P A R T IC L E

NATURE AND
T HEIR BASIC
UNITS
Atom s nnd molrculr~ ~ -I.aw of
cltem ical com bina tion , Chr mical
-,;i ~,;;:n~-~
Jnrn:i:L~
,S s: ,- ll ab us n
com pou d s Atnm ,r and mnlr c,1/ar masses.
------- - --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- -

{-J Revision Note■

l com bin atio n :
: TI1e re are tw o law s of ch emi ca
► Laws of che mic al com bin atio n er be crea ted nor be d estr oye d in
a ch emi cal reac tion .
of ma ss : M ass can n eith
ser vat ion
(i) Law of con su bsta nce , the elem ents are
sta n~ pro po~_ons or Law of def init e proportions : In a ch emi cal
(ii) Law of con pro por tion by mass.
always presen t m a d efinite
ory :
► Postulates of Dal ton 's ato mic the
(i) Every ma tter is ma de up of
ver y tiny particles called atoms.
a che mic al reac tion.
are ind ivis ible par ticl es, whi ch can not be created or des troy ed in
(ii) Ato ms per ties.
iden tica l in mass and chemical pro
(iii) Ato ms of a giv en ele me nt are al pro per ties .
Scan to kno w
more about
t mas ses and che mic
(iv) Ato ms of diff ere nt elem
ent s hav e diff eren this topi c
ber s to form com pou nds .
~
o of sma ll who le num
(v) Ato ms com bin e in the rati
giv en com pou nd.
(vi) The rela tive num ber and
kin ds of ato ms are con stan t in a

Atoms
~ Atom s and
► Ato ms are bui ldin g blo
cks of all mat ters . Molecules
in nan om ete rs (1 m = 109 run).
► Ato mic radius is me asu red
Elements and their nam ing
a uni que symbol.
► Each ele me nt has a uni que nam e and elements.
atio nal Un ion of Pur e and Ap plie d Chemistry) approves names of the
► IVP AC (Intern foll ow s :
ato ms of var iou s ele me nts are as
► Rules for ass ign ing sym bol s for lly the first letter of the element' s nam e in Eng
lish.
res ent an ele me nt is gen era
(i) The abbreviation use d to rep
Symbol
English name of element
H
Hy dro gen
B
Boron
0
Ox yge n
N
Nit rog en
Flu ori ne
F I
 29
AS I C UN ITS
RE AN D TH EIR B
PA RT I CL F: NA TU
d
ini tia l le tte r is fo llo we
beg in s wi th th e sa m e ini ti a l le tte r, the
m e nts
th e na m es of tw o o r m o re c le m e : Sca n to kno w
(ii) Wh en nn g la ter in th e n a mo re abo ut
by U1e let te r a pp ea thi s top ic
Symbol
Na me of ele me nt
Barium
BismuU1
Bromine
Silico n
Ba
Bi
Br
Si
Law s of
Ch em ica l
Com bin atio ns
II
um Cd , Ca
Cadmium, Calci s:
; German or Gree k name
of som e ele me nts are denved fro m their Latin
(iii) Symbols Sy mb ol ~

Latin/Gerfitan/Greek
dame
Nu ne of ele me nt Na
Sodium Natrium K
Potassium Kalium Cu
Copper Cuprum Fe
Iron Ferrum Au
Gold Aurum Ag
Silver Argentum
of one C-12 atom.
t ex act ly equal to v1 2th the mass
ss urut is a ma ss uru molecules an d ions.
► One atonuc ma
no t ab le to exist ind ependently. Atoms form
► Atoms of most ele
me nts are
Molecules ms of the same type. ules of co mp ou nd s.
ules of an ele me nt are fo rm ed by the ato portions to form molec
► Mo lec n tog eth er in de fin ite pro
► Atoms of same
or dif fer en t ele me nts joi micity.
ms co ns tit uti ng a mo lecule is kn ow n as its ato
► The nu mb er of
ato
ly charged.
Ions
rti cle an d ca n be negatively or positive e on the m.
► An ion is a ch arg
ed pa
m or a gr ou p of ato ms tha t have a ne t charg
ato
► Ions ma y cons
ist of a single ch arg ed ir smallest unit.
ch arg ed sp ecies called ions as the
► Ionic co mp ou
nd s co nta in tomic ions or radicals.
a fix ed ch arg e on the m are called polya
ms ca rry ing mp os iti on .
► A gro up of ato
ou nd is a sy mb oli c rep res en tat ion of its co
► The chemical
fo rm ula of a co mp
Valency
co mb ini ng ca pa cit y of
an elemenf:.t atom(s) of an ot he r
► Valency is the m( s) of an ele me nt wi ll co mb ine wi th the
th e ato
► Valency ca n be
us ed to fin d ou t ho w
ica l co mp ou nd .
element to fo rm a ch em
► Names and symb
ols of so m e ion s : Polyatomic ion s Sy mb
ol
No n- me tal lic element Symbol NH 4 +
Valency Na m e of io n ✓
Symbol
Na + tdrogen H+ Am mo niu m
Hy dr ox ide
OH -

~
1 um H-
K+ yd rid e N o 3-
ota ssi um c1- Ni tra te
Ag+ hlo rid e H Co 3-
Sil ve r Br- Hy dr og en
cu + Br om ide
Co pp er (I) • 1- Ca rb on ate
• Jpdlde C 0 32-
02-- Ca rb on ate
Mg2+ JM <} e S0 32-
um 52-- Su lph ite
2 ~g ne si Su lp hi de S0 42--
Ca 2 + Su lp ha te
~ ci u m zn2+
Zinc
Fe2 +
Iron (II)•
Cu2 + / P0 43--
\26'pper (II)• NJ- Ph os ph ate
Al3+ \1 .Ji tri de
3 J\l um in iu m
Fe3+
tfrc>n (III)• ckets.
:... ented by a roman numerical bra
: .. hie valency which is repres
-30 ►
Oswaa l CBSE Question Honk C hapt e rwi s c &. Topi<·wl sc, SCIENC E ,

Rules fo r w riting th e formul a of a compo und :

C: IO RR IX

.. s 1'd c• b y s1'd e t I w i-..ym hols· of cons

. n by wnt111g
(1') r·•ormula of com pound 1s. l,'lVl:'
titue nt elem<·nh .

