Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang,

Dhenkanal-759146
Electrical Engineering Department
5un Sem, Section-A (B-Tech), Class Test-1, Subject- EMFT, FM-15 Time-1 Hours

Part- A

Answer uny two questions from Part A

1. Express the vectorÅ= a, +rcos 0 â, +a, into Cartesian at apoint P(-3, 4, 0).
[2.5]

2. Find the gradient and laplacian of the scalar D=x²ye* at (1, -1, 1).
|2.5]

3. Derive the expression for Electric field intensity at a point P' due to a finite thin wire
having uniform charge distribution of P C/m. [2.5]

Part- B

Answer any two questions from Part B

4. Find the flux of B= Zpz'a, + pcostøâ, through a surface defined by p=2, 0<0 and
0<z<l and verify the Divergence Theorem. (5]

5. Find the circulation of vector = 2pzâ, + 3z sin pâ, 4p cos pâ,

for the open surface defined by z=1, 0<p 2,0< u<45 and verify Stoke's theorem.
[5)
6. Planes x=l and y-2 respectively, carry charges 10 nC/m² and 20 nC/m. A point charge
of -2nC is located at (1, 1,-1). If the line x=0, z=2 carries charge 5 nC/m. Calculate E at P (0.
0, 5)due to all four-charge distribution. (5]
EXAMPLE 2.2 Express vector
10
B= a, + rcos a + a

in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Find B (-3, 4, 0) and B (S, T/2, -2).

Solution:
Using cq. (2.28):

10
B, sin 0 cos¢ cos 0 cos -sin
sin 0 sin cos 0 sin
B, cos r cos
cos 0 -sin 1

or

10
B, = sin cos + rcos 0cos - sin ¢
10
r
sin sin + rcos 0 sin t cos ¢
10
B, = cos 0 - r cos 0 sin

But r =
tan- V+y and = tan-!

Hence,

Sin &= P cos =

r +y + z r
Ve+y+?
sin cos =
Substituting all these gives

B, =
10V +y
+y
10x xz
+
+y+ V+
y+y² +z) Vo +y)
10V+y dy
B, = +
10y yz

102
V+y + ?
B = Ba, + B,a, t B,a,
where B,, B, and B, are as given above.
At(-3, 4, 0), x = -3, y = 4, and z =0, so
30 4
B, =
25
+0-=-2
5

40 3
B, = 25 +0-=1
B, = 0 -0= 0

Thus,
B= -2a, + a,
For spherical to cylindrical vector transformation (sec Problem 2.9),
10
B, sin cos 0
rcos 8
B 0 0 1
|B, cos -sin 0 1

or

10
B, = sin + r cos

B = I
10
B, = cos - r sin 8 cos

But r = Vp+and = tan -1P

Thus,

sin = cos
Vo+ Vot
10p
B, = + Vo+
10z
B, = Vo+
Hence,
10p 10%
B= + +a, t a,
V+
At (5, m/2, -2), p = 5, = T/2, and z= -2, so
10
B = a, + a, + +
29 29 V29/
= 2.467a, + a, + 1.167a.
Note that at (-3, 4, 0),
B(r, y, z))= |B(p, ¢, z)) = B(r, 0, )) = 2.907
This may be used to check the correctness of the result whenever possible.
Prob 3.29
(a)
U= r'y'e*

v'U-r'y'e ")* (2x'ye")ye)

=6xy'e "+ 2x'e "+ x'y'e* - (6xy'+ 2x'+x'y'e*
At (l,-1,/),
'U= e (6+ 2+ )) = 9e= 24.46
A. A Line Charge
Considera line charge with uniform charge density p extending from A to B along the
z-axis as shown in Figure 4.6. The charge element dQ associated with element dl = dz of
the line is

dQ = PL dl = PL dz

Figure 4.6 Evaluation of the E field due to a

dE, line charge.
(0, 0, z) T dE,

B (x, y, z)

(0, 0, z')
dl
 and hence the total charge is

(4.17)

The electric ield intensity E at an arbitrary point P(x, y, z) can be found using
eq. (4.14). It is important that we learm to derive and substitute ecach term in eqs. (4.14) to
(4.15) for agiven charge distribution. It is customary4.6,
to denote the field point' by (z, y, 2)
and the source point by (r',y', z'). Thus from Figure
dl = d'

R= (%y, ) - (0, 0, z') = xa, + ya, + (z - a,

R= pa, + (z-) a.
R²= |R|?=+yt (e - ' =p + (z - ' '
R R Pa, + (2 -'a.
R |R| p + (z-z
Substituting all this into eq. (4.14), we get
EPL pa, +(2 -)a, (4.18)
4TEo

To evaluate this, it is convenient that we define a, ay, and a, as in Figure 4.6.

