PILE FOUNDATION

PILES

- The structural loads may be transferred to deeper

firm strata by means of PILES
- PILES are used to build pile foundations, which are deep
and which are costly more than shallow foundations.
- PILES are subjected to vertical loads or lateral loads
or combination of vertical and lateral loads.
 PILES
Piles are long slender columns either driven, bored or
cast-in-situ
Driven piles Cast-in-situ
Concrete, Steel, Timber Concrete
 PILES
Bored cast-in-situ pile

-called Drilled pier,

D > 0.75m drilled caisson or
drilled shaft

-called small diameter

bored cast-in-situ pile
D < 0.75m
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

1. When one or more upper soil

layers are highly compressible and
too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure,
piles are used to transmit the load to
underlying bedrock or a stronger soil
layer
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

2. When bedrock is not encountered

at a reasonable depth below the
ground surface, piles are used to
transmit the structural load to the
soil gradually. The resistance to the
applied structural load is derived
mainly from the frictional resistance
developed at the soil–pile interface.
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

3. When subjected to horizontal

forces pile foundations resist by
bending, while still supporting the
vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure. This type of situation
is generally encountered in the
design and construction of earth-
retaining structures and foundations
of tall structures that are subjected
to high wind or to earthquake forces.
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

4. In many cases, expansive and

collapsible soils may be present at
the site of a proposed structure.
These soils may extend to a great
depth below the ground surface.
Expansive soils swell and shrink as
their moisture content increases
and decreases, and the pressure of
the swelling can be considerable.
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

5. The foundations of some

structures, such as transmission
towers, offshore platforms, and
basement mats below the water
table, are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for
these foundations to resist the
uplifting force.
 PILES
Necessity of PILE FOUNDATION

6. Bridge abutments and piers are

usually constructed over pile
foundations to avoid the loss of
bearing capacity that a shallow
foundation might suffer because of
soil erosion at the ground surface.
 PILES
Classification of Piles

Piles can be classified according to:

1. the materials used
2. mode of transfer of load
3. the method of construction
4. the use
5. the displacement of soil
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
There four types of piles according to materials used:
1. STEEL PILES
2. CONCRETE PILES
3. TIMBER PILES
4. COMPOSITE PILES
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
STEEL PILES
Steel piles generally are either pipe
piles or rolled steel H-section piles.
Pipe piles can be driven into the
ground with their ends open or closed.
Wide-flange and I-section steel beams
can also be used as piles. However, H-
section piles are usually preferred
because their web and flange
thicknesses are equal.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
STEEL PILES
Advantages: Disadvantages:
a. Easy to handle with respect to a. Relatively costly
cutoff and extension to the b. High level of noise during
desired length pile driving
b. Can stand high driving stresses c. Subject to corrosion
c. Can penetrate hard layers such d. H-piles may be damaged
as dense gravel and soft rock or deflected from the
d. High load-carrying capacity vertical during driving
through hard layers or past
major obstructions
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
STEEL PILES
Usual length: 15 m to 60 m (50 ft to 200 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN to 1200 kN (67 kip to 265 kip)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
Concrete piles may be divided into two basic categories:
1. Precast piles can be prepared by using
ordinary reinforcement, and they can be square
or octagonal in cross section. Reinforcement is
provided to enable the pile to resist the bending
moment developed during pickup and
transportation, the vertical load, and the
bending moment caused by a lateral load. The
piles are cast to desired lengths and cured
before being transported to the work sites.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
Concrete piles may be divided into two basic categories:
1. Precast piles
Advantages: Disadvantages:
a. Can be subjected to hard a. Difficult to achieve
driving proper cutoff
b. Corrosion resistant b. Difficult to transport
c. Can be easily combined with a
concrete superstructure
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
Concrete piles may be divided into two basic categories:
1. Precast piles
Usual length: 10 m to 15 m (30 ft to 50 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN to 3000 kN (67 kip to 675 kip)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
Concrete piles may be divided into two basic categories:
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place,
piles are built by making a hole in the ground
and then filling it with concrete. Various types
of cast-in-place concrete piles are currently
used in construction, and most of them have
been patented by their manufacturers. These
piles may be divided into two broad categories:
(a) cased and (b) uncased.

Both types may have a pedestal at the bottom.

 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place
(a) Cased cast-in-place Pile are made by
driving a steel casing into the ground with the
help of a mandrel placed inside the casing.
When the pile reaches the proper depth the
mandrel is withdrawn and the casing is filled
with concrete.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place
(a) Cased cast-in-place Pile
Usual length: 5 m to 15 m (15 ft to 50 ft)
Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m (100 ft to 130 ft)
Usual load: 200 kN to 500 kN (45 kip to 115 kip)
Approximate maximum load: 800 kN (180 kip)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place
(a) Cased cast-in-place Pile

Disadvantages:
Advantages:
a. Difficult to splice after
a. Relatively cheap
concreting
b. Allow for inspection
b. Thin casings may be
before pouring concrete
damaged during driving
c. Easy to extend
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place
(b) Uncased cast-in-place Pile are made by first driving
the casing to the desired depth and then
filling it with fresh concrete. The casing is then gradually
withdrawn.
Usual length: 5 m to 15 m (15 ft to 50 ft)
Maximum length: 30 m to 40 m (100 ft to 130 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN to 500 kN (67 kip to 115 kip)
Approximate maximum load: 700 kN (160 kip)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
CONCRETE PILES
2. Cast-in-situ, or cast-in-place
(b) Uncased cast-in-place Pile