' . ~, - - --1o---
': So
------
tiOJ1 '.
St.eP I : ( a)
(ii) Symbol of the more met·allic element i s writt en fi rst in th e form ula. ., if! ind icatPd by ~ubi;nipt I

. t hf' rnc,lecu 1I:'

I
I
(iii) Number of atoms of each of the constitu en l l:'lemPn t r rcse nt in - . rnor<' th an on~·, we 1•n, Jnl\<, I
I

ul • . . their va lency •R
. , d t , mic ion (<;) i<; (ar ·) '~.. I

(iv) \ ·v 1en either of t~,e tons or bolh the rnns arP ro 1yr1 lor rn~ an n (ies) of polya ' ', :- . ' l! 1. I
I

polya ton11c ton s m brackets. No brackels are 11ecessa ry 1f ihe va le cy Lf i ),est Common L .ictor (I I.(_ ~ I
I
· ·• •r 1
(v) W htle wnhng the fo rmula of a compound I t1, e va ency n
umbe rs· have a r g th e combining eleme
. . b tween · ri 1~-· 1.
I
I
I
. . h · lest ral10 e I
d tVlde the valency numbers by J-1 .C.F so as to get I e s11np · ·
► The charges o r valencies on the ion must· be ba lanced . . . f eleme nts preRen t in a molec.u1~ 1
►
Formula of a binary compound is written by cri ss-crossin g t e v
.
h alenc1es o
.
~
the compound. . tjve valenaes nr charge!\ of t~
·itive and nega ' it
► A d 1emical compound is always electrically neutral; he nce th e pos
ions in the com pound mu st add upto zero. 'ff t atoms of elem e nt\
11 O th .r atorns ar.
►
O
Scientists use the relative mass scale to compare the masses of cU e;~he relative masses · a e
► Atoms of C-12 iso topes are assigned a relative atomic mass of 12 an
obtained in comparison with the mass of a C-12 atom. Q.1. w
► Relative mass of a molecule is expressed in atomic mass unit (u). 3f
► Atoms of different elements are of different sizes and masses.

-KeyWords
rties of an element.
► Atom : Smallest particle of an element that shows all the prope
► Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom of an element. f :ndependent existe nce and sh 0, ..
tis capable O an u• "I
► Molecule: Smallest particle of an element/compound t h a
all the properties of that su bstance.
► Anion : Negatively charged ion. Ans.
► Cation : Positively charged ion.
► Atomicity: Number of atoms present in one molecule of an element. . . .
► Radical : An atom or a group of atoms carrying positive or negative charge that behaves as a s mgle urut m c Q.2.
chemical reaction.
► Mole : Amount of substance that contains the same number of units as the re are atoms in exactly 12 g oi
carbon-12 isotope.
► Chemical formula: Expression of the composition of a substance by chemical symbols and numerical s ubscript
► Diatomic : A molecule whiich contains two atoms.
► Triatomic : A molecule which contains three atoms.
► Polyatomic : A molecule which contains more atoms.
► Valency : Measure of combining capacity of an element with other atoms when it forms compounds m
molecules.
► Binary compound
. . compounds made up of two different elem en ts . e .g ., HO,, H 20 .
: Simplest
► G ram atonuc mass : Atorruc mass of an element expressed in terms of grams.
► Molecular mass : Sum of the atomic masses of all th t . ·
► Formula unit mass: Sum of the atomic masses falle; oms m ~ molerule of the substance.
o e atoms m a formula unit of a compound.

■ Example!
(a) A sample of vitamin C is kn
2.58 x la24 oxygen atom H own to contain
(ii) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge ',
oxyge atoms are presen:·. · othw many moles of
· m e sample ? on them.
(b) Wnte o e word for th c ll . . (c)
. e10 owmg . Write chemical formulae of the following
(1) In a alanced chemical! e ·. compounds:
of th masses f quation, the sum
o reactants
remains . changed.
d
an products ~~) Sodium phosphate
(u) Ammonium ca.rbona le
►- --------- ---- ---- --- ----
----- ---- ----- ----
--- ------ ---- --- --
 ,:
___ ___ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _

: 50111110 11 :
S tl!p I: (a) N um bN p( 11111 l t
•i,
. . .. _____ ___ ___
PAR TI C LF. N,\TU RF. AND
T H EIR BAS IC U NIT S

--- --- - .... --- --- --- - --- --- --- --- ---
- Cl 4 2R4 Y

1 U\,t mnle,.
10
31
--- - ~

I
t: iv ,·n IHI. pf r nr t i1 II' '< 1 <lW nf , nn'« 'rv,1tion nf m
,, ._._ _
I
I
S t<> r II : fh ) (l)
I
Avt 1g,, drn n 11ni hr•r (II) l 'nlv -' l <>mic I o n
'
2.:-,~ " I (l''• S tc-p Ill : (c) (I) N11 1 I'( l,
fo .022 " 11) }1 (Ii) (~Jl l, h ( () I
( 1 +2 +2 =5 ) ;
I

