UNIT 11

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND

ITS IMPACTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
Structure
11.1 Introduction 11.6 Conservation and
Expected Learning Outcomes Management of Environment
11.2 Relationship Between 11.7 Sustainable Development
Economic Activities and the 11.8 Summary
Environment 11.9 Terminal Questions
11.3 Environment 11.10 Answers
Use, Misuse and Abuse 11.11 References and Suggested
11.4 Ecological Footprint Further
11.5 Environmental Degradation

11.1 INTRODUCTION
In the last Unit 10 you have studied the economic activities and their impact on
society and culture. Have you ever thought about what impact economic
activities are having on our environment? In this Unit 11, you will study the
economic activities and their impacts on the environment. There is no doubt that
economic activities drive human progress but also pose significant
environmental challenges. Pollution from industrial processes and
transportation, alongside habitat destruction due to deforestation and
urbanization, are key concerns. Resource depletion exacerbates environmental
degradation, while greenhouse gas emissions from economic activities
contribute significantly to climate change. To understand these issues, you will
study the relationship between economic activities and the environment in
subsection 11.2. In subsection 11.3, you will study the concept of environment
and its use, misuse and abuse. Subsection 11.4 discusses the concept of
ecological footprints while subsection 11.5 discusses the issues of
environmental degradation. Conservation and Management of the environment
are discussed in subsection 11.6, while you will study the economic activities
and sustainable development in subsection 11.7.

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Expected Learning Outcomes
After completing the study of this unit, you should be able to:
 discuss the relationship between economic activities and the
environment;
 discuss the concept of environment and its use, misuse and abuse;
 explain ecological footprints;
 explain the economic activities and environmental degradation;
 understand the conservation and management strategies for the
environment and
 discuss sustainable development.

11.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
The environment is the natural world in which people, plants and animals live.
It is also seen as the external conditions and physical surroundings,
especially those that affect the quality of life of plants, animals and human
beings throughout their life cycle. “Environment can be also defined as the all
biotic and abiotic conditions and circumference surrounding and organism,
which directly and indirectly impact, influence and effect the life during growth,
development and survival period of biotic components”. Environment, on the
other hand, has to do with the connection with the natural conditions in which
people, plants and animals live. When therefore, the natural world in which
both human beings and plants live is being damaged, destroyed or reduced
from its original quality or rank or status, to a lesser value or in which its
potentials are hindered, it is called environmental degradation.

In a human society, an economy is the system of exchanges of goods and

services worked out by members of the society. Goods and services are
produced, distributed, and consumed as people make economic decisions
about what they need and want and what they will do to become players in
the system-what and might provide that others would need and want. An
unregulated economy can make intolerable inroads into natural resources.
The unsustainable exploitation of resources began to be addressed at the
turn of the century, as government rules and regulations imposed necessary
limit. A strong relationship exists between the level of development of a
nation, different economic activities and the effectiveness of its environment
public policies. Increased economic activity causes some problems to
increase without any clear and insight (for example suburban sprawl and CO2
emission). All kind of human activities are interrelated with the different
components of the environment. The economic activities are embedded in the
natural world and directly related with the ecological system and providing
goods, services and raw materials resources from ecosystem services
(Wright and Boorse, 2009) as shown in the Fig. 11.1.

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Fig. 11.1: The human economy is embedded in the natural world. Energy
flows through the system, arriving from the Sun and leaving in the form
of heat. Other ecosystem goods and services are used by the human
economy, and materials are recycled.
(Sources: Wright and Boorse, 2009).

The natural environment plays an important role in supporting economic

activity and it contributes to:

 Directly, by providing resources and raw materials such as water, timber

and minerals that are required as inputs for the production of goods and
services; and
 Indirectly, through services provided by ecosystems including carbon
sequestration, water purification, managing flood risks, and nutrient
cycling. Natural resources are, therefore, vital for securing economic
growth and development, not just today but for future generations.

All economic activities are fundamentally reliant on natural resources sourced

from nature, whether it involves consumption, production, or exchange. These
commodities and services can all be traced back to constituents provided by
the natural environment. The ingredients of manufactured products, including
labor, skills, and resources, are all derived from nature. This means that any
manufactured product is essentially a combination of labor, skills, and natural
resources. Even labor itself is a product, manufactured by the resources that
sustain life, such as nutrients, air, and water. All commodities can ultimately
be traced back to natural resources, which can hold direct value as essential
needs or consumption goods, like breathable air, drinkable water, and
fisheries.

In other cases, natural resources provide indirect value, such as plankton

serving as food for fish, which humans then consume. Sometimes, natural
resources possess both direct and indirect value, as seen in drinking and
irrigation water. Natural resources may serve as sources of food, keystone
species in ecosystems, or possess aesthetic or intrinsic value, often
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embodying multiple roles simultaneously. Resource stocks are measured in
various ways, including mass units, numbers, indices of quality, and volume
units, depending on their characteristics. A subset of economists, known as
resource economists, view the natural environment through the lens of
population ecology, focusing on the dynamics of interacting species
populations.

This approach often considers background environmental processes as given

and not subject to extensive analysis. However, reconciling the needs of
economic growth with the necessity of maintaining environmental balance
remains a challenge. This entails ensuring that human activities do not disrupt
the cycles that constitute the environment, thus safeguarding its integrity
while allowing for economic development. The intricate relationship between
economic activities and the environment is depicted in various ways, as
illustrated in figure 11.2.

Fig. 11.2: The link between economic growth and environment.

The surrounding environment and the availability of natural resources play

crucial roles in supporting human economic activities. As noted by Ahuja
(2016), the environment provides life support, supplies natural resources for
production and consumption, absorbs waste products, and offers amenity
services. Essentially, the economy operates within the environmental system,
with its activities impacting the environment and vice versa.

In the production of goods and services, the economy relies on a combination

of man-made capital, labor, and natural resources obtained from the
environment. These resources include coal, oil, petroleum, diesel, CNG gas,
minerals, metals, and more. These components are essential for various
industries and sectors, driving economic growth and development.