Advantages: Disadvantages:
a. Initially economical a. Voids may be created if concrete is
b. Can be finished at any placed rapidly
elevation b. Difficult to splice after concreting
c. In soft soils, the sides of the hole
may cave in, squeezing the concrete
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
TIMBER PILES
Timber piles are tree trunks that have had
their branches and bark carefully trimmed
off. The maximum length of most timber
piles is 10 to 20 m (30 to 65 ft).
▪ To qualify for use as a pile, the timber
should be straight, sound, and without
any defects.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
TIMBER PILES
➢ Timber piles cannot withstand hard driving stress; therefore, the
pile capacity is generally limited.
➢ Steel shoes may be used to avoid damage at the pile tip (bottom).
The tops of timber piles may also be damaged during the driving
operation.
➢ The crushing of the wooden fibers caused by the impact of the
hammer is referred to as brooming.
➢ To avoid damage to the top of the pile, a metal band or a cap may
be used.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
TIMBER PILES
➢ Splicing of timber piles should be
avoided, particularly when they are
expected to carry a tensile load or a
lateral load. However, if splicing is
necessary, it can be done by using pipe
sleeves (see Figure a) or metal straps
and bolts (see Fiure b).
➢ The length of the sleeve should be at
least five times the diameter of the
pile.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: THE MATERIALS USED
COMPOSITE PILES
➢ The upper and lower portions of
composite piles are made of
different materials.
➢ This type of pile is used when
the length of the pile required
for adequate bearing exceeds
the capacity of simple cast-in-
place concrete piles.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: MODE OF TRANSFER OF LOADS
THREE CATEGORIES
1. End-bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles
3. Combined end-bearing and friction piles
 PILES
Classification of Piles: MODE OF TRANSFER OF LOADS
THREE CATEGORIES
1. End-bearing Piles
End bearing piles transmit the loads through their bottom tips. Such piles
act as columns and transmit the load through a weak materials to a firm
stratum below. The ultimate capacity of the pile depends upon the bearing
capacity of the rock. End-bearing piles are also known as point-bearing
piles

The ultimate load carried by the pile (Qu) is equal to the load carried by
the point or bottom end (Qp)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: MODE OF TRANSFER OF LOADS
THREE CATEGORIES
2. Friction Piles
Friction piles do not reach the hard stratum. These piles transfer the load
through skin friction between embedded surface of the pile and the
surrounding soil. Friction piles are used when a hard stratum does not exist
at a reasonable depth.
The ultimate load carried by the pile (Qu) is equal to the load transferred
by skin friction(Qs)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: MODE OF TRANSFER OF LOADS
THREE CATEGORIES
3. Combined end-bearing and friction piles
These piles transfer loads by a combination of end-bearing at the bottom of
the pile and friction along the surface of the pile shaft.
The ultimate load carried by the pile is equal to the sum of the load carried
by the pile point (Qp) and the load carried by skin friction(Qs)
 PILES
Classification of Piles: METHOD OF INSTALLATION
FIVE CATEGORIES
1. Driven piles
2. Driven and cast-in-situ piles
3. Bored and cast-in-situ piles
4. Screw piles
5. Jacked piles
 PILES
Classification of Piles: METHOD OF INSTALLATION
FIVE CATEGORIES
1. Driven piles
These piles are driven into the soil by
applying blows of a heavy hammer on
their tops.

2. Driven and cast-in-situ piles

These piles are formed by driving a casing
with a closed bottom end into the soil.
The casing is later filled with concrete.
The casing may or may not be withdrawn
 PILES
Classification of Piles: METHOD OF INSTALLATION
FIVE CATEGORIES
3. Bored and Cast-in-place
These piles are formed by excavating a
hole into the ground and then filling it
with concrete.
4. Screw piles
These piles are screwed into the soil
5. Jacked piles
These piles are jacked into the soil by
applying a downward force with the help
of a hydraulic jack.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: BASED ON USE
SIX CATEGORIES
1. Load bearing piles
2. Compaction piles
3. Tension piles
4. Sheet piles
5. Fender piles
6. Anchor piles
 PILES
Classification of Piles: BASED ON USE
SIX CATEGORIES
1. Load bearing piles
These piles are used to transfer the load of the structure to a
suitable stratum by end bearing, by friction or by both.

2. Compaction piles
These piles are driven into loose granular soils to increase the
relative density. The bearing capacity of the soil is increase due to
densification caused by vibrations.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: BASED ON USE
SIX CATEGORIES
3. Tension piles
These piles are in tension. These piles are used to anchor down structures
subjected to hydrostatic uplift forces or overturning forces.
4. Fender piles
Fender piles are sheet piles which are used to protect water-front
structures from impact of ships and vessels.
5. Anchor piles
These piles are used to provide anchorage for anchored sheet piles.
These piles provide resistance against horizontal pull for a sheet pile
wall.
 PILES
Classification of Piles: BASED ON DISPLACEMENT OF SOIL
TWO CATEGORIES
1. Displacement piles
All driven piles are displacement piles as the soil is displaced laterally when
the pile is installed. The soil gets densified. The installation may cause
heaving of the surrounding ground. Precast concrete pile and closed-end pipe
piles are high displacement piles. Steel H-piles are low displacement piles.
2. Non-displacement piles
Bored piles are non-displacement piles. As the soil is removed when the
hole is bored, there is no displacement of the soil during installation. The
installation of these piles causes very little change in the stresses in the
surrounding soil.
 PILES

END!