R= [p+ (z-z -p sec a
z'= 0T - p tan a, dz' = -p sec a da

Hence, eg. (4.18) becomes

p sec a l[cos a a, t sin a a] da
PL
E =
4Teo J psec a
(4.19)
PL.
[cos a a, + sin a a,] da
4T8P a

Thus for afinite line charge,

PL (4.20)
E = [- (sin a - sin a;)a, + (cos a, - cos a1)al
4TE,p

The field point is the point at which the field is to be evaluated.

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114 Electrostatic Fields

As a special case, for an infinite line charge, point B is at (0, 0, o) and A at (0, 0, -0) so
that a, = T/2, a= -t2: the z-component vanishes and eq. (4.20) becomes

E = PL
(4.21)
2TE0
Prob 3.32

Z=1

Z=.|
X

(a)

-1

- 8(2x) L,) +s02*) L,)

-321, 200 r 176
3 3
(b).D.! (2p'z') =42
p ôp

56n = 176
(b)
(2p'z)+ 3z cos --0= 4z+ 3z cos
p ôp

3z
p
45

25
+3(2XG)sin 45
= 25+ 75 sin 45° = 131.57

-J,+ J,+ J, +J, +J,

68

32
J, =}| 4p cos_dp pd --sin
32
J, =-J 4pcos$apdd .,= sin
=0

J,- |f3zsinýdpdt. =75 sin

Ao da= 25t + 75 sin 13157
EXAMPLE 4.6 Planes x = 2and y = -3, respectively, carry charges 10nC/m and 15 nC/m. If the line
x=0, z =2 carries charge 10x nC/m, calculate E at (1, 1, -1) due to the three charge
distributions.

Solution:
Let

E = E t Ez + E
where E,, Ez, and E, are, respectively, the contributions to E at point (1, 1, -1) due to the
infinite sheet 1, infinite sheet 2, and infinite line 3 as shown in Figure 4.10(a). Applying
eqs. (4.26) and (4.21) gives
10- 10-9
E, =(-a,) = 10-9 r=-180ra,
2Eo
2
36
15- 10-9
= 2707 a,
2Eo 2
36

(3), x= 0, 2=2
HR
y=.
P(I, -)
=2 a
E

(a) (b

Figure 4.10 For Example 4.6: (a) three charge distributions;

(b) findingp and a, on plane y= 1.
and

E, =

where a, (not regular a, but with a similar meaning) is a unit vector along LP perpendicu
lar to the line charge and p is the length LP to be determined from Figure 4.10(b).
Figure 4.10(b) results from Figure 4.10(a) if we consider plane y = 1 on which E, lies.
From Figure 4.10(b), the distance vector from L to P is
R=-3a, +a,
R 3
p= |R|= VI0, a, =
|R| VI0 V10
Hence,

E; =
10 10 1 (a, - 3a,)
10-9 10
2T
36T
= 187(a, - 3a-)
Thus by adding E, Ez, and Es, we obtain the total field as
E= -162ra, + 270ra, - 54ra, V/m
Note that to obtain a, a,, or a,, which we always need for finding F or E, we must go
from the charge (at position vector r') to the field point (at position vector r); hence a, a,
or a, is a unit vector along r -r'.Observe this carefully in Figures 4.6 to 4.10.
 INDIRAGANDIIiINSTITUTEOF TECIINOLOGY, SARANG
Sth Semesterlnternal-Il Examination AY 2024-25
Total no. of Pages:

Branch Eleetrical Engineering

Subject Name EMT Programme B. Tech
Semester
Subject Code PEEES301
Year 2024-25
Time:01Hrs
AnswerQuestianythreefromtherest.
onnumberlwhichiscompulsoryand MaximumMarks
Each Question Carry Marks(M) as Indicated in the right-hand
15

