Physics Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics
Solid: Volume and shape constant (intermolecular force maximum)
Liquid : Volume constant (intermolecular for moderate)
Gas : both variable (intermolecular for less)
We deal with liquid incompressible (density constant) and non-viscous (no resistance)
In case of solid we deal with force for liquid we have to consider pressure.
Pressure:
F
P = P  lim
A  0  A

Pressure is scalar quantity.

S.I. unit Pascal (pa) : 1 bar = 105 pa
1 atm = 1.013  105 pa
Properties of Pressure :
(i) Pressure is isotropic: At same point on a fluid pressure is same in all direction P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

(ii) In same liquid, pressure will be same at all the points at same level.

(iii) Fluid is equilibrium exert pressure at right angle to the surface of contact.
Variation of pressure with depth:
Consider a small volume inside a liquid surface at depth y and thickness dy Let PO is pressure acting on free surface of
liquid (atm pressure) and P be pressure on the considered volume of liquid
Let, F be the total downward force on top face.
F = PA
Let, F’ be the total upward force on bottom face.
F’ = (P + dp) A
Let, dw be the weight of that volume
As that volume is in equilibrium
(p + dp)A – PA – dw = 0

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A  dp = dw
Adp =  dy A g
dp = gdy
P h

 dp    gdy
P0 0

p – p0 = gh
p = p0 + hg

Q:1 Show that liquid may exert thrust greater than its own weight?
Q:2 A vertical u-tube of uniform cross section contains mercury in both of its arms. A glycerin (g = 1.3 g/cm3).
Column of length 10 cm is introduced into one of the arms. Oil (0 = 0.8 g/cm3) is poured into other arm until the
upper surface of oil and glycerin are in same level. Find length of oil column [Hg = 13.6 g/cc]
Pascal’s Law:
If pressure in liquid is changed at particular point, the change is transmitted
to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude.
e.g. Balloon

Hydraulic lift:
A piston with small cross section A1, exerts a force F1,
pressure is P = F1/A1
This change in pressure is transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude i.e. P is constant
at every point.
applied pressure is transmitted to large piston of area A2. Let force applied by larger piston is F2
F2
P 
A2
 A2
 F2  F1
 A1
Q:3 In a simple hydraulic press, the cross sectional area of two cylinders is 10–2m2 and1m2respectively A force of 10N
is applied to smaller piston
(a) What is the pressure produce in cylinder
(b) What is the thrust on larger piston
(c) What is the work done by operator if smaller piston moves down by 0.1 m?
(d) What is distance travel by larger piston.

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Q:4 A large can crusher is shown in figure. The large piston has an area of
8m 2 and exerts a force F2 of magnitude 2 106 N on the cans. Calculate the

magnitude of the force F1 exerted by the small piston (area 10 cm 2 ) on the

fluid. Do not ignore the fact that the large piston is 1 m higher than the small
piston. The fluid used is water.
Ans: 260 N
Q:5 Two piston of a hydraulic lift have diameters of 30 cm and 2.5 cm. What is the force exerted by the larger piston
when 50 kg wt is placed on the smaller piston? If the stroke of the smaller piston is 4 cm, through what distance
will the larger piston move after 10 strokes?
Ans: i) 7200 kg wt ii) 0.28 cm
Q:6 A rectangular tank is 10 m long, 5 m broad and 3 m high. It is filled to brim with water of density 103 kgm 3 .

Calculate the thrust at the bottom and walls of the tank due to hydrostatic pressure. Take g = 9.8 ms 2 .

Ans: i) 1.47 106 N ii) 1.323 106 N

Q:7 The interior of a submarine located at a depth of 50 m is sea water is maintained at sea level atmospheric pressure.
Find the force acting on a window 20 cm square. The density of sea water is 1.03 103 kgm 3 .
4
Ans: 2.02 10 N
Q:8 The liquids shown in figure in the two arms are mercury (specific gravity = 13.6)
and water. If the difference of heights of the mercury columns is 2 cm, find the
height h of the water column.
Ans: 27 cm

Home Work - 1
1. What will be the length of mercury column in a barometer tube, when the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of
0
mercury and the tube is inclined at an angle of 60 with the horizontal direction?
Ans: 86.6 cm
2
2. To lift an automobile of 2000 kg, a hydraulic lift with a larger piston 900 cm in area is used. Calculate the force
2
that must be applied to the smaller piston of area 10 cm to accomplish this task.
Ans: 217.8 N
3
3. A diver descends to a depth of 50 m in sea water which has a density of 1025 kg m . What is the pressure
(gauge) on his body?
5 2
Ans: 5.02 10 N / m
4. A rectangular tank is 3 m long, 2 m wide and 1.5 m in height. It contains water to a depth of 1 m. The density of
3
water is 1000 kg/ m . Find (i) the pressure at the bottom of the tank (ii) force on the longer vertical wall and (iii)
force on the shorter vertical wall.
Ans: i) 9800 Pa ii) 14700 N iii) 9800N
3
5. Convert pressure head of 6 m of water to pressure head of an oil of density 750 kg/ m . The density of water is
3
1000 kg/ m . Ans: 8 m

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6. What is the pressure due to the water at the bottom of a 12 m deep lake?
Ans: 1.18 105 Pa
7. A glas tube is bent into a U shape. Water is poured into the tube until it stands 12 cm high on each side. Kerosene
 870kg / m3 is added slowly to one side until water on the other side rises 5 cm. What is the length of
kerosene column?
Ans: 11.5 cm

Measurement of pressure:
Absolute Pressure:
It is total pressure at that relative to the local atmosphere i.e. pressure due to only surrounding medium it does not include
atmosphere pressure.
Gauge Pressure:
Pressure measured at a point relative to the local atmosphere i.e. pressure due to only surrounding medium it does not
include atmosphere pressure.
Pabosolute = Pgauge + Patm
Pgauge = hg
Pabosolute = hg + Patm
Absolute pressure is always greater than or equal to zero where as gauge pressure can be negative.

Measuring Pressure:
Barometer:
A long glass tube is filled with mercury and inverted it with its open end in a container of mercury. The mercury level in a
tube falls and comes to rest at vertical height of 76 cm above the mercury level in container.
PA = 0
F M Hg g
PB  
A A
 Ahg
   hg
A
B and C are at same level
PB = PC
PC = 13.6  103  76  10–2  9.8
PC = 1.013  105 N/m2

Monometers:
(i) Simple monometers:
It is vertical glass tube whose lowest end is connected where pressure
is to be measured and upper end is left open to the atmosphere PB = hg

(i) U-tube monometer:

It consist of two tubes connected to the bottom of U- shaped tube. It measure
positive as well as negative pressure in liquid as well as gas. It works on
Pascal’s Law.

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Q:9 A container A having some fluid of density 0. Is connected
to U-tube monometer. As shown in figure. Find pressure at
point A in both the cases.

Q:10 An inverted u-tube monometer shown in figure is use to

measure difference in water level between two tanks.
Calculated difference for the condition shown in fig.
[Specific Gravity of liquid in monometer is 0.9 w.r.t. of water]

Q:11 In a given U-tube open at left end and close at right end, if
pressure above the liquid in right arm is P. Find value of P.
[Given: 2 = 2  13.6 g/cm3, 1 = 13.6 g/cc Pa= 76 cm of Hg]

Q:12 A circular tube of uniform cross section is filled with two liquids of
density 1 and 2 such that half of each liquid occupies quarter of the
volume of tube. If line joining free surface of liquid makes an angle
 with horizontal. Find value of .

Q:13 Calculate (i) absolute pressure (ii) gauge pressure of the gas in the
bulb shown in figure. Atmospheric pressure 1.01 105 Pa, density
of mercury 13.6 103 kgm 3 , g 9.8 ms 2 .
Ans: i) 1.17 105 Pa ii) 0.16 105 Pa

Q:14 Calculate the pressure of the gas in the bulb shown in figure.
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg.
Ans: =730 mm of Hg

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Pressure diagram and forces on boundaries

Q:15 Consider a regular tank of size (l  b) filled with a liquid of density  and height
h as shown in figure. Find force at the base and on the walls of tank.