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Natural resources can be categorized as renewable or non-renewable.
Renewable resources are those whose quantity can be replenished or
increased over time, even after depletion. Examples of renewable resources
include forests and fisheries. Conversely, non-renewable resources are those
whose depletion cannot be replenished, such as coal, iron ore, and crude oil.
Once these resources are exhausted, they cannot be replaced, making them
finite and limited in supply.

Given their finite nature, non-renewable resources are also referred to as

exhaustible resources. This distinction highlights the importance of
sustainable management and conservation practices to ensure the long-term
availability of natural resources for future generations. By understanding the
dynamics of renewable and non-renewable resources, societies can make
informed decisions regarding resource utilization and environmental
stewardship.

How the economy is related to the environment is depicted in the figure 11.3.
The environment in the figure is represented by the whole big circle. The
environment means all natural resources such as land, ecosystem, all mineral
and metals deposited under the land surface, world’s ocean and atmosphere
and natural climate. The economy is shown inside the environment system in
which works, fig. 11.3 (Uttekar and Salvi, 2018).

Fig. 11.3: Economy-Environment Linkages.

(Source: Ahuja H.L. (2016): “Development Economics”, 1st edition, S. Chand Publication, New
Delhi and (Uttekar and Salvi, 2018))

There are many relations between the environment and the economy:

 First, the environment system that includes the air and atmosphere,
rivers, the fertility of the soil and biodiversity (i.e. various types of plant
and animal life) on which life of households depends. They are essential
and necessary for their existence of human beings to live. If there is any
large reduction in these conditions provided by environment system, there
will be highly devastating effect on human life. This life-support function of
the environment system is shown by the arrow towards the economy in
the upper part of fig. 11.3.
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 Second, the environment provides raw materials and energy resources
such as minerals, metals, food, wood and cotton for production and use
by the firms and households in the economy. These natural resources
may be renewable or non-renewable. Some non-renewable resources
must be preserved for future generations and in this regard, efforts should
be made to find their man-made substitutes. For example, to save coal,
solar energy can be used. Besides, even renewable resources can be
used in sustainable manner. For example, to ensure deforestation should
not result in desertification, new trees be planted to make up the loss of
trees. The use of renewable resources is shown in the above diagram by
opposite flow of resources from the economy to the environment. As
regards non-renewable resources such as coal and crude oil, their use
causes permanent reduction in their stock. The economic activities and
the policies that drive them determine many of the effects of human
activity on environmental systems, in somewhat different ways as shown
by Wright and Boorse, 2009 in the fig. 11.4.

Fig. 11.4: Classical view of economic activity. Land (natural resources),

labor, and capital are the three elements constituting the “factors of
production” (bottom green arrow). Economic activity involves the
circular flow of money (blue arrows) and products (top green arrow)
(Sources: Wright and Boorse, 2009)

 Third important function of the environment is to absorb the waste

products such as carbon dioxide (CO2) which originates from the
production processes of the firms, from power plants or the consumption
activities of the households which originate garbage for collection and
disposable. Thus, the environment is used as a waste sink. Wastes may
be in a variety of forms, such as solid, air and water-borne. It is important
to note that environment has a limited assimilative capacity to absorb
these wastes or to dispose of them safely. That is to transform them into
some harmless substances. The different parts of the environment system
may perform more than one function. For example, “the oceans are

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important in determining the life-support system provided by the global
and microclimates; they are sources of many minerals and other
resources; they assimilate many different wastes and they provide the
space and opportunity for marine pastimes” (Thirlwall, 2011). The
functions of environment may be competitive or complementary. For
example, the excessive deposit of wastes in ocean will reduce their
capacity to provide habitat for fish stock. Environment functions may be
complementary as the forestry policy of planting more trees can ensure
sustainable way of reducing soil erosion (providing life support function), a
source of timer (a function of natural resource supply) and absorbing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (a waste absorption function). Thus,
the linkages between the economy and the environment are evident from
the above chart (Table. 11.1).

Table 11.1: The global status of ecosystem services. Human use has
degraded almost two-thirds of the identified services; 20% are mixed,
meaning they are degraded in some areas and enhanced in others; and
17% have been enhanced by human use.

(Sources: Wright and Boorse, 2009)

11.3 ENVIRONMENT: USE, MISUSE AND ABUSE

The environment encompasses the natural and human-made surroundings in
which living organisms exist. It includes ecosystems, such as forests, oceans,
and deserts, as well as the air, water, soil, and biodiversity within them.
Human activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture,
impact the environment through pollution, habitat destruction, and resource
depletion. Understanding and protecting the environment is crucial for
sustaining life on Earth, and efforts to promote sustainable management of
natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, and reduction of pollution are
essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both present and future
generations.

In the realm of resource management, responsible use of natural resources is

paramount for ensuring their availability for current and future generations.
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Practices such as sustainable forestry, fisheries management, and
agricultural techniques that prioritize soil health and biodiversity conservation
exemplify environmentally sound resource utilization. Additionally,
transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like solar, wind,
and hydroelectric power reduces reliance on finite resources and mitigates
environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Conversely, misuse of the environment manifests in actions such as rampant

deforestation, driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and urbanization.
This results in habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion, with
the Amazon rainforest serving as a prominent example facing significant
threats from deforestation. Furthermore, pollution, whether it be from
industrial emissions, agricultural runoff, or improper waste disposal, poses
serious threats to both human health and ecosystem integrity. Instances like
air pollution in cities such as Beijing and New Delhi, water pollution in rivers
like the Ganges, and soil contamination from industrial activities underscore
the pervasive nature of this issue.

