible, and I was glad when it was
over and one and another turned his wooden dish over. I had seen a wolf
feast, but, as I told my friend the old Chief, I did not wish to see another. It
was almost as nauseating as a drunken carousal amongst the cultured white
men in the east! I noticed that it was only a certain class of these pagan men
who thus brutalized themselves—that even in those early days the larger
percentage of the Indians held aloof from such beastly orgies. Muddy Bull,
mine host, laughed when I told him what I had seen, and said that only a few
of his people ever thus disgraced themselves.

While the camp was all excitement in preparation for the annual festival,
word was brought in that the buffalo had gone into the north between us and
the Mission. This made it possible for war parties to go north also; and from
what I heard in camp I began to be anxious about our folk at home. Finally I
conferred with Maskepetoon and he said that it might be better for me to go
in to the Mission. So I left the oxen and carts with Muddy Bull, held an
evening service with our people, and then as darkness was coming on one
night Paul and I left the large camp and took our course northward.

We went out in the dark because signs of the enemy had been noted, and
as our party was small we did not want to be seen by those hostile to us.
Steadily and in silence we rode, taking a straight course for Victoria. Some
time after midnight we stopped on a hill to rest our horses. We had one horse
packed with dried provisions, stored in two large saddle-bags, and unpacking
and unsaddling I tied the end of the lariat which was on my horse's neck to
these saddle-bags, and with my gun at hand stretched myself beside them,
while our horses fed around us. The night was very cloudy and dark, and
both Paul and I dozed. Suddenly our horses stampeded and made back
towards the camp. Seizing our guns we ran after them, but when we could
not hear the sound of their hoofs any longer we sat down and waited for
daylight. Whether it was hostiles or wolves or buffalo which had stampeded
our horses we could not tell; there was nothing to do but wait for daylight,
and be ready for anything that might turn up in the meantime. So we sat in
silence and in profound darkness, for the clouds had thickened. Soon the rain
came down, and in a very short time we were completely drenched. Several
times there were noises near us, but these came from buffalo who were on
the move past. After what appeared an interminable time, morning broke
dark and cloudy, and we began a search for our horses.

As the day grew lighter we found that great herds of buffalo had passed
through the country, and it seemed as if every inch of ground was tracked up.
The grass was cropped close, and for hours we walked to and fro, never far
from where the last sound of our flying steeds had come. At last I caught
sight of a buffalo chip which had been broken by something dragging over
it, and then I found another, and concluded that my horse was dragging the
saddle-bags behind him in his flight.

I signalled to Paul, and he, after examining this clue, came to the same
conclusion, and slowly we followed this our only sign. Slowly from one
buffalo chip to another we travelled, and when baffled one would stay with
the last trace and the other go on and look for another, and finding this we
continued our anxious search until about noon, when we came upon all but
one of our horses. As my saddle-horse was still fast to the saddle-bags, the
first thing we did was to take out some dried meat to appease our ravenous
appetites. Then we retraced our way to the place we had stayed during the
night. Finding our outfit intact, we saddled up and continued our journey,
hoping that the one stray horse would be found later by some friendly
hunters. This actually did take place, for some months later I found the horse
at Edmonton, to which place he had been brought by some French half-
breeds who had recognized him.

Now once more we were on our journey north. During the afternoon I
had a revelation given me as to the number and nomadic character of the
buffalo. I had by this time spent three years on the plains in the buffalo
country, had seen great herds of these wild cattle, and thought I knew
something about them. My food had consisted almost altogether of their
meat. My bed, travelling or at home, was over and under their robes. But that
afternoon, as we steadily trotted northward across country, and ever and
anon broke into a canter, I saw more buffalo than I had ever dreamed of
before. The woods and plains were full of them. During the afternoon we
came to a large round plain, perhaps ten miles across, and as I sat my horse
on the summit of a knoll looking over this plain, it did not seem possible to
pack another buffalo into the space. The whole prairie was one dense mass,
and as Paul and I rode around this large herd I could not but feel that my
ideas concerning buffalo and the capability of this country to sustain them
were very much enlarged. I had in the three years seen hundreds of
thousands of buffalo, had travelled thousands of miles over new trails, but I
had seen only a small number of the great herds, and but a very small portion
of the great North-West. Truly these were God's cattle upon a thousand hills,
and truly this greater Canada is an immense country.