Q:16 Find net down word thrust on inclined surface of bucket full of water of height
1
h and radii. a and b. [Volume of buket =  h(a  ab  b ) ]
2 2

Archimedes’s Principle:
P2 – P1 = B/A
B = gh2 – gh1  A
B = g(h2 – h1)  A
B = g  (volume of cylinder)
B = g  (volume of weight displaced)
B = m displaced water  g
B = (mass of water displaced) g
Q:17 A piece of ice is floating in water. What will happen to the level of water when all ice melts? What will happen if
beaker is filled not with water but with liquid (i) denser the water (ii) lighter than water
Q:18 A cubical block of wood 10 cm floats at the interface between oil and water with lowest surface 2 cm below the
interface. If height of oil and water columns are 10 cm each and oil = 0.8 g/cm3. find mass of block and liquid
pressure at the lowest surface of block.

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Q:19 A piece of metal weigh 45 N in air and 28.3 N when fully submerged in water. Determine the specific gravity of
the metal.
Ans: 2.69
Q:20 An object floats on water with 20% of its volume above the water line. What is the density of the object? Density
of water = 1000 kg m 3 .

Ans: 800 kg / m3
Q:21 A copper cube weigh 0.50 kg in air and 0.40 kg in water. Is the cube hollow or solid? Density of copper
8.96 103 kg / m3 ; density of water 103 kg / m3 .

Ans: 0.5 104 kg / m3

Q:22 An object that weighs 40 N in air, “weighs’’ 20 N when submerged in water and 30 N when submerged in a liquid
of unknown density. What is the density of the liquid?
Ans: 500 kg / m3

Home Work - 2
1. A box of treasure with a mass of 92 kg and a volume of 0.031 m3 lies at the bottom of the ocean. How much
force is needed to lift it?
Ans: 590 N
2. A cork has a density of  200 kg / m3 . What fraction of the volume of the cork is submerged when the cork
floats in water? Density of water 1000 kg / m3 .
Ans: 1/5
3
3. A string supports a solid iron object of mass 180 g totally immersed in a liquid of density 800 kg m .
3
Calculate the tension in the string if the density of iron is 8000 kg m .
Ans: 1.62 N
4. When a 60 N stone is attached to a scale and submerged in water, the scale reads 40 N. Find (i) the specific
gravity of the stone and (ii) volume of the stone.
Ans: i)3 ii)2.04 litres
5. The specific gravity of sea water is 1.03 and that of ice is 0.92. What fraction of an iceberg is above the surface
of water?
Ans: 0.107

Flow of Fluids:
Steady Flow: A flow is said to be steady if velocity pressure and density at any point in the flow do not change with
time. It is also called as streamline flow.
VA  VB  VC
dVA dV dV
 0, B  0, C  0
dt dt dt

Unsteady Flow: The velocity at a point in the flow varies with time i.e. du/dt  0

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Turbulent Flow: When velocity exceeds certain critical value, the nature of flow become complicated. At particular
point velocity of liquid changes abruptly. This type of flow is called as turbulent flow.
Path Line: Path drawn such that it gives trajectory of liquid. It may interact.
Streamline: It is a line drawn such that tangent at every point of it is the direction of velocity at that instant. They do not
interact.

Principle of Continuity: Mass is conserved.

It states that, when an incompressible and non-viscous liquid flows in a stream lined motion through a tube of non-
uniform cross-section, the product of area of cross-section and velocity of flow is same at every point in tube.
Incompressible liquid = density is constant
Non-viscous = internal friction is zero
Mass is constant
m1 = m2 = m3
1 volume1 = 2 volume2 = 3 volume
1a1x1 = 2a2x2 = 3a3x3
a1x1 = a2x2 = a3x3 …… liquid is incompressible
a1v1 = a2v2 = a3v3
av = constant (rate of discharge)
A1v1 = A2v2
Q:22 A horizontal pipe having radius 10 cm branches into two pipes of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. If velocity of flowing
water in pipe of radius 3 cm is 5 cm/s determine velocity of water in remaining two pipes. Rate of discharge
through main branch is 600  cm3/s
Q.23 Water flows through a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm at the speed of 1 ms-1, What should the diameter of the
nozzle be if the water is to emerge at the speed of 4 ms-1 ?
Ans – 10 cm

Bernoulli’s Equation
According to Bernoulli’s theorem, when incompressible and non-viscous liquid is in steady flow then sum of KE, PE and
Pressure energy remains constant along a stream line.
W1 = F1x1
W1 = P1A1x1
W2 = –P2A2x2
Total work done
W = w1 + w2
W = P1A1x1 – P2A2x2
W = P1V – P2V

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W = (P1 – P2) V
1 2 1 2
k = mv2  mv1
2 2
U = mgh2 – mgh1
W = U + K ……. As liquid is non-viscous i.e. Fr is zero.

(P1 – P2)V = mg(h2 – h1) +

2
 v2  v1 
1 2 2

1 1
P1 - P2 =  h 2 -  h1 +  v22   v12
2 2
1 1
P1   gh1   v22  P2   gh2   v12
2 2
1 2
 P   gh   v  constant
2
PV is pressure energy and P is pressure energy per unit volume mgh is P.E. and gh is P.E. per unit volume
1 2 1
mv is K. E. and  v 2 is K.E. per unit volume. If liquid is at rest i.e. u = 0 then p + hg = constant i.e.
2 2
1 2
pressure equation. If h is constant P   v  constant.
2
Q:24 At what speed will the velocity head of a stream of water be equal to 40 cm[i.e. velocity at bottom when pipe is
1
40cm high? Ans: 2.8 ms
Q:25 A pipe is running full of water. At a certain point A, it tapers from 60 cm diameter to 20 cm diameter at B; the
pressure difference between A and B is 100 cm of water column. Find the rate of flow through the pipe.
Ans: 0.14 m3 / s

The reading of a pressure meter attached to a closed pipe is 2.5  10 Nm-3, On opening the valve of the pipe, the
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Q:26
3
reading of the pressure meter reduces to 2.5  10 Nm . Calculate the speed of water flowing through the pipe.
5

Ans -10 ms-1

Water enters a house through a pipe 2.0 cm in inside diameter at an absolute pressure of 4  10 Pa. The pipe
5
Q:27
leading to second – floor bathroom 5 m above is 1.0 cm in diameter. When the flow velocity at the inlet pipe is 4
m s-1, find the flow velocity and pressure in the bathroom.
Ans – i) 16 ms 1 ii) 2.3  10 Pa
5

Q:28 A pitot tube a mounted on an acroplane to measure the speed of the plane. The tube contains to air? Given that
specific gravity of alcohol = 0.8 and density of air =1 kg\m3.
Ans – 79.2 ms-1

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Home Work - 3
1. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section at the rate of 20 litres per minute. Find the
velocity of water at a point where diameter of the pipe is 2 cm.
1
Ans: 10.61ms
2. A water pipe is 10 cm in diameter and has a constriction of 2 cm diameter. If the velocity of flow in the main pipe
is 0.84 m/s, calculate (i) the velocity of flow in the constriction (ii) rate of discharge of water through the pipeline.
Ans: i) 21ms 1 ii) 0.0066 m3 / s

3. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-section of 8.0 cm 2 , one end of which has 40 fine holes, each of
3
diameter 0.1 mm. If the liquid flow inside the tube is 1.5 m /minute, what is the speed of ejection of the liquid
through the holes?
1
Ans: 0.637 ms
4. Water enters a horizontal pipe of non – uniform cross- section with a velocity of 0.6 ms-1 and leaves the other end
with a velocity of 0.4 ms-1. At the first end, pressure of water is 1600 N/m2. Calculate the pressure of water at the
other end. Density of water = 1000 kg m-3
Ans: 1700 N / m2

The reading of a pressure meter attached with a closed water pipe is 4 10 N / m . On opening the value of the
5 2
5.

pipe, the reading of pressure meter is reduced to 3.2  10 N/m2. Calculate the speed of water flowing in the pipe.
5

1
Ans: 12.64 ms

At a certain point in a pipeline, the velocity is 1 m/s and the gauge pressure is 3  10 N/m2. Find the gauge
5
6.
pressure at a second point in the line 20 m lower than the first if the cross – section at the second point is one –
half that at the first. The liquid in the pipe is water.
5 2
Ans: 4.95 10 N / m