: ____ ... --- --- --- - -- --- - -- -- -- -- --- -

,✓ 08.JE~TIV 'l'YJtl: Q U £8_T IO N I

ns
flll Multlpl• Ch oic e Qu es(1tio
ma rk •ac:h) ll il
M Aa ae rtl on an d Re cu on
(1 ma rk eac h)
I/iii rep rese nt!', : Jn the foll owi ng que stio ns,
a stat e-
Q. 1. =g ':f ':-a !'r~ fo lloW
ing cor rec tly Dir ecti ons
d by a st.ate:ment
m ent of assertio n (A) is foll owe
choice as:
(i) 2 mo les of H 2O of reas on (R). Ma rk the corr ect
(ii) 20 mo les of wa ter SOTI (R) are true and
(A) Bot h ass erti on (A) and rea
lan atio n of asse rtio n
wa ter ·:.: , rea son (R) is the cor rec t exp
23
(iii) 0.22 x 10 mo lec ule s of
of wa ter (A) .
(i v) J.2044 x 102.5 mo lec ule s son (R ) are true but
(A) (i) (B) Bot h ass erti on (A) and rea
t exp lan atio n of
rea son (R) is not the cor rec
(B) (i) and (iv)
ass erti on (A).
(C) (ii) and (iii) rea son (R ) i-s fals e.
(C) Ass erti on (A) is true but
(D) (ii) and (iv) son (R) is tru e-
(D) Ass erti on (A) is fals e but rea
Ans. Op tion (D) is cor rec t. Q.t . Ass erti on: Wa ter mo lec ule
s alw ays con tain
Explanation: (ii) and (iv) cor
rectly represent rati o 1:8.
hyd rog en and oxy gen in the
360 g of water. ys law of con stan t proportions
Reason: Water obe
sta tem ent s is not tru e e of source and me tho d of prepar
ation.
Q. 2. Which of the fo11owing irrespectiv
a.bout an ato m? Ans. Op tion (A) is correct.
(A) Ato ms are not abl e to exi
st ind epe nde ntly . oxy gen combine
Explanation: Hydrogen and
(B) Atoms are the basic
units from which in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass
to for m wa ter. This
molecules and ion s are formed. tions.
indicates the law of definite propor
l in nature. nts are alw ays
(C) Atoms are alw ays neutra According to this law, the eleme
bers to form by mass in a
(D)Atoms aggregate in large num present in definite proportion
or touch. samples of a
the matter that we can see , fee l chemical substance. All pur e
nts combined
Ans. Option (D) is cor rec t com pou nd contain the same eleme
mass.
Explanation: Th e molecules and
ions aggregate together in the same pro por tion by
T be su~ div ide d,
together in large nu mb er to for m
the matter. We Q. 2. Assertion: Atoms can neithe
ules/ions wit h created nor destroyed .
cannot see the ind ivi dua l molec 's theory is the
our eyes, but we can see the var
ious substances Reason: Th is pos tul ate of Da lton
tion.
which are a big collection of molec
ules/ions. res ult of law of con sta nt propor
Q. 3. The chemic al symbol for nitrogen gas is Ans. Op tio n (C) is cor rec t
sub-divided,
(A)Ni (8) N 2 Explanation: Atoms can nei the r be
te of Dalton's
(D) N created nor des tro yed. This postula
(C)N+ of conservation
atomic the ory is the result of law
Ans. Option (B) is correct. of mass.
is diatomic
Explanation: Nit rog en mo lec ule polyatomic ions.
N molecules. Q.3 . Assertion: Carbonates are
molecule, the ref ore , it exists as 2 s of one car-
Reason : The carbonate ion consist
I· 4. The chemical symbol for sodium is bon atom and three oxygen atoms
and carries an
(A)So (B) Sd overall charge of 2- .
(D) Na
(C)NA Ans. Option (A) is correct.
s of one
Ans. Option (D) is cor rec t Explanation: The carbonate ion consist
sodium is ms an d carrie:
Explanation: The chemical symbol for carbon atom and three oxygen ato
'Na' der ive d from lat in wo rd nat
riu m.
l
 /lo. Top1rw1 ~<' . SCIE"C E . c J,o~• I X '
o~ waa l C BS E Que~ tion Rank Chapterw1 ~r- Re a•on : Atom '! of mo'l t e le m ent a,p n,,, •h1 , ~
n
2 1 he formu la o f Jh e exi• t ind e p r nd e ntl y. '
a n ove ra ll cha rge ~f ,fa r n ly,1Jn m it tinn (IJI is correcL . ..
' .
ca rbon a le ,o n· ~
en J
- T he,1 Jn m« '
J d ''" ih <' (' JIii n '
An• - Op
/ rfnna / 11J11 ,
' ·Atn m s r, f,n e rt ga,, , rl rin,,, ,,, rnL
bl f 1S t .,_
·on a re t-ighll_y bo nd ed toge_t ·,e r an .- b ' e l o attain n o ,. r rin w11 r~t,,,
' n be h av es a• a ~in g lc un_, t j\ 1011 11.., co rn 1n . n
io
a1111 o
f th e at·o m of
A11s e rt1on .
. . Atomicity of ozon e •• thrp~ ,. , c.
"''-
Q . 4 . Assertion : Re lari ve atomi c m ccf I.he atom a~ Q . 6 . that of oxygen is two .
e lement is th e ave ra ge masses o
compare d to
12
1
th th e m ass o one
f carb
o n- 12
Re as on : Atomi c,
. ' ty is the num b f' r of at
co n s Ututi'ng a mol ecu le .
°"
atom. . e is th e s tandard Option (A) is co rrect.
Reason : Carbon -12 1so top . An s. . idty is th e nu m~T of at,
nce for m eas uring atomic ma sses. Explanatw n: Ato m I An oxygen mo\ ~ ;--lo chan~e m mass ''
refere
. ti m o lecu e . P'ul. ~ - con s.erva tion o f ma<,
Ans. Option (B) is correct- as stand a rd constitu ng a ists o f 2 atom s of U)(y~ W),at is the v a\en~
. C rbon 12 i• Ja ke n ti (written as Oz) cons ato micity o f 2 Si mila r1.
Explanahon: a - • I' d 5 have exac Y d h e ha s an ··y 0 · 9 · oi o,cygeo = B1 ?_
refere n ce beca u se n o oth e r n u c , e (0) a n enc Je (03) consi s ts o f 3 atr~
a n ozo n e m o lecu n a to m1· a ·ty o f 3 · Electro n ic configu
w h o le n um be r. b' to form ~ - Hen ce, valen cy =
Q .5. Assertion : Atom s always com in e f yge n a nd h as a
o ox ~
molecul• and ;ons. Give an exam-p\e
-
O· 10. ino\ecule11 of e\e,

[D fall=CB&rn (lmal'keach)
- iri,atOtl1i,c -
(ii) Polyatomii

rt Answer Type Oue~tions An element ,

• Very ShO distribution of oxygen Q. 11- foTlllula of its
. W ·te down the electron d 'th.a
Q. 1. State the Law of Conservation of Mass. . Q. 5. a:m. How many valence el~~ons oes 1 ve i
@]) fII [Board Term-II .2016] (ODE 2017) (Atomic number of oxyge~ JS o~d Term-ll 201sj

IISbOrt'
Ans. It states that mass can nei~er be created nor [Q) [B
destroyed in a chemical reaction. 1 ½
Ans. 0(8) = 2, 6
K,L _._............... - 6 ½ Q . 1. Write the d
.c.walflbnEmir _ Number of valence t:M::\.,uva- - -
[CBSE Marking Sc:be:aie, 21115}- (i) Sodiu
: ,,,,.. Students often write incorrect law or sometimes , Mention the postulate of Dalto~ s atomic (ii) Aroil1
/ they miss the impo~! ?P:~~~':'.E: ~<:rds. ______ ) Q. 6. theory which can successfully explain the ~w (i) N a _
·---- ------------- of definite proportions.

