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definations

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ya708007
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MYP 5 Biology Definitions

Unit 3: Biotechnology:

3D-bioprinting : The three-dimensional printing of biological tissue and organs

through the layering of stem cells

Cloning : A group of genetically identical individuals (or cells)

OR the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an

organism

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid : a molecule common to all life on Earth. It contains

the code that determines the structure of living things

DNA ligase : An enzyme which can connect pieces of DNA together.

Restriction enzyme : a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences
at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at
each end.

genetic engineering/genetic modification (GM): DNA is modified so that a unique

set of genes is produced

genetic code : The order of bases in DNA that determines the sequence of amino

acids in a protein

genome mapping : Methods used to find the exact location of a gene on a

chromosome

transgenic : An organism containing the DNA of another species

transplant : Take a living tissue or an organ and put it into another organism
vector: Something which can carry DNA from one organism to another. Examples

are viruses and plasmids

Biotechnology : involves the use of biological knowledge and understanding, and is

where biological processes, organisms, cells or parts of cells are utilized to develop

new technologies. New tools and products developed by biotechnology are useful in

research, agriculture, industry and health.

technology : issues involved in biotechnology can be controversial. Some people

see the methods used by biotechnology as ‘meddling with nature’, whereas others

believe that the ends justify the means.

DNA Fingerprinting:

DNA fingerprinting is a technique for identifying repeated sequences in the human

genome that produce a pattern of bands unique for every individual.

Bt corn

That is genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

Unit 4: Cell Reactions’ Energy :

respiration: Break down glucose to release energy

aerobic respiration: Biochemical process that releases energy from a sugar in the
presence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration : Respiration in the absence of oxygen, producing either


lactic acid (humans) or ethanol (plants and yeast)

anabolic reactions: When complex molecules are built up from smaller ones
catabolic reactions: Where complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones

biofuel : A fuel produced from biological raw materials, such as plant crops or
animal waste biotechnology The industrial and commercial application of biology

chlorophyll : The main photosynthetic pigment of green plants

chloroplast: Organelle that is the site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll

photosynthesis : The process by which green plants convert light energy from the
Sun into useable chemical energy stored in organic matter. It requires carbon
dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light

stoma : (pl. stomata) Hole/pore usually on the underside of leaves that allows gases
to enter and leave the leaf, and transpiration to occur

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