7. Water flows through a constricted pipe at a uniform rate. At one point, where the pressure is 2.5 104 pa, the

diameter is 8.0 cm. At another point 0.5 m higher, the pressure is 1.5 104 pa and the diameter is 4.0 cm. Find (i)
the speed of flow in the lower and upper sections (ii) the rate of flow through the pipe
3 3
Ans: (i) 0.83ms 1 (lower); 3.3ms 1 (upper) (ii) 4.15 10 m / s
8. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of non – uniform cross – section. The speed of water is 30 cm/s at a
place where pressure is 10 cm of water. Calculate the speed of water at the other place where pressure is half of
that at the first place.
Ans: 103.4cm s1

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 Blowing of roof by wind storms:

 Attraction between two closely parallel moving busses (why air comes indie the window of moving car)

 Magnus Effect- Swing of ball (Cricket, football)

 Action of atomizer:

 Working of aeroplane:

Application base on Bernoulli’s Equation:

Venturimeter:

Figure shows venturimeter of non-uniform cross-section consider that venturimeter is horizontal i.e. P.E. of
venturimeter is same.
 from continuity equation.
V1A1 = V2A2 ……..(I)
For Bernoulli’s Equation
1 2 1
P1   v1  P2   v22
2 2
P1  P2    v22  v12 
1
2

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1  2 v22 A22 
P1  P2    v2  2 
2  A1 
1 2  A22 
P1  P2   v2 1  2 
2  A1 
And P1 – P2 = hg

1  A2 
 hg   v22 1  22 
2 A 1 
2hg
v2 
1  A22 / A12 

  v22  v12 
1
h g 
2
v22  v12  2hg ………..(II)

Using I and II
If A1 and A2 are known and we can calculate h from the device hence we can find velocity of fluid
Rate of discharge is given by
Q = AV = constant

2hg
Q  A1 A2
A  A22
1
2

If liquid in venturimeter is different than pipe

2h(  L   w ) g
v22  v12 
2L

h(  L   w ) g
Q  A1 A2
 L ( A12  A22 )

Static Pressure and dynamic pressure –

Static pressure  dynamic pressure

Static pressure < dynamic pressure
Static pressure is at point A
Dynamic pressure = pressure at point B + conversion of K.E. to pressure energy at point B

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Speed of Efflux:
Liquid come out of hole made at depth as shown in fig. Consider two parts 1(area of the vessel) and 2(area
of the hole).
A1v1 = A2v2
1 2 1
Patm   v1   yg  Patm   v22
2 2
v2  v12  2 gy
A22 2
v22 v2  2 gy
A12
 A2 
v22 1  22   2 gy
 A1 
2 gy 2 gy
v22  v2 
 A22   A22 
  
A12   A12 
1 1
 
If A2 <<< A1
v2 = 2gy
The speed of liquid coming out through hole at depth h below the free surface is the same as that of particle follow freely
through the height h under gravity. This is known as Torricelli’s theorem.

Horizontal range of liquid

Consider vertical motion
H – h = 1/2 gt2

2 H  h
t=
g
Consider vertical motion
R = vt

2  H  h
R  2 gh 
g
R  4h  H  h  R  2 h  H  h   2 Hh  h 2

For maximum range

dR 2
   H  2h 
dh 2 Hh  h 2
H  2h  0
H  2h
h  H /2
At center range will be maximum and Rh and RH – h range is same

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Time taken to empty the tank
aV2 = AV1

 dy 
aV2 = A   
 dt 
dy
a 2 gy   A
dt
A 1
dt   dy
a 2g y
A
t 0
1
0 dt  a 2 g 
H y
dy

A  0
t  2 y 
a 2g H

A 
t 2 H 
a 2g 
A 2H
t
a g
Force on the tank due to liquid:
Thrust force due to liquid coming out of tank is given by
dp
Force F 
dt
m =   volume
m = Ax
dm dx
 A
dt dt
  av
dp
F
dt
d
 mv
dt
  Av 2
Q:29 A large uniform container resting on horizontal surface, holds two immiscible ideal liquids of density d and 2d
each of height H/2 as shown in figure. A tiny hole of area s(s<<<<A)
is at vertical side of the container at height h(h < H/2). Find
a) initial speed of efflux
b) the horizontal distance travel by liquid initially
c) the height at which hole should be punched so that liquid
travel the maximum distance x initially also find x.

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Q:30 Water flows out of a small hole in the wall of a large tank near its bottom. What is the speed of efflux of water
when the height of water level in the tank is 5m?
1
Ans: 9.9 ms

Q:31 At what velocity does water emerge from an orifice in a tank in which gauge pressure is 3 105 N / m 2 before the

flow starts? Density of water = 1000 kg / m3 .

1
Ans: 24.5 ms
Q:32 Water is maintained at a height of 10 m in a tank. Calculate the diameter of the circular hole needed at the base of
3
the tank to discharge water at the rate of 26.4 m /minute.
Ans: 20 cm
Q:33 In giving a patient blood transfusion, the bottle is set up so that the level of blood is 1.3 m above the needle,
which has an internal diameter of 0.36 mm and is 3 cm in length. If 4.5 cm 3 of blood passes through the needle in
3
one minute, calculate the viscosity of blood. The density of blood is 1020 kgm
Ans: 0.0238 poise
Q:34 Water is conveyed through a horizontal tube 0.08 m in diameter and 4 km length at the rate of 20 litres per
second. Assuming only viscous resistance, calculate the pressure difference required to maintain the flow

 10 3 Nsm 2
.
4 2
Ans: 7.96 10 N / m
Q:35 Two capillaries of same length and radii in the ratio of 1:2 are connected in series and a liquid flows through this
system under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the two extreme ends of the combination is 1 m of
water, what is the pressure difference across the first capillary?
Ans: 0.94 m

Home Work - 4
2
1. There is 1 mm thick layer of glycerine between a flat plate of area 100 cm and a big plate. If the coefficient of
viscosity of glycerine is 1.0 kgm 1s 1 , then how much force is required to move the plate with a velocity of 7
cm/s?
Ans: 0.7 N
4 1
2. An oil drop falls through air with a terminal velocity of 5 10 ms . Calculate (i) radius of the drop (ii) the
terminal velocity of a drop of half of this radius. Viscosity of air 1.8 10 5 Nsm 2 ; density of oil 900 kgm 3 .
Neglect the density of air as compared to that of oil.
6 4 1
Ans: i) 2.14 10 m ii) 1.25 10 ms
3. An air bubble of diameter 2 cm is allowed to rise through a long cylindrical column of a viscous liquid and travels
3
at the rate of 0.21 cm/s. If the density of the liquid is 1.47 10 , find the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.
Given that g 9.8 ms 2 and density of air to be neglected.
3
Ans: 1.52 10 Poise