Abuse of the environment takes shape through unsustainable development

projects, including dam construction, urban sprawl, and mining operations,
which often lead to irreversible habitat destruction and fragmentation. This
poses a significant threat to numerous plant and animal species, exacerbating
the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Overexploitation of natural resources, such as
overfishing, illegal logging, and groundwater depletion, further exacerbates
environmental degradation, depleting natural capital and undermining the
ability of ecosystems to regenerate and provide essential services. In the
Indian context, events such as the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, resulting from a
catastrophic industrial accident, underscore the dire consequences of
inadequate safety regulations and corporate negligence. Moreover, natural
disasters like the devastating floods in Kerala in 2018, exacerbated by
deforestation, improper land use, and climate change, serve as poignant
reminders of the vulnerability of densely populated regions to environmental
hazards.

Addressing these environmental challenges requires a multifaceted approach

involving stringent regulations and enforcement mechanisms to prevent
degradation and hold polluters accountable. The United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) provide a comprehensive framework for
addressing environmental issues alongside social and economic objectives,
emphasizing the importance of integrated approaches to sustainability.
Furthermore, public awareness and education play a crucial role in fostering a
culture of sustainability and empowering individuals to make informed choices
that contribute to environmental preservation and stewardship.

11.4 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

The Ecological Footprint serves as a resource accounting tool, comprising
two primary indicators: the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity. It was
introduced in 1992 by William Rees as a means to evaluate the
environmental impact of human activities. This tool allows analysts to
determine the rate at which humans consume resources and generate waste
by comparing human demand on nature with the biosphere's ability to
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regenerate resources and provide services. The Ecological Footprint
quantifies the demand humanity makes of the biosphere's renewable natural
capital, while biocapacity quantifies Earth's supply. Essentially, it measures
how much land and water area a human population requires to provide the
resources it consumes and to absorb its waste under prevailing technology.

Measured in global hectares (gha), which represent the amount of biologically

productive land and sea available on the planet, ecological footprints are
calculated for each year to account for changing technology and harvest
practices. Biologically productive areas include cropland, forests, and fishing
grounds but exclude deserts, glaciers, or the open ocean. The current global
biologically productive area is 10.8 billion hectares, with 21% being productive
ocean and 79% productive land. Biocapacity can be considered human
society's ecological budget, representing the renewable natural capital within
which humanity - and all wild species - should live.

The National Footprint Accounts program, initiated in 2003 by the Global

Footprint Network, annually documents the Ecological Footprint and
biocapacity of more than 230 countries and territories, along with global
trends. Calculations are based on a consistent United Nations dataset,
reaching back to 1961. A comparison of Ecological Footprint and biocapacity
values determines a natural capital comparison, identifying a biocapacity
deficit when the Ecological Footprint exceeds biocapacity and a biocapacity
reserves situation when the opposite occurs.

The goods and services sustaining a healthy human society, including access
to food, safe water, sanitation, culture, manufactured goods, and economic
opportunity, all rely on functioning and healthy ecosystems. Even fossil
energy use is constrained by biocapacity due to the limited absorptive
capacity for its primary waste, carbon dioxide (CO2). With climate scientists
warning against exceeding 450 ppm of CO2 to avert catastrophic climate
change, there is no room for further fossil fuel use. This constraint on
biocapacity becomes more pressing as alternative energy sources compete
for resources.

According to Galli et al. (2012) from the Global Footprint Network, data from
1961 to 2010 shows a significant increase in human demand for renewable
resources and ecological services, rising by almost 140% from 7.6 to 18.1
billion global hectares. This surge in demand has pushed the planet's bio-
productive area, which increased from 9.9 to 12 billion global hectares, to its
limits, making it insufficient to support the competing demands. In 2010,
humanity's demand reached the equivalent of approximately 1.54 Earths
worth of provisioning and regulatory services, highlighting the unsustainable
nature of current consumption patterns (WWF et al., 2014).

At the global level, the rise in anthropogenic demands is particularly

pronounced for the carbon Footprint, which increased by 260% due to the
growing use of fossil fuels, electricity, and energy-intensive commodities, as
well as the cropland Footprint, which rose by 125% (WWF et al., 2014).
However, there are variations in Footprints among income groups (Galli et al.,
2012). Per capita Footprint increased only in high-income countries, indicating
lifestyle improvements, while it decreased in low-income countries, which

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experienced significant population growth.

The carbon Footprint's share grew from 31% in 1965 to 63% in 2005, while
the cropland Footprint decreased from 37% to 18% in high-income countries.
Middle-income countries exhibited a similar trend. In contrast, cropland
remained the primary Footprint component in low-income countries in 2005,
although its contribution decreased from 62% to 44% between 1965 and
2005. Galli et al. (2012) argue that middle- and low-income countries are
following the same development path as high-income countries, characterized
by a transition from agrarian (biomass-based) to industrialized (fossil-fuel-
based) societies.

The escalating human pressure on Earth's ecosystems, as measured by

Footprint assessments, corroborates other scientific findings. Biodiversity loss
is occurring at an alarming rate, driven in part by human pressure on
ecosystems. Studies have linked human demand on the biosphere, as
tracked through the Ecological Footprint, to direct threats to biodiversity. It is
concluded that current efforts to mitigate biodiversity decline may be
insufficient as they primarily address symptoms rather than underlying
causes. Hence, traditional conservation measures such as protected areas
and biodiversity-related aids must be complemented with strategies targeting
the human drivers of pressures on biodiversity, such as green economy
policies.

SAQ 1
What is Ecological footprint?

11.5 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Environmental degradation is a pressing global issue characterized by the
deterioration of natural resources and ecosystems due to human activities.
This phenomenon threatens biodiversity, water and air quality, soil fertility,
and overall ecosystem health. Several global examples highlight the severity
of environmental degradation, along with specific instances in India.

Deforestation is a significant contributor to environmental degradation

globally, leading to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and
exacerbation of climate change. The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as
the "lungs of the Earth," has experienced extensive deforestation due to
logging, agriculture, and infrastructure development. According to data from
Global Forest Watch, the Amazon lost 10,476 square kilometers of forest
cover in 2020 alone. In India, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas
are biodiversity hotspots facing deforestation threats due to urbanization,
agricultural expansion, and illegal logging. A study published in the journal
Current Science estimated that India lost around 1.6 million hectares of forest
cover between 2001 and 2018.