Margin
Q's Questions M BI Co PO
l.a State Gauss's Law and its application. 01
LI,L2C02 POI
b Find the current through the cylindrical surface p=2, 1s z
s5, if 01
j=10 z sin'ø a A/m² L3 CO3 PO2

Write down all Maxwell's equation in its final form (Both differential 01
&Integral form). LI CO4 POI
Two dipole with dipole moments -5@, nC.m and 9 &,
nC.m are 04
Jocated at points (0,0,-2) and (0,0,3) respectively. Find the potential L3,L4CO2 PO4
at () origin (i) (0,0,1).
3 Develope the expression for continuity equation and relaxation time. 04
L2 CO2 POI
4 Deduce the Poission's and Laplace's equation. 04
In an one dimensional device, the charge density is given by
po(), if E= 0at x=0 and V=0 at x=a. Find V& . L2,L4CO3 PO3
5 Obtain the boundary condition between two di-electric
media with 04
dielectric constants E, and E,,contact to each other.
L2,L3CO2 PO1

Bloom's Ll: Remembering

Taxonomy L3: Applying L5:Evaluating
Level(BL) L2: Understanding
LA:Analysing L6: Creating
4.5 GAUSS'S LAW-MAXWELL'S EQUATION
Gauss's law constitutes one of the fundamental laws of clectromagnetism.
Gauss law states that the total electric flux Pthroughany closed surface isequal to
the total charge enclosed by that surface.
4.6 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW

The procedure for applying Gauss's law to calculate the electric field involves first
knowing whether symmetry exists. Once symmetric charge distribution exists, we con
struct a mathematical closed surface (known as a Gaussian surface). The surface is chosen
such that D is normal or tangential to the Gaussian surface. When D is normal to the
surface, D S = DdS because Dis constant on the surface. When Dis tangential to the
surface, D dS = 0. Thus we must choose a surface that has some of the symmetry ex
hibited by the charge distribution. We shall now apply these basic ideas to the following
cases.

A. Point Charge
Suppose a point charge Qis located at the origin. To determine Dat a point P, it is casy to
see that choosing a spherical surface containing P will satisfy symmetry conditions. Thus,
a spherical surface centered at the origin is the Gaussian surface in this case and is shown
in Figure 4.13.

Figure 4.13 Gaussian surface about a point charge.

D

Gaussian surface
 Since D is everywhere normal the Gaussian surface, that is, D = Da,, applying
Gauss's law ( = Qensiosed) gives

(4.44)

where $ dS = So Sa-orsin do do = 4mr is the surface area of the Gaussian

surface. Thus

D=
4T2r (4.45)i

as expected from eqs. (4.11) and (4.35).

B. Infinite Line Charge

Suppose the infinite line of uniform charge p, Cm lies along the z-axis. To determine D at
a point P, we choose a cylindrical surface containing P to satisfy symmetry condition as
shown in Figure 4.14. D is constant on and normal to the cylindrical Gaussian surface; that
is, D = D,a,. If we apply Gauss's law to an arbitrary length of the line

Pe -Q=D s=D, ds = D, 2xpl (4.46)

where f dS = 2rpl is the surface area of the Gaussian surface. Note that f D dS evalu
ated on the top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder is zero since D has no z-component;
that means that D is tangential to those surfaces. Thus

D = a (4.47)
2rp
as expected from eqs. (4.21) and (4.35).

Figure 4.14 Gaussian surface about an infinite line

line charge p, C/m charge.

Gaussian surface

P
C. Infinite Sheet of Charge
Consider the infinite sheet of uniform charge ps C/m lying on the z = 0 plane. To deter
mine D at point P, we choose a rectangular box that is cut symmetrically by the sheet of
charge and has two of its faces parallel to the sheet as shown in Figure 4.15. As D is nomal
to the sheet, D = D,a, and applying Gauss's law gives

dS + ds (4.48)
top 'bottom

Note that D dS evaluated on the sides of the box is zero because D has no components
along a, and a,. If the top and bottom area of the box each has area A, eq. (4.48) becomes
PsA = D, (A + A) (4.49)
and thus

D=a,
2

or

D
E = PS a, (4.50)
280
as expected from eq. (4.25).