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4. An aluminium sphere of radius 1.0 mm is dropped into a bottle of glycerine at 20 0 C. What is the terminal
velocity of the sphere? At 20 0 C, density of aluminium is 2.7 103 kg / m3 and that of glycerine is
1.26 103 kg / m3 . The coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 1.49 Nsm 2 at 200 C .
Ans: 2.1 mm/s
5. A sphere is dropped under gravity through a fluid of viscosity  . Taking average acceleration as half of the initial
acceleration, show that the time taken to attain terminal velocity is independent of fluid density.
6. Approximately what volume of water per second can flow through a pipe 2.0 cm is diameter before turbulent flow
will occur? The critical value of Reynolds number is 2000. Viscosity of water is 0.801 10 3 Pa s.
Ans: 25.2 cm3 / s
7. A horizontal pipe of diameter 20 cm has a constriction of diameter 4 cm. The velocity of water in the pipe is 2
ms 1 and pressure is 107 N / m 2 . Calculate the velocity and pressure at the constriction.
Ans: i) 50ms 1 ii) 8.752 106 N / m 2
8. In a horizontal pipeline of uniform area of cross-section, the pressure falls by 5 N / m 2 between two points
separated by a distance of 1 km. What is the change is kinetic energy per kg of the oil flowing at these points?
Density of oil 800kg / m3 .
Ans: 6.25 10 3 J / kg
9. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe having different cross-section at two points A and B. The diameters of
the pipe at A and B are 0.6 m and 0.2 m respectively. The pressure difference between points A and B is 1 m
column of water. Calculate the volume of water flowing per second.
Ans: 0.1397 m3 / s
10. A large bottle is fitted with a siphon made of capillary glass tubing. Compare the coefficients of viscosity of water
and petrol if the time taken to empty the bottle in the two cases is in the ratio 2:5. Specific gravity of petrol =0.8.
Ans: =1:2
11. Three capillaries of same length but internal radii 3R, 4R and 5R are connected in series and a liquid flows
through them under streamline conditions. If the pressure across the third capillary is 8.1 mm of liquid, find the
pressure across the first capillary.
Ans: 6.25 cm of liquid
12. A cylindrical tank 1 m in radius rests on a platform 5 m high. Initially, the tank is filled with water to a height of 5
4 2
m. A plug whose area is 10 m is removed from an orifice on the side of the tank at the bottom. Calculate (i)
initial speed with which the water flows from the orifice (ii) initial speed with which water strikes the ground ( g =
2
10 ms )
1 1
Ans: i) 10ms ii) 14.1ms
13. A horizontal tube A of length 50 cm and radius 0.1 mm is joined to another horizontal tube B of length 40 cm and
radius 0.2 mm. If a liquid passing through the tube enters A at a pressure of 85 cm of mercury and leaves B at a
pressure of 76 cm of mercury, what is the pressure at the junction of the tubes?
Ans: 76.43 cm of Hg
3 3
14. i) Water flows steadily along a horizontal pipe at a rate of 8 10 m / s . If the area of cross-section of the pipe is
40 10 4 m2 , calculate the flow velocity of water.
4
ii) Find the total pressure in the pipe if the static pressure in the horizontal pipe is 3 10 Pa. Density of water is
1000 kg / m3 .
4
iii) What is the new flow velocity if the total pressure is 3.6 10 Pa ?
1 4 1
Ans: i) 2ms ii) 3.2 10 Pa iii) 3.5ms

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15. A non-viscous liquid of constant density 1000 kg / m3 flows in a streamline motion along a tube of variable cross-
section. The tube is kept inclined in the vertical plane as shown in figure. The area of cross-section of the tube at
two points P and Q at heights 2 m and 5 m are respectively 4 10 3 m 2 and 8 10 3 m 2 . The velocity of the liquid
at point P is 1 ms 1 . Find the work done per unit volume by the gravity and pressure forces as the liquid flows
from point P to point Q (g = 9.8 ms 2 )

Ans: i) 2.94 104 J / m3 ii) 2.94 104 Jm 3

Viscosity:
The property of fluid to oppose relative motion between its layer is called as viscosity. Viscosity is internal friction in
fluid.
According to Newton’s:
(i) Fr. Force between layer depends on area of the layer in contact
FA
(ii) It also depends on velocity gradient between the layers
dv
F  A
dy
dv
F = –A
dy
 is coefficient of viscosity, its value depends on nature of fluid. Negative sign shows that direction of viscous
force F is opposite to the direction of relative velocity.
S.I. Ns/m2 or Pa-s
C.G.S. poise dyne s/cm2
1Ns/m2 = 1 Pa-s = 10 poise
Effect of temperature on viscosity:
 for liquid decreases sharply with increase in its temperature and becomes zero at boiling point.
1

T
 for gases increases with temperature
  √𝑇
Q:36 A plate of area 10 m2 is placed on upper surface of liquid of thickness 2 cm. Calculate horizontal force necessary
to move the plate with velocity 10 cm/s [ = 20 poise] Consider liquid in contact with bed as stationary.

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Flow of liquid through cylindrical pipe:
P1  P2 2 2
The flow speed at distance r from the axis of pipe is given by V 
4 L
R  r 
P1 and P2 pressure at the ends of pipe of length L
The path of flow is parabola and maximum velocity is at r = 0
P1  P2 2
vmax  R
4 L
Volume Flow Rate:
Poiseuille’s Equation

dV   R 4   P1  P2 
Q    
dt 8     L 
To find total volume flow rate through the pipe, we considering with inner radius r + dr and cross section area dA
= 2 d r. The volume flow rate through this element is udA and now integration from O-R.
Stokes Law:
When object moves through a fluid it experiences a viscous force which acts in opposite direction of velocity.
For small sphere viscous force is F = 6 rV. Where r is radius of sphere, v is velocity of body
Terminal Velocity:
Consider a small sphere falling from rest through a column of viscous fluid.
Fv = viscous force = drag force. Initially sphere accelerate and after some time
it attends constant velocity this constant velocity is known as terminal velocity.
mg = Fb + Fv
4 3 4
 r  g   r 3 g  6 rVT
3 3
2 r g    
2
4 3
 r g       6 rVT VT 
3 9 

1
Q:37 A square plate of side 20 cm moves parallel to another plate with a velocity of 20 cm s both plates immersed
3
in water. If the viscous force is 4 10 N and viscosity of water is 0.001 decapoise, what is their distance apart?
Ans: 0.2 cm
Q:38 The relative velocity between two layers of water is 8 cm\s. If the perpendicular distance between the layers is 0.1
cm, find the velocity gradient.
Ans: 80 s-1
2 2 1
Calculate the horizontal force required to move a metal plate of area 2  10 m with a velocity of 4.5 10 ms
2
Q:39
3
when it rests on a layer of oil 1.5 10 m thick Coefficient of oil = 2 Nsm-2.
Ans: 1.2 N

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Q:40 A metal plate of a 1.1 m2 is connected to a 0.01 kg mass via
a string that passes over an ideal pulley as shown in figure.
A liquid with a flim thickness of 0.3 mm is placed between
the plate and the table. When released, the plate moves to the
right with a constant speed of 0.085 ms-1, Find the coefficient
of viscosity of the liquid. The pulley may be considered massless and frictionless
Ans: 3.46 103 pas
Q:41 A drop of water radius 0.01 mm is falling through a medium whose density is 1.21 kg/m3 and coefficient of
5 2
viscosity is 1.8 10 Nsm , Find the terminal velocity of the drop and viscous force on the drop.

Ans: 1.2 102 ms 1

Q:42 A metallic sphere of radius 1.0 103 m and density 1.0 104 kg / m3 enters a tank of water after a free fall
through a height h in earth’s gravitational field. If its velocity remains unchanged after entering water, determine
the value of water  1.0 103 kg / m3 .
Ans: 20 m
Q:43 Two identical drop’s of water are falling through air with a steady velocity of 10 cm s-1, If the drops combine to
form a single drop, what would be the terminal velocity of the single drop?
Ans: 15.9 cm s-1
Q:44 With what terminal velocity will an air bubble 0.8 mm in diameter rise in a liquid of viscosity 0.15 Ns m-2 and
specific gravity 0.9? Density of air is 1.293 kg m-3.
Ans : 0.21 cm s-1

Home Work - 5
1. The terminal velocity of a copper ball of radius 2.0 mm falling through a tank of oil at 20 C is 6.5 cm/s.
Compute the viscosity of the oil at 20 C . Density of oil  1.5  103 kg/m3, density of copper  8.9 103 kg / m3 .
2. Two spherical raindrops of equal size are falling vertically through air with a terminal velocity of 0.0150 ms -1.
What would be the terminal velocity if these two drops were to coalesce to form a large spherical drop
3. Calculate the terminal velocity of a raindrop of radius 0.3 mm. Take coefficient of viscosity of air  1.83 105 pa s,

density of air  1.3kg m3 , density of water  1000kg m3 and g = 9.8 m s-2.
4. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section at the rate of 20 litres per minute. Find the
velocity of water at a point where diameter of the pipe is 2 cm.
5. A water pipe is 10 cm in diameter and has a constriction of 2 cm diameter. If the velocity of flow in the main pipe
is 0.84 m/s, calculate (i) the velocity of flow in the constriction (ii) rate of discharge of water through the pipeline.
6. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross- section of 8.0 cm2, one end of which has 40 fine holes, each of
diameter 0.1 mm. If the liquid flow inside the tube is 1.5 m3/minute. What is the speed of ejection of the liquid
through the holes?