Pollution of air, water, and soil is another critical aspect of environmental

degradation. Industrial activities, vehicular emissions, and agricultural runoff
contribute to air pollution, leading to respiratory diseases and environmental
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damage. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 13 of the
world's 20 most polluted cities are in India, with Delhi being one of the most
polluted cities globally. The Ganges River in India, considered sacred by
millions, suffers from severe water pollution due to industrial waste, sewage
discharge, and agricultural runoff, impacting aquatic life and human health.
According to a report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), around
80% of the pollution in the Ganges is caused by domestic sewage and
industrial effluents.

Desertification, the process by which fertile land becomes desert due to

overgrazing, deforestation, and unsustainable land use practices, is a
significant environmental concern. The Sahel region in Africa has
experienced desertification, leading to land degradation, loss of biodiversity,
and food insecurity. In India, regions like Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat are
prone to desertification due to unsustainable agricultural practices and water
scarcity.

Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities,

is causing widespread environmental degradation globally. Rising
temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting polar ice caps are some
of its impacts. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), India's average temperature has risen by around 0.7°C over the past
century, leading to changes in rainfall patterns and increased frequency of
extreme weather events. The Sundarbans mangrove forest in India, home to
unique biodiversity and a natural buffer against cyclones, faces threats from
rising sea levels and changing climatic conditions, putting local communities
and ecosystems at risk. According to a study published in the journal Nature
Climate Change, sea levels in the Sundarbans are rising at a rate of 8
millimeters per year, nearly twice the global average.

Loss of biodiversity, resulting from habitat destruction, overexploitation of

natural resources, and climate change, is a significant concern for
environmental degradation. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the world's
largest coral reef ecosystem, is experiencing mass coral bleaching events
due to rising ocean temperatures, threatening its biodiversity and ecological
integrity. In India, the Western Ghats and the Himalayan region are
biodiversity hotspots facing habitat loss and species extinction due to human
encroachment and climate change. According to the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), India is home to around 7-8% of the
world's recorded species, but habitat loss and degradation are putting many
of these species at risk of extinction. India has implemented various initiatives
to address environmental degradation, including the National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP) to combat air pollution, the National Mission for Clean
Ganga (NMCG) to rejuvenate the Ganges River, and the National
Afforestation Programme (NAP) to increase forest cover and combat
desertification. Additionally, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
framework provides a roadmap for addressing environmental challenges in
India, including goals related to clean water and sanitation (SDG 6),
affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), and sustainable cities and communities
(SDG 11).

Environmental degradation is a complex and multifaceted issue with far-

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reaching consequences for ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being.
By implementing sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and policy
interventions, countries can mitigate environmental degradation and
safeguard natural resources for future generations. Collaboration among
governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector is essential to
address this global challenge effectively.

11.5.1 Causes of Environmental Degradation

The rapid growth of the world's human population, coupled with increasing
economic activities, has significantly impacted the environment in recent
decades. With the global population surpassing 6.8 billion in 2010 and
projected to exceed 9.1 billion by 2050, the demand for food, clothing, shelter,
and employment has escalated. This surge in economic production and
growth, which has doubled since 1986, has led to various adverse effects on
the natural ecosystem.

The interplay between economic activities and climate change has

synergistically affected the relationship between social and ecological
systems, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century. The depletion of
natural resources has occurred at an unsustainable rate, with profound
impacts observed in arid regions, mountainous areas, and coastal zones
characterized by fragile landscapes and ecological sensitivity.

The cause-and-effect relationship between human economic activities and

environmental damage is evident. As societies strive for modernization and
development, they often exploit natural resources indiscriminately, leading to
environmental degradation. Overuse, over-cultivation, and overexploitation of
resources contribute to significant damage to ecosystems, exacerbating
issues such as deforestation, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity. In
essence, the pursuit of economic growth and development has come at a
cost to the environment, jeopardizing the health of the planet and human well-
being. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to adopt
sustainable practices, mitigate the impacts of economic activities on
ecosystems, and promote conservation and environmental stewardship for
the benefit of present and future generations.

11.5.2 Consequences of Environmental Degradation by

Economic Activities
Environmental degradation resulting from economic activities has emerged as
a critical global challenge, profoundly affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and
human well-being. Several consequences underscore the relationship
between economic activities and environmental degradation, and are
discussed below:

Ecosystem Decline: Human reliance on natural and managed ecosystems

for essential goods and services, such as food, water, and timber, has led to
ecosystem mismanagement and overexploitation. This has resulted in
rampant degradation, including groundwater depletion, soil erosion,
overfishing, and deforestation. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report
highlighted unprecedented alterations in ecosystems due to human demands,
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leading to irreversible biodiversity loss. Urgent action is required to prevent
further degradation and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services,
particularly for vulnerable populations.

Loss of Biodiversity: The rapid expansion of human economic activities,

including agriculture and urban development, has resulted in habitat loss and
species extinction. Deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of natural
resources have led to the loss of wild plants and animals and their habitats.
Estimates suggest that Earth is losing species at an alarming rate,
threatening ecosystems' stability and resilience.

Increase in Greenhouse Gas Concentrations: Human activities have

substantially increased the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leading to a rise in global temperatures. Carbon dioxide levels,
measured since the 1950s, have surged from 280 ppm to over 407 ppm,
primarily due to industrial emissions. Other greenhouse gases, such as
methane and nitrous oxide, have also increased, exacerbating the
greenhouse effect and contributing to climate change.

Global Climate Change: The accumulation of greenhouse gases, primarily

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide, has led to global climate
change, threatening ecosystems and human livelihoods. CO2 levels have
surged due to fossil fuel combustion, with concentrations reaching over 400
ppm, significantly higher than pre-industrial levels. Methane and nitrous oxide
concentrations have also increased, primarily due to agricultural activities.
Urgent mitigation efforts are imperative to curb the devastating effects of
climate change on ecosystems and human societies.