■ AliiHmlfl Tip
~ [Kl [Board Term-II 2014} (NCEKT) +l
OR
Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can
; ,,,,.. Students should learn all the laws thoroughly. explain the law of definite proportions ? (ii) N1-
Understand and state law of conservation of
Ans. The Law of Definite Proportions is explained by
, mass in simple words, giving importance to
the following postulate of Dalton : ''The relative
: operative words. _________________ _
~-------------------------- number and kinds of atoms are constant in a
Q. 2. State the law of constant proportion. [Q] [ODE 1fil7] given compound." Q.2.. Write I

Ans. Law of constant proportion states that in a ~ Madring Sdwme, 101411 (i) '
chemical compound the elements are always Q.7, If 'K' and T shells of an atom are completely (ii) 1

present in a definite proportion lby mass. 1 filled with electrons then :

Q. 3. Write the symbols of: (i) Lead, (ii) Boron
Ans. (i)
(i) what will be the total number of electrons (ii)
[Q] [Boaird Term-II 2016] in the atom?
Ans. (i) Lead-Pb Q.3. (i)
(ii) find its valency. U [Board Term-II 2013}
(ii) Boron - B (½ + ½)
Ans. (i) Valence electrons= 2 (K), 8 (L) = 10
Q. 4. Explain what do you understand by valence
_ electrons? [Q] [Board Term-II 2015] (ii) Valency =O (½ -\¼) (ii
Aaa. The electrons present in the ounmnost sheD of

•~
an atom are caUed as v"1ence ele<:troJJs.
-,
1
lCISI! Marking Scheme, 2.015)
f4 Commonly Made~. Ana. (a

..,. Students often calculate incorrect values of

' valence electrons and valency. It seems they are :
!______c_o~~~~een these two terms.
______________________ \,
 R BASI C UNIT S

'
PARTI CLE NATU R E AND THEI

if}! Answering Tip Q .1 2 .

.
Nam e the anion a_nd catio n
th 3 t cons titute the

m o lecu le of magn es ium o-xide .

u
--

und e rstan din g th Magnesium o-xide-+MgO, Cation ➔ m.agn(.;:Ul ;;

~ y stres s o n Ans.
) - +
2

co n ce pt oxide (02-
: irl_Sf:i:'! 5>! _!"<_?~e_l:~ ~~:1g . e (Mg2 +) , An.io n-+
{CBS E Man dng Sche me, 20121
te-s-ol~ ti-· - - .- - - - - - - - - _ _ _ :
:,,- 8~-10 g of silve r nitrasolut
O· sodiu m chlo ride ion. ~his adde d to 10 -~f Q . 13. D e fin e form u la unit ma ss.
at c hanghe in rngass
do you expe ct after th e_ rea IC ti on U {Bou d Tenn -II 20161
and
e ato m s in a
!Q±A g [Boa rd 11 w y ? An s . Sum o f a tomi c ma sses o f all th
1 2013) a comp o und is calle d form ula
'l1s No chan ge in mass will take- p Iace be erm-1 fo rmul a unit of
11~ ,4J1S• o· f o ld s good ca u se law of unit m ass .
conse rva o n o mass h
ncy of oxy- · 1 Q . 14. Defi ne the term mol ecula .r mass .
~l) What is the vale
gen (Ato mic num ber ~ D; [Boa.rd Term -II 20151
Y, a- .
9 of oxyg en = BJ ?
'lJl
ls ~ Elect ronic conf igura tion o·f· oxyg e 11 · ~ Ans. The mole cular mass of a subs tance iS the
sum of
,411"·
Henc e, valen cy = 8 _ 6 = 2 rs = 2, 6 _
es of an the atom s in a mo\e cUle
· the atom ic mass
1
• Give an exam ple of (i) triato . . . of the subs tance .
a- 10 JJlOi ecule s of elem ents . nuc, (u) poly atom ic (CBSE Mar king Sche m.e, 20"151
[R] U
Q . 15. Defi ne the atom ic mass unit. th
iltl'· (J) 1Hat omk - Ozo ne (03) Ans. Atom ic mass unit is equa l to 1112
the mass of one

(ii) Poly atom ic - Sulp hur (S ) atom of carbo n-12.

[CBSE M . ~ ng Sche m(½+ 20
½) Q.16 . How man y atom s are theTe in
1 g of hydr ogen ?
. arki ~ [Boa rd Term -TI 20121
e, 12]
An elem ent 'X' has a v~•I · the
"" ency 3 · wnte
Q. 11- foJ111ula of its oxid e.
[DJ Ans. 6.022 x ta23 atom s or one mole .
[CBS E Mar king Sche me, 20121
[CBSE Mar king Sche me, 2012] 1

I◄ Sh ort An sw er Ty pe Qu est ion s-I (2m mb eac h)