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Q:45 In Millikan’s experiment for determining electronic charge, an oil drop of density 0.95 g/cm3 falls with a terminal
velocity 1.142 102 cm \ s through air of density 0.0013 g/cm3 and viscosity 181106 g cm1s 1 . Find the
radius of the drop.
Ans: 10-4 cm
Q.46 A small sphere falls rest in a viscous liquid. Due to friction, heat is produced. Find relation between rate of
production of heat and radius of sphere at terminal velocity.
Q.47 A non-viscous liquid of constant density 1000 kg/m3 flows in a streamline motion
along a tube of variable cross section. The tube is kept inclined in vertical plane as
shown in fig. Find work done per unit volume by pressure energy and work done
by gravity as fluid moves from 1 to 2.
Q:48 A solid sphere of radius R and density  is attached to one end of a massless spring of force constant k. The other
end of spring is connected to another solid sphere of radius R and density 3. The complete arrangement is placed
in a density of liquid 2 and is allowed to reach equilibrium. The correct statement is

(a) The net elongation of spring is 4 R  g (b) The net elongation of spring is 8 R  g
3 3

3K 3K
(c) the spring is partially submerged (d) the spring is completely submerged

Laminar and Turbulent Flow, Reynolds Number :

When a liquid flowing in a pipe is observed carefully, it will be seen that the pattern of flow
becomes more disturbed as the velocity of flow increases. Perhaps this phenomenon is more
commonly seen in a river or stream. When the flow is slow the pattern is smooth, but when
the flow is fast, eddies develop and swirl in all directions. At the low velocities, flow is calm.
This is called ‘Laminar flow’.
In a series of experiments, Reynolds showed this by injecting a thin stream of dye into the
fluid and finding that it ran in a smooth stream in the direction of the flow at low speeds. As
the velocity of flow increased, he found that the dye was rapidly mixed into the disturbed flow of the surrounding fluid.
This is called ‘Turbulent Flow’.
 ud
After many experiments Reynolds saw that the expression

Where,  = density, u = mean velocity, d = diameter and  = viscosity would help in predicting the change in flow type. If the
value of is less than about 2000 then flow is lamina, if greater than 4000 then turbulent and in between these two in the
transition zone.
This value is known as the Reynolds number, Re.
 ud
Re 

Laminar flow: Re < 2000, Transitional flow: 2000 < Re < 4000, Turbulent flow: Re > 4000

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SI units of Reynolds Number
 = kg/m3, u = m/s, d = m,  = Ns/m2 = kg/ms

 ud  kg / m   m / s  m 
3

Re   1
  kg / ms 
i.e. it has no units. A quantity that has no units is known as a non-dimensional (or dimensionless) quantity. Thus, the
Reynolds number, Re is a non-dimensional number.
2
Q:49 If it takes 5 minutes to fill a 15 litre bucket from a water tap of diameter cm then the Reynolds number for the flow

is (density of water = 103 kg/m3 and viscosity of water = 10–3 Pa.s) close to
(a)5500 (b) 11,000 (c) 550 (d) 1100
Q:50 How fast can a raindrop having a diameter 3.0 mm fall before the flow of air around it becomes turbulent? Critical
3
Reynolds number for laminar flow around a sphere is 10. The viscosity of air  0.019  10 Pas and density of
air  1.29 kg/m3.
Ans – 4.9 cms-1
Q:51 The flow rate of water from a tap of diameter 1.25 cm is 3 litres per minute. The coefficient of velocity of water is
10-3 Pa-s. Characterise the flow.
Ans – 5092.5
Mains
Fluid in uniform accelerating motion:
Consider a liquid in a tank which is moving on a horizontal surface with a constant acceleration a shape of liquid will be
as shown in figure
F1 = P1A
F2 = P2A
F1 – F2 = ma
P1A – P2A = ma
A[y1g  – y2g] = ma
Ag [y1 – y2] = ma
m
Ag [ y1  y2 ]  ma
Al
Ag[y1 – y2] = ma
y1  y2 a

l g

For figure, tan   y1  y2

l
a
 tan  
g
dp
In this case pressure increases with depth as   g . This case is similar to the pendulum suspending to the ceiling of
dy
accelerated car. New position of pendulum is in a direction of geff. Similarly, every liquid attains an equilibrium position
under the action of gravity and pseudo-force. The free surface of the liquid orients itself perpendicular to the direction of
net effective gravity.

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In horizontal accelerated fluid, pressure varies in the horizontal direction. In the arrangement rate
dp
of change of pressure is    a negative shows that pressure increase in direction opposite to
dx
the direction of acceleration.

Pressure in horizontal accelerated liquid:

In horizontal accelerated motion. Pressure at every point in a liquid layer parallel to the free surface remains same.
Pressure at point A in accelerated container is given by
PA = P0 + Hgeff
PA = P0 + H g 2  a 2
OR
In vertical direction
PA = P0 + Hv g
PA = P0 + gH sec 

PA = P0 + gH a  g
2 2

g
OR
In horizontal direction
PA = P0 + Hx  g
PA = P0 + aH cosec 
a2  g 2
PA = P0 + aH = P0 + H a 2  g 2
a
Equipressure Line:
a
  tan 1
g
If acceleration is in horizontal positive direction, then equipressure lines are
parallel lines making an angle.
=–
1 a
 =  – tan   with horizontal .
g
Fluid Subjected to Constant Vertical Acceleration:
Consider an imaginary cylinder as shown in figure-
Case I- fluid is accelerated in vertically upward direction
F1 = P1A
F2 = P2A
P2A – P1A – mg = ma
(P2 – P1)A = ma + mg
(P2 – P1)A = m(a + g)
(P2 – P1)A = A  h(a + g)
P2 – P1 = h (a + g)
P2 – P1 = hgeff
dp
Change in pressure according to depth is   a  g 
dy

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Case II- Fluid is accelerated in vertically downward direction (a < g)
dp
   g  a
dy
Case III- Fluid is accelerated in vertically downward direction (a > g)
dp
  a  g 
dy
Pressure will increase according to height.
Fluid subjected to combined horizontal and vertical acceleration.
Pressure distribution in close container.

P is point of lowest pressure.

It can be consider as reference point
pressure at point A is
PP + hg + lg = PA
PA – hg – lg = PP
Modified Monometer Equation
Equation starting from A
Pa + h1g + la – h2g = Pb
Equation starting from B
Pb + h2g – la – h1g = PA
Q:52 A vessel containing two immiscible liquids of density 1 = 1000 kg/m3 and
2 = 1500 kg/m3. A solid block of volume = 10–3 m3 and density 800 kg/m3
is tied to the one end of string and other end is tied to the bottom of the
vessel as shown in fig. Block is immersed with 2/5th of its volume in the
liquid of lower density. The entire system is accelerated upwards with
acceleration g/2. Find tension in string.

Liquid in vessel Rotating with constant angular velocity:

There is no relative motion between fluid elements consider small element dm as shown in figure.
N cos   dm  g
N sin   dm x  2
x 2
tan  
g
dy x 2

dx g
2
dy  x dx
g
2
 dy   g
x dx

 2 x2
y C
g 2

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 2R2
At x = R, y = ymax  ymax = C
2g
At x = 0, y = ymin  ymin = C
 2 R2
ymax =  ymin
2g
and general equation is
 2 x2
y  ymin
2g
Height of orginal liquid is y0
ymax  ymin
y0 
2
 2R2
 ymax  y0 
4g
Pressure at distance r from the axis as shown in figure
PA = PC = P0
Method I :
x 2
y r

 dy 
0 0
g
dx

r 2
2
y
2g
Height
PC + yg = PB
 2 r 2
PB = P0 +
2
Method II:
dp
 x 2 
dx
dp  x 2 dx
 x 2 2
Pa  Pb 
2
x  2 2
PA   PB
2
 x 2 2
PB  P0 
2
Q:53 A cylindrical vessel of diameter 0.3 m and height 0.6 m is filled with a liquid of specific gravity 0.8. The vessel is
rotated 2/3rd about its axis.
(i) Determine the speed of rotation when the liquid just starts spilling
(ii) Find speed of rotation when base is just visible