Impacts on Minerals and Water Resources: The exploitation of local

resources, including minerals and water, has led to their depletion and
degradation. Activities such as mining, overfishing, and unsustainable
agricultural practices have exhausted mineral resources, depleted fish stocks,
and reduced soil fertility. Economic activities have also put pressure on water
resources, leading to hydrological imbalances, erosion, and pollution, further
exacerbating environmental degradation.

Soil Pollution and Degradation: Industrialization and chemical usage have

contributed to soil pollution and degradation. Soil erosion, driven by
overcultivation and overgrazing, depletes soil nutrients and contributes to
river and dam siltation. Chemical pollutants from fossil fuel combustion and
industrial emissions contaminate soil, affecting its structure and chemical
properties. These activities collectively pose significant challenges to
ecosystems and human health.

Impacts by Pesticides and Insecticides: Agricultural practices involving the

use of pesticides and insecticides contribute to soil pollution. These chemicals
affect soil biological and chemical properties, altering soil composition and
fertility. Toxic substances released from pesticides and insecticides can
persist in the soil, posing long-term risks to ecosystems and human health.

Release of Sewage Matters and Use of Chemical Fertilizers: Sewage

waste used as fertilizer and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers
contribute to soil pollution. Decomposing sewage releases toxic heavy
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metals, while chemical fertilizers introduce pollutants into the soil, affecting its
chemical composition and fertility. These activities degrade soil quality and
pose risks to environmental and human health.

Deposition of Industrial Effluents and Solid Waste: Industrial activities

release various inorganic and organic substances into the environment,
affecting soil quality. Industrial effluents alter soil characteristics, including pH
and mineral composition, while solid waste deposition introduces pollutants
and contaminants into the soil, impacting its chemical and physical properties.
These activities contribute to soil pollution and degradation, posing risks to
ecosystems and human health.

Electronic Waste: The disposal of electronic waste (e-waste) poses

significant environmental and health risks. Improper disposal methods, such
as landfill and incineration, contribute to soil contamination and air pollution.
Recycling e-waste, while beneficial, can also distribute hazardous
substances, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Sustainable
management of e-waste is essential to mitigate environmental degradation
and protect human well-being.

Radioactive Pollutants: Nuclear activities contribute to the deposition of

radioactive waste materials into the soil, posing significant environmental and
health risks. Radioactive substances, such as Strontium-90 and Plutonium,
contaminate soil and groundwater, affecting ecosystems and human
populations. Proper management of radioactive waste is essential to mitigate
environmental degradation and protect human health.

Addressing environmental degradation resulting from economic activities

requires urgent and concerted efforts at the global, national, and local levels.
Sustainable development practices, conservation measures, and policy
interventions are essential to mitigate environmental degradation, protect
ecosystems, and safeguard human health and well-being. Collaboration
among governments, industries, and civil society is crucial to achieving
sustainable environmental management and ensuring a resilient future for all.

11.6 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF

ENVIRONMENT
The conservation and management of the environment are paramount global
priorities, given the increasingly evident threats posed by climate change,
biodiversity loss, and pollution. Recognizing the urgency of these challenges,
various world organizations, including the United Nations (UN), have taken
significant steps to address them. The UN's primary environmental arm, the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), plays a pivotal role in
coordinating international efforts to tackle environmental issues. Through
initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Kyoto
Protocol on climate change, and most notably, the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), the UN seeks to set clear targets for environmental
sustainability on a global scale.

It is important to study the initiatives and policies undertaken by both global

organizations like the United Nations and the government of India for the
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conservation and management of the environment and thus, are discussed
below:

United Nations Initiatives:

 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): This international treaty aims to

promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The CBD's
strategic plan provides a framework for countries to achieve biodiversity
targets, including the protection of ecosystems and the equitable sharing
of benefits from genetic resources.
 Kyoto Protocol: Although the Kyoto Protocol has largely been succeeded
by the Paris Agreement, it was a significant international treaty aimed at
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It established binding targets for
developed countries to reduce emissions and encouraged the
implementation of clean energy technologies.
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The SDGs, adopted by all UN
Member States in 2015, include several targets related to environmental
conservation and management. These goals encompass clean water and
sanitation (Goal 6), climate action (Goal 13), life below water (Goal 14),
and life on land (Goal 15), among others.
 UN Environment Programme (UNEP): UNEP is a leading global authority
on environmental issues, coordinating international efforts to address
challenges such as pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss.
Through initiatives like the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) reports,
UNEP provides scientific assessments and policy guidance to
governments and stakeholders.
 Global Environment Facility (GEF): The GEF is a partnership of various
international organizations, governments, and NGOs that provides grants
and funding for projects addressing global environmental issues. It
supports initiatives in areas such as biodiversity conservation, climate
change mitigation, and sustainable land management.

Government of India Initiatives:

 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched in 2008, the

NAPCC outlines strategies and measures to mitigate greenhouse gas
emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. It includes eight
national missions focusing on areas like solar energy, energy efficiency,
and sustainable agriculture.
 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): This initiative aims
to promote climate-resilient agriculture practices and enhance the
productivity of agricultural systems while conserving natural resources. It
includes schemes for soil health management, water conservation, and
promoting organic farming.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission): Launched in 2014, this
flagship program aims to achieve universal sanitation coverage and
promote hygiene practices across the country. It includes initiatives for
constructing toilets, managing solid waste, and promoting behavioral
change towards cleanliness.
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 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Introduced in 2019, the NCAP
aims to address air pollution in Indian cities by setting targets for reducing
particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations. It focuses on
source-specific interventions, improving air quality monitoring, and
increasing public awareness.
 National Green Tribunal (NGT): Established in 2010, the NGT is a
specialized judicial body dedicated to adjudicating environmental disputes
and enforcing environmental laws. It plays a crucial role in ensuring
compliance with environmental regulations and holding polluters
accountable.