D. Uniformly Charged Sphere

Consider a sphere of radius a with a uniform charge p, Clm. To determineD everywhere,
we construct Gaussian surfaces for casesrsaandraseparately. Since the charge has
spherical symmetry, it is obvious that a spherical surface is an appropriate Gaussian
surface.

Figure 4.15 Gaussian surface about an

Infinite sheet of infinite line sheet of charge.
D
charge P C/m?

Area A

Gaussian surface

D
 For r Sa, the total charge enclosed by the spherical surface of radius r, as shown in
Figure 4.16 (a), is

r sin 0 dr do dÙ (4.51)
'=0 '8=0 r=0
4

and

r sin d® dÙ
= D, 4nr2 (4.52)

Hence, Y= ene gives

4n3
D, 4nr? Py
3

Or

r
0<r < a (4.53)
D=7a
For r > a, the Gaussian surface is shown in Figure 4.16(b). The charge enclosed by
the surface is the entire charge in this case, that is,

=0 =0 r=0
4
(4.54)

while

Y= Dds = D, 4rr² (4.55)

Gaussian surface Figure 4.16 Gaussian surface for a uniformly

charged sphere when: (a) r 2 a and (b) rsa.

(a) (b)
Electrostatic Fields

JD! Figure 4.17 Sketch of D| against r for a uniformly

charged sphere.

a'p.
3r2

just as in eg. (4.52). Hence:

4
D, 4z2

or

D
3,2Pya, r2a
(4.56)

Thus from eqs. (4.53) and (4.56), D everywhere is given by

0<r<a
D =
a (4.57)
32P»a ra

and Dis as sketched in Figure 4.17.

Notice from eqs. (4.44), (4.46), (4.48), and (4.52) that the ability to take D out of the
integral sign is the key to finding D using Gauss's law. In other words, D must be constant
on the Gaussian surface.
P. E. 5.1 dS = pdhdza,

|=754A
TABLE 9.1 Generalized Forms of Maxwell's Equations
DifferentialForm Integral Form Remarks

VD = py D· dS =p, dv Gauss's law

B= 0 B dS = 0 Nonexistence of isolated
magnetic charge*
•B
VXE = E· dI= -- B" dS Faraday's law
J

•D
VX H =J+ Hdl= dS Ampere's circuit law
at

*This is also referred to as Gauss's law for magnetic fields.

 Two dipoles with dipole moments -Sa. nC/m and 9a, nC/m are located at points
XAMPLE 4.13
(0,0, -2) and (0, 0, 3), respectively. Find the potential at the origin.
Solution:

V=
4Teri

where
P1 = -5a,, r, = (0, 0, 0) - (0, 0, -2) = 2a,, ri= r|=2
P2 = 9a,, r, = (0, 0, 0) - (0, 0, 3) = -3a, =Ir =3
Hence,
1
V=
4T
367
= -20.25 V
POISSON'SAND LAPLACE'S EQUATIONS
Poisson's and Laplace's cquations are easily derived from Gauss's law (for a linear mater
ial medium)

D= V [E = py (6.1)

'After Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840), a French mathematical physicist.

"Afler Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1829), a French astronomer and mathematician.
199

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200 Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems
and

E = -VV (6.2)

Substituting eq. (6.2) into eq. (6.1) gives

V(-eV) =p, (6.3)

for an inhomogeneous medium. For a homogeneous medium, eq. (6.3) becomes

P (6.4)

This is known as Poisson's equation. A special case of this equation occurs when p, = 0
(i.e., for a charge-free region). Equation (6.4) then becomes

g'V=0 (6.5)

which is known as Laplace 's equation. Note that taking e out of the left-hand side of
cq. (6.3) to obtain eq. (6.4), we have assumed that e is constant throughout the region in
which Vis defined; for an inhomogencous region, e is not constant and eq. (6.4) does not
follow eq. (6.3). Equation (6.3) is Poisson's equation for an inhomogeneous medium; it
becomes Laplace's equation for an inhomogeneous medium when p, = 0.
Recall that the Laplacian operator was derived in Section 3.8. Thus Laplace's equa
tion in Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinates respectively is given by

a'v + av, av = 0 (6.6)

p ôp dp, ) + =0 (6.7)