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Level
Level--11
1. If pressure at half the depth of a lake is equal to 2/3 pressure at the bottom of the lake then what is the depth of the
lake
(a) 10 m (b)20 m (c)60 m (d)30 m
2. A uniformly tapering vessel is filled with a liquid of density 900 kg\m3. The force that
acts on the base of the vessel due to the liquid is (g = 10 ms-2)
(a)3.6 N (b) 7.2 N (c)9.0 N (d) 14.4 N
3. A siphon in use is demonstrated in the following figure. The density of
the liquid flowing in siphon is 1.5 gm/cc. The pressure difference between
the points P and S will be
(a)105 N/m (b) 2  105 N/m
(c)zero (d) infinity
4. The pressure on a swimmer 20 m below the surface of water at sea level is
(a) 1.0 atm (b) 2.0 atm (c)2.5 atm (d) 3.0 atm
5. A triangular lamina of area A and height h is immersed in a liquid of density p in a vertical plane with its base on the
surface of the liquid. The thrust on the lamina is
1 1 1 2
(a) Apgh (b) Apgh (c) Apgh (d) Apgh
2 3 6 3
6. A cube floats in water with 1/3rd part outside the surface of water and it floats in a liquid with 3/4th part outside the
liquid. Then the density of liquid is
(a) 8/3 (b) 2/3 (c)4/3 (d) 5/3
7. By sucking through a straw a student can reduce the pressure in his hungs to 750 mm of Hg (density = 13.6 gm/cm3).
Using the straw, he can drink water from a glass upto a maximum depth of
(a) 10 cm (b) 75 cm (c)13.6 cm (d) 1.333333333 cm
8. A body floats in water with 40% of its volume outside water. When the same body floats in oil,60% of its volume
remains outside oil. The relative density of the oil is
(a) 0.9 (b) 1.2 (c)1.5 (d) 1.8
9. A body of density d1is counter imposed by Mg of weights of density d2 in air of density d. then the true mass of the
body is

 d   d M (1  d / d 2
(a) M (b) M 1   (c) M 1   (d)
 d2   d1  1  d / d1 
10. When a large bubble rise from the bottom of a lake to the surface, its radius doubles. If atmospheric pressure is equal
to that of column of water height H, then the depth of lake is
(a) H (b) 2 H (c)7 H (d) 8 H

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11. A body weighs 50 grams in air and 40 grams in water. How much would it weigh in a liquid of specific gravity 1.5?
(a) 65 grams (b) 45 grams (c)30 grams (d) 35 grams
12. A barometer tube reads 76 cm of mercury. If the tube is gradually inclined at an angle of 600 with vertical, keeping
the open end immersed in the mercury reservoir, the length of the mercury column will be

(a) 152 cm (b) 76 cm (c)38 cm (d) 38 3 cm

13. The height to which a cylindrical vessel is to be filled with a homogenous liquid, to make the average force with
which the liquid presses the sids of the vessel equal to the force exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the vessel, is
equal to
(a) half of the radius of the vessel (b)radius of the vessel
(c) one- fourth of the radius of the vessel (d)three- fourths of the radius of the vessel
14. A liquid X of density 3.36 g/cm3 is poured in a U-tube, which contains Hg. Another
liquid Y is poured in left arm with height 8 cm, upper levels of X and Y are same.
What is density of Y?
(a) 0.8 g/cc (b) 1.2 g/cc (c)1.4 g/cc (d) 1.6 g/cc

15. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above the mercury level. The
open end of the tube is then closed and sealed and the tube is raised vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be
length of the column above mercury in the tube now? [Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg]
(a) 16 cm (b) 22 cm (c)38 cm (d) 6 cm
16. The heart of man pumps 5 litres of blood through the arteries per minute at a pressure of 150 mm of mercury. If the
density of mercury be 13.6  103 kg/m3 and g = 10 ms2, the power of heart in watt is
(a) 2.35 (b) 3.0 (c)1.50 (d) 1.70
17. The value of coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 5 104 K 1 . The fractional change in the density of
glycerine for a rise of 450 C in its temperature is
(a) 0.020 (b) 0.025 (c)0.010 (d) 0.015
18. The force acting on a window of area 50 cm  50 cm of a submarine at a depth of 2000 m in an ocean, interior of
which is maintained at sea level atmosphere pressure is [Density of sea water = 103 kg m-3, g = 10 ms-2)
(a) 106 N (b) 5105 N (c)5106 N (d) 25105 N
19. Air is blown through a hole in a closed pipe containing liquid. Then the pressure will
(a) increase on sides (b) increase downwards. (c)increase in all directions (d)never increase
20. A vertical U-tube of ubiform inner cross section contains mercury in both sides of its
arms, A glycerine (density = 1.3 g/cm3) column of length 10 cm is introduced into one
of its arms. Oil of density 0.8 gm/cm3 is poured into the other arm until the upper
surfaces of the oil and glycerine are at the same horizontal level. Find the length of the
oil column, density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm3.
(a) 10.4 cm (b)8.2 cm (c)7.2 cm (d) 9.6 cm

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21. An open U-tube contains mercury. When 11.2 cm of water is poured into one of the arms of the tube, to much height
does the mercury rise in the other arm from its initial level?
(a) 0.56 cm (b) 1.35 cm (c)0.41 cm (d) 2.32 cm
22. A U-tube in which the cross- sectional area of the limb on the left is one quarter that of
the limb on the right contains mercury (density 13.6 g/cm3). The level of mercury in the
narrow limb is at a distance of 36 cm from the upper end of the tube. What will be the
rise in the level of mercury in the right limb if the left limb is filled to the top with water?
(a) 1.2 cm (b) 2.35 cm (c)0.56 cm (d) 0.8 cm
23. An iceberg of density 900 kg/m3 is floating in water of density 1000 kg/ m3. The percentage of volume of iceberg
outside the water is
(a) 20% (b) 35% (c)10% (d) 25%
24. A raft of wood of mass 120 kg floats on water. The weight that can be put on the raft to make it just sink, should be
(density of wood = 600 kg/m3)
(a) 80 kg (b) 50 kg (c)60 kg (d) 30 kg
25. The fractional of a floating object of volume V0 and density d0 above the surface of a liquid of density d will be
d0 dd 0 d  d0 dd 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
d d  d0 d d  d0
26. A body floats on water with one- third of its volume above the surface of water. If it is placed in oil, it floats with
half of its volume above the surface of the oil. The specific gravity of the oil is
(a) 5/3 (b) 4/3 (c)3/2 (d) 1
27. A block of steel of size 5 cm  5 cm  5 cm is weighed in water. If the relative density of steel is 7, its apparent
weight is
(a) 6  5  5  5 gf (b) 4  4  4  7 gf (c) 5  5  5  7 gf (d) 4  4  4  6 gf
28. A body is floating on liquid with 50% of its volume outside the liquid. When the entire system accelerates upwards
with an acceleration g/3, the percentage of its volume outside the liquid is
(a)33% (b)50% (c)25% (d) 66%
29. A block of aluminium of mass 1 kg and volume 3.6 104 m3 is suspended from a string and then completely
immersed in a container of water. The decrease in tension in the string after immersion is
(a) 9.8 N (b) 6.2 N (c)3.6 N (d) 1.0 N
30. A hemispherical bowl just floats without sinking in a liquid of density 1.2  103 kg/m3. If outer diameter and the
density of the bowl are 1 m and 2 104 kg/m3 respectively, then the inner diameter of the bowl will be
(a)0.94 m (b) 0.97 m (c)0.98 (d) 0.99 m
31. In the case of streamline flow of a non-viscous and incompressible liquid, through a tube of non-uniform cross-
section, what will be the ratio of masses of liquid entering and coming out of the tube? The ratio of cross-sections of
the tube at two places is 5:1
(a) 2:5 (b)1:1 (c)4:25 (d) 5:2

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32. Velocity of liquid layer is maximum at
(a) top (b)bottom (c)middle (d) the end of the pipe
33. Out of following statements, select the WRONG statement.
(a) in turbulent flow, at some points, the liquid may have rotational motion
(b)in turbulent flow eddies are created (c)the disorderly motion of the fluid is called turbulent flow
(d)hurricane is not an example of turbulent flow
34. Flood river is an example of
(a) streamline flow (b)turbulent flow (c)laminar flow (d)viscous flow
35. In streamline flow of liquid through a pipe of uniform cross sectional area, all streamlines are
(a) divided into plane layer (b)divided into rectangular blocks
(c) parallel to the axis of the tube (d)circular in shape
36. Which of the following is correct formula for terminal velocity of a body in a viscous liquid?