-pou nd
Q. 1. Write the chem ical form ula of: (i) Writ e the chem ical form ula of a com
Q. 4.
(i) Sodi um carb onat e usin g zinc ion and phos phat e ion.
atom s
(ii) Amm oniu m chlo ride [Q] (NCERT) (ii) Calc ulate the ratio by mas s of
on diox ide.
pres ent in a mole cule of carb
(Giv en : C = 12, 0 = 16)
Ans- (i) Na > < " C 03 U+A n
l
Ans. (i) Zn 3(P0 4h
+l -2 ents
(ii) The ratio by mas s of cons titut ing elem
Na 2C03 1
in carb on diox ide is:
(ii)N H 4 ~ C 1 CO 2 = 12 : 32
3:8
~ +1 -1 If 12 g
(1+1 = 2) Q.5 . Stat e the law of cons erva tion. . of mas s.
N~ CI of 32 g of
of carbon is burn t in the presence
be
Q.2. Write the chem ical form ula for: oxygen, how muc h carbon dioxide will
U+A g
(i) Zinc pho sph ate formed?
be crea ted
(ii) Lead carbonate Ans. The law state s that mat ter can neit her
ys
1 nor dest roye d or mass of reac tant is alwa
s
Ans. (i) ZnJ (P04) 2 equa l to that of prod uct.
1 1
(ii) PbC 03 C + 02 ➔ CO 2
Q.3. (i) Write dow n the nam e of compou
nds Carb on dioxide
➔
Carb on + Oxy gen
repr esen ted by the foll owi ng form ulae : ½
Mass of reac tant s = 12 + 32 = 44g
(a) Ca(OH)z (b) K2S04 Mass of product (COi) = 44 g ¼
gen
(ii) Giv e two exa mpl es of biva lent cati
ons. (On e mol e of C reacts with one mol e of oxy
[QI (NCERT) to form one mol e of CO:i)
distn"bution
½ Q.6 . The foll owi ng data repTeSents the
(a) (i) Calcium hyd roxi de s. oi
½ of elec tron s, prot oM and neu tron s in iltom
(ii) Pot a~u m sulphate four elem ents A, B, C, D .
(a} Bivalent cati on = ?vfg2~,
Cu 2--+·
(An y two ) (½ + ½)
 w■
9Cr&l(Clt . C IMll IX - - It> a rea
k Chttpt r-rw>•<" c"'- Topic-Wi!!t" . ' c io n s 7 Lis t two exa 111p1
0!!"'1811 1 co.
SF Qut""l100 Attn
Q. 8. Wlu1t are P
o ly3I0"1
1
"
[lJ+Ki (Bolllrd T ~rm -11, '.l.oh
a· 4 - 3 .4 g of

l
34 of sodi
J N('utrOn!I [ffcct.ron• l ., -me re
[ EJ~t J rro:;"""
10 CJ carryl-"S a charge is known a
ci
s ari u t
" 1' 16 l 162 ,• An •- Aafflup ofatom l j~ 1\
t C
fl
1t,
I2 I 12 I 1
17
"1' -· t mtc
p<> Y" 0
lofl-
:2,- N II 1 + .
so.. '
c h l ori
5 t,o .,...
I D 17 .l l _ , ~, PO 4 ' [CBSE Ma rkl ng ""-h
~ etne, 201ti ,....ith
c ""'l'T the (ollowln~ q11('"t1nn "- I o f th e compo un d'! for111ed I,.
An 1
k ! lmibutinn r,f('Jeme-n l 8 . Write th e fo r rnu a ,
(i) Gh•"f' the drrtron ~ Q . q_ II I n g lo n ci.
'll Th<' va fencv of ekinenl A7 th e fo ow aan
(I , c, • and S04 i- (ii) pb2,. and N0 1

(iii) The atom ic n umbe·r of e lem e nt 8 7 (I) ,. AP (Board T e rm- II , 2.lli i

4.6
(i\•)The m•'-" nu mber of e lem en t 07 2 8~ l c..-1> < +520;-
(i) El('Cl'rnnir dfc:tribution of clemc-nt R = · •~ Ani. (I )
Ans.

(ii) VaJe nn· of A is 1.

y. n
c,
( ···1 Atomic numl-.er of e le men t Bi s 16. ¼
Ill 1/i ('\1
(i") Mass number of e lerment D is 39.
. 2 Valencies 3 r,

~x t
(• ) Write the chemical formula of potassium Cr 2(SO-th
Q . 7.
su lphate. [
(b) uJculate the molar mass of: Q . 5-
(i) Ethyne (C2 H 2)- (ii)
(ii) Phosphorous m o lecule (P,) (Atomic
mass of C = U u, H == I u and P == 31 u).
~ [NCERTJ
Ans. (a) K 2S0◄ Valencies 2
(b) (i) C2H2 = (2 x 12) + {2 x I ) = 24 + 2 = 26 u Pb(N03)z 1
¼
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2Dll\
(ii) P4 == 4 x 31 == 124 u

I◄ Short Answer Type Questions-II (3markseach}

Q. 1. Show the formation of chemical formulae of Ans. The combining power (or capacity) of an element Q. 1
following compounds using their ions : to displace or combine with number of h ydrogen
(i) Ammonium sulphate atoms is known as its valency.
(ii) Magnesium nitrate ca++~ divalent NH 4 + ~monovalent
(iii) Aluminium sulphide
cu++~ divalent Al+++~ trivalent
[QJ []Board Term-II, 2016) (1 + ½ + ½ + ½ + ½ = 3)
Ans. (i) ~ +

+1
x so

-2
4
2- Q.3. (i) What are polyatomic ions ? Give one
example.
(ii) In an
(KVS 2018-19) [NCER11
experiment, 14 g of sodium
bicarbonate was allowed to react with
(NHJ2SO,
10 g of acetic acid. After the reaction was
(ii) Mrf+

x
N~ - completed, it was found that only 16.67 g of
the solution was left because a gas escaped
from the container. What was the mass of
+2 -1 the gas that escaped into the atmosphere ?
Mg(N°-3) 2
Name the law applied. ~
(ill) Ai3+ 52-

+3
x
(Al)zS
3
-2
(1 + 1 + 1 = 3)
Ana. (l) Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms carrying
;harge. ~ey a~ also called molecular ion.
i~x:mple · Ca~te or phosphate or nitrate
(ii)
Q. 2. !:ie:ebva~encofyth.C!assiiy the :following cations ~a24ss oflth6 e gas that esca-eed into the atn\Osphere
asis eu valencies • - - .67 = 7.33g
Ca++ Cu++ NH+ AJ+++ .
The law of conservati
on of mass ts .
4 ' (KVS 2018-19)
I I
thi s expression. applied in
~ (Board Term-II, 2016) . (½+½+1+1 = 3)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 1.012\
? List two e~.i
- IJ NIT S 35 ~
/\ N I I I 111 ·.11~ 11/\ S I C:
(Bo ard Te

a cha rge is •1-_

't!N
rn1-11, ~ ~a.
OJ~
'O· o( sodi um c hlod
p, of h a rl11111 cl
4. In a r·('a c linn 4 .(, Rulp
.1.4 p, of R011 ium har' r
d t' a n / ~ lw of
•.lnr ldl' r.,
prnd u r rs arfe clI' Wi
I . WN 2 A
lh
l ' /\ IHlr I V NI\ I I I JJI·