These initiatives, both at the global and national levels, underscore the
importance of concerted efforts to address environmental challenges and
promote sustainable development. By implementing robust policies, fostering
international cooperation, and engaging with stakeholders, governments and
global organizations can work together to safeguard the environment for
future generations.

SAQ 2
List the initiatives taken by the United Nations for the conservation and
Management of the Environment.

11.7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is a concept that evolved from growing concerns
about the environmental and social impacts of rapid economic growth and
industrialization. It gained significant attention with the publication of the
Brundtland Report in 1987, officially titled "Our Common Future," by the
World Commission on Environment and Development. Led by Gro Harlem
Brundtland, the report defined sustainable development as "development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."

The concept of sustainable development has its roots in earlier environmental

movements and ideologies, such as conservationism and ecological
preservation. However, it represented a paradigm shift by integrating
environmental concerns with social and economic considerations. The
Brundtland Report played a pivotal role in popularizing the idea of
sustainability on a global scale, highlighting the urgent need for a more
balanced approach to development that considers environmental, social, and
economic dimensions.

Since the release of the Brundtland Report, sustainable development has

become a guiding principle for policymakers, businesses, and civil society
organizations worldwide. It has been further reinforced through international
agreements such as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
(1992) and the adoption of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) in 2015. These initiatives underscore the importance of integrating
sustainability into all aspects of decision-making and development planning.

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11.7.1 Role of Sustainable Development for
Environment and Development
Environmental Conservation: Sustainable development prioritizes the
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystems. It
seeks to minimize environmental degradation, protect biodiversity, and
mitigate the impacts of climate change. For instance, according to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures
have risen by about 1.2 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century, leading
to more frequent extreme weather events and threats to ecosystems
worldwide.

Social Equity: A central tenet of sustainable development is social equity and

justice. It recognizes the importance of addressing social inequalities, poverty,
and inequitable access to resources and opportunities. Sustainable
development aims to improve the well-being of all people, particularly
marginalized and vulnerable communities, by ensuring access to basic
services such as education, healthcare, and clean water. According to the
World Bank, as of 2020, about 9.2% of the world's population lives in extreme
poverty, struggling to afford even basic necessities.

Economic Prosperity: Sustainable development seeks to achieve economic

prosperity while ensuring the long-term health and resilience of the economy.
It advocates for sustainable economic growth that creates employment
opportunities, fosters innovation, and promotes inclusive development.
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), as of 2021, global
unemployment rates stood at 6.1%, with an estimated 266 million people
without jobs.

Inter-generational Equity: Sustainable development emphasizes inter-

generational equity, recognizing that present actions have consequences for
future generations. It calls for responsible stewardship of natural resources
and ecosystems to ensure their availability and viability for future use. This
involves adopting a precautionary approach to environmental management
and taking proactive measures to address environmental challenges.

Global Cooperation: Achieving sustainable development requires international

cooperation and collaboration. It involves working together across borders to
address global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and
resource depletion. International agreements and initiatives, such as the Paris
Agreement and the SDGs, provide frameworks for collective action and
shared responsibility in advancing sustainability goals.

SAQ 3
Define Sustainable Development.

11.7.2 Nexus between Economic Activities and

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
A comprehensive study conducted by Jan Anton van Zanten and Rob van
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Tulder (2021) and published in the International Journal of Sustainable
Development & World Ecology sheds light on the intricate relationship
between economic activities and the pursuit of Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). This systematic review, encompassing 876 articles published
between 2005 and 2019, provides valuable insights into how various
economic sectors impact sustainability efforts.

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing: Economic activities in agriculture,

forestry, and fishing are pivotal in addressing hunger, enhancing food access,
and promoting sustainable food systems. While these sectors contribute
positively to meeting SDGs related to hunger (SDG 2) and economic
productivity (SDG 8), they also pose significant environmental challenges.
Agricultural intensification often leads to negative ecosystem impacts, with
water scarcity emerging as a major concern due to substantial water
withdrawals. Moreover, the use of fertilizers and pesticides contributes to soil
and groundwater pollution, adversely affecting freshwater ecosystems and
biodiversity. Deforestation and habitat loss further exacerbate these
challenges, highlighting the need to balance economic activities with
environmental conservation efforts.

Mining and Quarrying: Mining and quarrying activities, while essential for
energy provision and infrastructure development, have significant
environmental implications. These sectors contribute to industrialization (SDG
9) and economic growth but often at the expense of natural habitats and
biodiversity. The excavation and extraction processes associated with mining
lead to habitat degradation, while water pollution and waste generation pose
additional threats to ecosystems. Air pollution from particulate and gas
emissions further compounds these environmental challenges, impacting
human health, particularly in communities near mining areas.

Manufacturing: Manufacturing sectors play a crucial role in driving

industrialization, employment, and income growth. Complex goods
production, such as electronics and vehicles, contributes to economic
productivity and innovation. However, manufacturing activities also have
negative environmental impacts, notably on climate change and water
resources. Water-intensive manufacturing processes contribute to water
scarcity, while industries like textiles and chemicals generate water pollution,
further endangering freshwater ecosystems. Solid waste generation and
habitat destruction underscore the importance of adopting sustainable
manufacturing practices to mitigate environmental risks.

Electric Appliances: The electricity and energy supply sectors have the
potential to ensure access to modern energy services and promote
industrialization. However, reliance on non-renewable energy sources
contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, posing significant
health risks. Transitioning towards renewable energy sources is imperative to
mitigate climate change impacts and improve air quality, thereby fostering
sustainable development.

Water Supply: Sewerage, waste management, and water supply activities

are instrumental in advancing various SDG targets, including access to safe
drinking water and sanitation. While these activities contribute positively to

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human well-being, they also pose environmental challenges. Energy-intensive
water distribution processes and waste incineration contribute to climate
change and air pollution, highlighting the need for sustainable waste
management practices.