9 r   2 r   h 2 r g   2 r  
2 2 2 2

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2  9  9  9 g
37. A drop of radius 2 10 5 and density 1.2 103 kg / m3 falls through air. The viscosity of air is 1.8 10 5
N s / m2 .
Neglecting buoyancy due to air, the terminal speed of the drop is
(a) 2.8 cm/s (b)3.8 cm/s (c)4.8 cm/s (d)5.8 cm/s
38. A ball of mass m and radius r is dropped in a liquid. Its terminal velocity is directly proportional to

(a) 1/ r (b)m/r (c) m / r (d)m

39. The terminal velocity v of a spherical ball of lead of radius R falling through a viscous liquid varies with R such that
v v
(a) constant (b)vR= consant (c)v= constant (d) =constant
R R2
40. A spherical ball of radius 2 mm is falling through a column of glycerine. If densities of glycerine and iron are

1.3 103 kg / m3 and 8 103 kg / m3 respectively,  for glycerine 0.83 kg/m s, then the terminal velocity is
(a) 0.7 m/s (b)0.07 m/s (c)0.007 m/s (d)0.0007 m/s
41. Terminal velocity of a steel ball of diameter 0.2 cm when it falls through a tube filled with glycerine is [ g = 9.8
m / s 2 , density of steel 8000 kg / m3 , density of glycerine 1330kg / m3 , 8.33 poise]
3 3
(a) 15.14 10 m/ s (b) 17.43 10 m / s (c) 17.43 10 4 m / s (d) 17.43 10 2 m / s
2
42. A bubble of air having radius 1 10 m rises vertically upwards in a liquid column with constant velocity

0.21 10 2 m/s. If the density of the liquid is 1.47 103 kg / m3 , then its coefficient of viscosity in M.K.S. will be
2 2 3
(a) 1.52 (b) 1.52 10 (c) 1.52 10 (d) 1.52 10
43. A drop of liquid having radius 2 mm has a terminal velocity 20 cm/s, the terminal velocity of a drop of 1 mm radius
will be
(a)40 cm/s (b)20 cm/s (c)10 cm/s (d)5 cm/s

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44. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold (density 19.5 kg / m3 ) is 0.2 m/s in a viscous liquid (density

1.5kg / m3 ), find the terminal speed of a sphere of silver (density 10.5kg / m3 ) of the same size in the same
liquid
(a) 0.4 m/s (b)0.2 m/s (c)0.133 m/s (d)0.1 m/s
45. Critical velocity is given by
N N N D N
(a) vc (b) vc (c) vc (d) vc
D D   D
46. The maximum average velocity of water in a tube of diameter 2 cm so that the flow becomes laminar is (the viscosity
of water is 10 8 Nm 2 s 1 )
1 1 1 1
(a) 0.1 ms (b)1 ms (c)10 ms (d)100 ms
47. If vc is the critical value of velocity when a liquid flows inside a tube with velocity v then flow of liquid inside a tube

remains streamline if
(a) v vc (b) v vc (c) v vc (d) v 2vc
48. What will be the critical velocity of water in a tube of radius 1m, if the coefficient of viscosity water is 1793 poise
and Reynold’s number is 2000?

(a) 17.93 cm/s (b) 17.93 102 cm / s (c) 17.93 104 cm / s (d) 17.93 103 cm / s
49. Two different liquid are flowing in two tubes of equal radius. The ratio of coefficients of viscosity of liquids is 52:49
and the ratio of their densities is 13:1, then the ratio of their critical velocities will be
(a) 4:49 (b)49:4 (c)2:7 (d)7:2
50. A ball is dropped into coaltar. Its velocity-time curve will be

(a) (b) (c) (d)

51. A solid sphere falls with a terminal velocity V in CO2 gas. If it is allowed to fall in vacuum

(a) Terminal velocity of sphere = V (b)Terminal velocity of sphere < V

(c) Terminal Velocity of Sphere > V (d)Sphere never attains terminal velocity

52. Water is flowing through a tube of diameter 1 cm at 8 cm/s. Taking  10 poise, the flow of liquid and Reynold’s
2

number are
(a) streamline, 80 (b)streamline, 800 (c)turbulent, 8000 (d)turbulent, 9000
53. A liquid of density d and viscosity coefficient  flowing through pipe of radius r. Velocity at the area of cross-
section is V. Reynold’s number R will be
(a) R 2 rd V /  (b) R rd V /  (c) R rd V /  2 (d) R 2r V /d
54. Reynolds number is less for
(a) more radius (b)more density (c)more viscosity (d)less viscosity

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55. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold (density 9.5kgm 3 ) is 0.2 m/s in a viscous liquid (density 1.5kgm 3 ) the

terminal speed of a sphere of silver (density 10.5kgm 3 ) of the same size in the same liquid.
1 1 1 1
(a) 0.1 ms (b)0.25 ms (c)0.4 ms (d)0.133 ms
56. The diameter of a ball is double that of x. The ratio of their terminal velocities inside water will be
(a) 1:4 (b)4:1 (c)1:2 (d)2:1
57. A small steel ball is dropped from a height of 1.5 m into a glycerine jar. The ball just reaches the bottom of the jar
1.5 seconds after it was dropped. The height of the glycerine in the jar, if the retardation is 2.66 ms 2 is about
(a) 7.0 m (b)7.5 m (c)5.5 m (d)3.2m
1
58. A bird of mass 2.46 kg is able to hover by imparting a downward velocity of 10 ms uniformly to air of density

 kg / m3 over an effective are 0.2 m 2 . If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms 2 , then the magnitude of  in
kg / m3
(a) 0.0123 (b)0.123 (c)1.23 (d)1.32
59. Ratio of areas of hole to beaker is 0.1. Height of liquid in beaker is 3 m. and hole is at the height of 52.5 cm from the
2
bottom of the beaker, find the square of the velocity of liquid coming out from the hole (g = 10 ms )
2 2 2 2
(a) 50 m / s (b) 50.5 m / s (c) 51 m / s (d) 42 m / s

60. If coefficient of viscosity of water is 1793 poise and Reynold’s number is 1000, what will be the critical velocity of
water in a pipe of diameter 1 metre?

(a) 17.93 cm/s (b) 17.93 102 cm / s (c) 17.93 103 cm / s (d) 17.93 104 cm / s
61. The maximum average velocity of water required for streamline flow of liquid passing through a tube of radius 1.25
3
cm should be (coefficient of viscosity of water is 1 10 deca poise)
(a) 8 m/s (b)0.8 m/s (c)0.08 m/s (d)0.008 m/s
62. A metallic sphere of radius r is thrown in the air. If the frictional resistance is directly proportional to area of cross-
section and to the square of velocity, then critical velocity of sphere will be directly proportional to which of the
following?
(a) r 2 (b)r (c) r 3/2 (d) r1/2
63. An incompressible liquid is flowing through a uniform cross sectional tube with velocity 12 cm/s. If the thickness of
liquid layer is 0.8 cm then velocity gradient of flow is
1 1 1 1
(a) 18 s (b)15 s (c)12 s (d)5 s
64. The SI unit and dimensions of coefficient of viscosity are
2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
(a) N m / s, L M T (b) N s / m, LM T (c) N s / m , LM T (d) N s / m , L M T
1
65. The velocity gradient of certain liquid is 5s . If thickness of liquid layer is 2.5 cm, then velocity of flow of liquid
will be
(a)10 cm/s (b)2.5 cm/s (c)12.5 cm/s (d)15 cm/s

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66. The relative velocity of two consecutive layer is 8 cm/s. If the perpendicular distance between the layers is 0.1 cm,
then the velocity gradient will be
1 1 1 1
(a) 8 s (b)80 s (c)0.8 s (d)80 s
67. Viscous force on a small sphere of radius R moving in a fluid varies directly with
2
2 1 1
(a) R (b)R (c) (d)
R R
68. The viscous drag on a spherical body moving with a speed ‘v’ is proportional to