"I saw more buffalo that I had ever dreamed of before."

On we jogged, early and late, watching our horses carefully and taking
extreme precaution against surprise. Nothing, however, occurred to disturb
us, and by the evening of the third day we were in sight of home, and could
see our loved ones moving in and out around the Mission premises.
 Crossing the big river we found all well and delighted to have us home
again. We had been away a little over a month, and as yet there was no word
from father or the east country. Our isolation during those early years was
complete if not "splendid." We were in a big world, but it was distinct from
the ordinary. No mails or telegrams disturbed its continuous monotony—and
yet our life was never really monotonous. The very bigness of our isolation
made the life unique and strange, and the constant watchfulness against
surprise and danger seemed to give it zest. Then the struggle for food kept us
constantly busy.

One day, shortly after our return, we formed a party and made a flying
horseback visit to the sister Mission at Whitefish Lake, and came back on
the jump; my wife and sister being excellent horse-women, and a sixty-mile
canter a common experience. In our party we had Mr. George Flett and wife.
Mr. Flett at that time was post-trader for the Hudson's Bay Company. Later
on he became a successful missionary in the Presbyterian Church.

Settling down for a little on our return, we went to work cutting hay.
Those were the days when men swung the scythe, and muscle and wind told
on the unmeasured and unfenced hay-fields of the Saskatchewan. Hard work
it was from early morn until evening; but we cut a good bit of hay, and had it
stacked by the time father came home.

In the meantime we were surprised and delighted by the arrival of a

colony of some twenty-five or thirty families of English half-breeds, who
had transplanted themselves from the valleys of the Red and Assiniboine
rivers to this of the Saskatchewan. I well remember the first Sunday service
after their arrival, how abashed I felt in the presence of these people who
could speak both English and Cree, and some of whom had had special
advantages in education. But they listened attentively to my preaching in the
mother-tongue, and were regular in attendance upon all our services. Their
presence, too, made us feel that we were stronger and more able to withstand
the enemy than we had been. Many of these people made good neighbors,
and all were kindly disposed to the Mission and its work.

In the Red River country their bane had been the intoxicating cup. Here,
far from the temptation, they hoped to better their circumstances. These also
were buffalo people, and this was another consideration leading to their
removal west. Immediately these people went to work to put up houses in
the valley to the east of the Mission. I gave them to understand that the
Indians desired the land to the west. It did us good to see these humble
homes being erected beside us. Mother and wife and sisters all rejoiced that
in a measure our loneliness was past; that a semi-civilization at least had
come to us.

Sometime in August we heard that father and party were not more than
three days away, and with grateful heart I saddled up and set forth to meet
them, which I did about fifty miles down the trail. Father had with him my
brother David and sister Eliza. These we had left in Ontario five years
before, mere boy and girl, but now they had grown into young manhood and
young womanhood, and the long trip across the plains had done them a vast
amount of good. My sister was rather astonished to meet her eldest brother
clad as he was in leather and with long hair curling on his shoulders, but this
was the western fashion, and anything else would have been singular at that
time and amid those scenes.

Within a couple of days we were once more a united family and mother's
joy was full. I was particularly pleased to note the manner of both my sister
and brother towards my wife. The fact of her being a native did not in
anywise affect the kindliness of their conduct towards her, for which I was
very thankful.

CHAPTER X.
We return to Pigeon Lake—"Scarred Thigh" exchanged for "Blackfoot"—Planting Gospel
seed—We organize a buffalo hunt—A moose chase—The buffalo as a "path-finder"—
We encounter a hostile camp—All night on guard—My friend Mark's daring exploit—
Wood Stonies visit the Mission—Gambling, polygamy and superstition among the
Indians.