Ans . (• ) 1 h e num ~ r o f a lo m , cITTl~

titut i n g
1
a
"ll o~ ., . 2 R mici ty.
.1 · R moll'c11l e I• kno wn a ~ ato
J i l
•• pla re f 'a rlu,11 11
T I11, rea c t on lakt 3 0110
ws : " Ph a r.•. (1/1 +1/1)
l "'-.t Bar ium c hlor icll' + So
. " (b) (I) P 4 (II ) A r
' (.1IUrn Hui P I •a ft, , ., (ii) 5
(1/, +1/1)
rkin gSc he Ille, ')ft
ch I o rid <' + ll a riu, n • ul I · I'"''<'
<'rv a , .
•">Odium (c) (I) 4
[C OSE Mar king Sch eme , 2015
1
S how U1al Uw abo vt' ohs
mp oun ds t Oriti4'\ll"'OiI with law of con s l'rva ti on nf lll aR
• lion IA in aor
,., ~...- lll l' fll Q . R. Wril e lh c c h r mi rn l sy mbo lR of th e follo w ing
ect b · S 1a1<' th <' law Po ta'l~ iu m , S ilve r,
IUI !Bo ard l e rn, - 1; ,•201( · <' l<' nw n L• : C old , Co p pN,
:+ and No _ 3' ,1 (N C
a nd Iron . U\ [B oa rd Te rm- II , 2014 ]
J t:! l(T) Plal inum
chlo rid e + Sod i
An11 . Gold '"' Au, Cop per - Cu, Pota 591.u m =
r- ,z
loar d Ter..... ,. , Bar ium u1n sulp hate K,
,.118 ,
, io11i ➔ Sod Ju1m chlo rid ~+ l'l'on "' F-e. 3
s0 2-- Bart
un, sulp hate Silv er • Ag, Pla tinu m • Pt,
/f • 4.6 g + 3.4 g ➔ 2.8 g + 5 _2 (CB SE Mar king Sch ane , 2014 1
8g ➔ 8g g
Q.9 . Wri te the che mic al fOTmulae of
the foll owi n :
g
8= 8
' (i) Alu m iniu m nitr ate
nus ti agr eem ent with
is in the 'L
aw of (ii) Mag nesi um hyd roge n
carb ona te
ss' that stat es
'2 C~nthservba on o f Ma dest:ro . mat ter can (iii) Sod ium sulp hate
ne1 er e crea ted nor yed in a chemical
reaction . (iv) Mag nes ium chlo ride
l {NC ER l)
[CBSE Ma rkin g Sch e me, 2016] (2 + 1 (v) Cal cium oxid e
. = 3) [Q\ (Bo ard Ten n-11 , 20141
No 1- ve the mo lecu lar form u) ae for the foll owi ng
Q.5. Den pou nds : (vi) Cop per nitr ate
/ 3 com
Ans. (i) Al > < N03 (iv) Mg > <O
(i) Cop per (II) bro mid e 2 1
te 1 MgC h
(ii) Am mo niu m carb ona 3

"' 1
(iii) Alu min ium oxi de. (NC
ERT Exe mpl ar)
[BJ [Bo ard Term-II, 20lS )
Al( N0 3h
(ii) M g > < HC 03 (v) Ca><O
2 2
I l 2 l CaO
(I) Cu2 + Br- CuB r2 1
rSch em e, 20111 2
Mg (HC 0 3)i
(ii) NH 4 +co3- [NH 4hC 0 3 1
1 (vi) C u ~ NO ,
(iil) AJ3+02- Al203
5] 2~~1
lar be etc b) [CBS:E Ma rki ng Sch eme , 201 Cu( NO, }1
bol stat e i~s : (1 X 3 = 3)
f) of an ele me nt Q. 6. (a) From the sym 4}
(CBSE Ma rldn g Scheme,
r 201
,er of hyd rog en (i) Atomic num ber of sul phu
ula of bicarbo nates
(ii) Ma ss num ber of sul phu
r Q.1 0. Write the chemical 1form 2
+ 2 , ca+ 2 , zn+ •
mo nov ale nt sulp hur
of (HC03-1 ) of Na+l, K+ , A1+3, Mg
➔
(ill) Ele ctro nic con figu rati on 1RJ (Board Term-Il, 2013}
➔ triv ale nt elem ent s giv en below
(b) Wh ich of the two 0 ):v Mg (HC 0 3}z,,
+ ½+ ½ = 3) mo re reac tive 'X' of Ans. NaH C03 , KHCO:v Al(HC 3 (¼ x 6 = 3)
wo uld be che mic ally
Ca( HC 0 3)i, Zn( HC 0 3)i.
I
•
or ele me nt 'Z' of atom ic
? Giv e one ato nuc num ber 18 al form ula of the following
Q.1 1. Write the chemic
i-19) [NC ER TJ num ber 16 and wh y ? com pou nds :
of sod ium IA] [Board Term-II, 2015)
(i) Iron (III) chloride
rea ct wit h onate
(ii) Magnesium hyd rog en carb
J
reaction wa s · 'Am. (a) (i) 16
nly 16. 67 g of (iii) Sod ium pho sph ate
(ii) 32
1gas esc ape d
,, , [Q] [Bo ard Term-II, 20131
I
(iii) 16S = 2, 8, 6
the ma ss of (i) FeC1 3
bn osp her e? (B) Z is mo re reactive tha n X. Ans.
Electronic con figu rati on of Z
= 2, 8, 6 which (ii) Mg(HCO3)i
[Ajj] re reactive (1 X 3 = 3)
may gain 2 electrons and thu is mo et and is
s
(iii) Na3PO 4
ple te oct
nsc arr yin g whereas X = 2, 8, 8 has com Q. 12. (a) Def ine the atomic
mass uni L
e of:
1r ion. inert. (b) Write the che mic form ula
al
• Qr nit rat e (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (i) Am mo niu m car bon ate
Q.7. (a) De fine atomiicity. (ii) Sod ium oxide
tmosphere atomicity is:
(b) Na me the ele me nts wh ose (iii) Cal ciu m car bon ate
ic pou nd Al2(SO J 3
app lied in (i) Tet raa tom ic (ii) Mo nat om (c) Write the nam e of the com
in il
1+ 1 _, , (c) Sta te the num ber of ato ms pre sen t in each of and me ntio n the ion s pre sen t
s: (Q\ (NC£RT)
i-w-,20121 the following che mic al spe cie
(i) C03 2- (ii) HN 03 (NC
ERT Exemplar)
~ [Board Tenn-II, 2015] (NCERT)
l-
i- - •
. . ENCE, Class -IX
, ise & Top1 cw1se , SCI
OswaaJ CBSE Question Bank C hapterw
_ E-- x 1.5 = 0.18 g
- 100
. mass unit ls exactJy equal h) orte•
JUI$, (a) Atomlft1hc • ..: e mass of one atom of of sample
~e . Ul Carbon-12.
1 fox gen in 1 .5 g
Mass o Y _ _!B >< l .5 = o.n g
. H ' CO (U) Na,iO - 1()() ,.,_
~
Z1-· A C
bot
(b) (f) (N v2 3 (¼ + ¼)
(Hi) CaC0.3 g c
(1 X 3 "'l)
(c) AJuniinium sulphate. The ions present are ·t rnass. Calculate formu'\ pe
s0,2-. ula unt · w•
Ata+,
1 Q . 17. Define f ortn l (Atorntc mass o f N a :::: 23 II~
(CBSE Marking Scht!ffll', 2012] (¼ + ½) unit mass of NaC , •
th Cl = 35.5 u~ __ N CERT) [Board Term-II, 20 \
Q. 13. (a) Which postulate of Dalton's atomic eory is 13
the basis of Jaw of conserva tion of ma ss 7 ru+AP l ( ic masses o f all atoms in
f the atom ·
(b) Write the name of compoun ds represen ted Ans. T h e sum unit
o . mpound 1s ca 11 e d fotrnll\q
of a co q
by the folJowing formulae : formu Ia l
(i) KNOJJ (ii) Al2(S04)JJ unit mass. NaCl = (1 >< 23) + (1 x 35.5) Vi
= 23 + 35.5