Sin =0 (6.8)
ar r'sin a

depending on whether the potential is V(x, y, z), V(p, , ¿), or V(r, 6. ). Poisson's equation
in those coordinate systems may be obtained by simply replacing zero on the right-hand
side of eqs. (6.6), (6.7), and (6.8)with -p,/e.
Laplace's equation is of primary importance in solving electrostatic problems involv
ing a set of conductors maintained at different potentials. Examples of such problems
include capacitors and vacuum tube diodes. Laplace's and Poisson's cquations are not only
useful in solving electrostatic field problem: they are used in various other field problems.
 Boundary Conditions
A. Dielectric-Dielectric different dielectrics character
region consisting of two
Consider the E field existing in a Figure 5.10(a). E, and E, in media 1 and 2,
as shown in
ized by e =E,Er1 and e, = EoE2
respectively, can be decomposed as (5.55a)
E, = E + Ejn
(5.55b)
E, = E + Ezr
closed path abcda of Figure 5.10(a) assuming that the path is
We apply eq. (5.52) to the
of E. We obtain
very small with respect to the variation
Ah Ah Ah
Ah (5.56)
0 = E, Aw - E Ezn 2 E, Aw + Ez 2 t En2
becomes
where E,= E, and E, = E,nl. As Ah ’0, eq. (5.56)
E, = Ez (5.57)

of the boundary. In
Thus the tangential components of E are the same on the two sides continuous across
other words, E, undergoes no change on the boundary and it is said to be
the boundary. Since D = eE = D, + D,, eq. (5.57) can be written as
Du E,, = Ey D2s
82

or

Du D (5.58)

that is, D, undergoes some change across the interface. Hence D, is said to be discontinu
Ous across the interface.

Da
A

(a)
(b)
Figure 5.10 Dielectric-dielectric boundary.
Electric Fields in Material Space

Similarly, we apply eq. (5.53) to the pillbox (Gaussian surface) of Figure 5.10(b). AI
lowing Ah’0 gives
AQ = pg AS = Din AS - D2n AS
or

Din - Dn =Ps (5.59)

where ps is the free charge density placed deliberately at the boundary. It should be borne
in mind that eq. (5.59) is based on the assumption that Dis directed from region 2to region
land eq. (5.59)must be applied accordingly. If no free charges exist at the interface (i..,
charges are not deliberately placed there), ps =0 and eg. (5.59) becomes

Din = D2n (5.60)

Thus the normal component of D is continuous across the interface; that is, D, undergoes
no change at the boundary. Since D = eE, eg. (5.60) can be written as
(5.61)

showing that the normal component of E is discontinuous at the boundary. Equations

(5.57) and (5.59), or (5.60) are collectively referred to as boundary conditions; they must
be satisfied by an electric field at the boundary separating two diferent dielectrics.
As mentioned earlier, the boundary conditions are usually applied in finding the elec
tric field onone side of the boundary given the field on the other side. Besides this, we can
use the boundary conditions to determine the "refraction" of the electric field across the in
terface. Consider D, or E, and D, or E, making angles &, and 8, with the normal to the in
terface as illustrated in Figure 5.11. Using eq. (5.57), we have
E, sin , = E, E = E sin ,

Figure 5.11 Refraction of D or E

at a dielectric-dielectric boundary.

02 D,
D
E
D2
or

E, sin &,= E, sin , (5.62)

Similarly, by applying eq. (5.60) or (5.61), we get
eE, cos , = Din = Dn = ,E, cos o2
or

s|E cos , = e,E, cos 8, (5.63)

Dividing eq. (5.62) by eq. (5.63) gives
tan , tan 82
(5.64)

Since [= E,Er and e= ,E, eq. (5.64) becomes

tan ,
(5.65)
tan 62

This is the law of refractionof the electric field at a boundary free of charge (since ps 0
is assumed at the interface). Thus, in general, an interface between two dielectrics pro
duces bending of the fiux lines as aresult of unequal polarization charges that accumulate
on the sides of the interface.