Construction: Construction activities play a vital role in providing housing

and infrastructure, supporting urbanization and economic development.
However, construction processes contribute to greenhouse gas emissions,
water consumption, and waste generation, posing environmental challenges.
Sustainable construction practices, including energy-efficient designs and
materials, are essential to minimize environmental impacts and promote
sustainable urban development.

Wholesale and Retail Trade: Wholesale and retail trade activities contribute
to economic growth and access to goods and services, including food and
healthcare products. However, these sectors also generate significant waste
and air pollutants, posing environmental and health risks. Sustainable supply
chain management and waste reduction strategies are essential to mitigate
these impacts and promote sustainable consumption patterns.

Transportation and Storage: Transportation and storage activities support

industrialization and mobility but also contribute to climate change and air
pollution. Road, water, and air transport activities generate greenhouse gas
emissions and threaten land and marine ecosystems. Investing in sustainable
transportation infrastructure and promoting alternative transportation modes
are critical for reducing environmental impacts and advancing sustainable
development goals.

Accommodation and Food Service: Accommodation and food service

activities contribute to tourism and food access but also consume significant
resources and generate waste. Sustainable tourism practices and food waste
reduction strategies are essential to minimize environmental impacts and
promote sustainable consumption and hospitality practices.

Information and Communication: Information and communication activities

support economic productivity and access to information but also contribute to
energy consumption and electronic waste generation. Promoting energy-
efficient technologies and responsible e-waste management practices are
essential for mitigating environmental impacts and advancing sustainable
development goals.

Finance and Insurance: Financial and insurance activities support economic

development but also pose risks of financial instability and inequality.
Promoting inclusive financial services and responsible investment practices
are essential for fostering economic growth and social equity while minimizing
environmental risks.

Real Estate: Real estate activities contribute to housing access but also
consume resources and generate waste. Sustainable building practices and
urban planning are essential for minimizing environmental impacts and
promoting resilient and inclusive communities.

Professional and Technical Services: Professional and technical services

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support research and technological innovation but also consume resources
and generate waste. Promoting sustainable design practices and responsible
resource management are essential for advancing sustainable development
goals.

Education and Human Health: Education and human health activities

support access to education and healthcare but also consume resources and
contribute to pollution. Promoting sustainable education and healthcare
practices are essential for fostering human development and well-being while
minimizing environmental impacts.

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation: Arts, entertainment, and recreation

activities contribute to cultural enrichment but also consume resources and
generate waste. Promoting sustainable cultural practices and conservation
efforts are essential for preserving cultural heritage and promoting
environmental stewardship.

Other Service Activities: Other service activities encompass a wide range of

economic sectors with diverse environmental impacts. Promoting sustainable
practices and responsible resource management across these sectors are
essential for advancing sustainable development goals and fostering
environmental stewardship.

Thus, we can say that sustainable development represents a holistic

approach to development that seeks to balance environmental, social, and
economic priorities. It provides a framework for creating a more equitable,
resilient, and sustainable future for all. By integrating sustainability into
decision-making processes and development strategies, societies can work
towards achieving a more harmonious relationship between humans and the
natural world, while promoting the well-being of present and future
generations.

11.8 SUMMARY
In this Unit, you have studied so far:
 The environment is the natural world in which people, plants and animals
live. It is also seen as the external conditions and physical surroundings,
especially those that affect the quality of life of plants, animals and human
beings throughout their life cycle. “Environment can be also defined as the
all biotic and abiotic conditions and circumference surrounding and
organism, which directly and indirectly impact, influence and effect the life
during growth, development and survival period of biotic components”.
 All economic activities are fundamentally reliant on natural resources
sourced from nature, whether it involves consumption, production, or
exchange. These commodities and services can all be traced back to
constituents provided by the natural environment. The ingredients of
manufactured products, including labor, skills, and resources, are all
derived from nature.
 In the realm of resource management, responsible use of natural
resources is paramount for ensuring their availability for current and future
generations. Practices such as sustainable forestry, fisheries
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management, and agricultural techniques that prioritize soil health and
biodiversity conservation exemplify environmentally sound resource
utilization.
 Conversely, misuse of the environment manifests in actions such as
rampant deforestation, driven by agricultural expansion, logging, and
urbanization. This results in habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and
soil erosion, with the Amazon rainforest serving as a prominent example
facing significant threats from deforestation.
 Abuse of the environment takes shape through unsustainable
development projects, including dam construction, urban sprawl, and
mining operations, which often lead to irreversible habitat destruction and
fragmentation. This poses a significant threat to numerous plant and
animal species, exacerbating the ongoing biodiversity crisis.
 The Ecological Footprint serves as a resource accounting tool, comprising
two primary indicators: the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity. It was
introduced in 1992 by William Rees as a means to evaluate the
environmental impact of human activities. This tool allows analysts to
determine the rate at which humans consume resources and generate
waste by comparing human demand on nature with the biosphere's ability
to regenerate resources and provide services.
 The conservation and management of the environment are paramount
global priorities, given the increasingly evident threats posed by climate
change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Recognizing the urgency of these
challenges, various world organizations, including the United Nations
(UN), have taken significant steps to address them. The UN's primary
environmental arm, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
plays a pivotal role in coordinating international efforts to tackle
environmental issues.
 Sustainable development is a concept that evolved from growing
concerns about the environmental and social impacts of rapid economic
growth and industrialization. It gained significant attention with the
publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987, officially titled "Our Common
Future," by the World Commission on Environment and Development. Led
by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the report defined sustainable development as
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

11.9 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the relationship between economic activities and the
environment.