•
(iii) CCI., (iv) H2S·
[Q] (NCERT) = 58.5 u 1
Ans. (a) Atom can neither be crea ted nor destroyed . 'd d with a fine white colaured
rovt
1 Q.18. You are P ich ise either sugar or sa lt. H ow would Q. 1.
powder ~h it without tasting ?
(b) (i) Potassium nitrate
you identify [Ql {NCERT Exemplar\
(ii) Aluminiu m sulphate
. the powder, it will char if it is a sugar.
(iii) Carbon tetrachlo ride Ans. On heating. the powder may b e d.issolved
(iv) Hydroge n sulphide (½ X 4 = 2) Alternati ve 1y,d checked for its conducti on ol
(i) Hydroge n and oxygen combine in the ratio in water an . . alt
Q. 14. electricity. If it conduct s, it is as .
of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass 3
xnical formula of followino .&JI!
of oxygen gas would be required to react Q.19. Write th e c he o
complete ly with 5 g of hydroge n gas ? compounds.
(ii) An element 'X' shows variable valency _of (i) Quick lime
4 and 6. Write the chemical formulae of its (ii) Magnes ium chloride
two oxides. (iii) Calcium Carbona te
[Q] [NCERT] [Q] [NCERT Exemplar] (KVS -2018-19)
Ans. (i) 1 g of hydroge n gas requires 8 g ~f oxyg~n; Ans. (i) CaO (ii) MgC12 (iii) CaCO3 3
Therefor e, 5 g of hydroge n gas will reqwre (a) Define
Q . 20. atomic mass unit.
5 x 8 = 40 g ofoxygen . 2 (b) Distingu ish betwee n molecul ar mass and
(ii) XO 2 (X+ 4 o/--) and XO3 (X+ 6 O/l 1 molar mass.
Q. 15. Give the names of the elements present in the (C) Give an exampl e of : (i) diatomi c, (ii)
followin g compoun ds. triatomic molecul e of compou nds. i1Jl
(a) Quick lime Ans. (a) It is the mass unit exactly equal to one-twelfth
(b) Hydrogen bromide (1/12)°' the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
(c) Baking powder [Kl[NCERT] (b) The molecular mass of a substance is the
Ans. (a) Calcium and oxygen 2 sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
(b) Hydroge n and bromine molecule wherea s the mass of 1 mole of any
(c) Sodium, hydrogen , carbon and oxygen substance is called its molar mass. Molecular
Q. 16. The percentage of three elements----<:alcium, mass is measur ed by a.m.u. wherea s molar
carbon and oxygen in a sample of calcium
mass by g/mol.
carbonate is given as :
Calcium = 40%; Carbon =12.0%; Oxygen = 48% (c) Diatomic molecules of a compo und: HO,
If t!'e law of constant proportion is true, what CO,NO
weight of these elements will be present in Triatomic molecules of a compou nd : C02,1
1.5 g ~f another sample of calcium carbonate ? H20, S0 2 (3 x 1 = 3)
(Alonuc mass of Ca : 40 u, C: 12 u, 0 : 16 ~ Q.21. What is meant by the term chemic al
formula 7
Ans. Mass of calcium in 1.5 g of sample Write the chemical formula of calcium oxide.
Calculate its formula unit mass. (Atomic mass
40 of Ca;;;:: 40u,O = 16u) ~
= 100 X 1.5 = 0.6 g Ans. Chemical formula of
a compo und shows its
Mass of carbon in 1.5 g of sample constitu ent elemen ts and the number of atoms
of each combin ing elemen t. 1
Cao - Calcium oxide 1
 TS
37
AND THE IR B A S I C UNI
PA RT I C L F, NAT URF :
For mul ~ uni t m ass of Cao ca l foT mul a a nd nam e of
the
Q. 23. (a) Wri te the ch e mi
= Ato mic mas s of Ca + Ato "11C. ' m ass nf 0 com pou nds form ed betw wen :
= 40 + 16 = 56 u s
com pou nd ( ½ + ½) (I) BaT lum and nitra te ion
7,'J,. A 0.24 g sam ple of a gen an d lde ions
a bor on was fou nd ' by an • of °''Y
a 1y s 1s t 0 con tain o. (ii) Fer rou s and iiu lph 'U\
· 096 e pro por tion .
gof b oro n and 0 .144 g olf O (b) Stat e the law of def init
'

::::: 3) n f"Yg en. Cal cula te th

per cen tag e com pos itio O the com pou nd bye Ans . (a) (i) Ba( N O~h (Ba rium Nitr
ate)
111..11
Z3 .. we1· g ht. PeS (Fe rrou s Sul phi d e) 2
INC ERTJ
[Aji] [B oar d Ten n-II (ii)
e up of
ll, 20 is a lw ay'> m a d
.- 12 (b) A c h e mi ca l co mp o und
' 1 in e d toge th e r in th e
(i) % com pos itio n of B _
0.096 x 100 th e sam e c le m e nts co mb
?1a1 /lf!S •
- ~ - = 40% 1
sam e fix ed pro por tion by mas s 1
lfl a
ll.{Ja % com pos itio n of O = ~
0 .24 X l(){) = 60% l
l
½
½
dL,Ion gA ns w er T Y Pe Queation.a (5 ll'M ll'D ea ch )
l lif al or . su b-d ivid ed, cre ated
ect Q. 1. (i) Nam e the inte rna tion gan iza tion wh o (iii) Ato ms can n eith er be
let app rov es nam es of .,. 1
"" em ent s. nor des troy ed .
'th ele me nts com bin e
(ii) Giv e an exa mp leof wi exp lan atio n to (iv) Ato ms of diff ere nt
sho w tha t the law . con ser vat io f rati os to form
rJ in sim ple wh ole num ber
. n o ma ss + 2 + 1 + 1 = 5)
r. app lies to phy sic al ch
· ang es also . che mic al com pou nd . (1
is bur nt in 8 g of oxy gen ,
:i
[Q] [Bo ard Ter m-I I 201 5] Q.3 . Wh en 3 g of car bon pro duc ed. Wh at ma ss
,[ 11 g of car bon dio xid e is wh en 3 g of
for me d
3 ion of p
(i) Int ern atio nal UnC). of car bon dio xid e wil l be
.tn, .
Ole mis try (IUPA ure and Applied car bon is bur nt in 50 g of oxy gen ? Wh ich law
bin atio n wil l gov ern you r
wa ter ·t. . . of che mic al com
{li) Wh en ice me lts int o of ice . IS a phy sica l ans wer ? Sta te the law .
(QI (NC f.R T)
cha nge . 'lake a pie ce 1
flask,
m a sma ll
k ·t d it as W. bur nt in 8 g oxy gen , 11 g
cor I an we igh it and den ote iceg . Ans. Wh en 3 g of car bon is It me ans carbon
H tth fl ask gen tly and ice (so.lid) slowl of carbon dioxide is pro duc ed.
ea . e in the ratio of 3 : 8
(liq.uid). Th en, we ig . h thye · and oxygen are com bin ed
me lts mto . wa ter s, wh en the re is 3
fl ask again as W wat er g. to form car bon dioxide. Thu
n also onl y 8 g of
g car bon and 50 g oxy gen , the
It ~ fo ~d tha t the re is no
cha nge in the of car bon dio xid e
°'o/'gen will be use d l¥1d 11 g
Wl! lgh t 1.e., ain ing oxygen is not
wil l be for me d. The rem 2
Wic e = W water use d.
e pro por tio ns. 1
Heat(t.) This ind ica tes the law of def init
~ Water me nts are alw ays
Ice According to this law, the ele
n by ma ss in a
Thi s sho ws law of conser
vation of ma ss pre sen t in def init e ..pr opo rtio
s e sam ple s of a
hol d' tru_e for phy sic al change
s. che mic al substance. All pur
me nts com bin ed
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] com pou nd con tain the same ele 2
f n mass.
by
tog eth er in the sam e pro por tio
is electrolysed, 2 g of [CB SE Ma rki ng Scheme, 201
2]
Q. 2. (i) If 18 g of pu re wa ter is obtained.
hyd rog en and 16 g of oxygen sym bol s / for mu lae
Which law of chemical com bination is Q.4 . (i) Wh at do the fol low ing
sta nd for :
illu str ate d by this sta tem ent ?
(b) o 2
(ii) State the law of con
sta nt proportion. (a) 20
mple. (d) H 20
Illustrate wi th the hel p of an exa (c) 03
the fol low ing
(iii) Which po stu lat e of Da
lto n's atomic theory (ii) Giv e the che mi cal for mu la of
ion of mass?
is the res ult of law of con ser vat com po un ds:
n's atomic theory (a) Potassium carbonate
(iv) Which po int of Da lto
por tio ns ?
cam e fro m law of con sta nt pro (b) Ca lci um chl ori de
[Board Term-II, 2013] the for mu la un it ma ss of
(iii) Calculate
n.
Ans. (i) Law of constant proportio Al2(SOJ3
u, S =32 u,
(ii) A com po un d pre par ed
by any method (Given : Atomic mass of Al ='rJ
contains the same elements
in the fixed
0 = 16 u) I U+Ap I(Board Term-11, 2012)
ratio by mass.
dro gen and
For example, H 2O contains hy
by mass.
oxygen in the ratio 2 : 16, ie. , 1 : 8
 Osw aaJ CBS E Question Bank Chapterwis e & Topicwise, SCIENCE, Class-IX
I
Ans. (i) (a) Two atoms of oxygen : 20 ½ (iii) A12(504)3
(b) Diatomic oxygen: 0 2 molecule ½ Al = 27 X 2 = 54 u
(c) lliatomic oxygen: 0 3 molecule ½ S = 32 X 3 = 96 u •
(d) Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom 0 = 16 X 12 = 192 U
of oxygen forming one molecule of . _ 54 + 96 + 192 = 342 u.
Formula urut mass - 2
water (H2O). ½
(ii) (a) K2 C03 : Potassium carbonate ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012.l
(b) CaCJ2 : Calcium chloride ½

t/ CASE BASED QUESTIONS

I. The following data represents the distribution (A)2: 3 (B) 3: 8
of electrons, protons and neutrons in atoms of
(C) 3: 2 (D) 8: 3
four elements A, B, C, D. Understand the data
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
carefully and answer the following questions.
Explanation: When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.(
I Element
I
Protom Neutrons Electrons gm oxygen, 11.0 g of carbon dioxide is produced
A 9 10 9 It means carbon and oxygen are combine d i:
J B 16 16 16 the ratio of 3 : 8 to form carbon dioxide. Thu
I
C 12 12 12 when there is 3 g carbon and 50 g oxygen, tht
also only 8 g of oxygen will be used and 11 g
j D I 17 22 17
carbon dioxide will be formed. The rem,1,n,,