2. Discuss the causes and consequences of environmental degradation.

3. Define Sustainable Development and discuss the nexus between

Economic Activities and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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11.10 ANSWERS
Self-Assessment Questions (SAQ)
1. The Ecological Footprint serves as a resource accounting tool, comprising
two primary indicators: the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity. It was
introduced in 1992 by William Rees as a means to evaluate the
environmental impact of human activities. This tool allows analysts to
determine the rate at which humans consume resources and generate
waste by comparing human demand on nature with the biosphere's ability
to regenerate resources and provide services.
2. The UN's primary environmental arm, the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), plays a pivotal role in coordinating international
efforts to tackle environmental issues. Through initiatives such as the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Kyoto Protocol on climate
change, and most notably, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
the UN seeks to set clear targets for environmental sustainability on a
global scale.
3. Sustainable development is a concept that evolved from growing
concerns about the environmental and social impacts of rapid economic
growth and industrialization. It gained significant attention with the
publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987, officially titled "Our Common
Future," by the World Commission on Environment and Development. Led
by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the report defined sustainable development as
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Terminal Questions
1. In a human society, an economy is the system of exchanges of goods
and services worked out by members of the society. Goods and services
are produced, distributed, and consumed as people make economic
decisions about what they need and want and what they will do to
become players in the system-what and might provide that others would
need and want. An unregulated economy can make intolerable inroads
into natural resources. The unsustainable exploitation of resources began
to be addressed at the turn of the century, as government rules and
regulations imposed necessary limit. A strong relationship exists between
the level of development of a nation, different economic activities and the
effectiveness of its environment public policies. Increased economic
activity causes some problems to increase without any clear and insight
(for example suburban sprawl and CO2 emission). (Refer to section 11.2).
2. The rapid growth of the world's human population, coupled with increasing
economic activities, has significantly impacted the environment in recent
decades. With the global population surpassing 6.8 billion in 2010 and
projected to exceed 9.1 billion by 2050, the demand for food, clothing,
shelter, and employment has escalated. This surge in economic
production and growth, which has doubled since 1986, has led to various
adverse effects on the natural ecosystem. (Refer to subsection 11.5.1 &
11.5.2).
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3. Sustainable development is a concept that evolved from growing
concerns about the environmental and social impacts of rapid economic
growth and industrialization. It gained significant attention with the
publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987, officially titled "Our Common
Future," by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
(Refer to section 11.7 & Subsection to 11.7.2).

11.11 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED

FURTHER READINGS
1. Ahuja H.L (2016): “Development Economics”, 1st Edition, S. Chand
Publication, New Delhi.
2. Economic Growth and the Environment March (2010): Tim Everett,
Mallika Ishwaran, Gian Paolo Ansaloni and Alex Rubin,
Defra.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/syste
m/uploads/attachment_data/file/69195/pb13390-economic-growth-
100305.pdf.
3. Galli, A., Kitzes, J., Niccolucci, V., Wackernagel, M., Wada, Y.,
Marchettini, N. (2012): Assessing the global environmental
consequences of economic growth through the Ecological Footprint: A
focus on China and India. Ecological Indicators 17, 99–107.
4. Galli, A., Wackernagel, M., Iha, K., Lazarus, E. (2014): Ecological
Footprint: Implications for biodiversity. Biological Conservation 173, 121-
132.
5. Jan Anton van Zanten& Rob van Tulder (2021): Towards nexus-based
governance: defining interactions between economic activities and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), International Journal of
Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 28:3, 210-226, DOI:
10.1080/13504509.2020.1768452.
6. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). (2005): Ecosystems and
Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
7. Singh, S. and Yadav, A. (2021): Interconnecting the environment with
economic development of a nation. Environmental Sustainability and
Economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822188-4.00003-8.
8. Thirlwall A. P. (2006): “Growth and Development: With Special
Reference to Developing Economies”, Eight Edition.
9. Uttekar, T.G. and Salvi, P. (2018): The linkage between economy and
environment, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 20 (6):
77-81.
10. Wright, Richard T. and Boorse, Dorothy, F. (2209): “Environmental
Science Towards a Sustainable Future, 11th Edition, PHI Learning,

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GLOSSARY
Branding : Branding is a process used to promote any product,
place or company, culture, and sightseeing.
Ecological : This tool allows analysts to determine the rate at which
Footprint humans consume resources and generate waste by
comparing human demand on nature with the biosphere
& ability to regenerate resources and provide services.
Ecotourism : Tourism where the primary motivation for tourists is the
observation and appreciation of nature, along with the
traditional cultures found in natural areas.
Environment : Defined as the all biotic and abiotic conditions and
circumference surrounding and organism, which directly
and indirectly impact, influence and effect the life during
growth, development and survival period of biotic
components.
Environmental : Deterioration of the natural environment through
Degradation depletion of resources.
GDP : Gross Domestic Product, is a measure of the total
economic output produced within a country's borders
over a specific period.
Homogenization : Process of reducing cultural diversity and promoting
uniformity through spreading common cultural elements
and practices across different regions or societies.
Hybridization : The process of combining different elements or
characteristics to create something new or diverse, often
resulting in cultural or biological fusion.
Knowledge : The economy involves knowledge-based intensive
Economy activities. It is based upon intellectual capital or the
application of scientific knowledge in the process of
consumption and production.
Marketing : Marketing is a process of promoting an activity or
product or service. It includes tools like advertising,
slogans, staging events etc.
Place Making : Place making is considered to be an approach in which
people are given priority over infrastructural
development in urban planning and design. Its objective
is to create spaces for people social interaction and
cultural exchange.
Polarization : Dividing or separating groups or individuals into
opposing or contrasting positions, often resulting in
heightened tensions or conflicts within society.
Post-Fordist : A post-Fordist economy is characterised with overriding
Economy production processes, new technology and strategies. It
revolves around by high levels of product innovation and

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labour responsibility.
Primary : Economic activities that involve the extraction or
Activities production of raw materials directly from natural
resources.
Rural Tourism : Tourism activity in which the visitor’s experience is
related to a wide range of products generally linked to
nature-based activities of rural areas, culture and
customs.
Rural-Urban : Movement of people from rural areas to urban centers.
Migration
Social Cohesion : Degree of harmony and solidarity within a society,
encompassing shared values, norms, and trust among
its members.
Sovereignty : Supreme authority and power of a state to govern itself
independently without external interference.
Sustainable : Development that meets the needs of the present
Development without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
Telemedicine : Healthcare services through telecommunications
technology to remote areas.

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