(a) 1/ v (b) v (c)v (d) v 2

69. Water drop of radius 0.3 mm is falling through air with a velocity of 2 m/s. If the coefficient of viscosity of air is
18 10 5 poise, then the viscous force acting on the drop will be
9 9 5 5
(a) 1017 10 N (b) 2034 10 N (c) 2034 10 N (d) 1017 10 N
70. The ratio of radii of two spherical drops is 1:2. The ratio of terminal velocities of these drops will be
(a) 4:1 (b)1:2 (c)3:1 (d)1:4
71. A square plate of 0.1 meter side moves parallel to a second plate with a velocity of 0.1 m/s, both plates being
immersed in water. If the viscous force is 0.002 newtons and the coefficient of viscosity is 0.01 poise, distance
between the plates in metres is
(a) 0.1 (b)0.05 (c)0.005 (d)0.0005
72. A body weighs 5 N in air and 2 N when put in water. The buoyant force is
(a) 7 N (b)9 N (c)3 N (d)5 N
73. A wooden cube floats in water partially immersed. When a 300 gram weight is put on the cube, it is further
immersed by 3 cm. The length of the side of cube is

(a) 10cm (b)10 cm (c)1.0 cm (d)20 cm

1
74. Water in a river 20 m deep is flowing at a speed of 10 ms . The shearing stress between the horizontal layers of
2
water in the river in Nm is (coefficient of viscosity of water 10 2 SI units)
2 2 3 3
(a) 2 10 (b) 0.5 10 (c) 1 10 (d) 0.5 10
75. There are two holes one each along the opposite faces of a wide rectangular tank. The cross-section of each hole is
2
0.01 m and the vertical distance between the holes is one meter. The tank is filled with water. The net force on the
3
tank in newton when the water flows out of the holes is (density of water = 1000 kg/ m )
(a) 100 (b)200 (c)300 (d)400
3 4 3
76. A metal ball of radius 2 10 m and density 10 kg / m falls freely in air through height h before falling in a tank
full of water. If on falling in water its velocity remains unchanged then the value of h will be (given coefficient of
viscosity of water 4 10 3 pascal
(a)9.8 m (b)19.6 m (c)39.2 m (d)78.4 m

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77. If the radius of narrow hole in the bottom of a recket is 2 cm and the pressure difference between inside and outside
of the chamber is 5 atmosphere, then the reactional force in dynes acting on the rocket will be (1 atmosphere

1 105 N / m2 )

(a) 6.28 107 (b) 6.28 105 (c) 6.28 108 (d) 6.28 1010

78. A rain drop of radius 0.3 mm has terminal velocity in air as 1 m/s. The viscosity of air is 18 10 5 poise. The viscous
force on it is
4 5
(a) 101.73 10 dyne (b) 101.73 10 dyne (c) 16.95 10 4 dyne (d) 16.95 10 5 dyne
79. Two small sphere of radii r and 2r fall through a viscous liquid with the same constant speed. The viscous forces
experienced by them are in the ratio
(a) 1:4 (b)1:2 (c)2:1 (d)4:1
80. Air is blowing across the horizontal wings of an aeroplane in such a way that its speeds below and above the wings
are 80 m/s and 120 m/s respectively. If the density of air is 1.2 kg/ m3 then the pressure difference between the lower
and the upper sides of the wings will be
(a) 4095 N / m 2 (b)4800 N / m 2 (c)480.0 N / m 2 (d)4819 N / m 2
81. One end of a horizontal pipe is closed with the help of a valve and the reading of a barometer attached to the pipe is
3 105 pascal. When the valve in the pipe is opened then the reading of barometer falls to 1 105 pascal. Then the
velocity of water flowing through the pipe will be in m/s
(a) 0.2 (b)2 (c)20 (d)200
82. There is a small hole of diameter 2 mm in the wall of a water tank at a depth of 10 m below free water surface. Then
the velocity of efflux of water from the hole will be
(a) 0.14 m/s (b)1.4 m/s (c)0.014 m/s (d)14 m/s
83. The velocity of liquid coming out of a hole in the tank wall is more if the hole is
(a) near the upper end (b)at the centre of the wall
(c)near the bottom (d)velocity of flow does not depend upon the position of hole
84. When a solid ball of volume V is dropped into a viscous liquid, then a viscous force F acts on it. If another ball of
volume 2V of the same material is dropped in the same liquid, then the viscous force experienced by it will be
(Assume that both the balls attain terminal velocity)
(a)2 VF (b)VF/2 (c)2F (d)F/2
85. The velocity of efflux from a hole below the water level is 7 m/s. The distance of that hole below the water level is
(a) 10 m (b)12.5 m (c)2.5 m (d)5 m
86. If P1 and P2 are the pressures above and below the wing of an aeroplane,  is the density of air, A is the area of the

wing and v1 and v2 are the speeds of air above and below the wing. Then dynamic lift of aeroplane is

P2 P1 1 1
(a) P2 P1 A (b) A (c)  v12 v22 (d)  v12 v22
2 2 2

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87. A liquid is kept in a cylindrical jar, which is rotated about the cylindrical jar, which is rotated about the cylindrical
axis. The liquid rises at its sides. The radius of the jar is r and speed of rotation is  . The difference in height at the
center and the sides of the jar is

r 2 2 r 2 2 g 2g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g 2g r2 2
r 2 2

88. The velocity of kerosene oil in a horizontal pipe is 5 m/s. If g = 10 m / s 2 , then the velocity head of oil will be
(a) 1.25 m (b)12.5 m (c)0.125 m (d)125 m
89. A large open tank has two holes in the wall, one is a square hole of side L at a depth y from the top and the other is a
circular hole of radius R at a depth of 9 y from the top. When the tank is completely filled with water the quantities
of water flowing out per second from both the holes are the same. Then R is equal to
L L L
(a) 3 L (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3
90. When a sphere is floating on water its ¼ part is outside the water and when same sphere is floating in unknown
liquid is ¾ th part is outside the liquid. Then find the density of the liquid.
3 3
(a) 3 g/cc (b) g / cc (c) g / cc (d)9 g/cc
4 8
2
91. The flow of water in a horizontal pipe is streamline. At a point in the tube where its cross-sectional area is 10 cm
3
the velocity of water and pressure are 1 m/s and 2 10 pascal respectively. Then the pressure of water at a different
2
point, where the cross-sectional area is 5 cm will be
(a) 2000 pascal (b)1000 pascal (c)250 pascal (d)500 pascal
5 2
92. There is a hole in the bottom of a tank having water. If total pressure at bottom is 2 atm (1 atm = 10 Nm ) then the
velocity of water flowing from hole is
1 1 1 1
(a) 400 ms (b) 600 ms (c) 60 ms (d) 40 ms
3 3
93. The work done by pressure in forcing 3 m of water through a pipe if the pressure difference across the pipe is 10
Pa is
3
(a) 100 J (b) 10 J (c)3000 J (d)1500 J
94. A cube of wood supporting a 500-gram mass just floats in the water. The cube rises by
2.5 cm if the mass is removed. Then the length of side of the cube is
10
(a) cm (b) 10 3 cm (c) 10 2 cm (d)20 cm
2
95. An incompressible liquid flows through a horizontal tube as shown in the figure.
The velocity v of the fluid
(a) 3 m/s (b)1.25 m/s
(c)1.5 m/s (d)1.75 m/s

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96. A water tank springs a leak at position P as shown in the figure. The water

pressure at P is 5 105 N / m 2 . If the density of water is 1000 kg / m3 ,

the velocity with which it gushes out is
(a) 16 m/s (b) 320 m/s (c)32 m/s (d)3.2 m/s
97. A tube of radius R and length L is connected in series with another tube of radius R/2 and length L/4. If the pressure
across the two tubes taken together is P. The pressures across the two tubes separately are
P 4 P 2 P 3 P P
(a) and P (b) and P (c) and P (d) and
5 5 3 3 4 4 2 2
98. A water tank on the ground with water upto a height of 20 m has a small orifice in its wall at a distance 10 m below
the surface level of water. Then the horizontal distance from the hole at which the water touches the ground is
(a) 40 m (b)32 m (c)20 m (d)16 m
99. A boat having length 2 m and width 1m is floating on a lake. When a man stands on the boat, it is depressed by 3 cm.
The mass of the man is
(a) 50 kg (b)55 kg (c)60 kg (d)70 kg
100. A rectangular block of wood of density 800 kg m 3 having a mass of 2 kg is pushed into water so that it is
completely submerged and then released. Neglecting viscous forces, the initial acceleration of the block will be
2
(g = 10 m / s )
2 2 2 2
(a) 1.25 m / s downward (b)2.5 m / s upward (c)1.25 m / s upward (d)2.5 m / s downward
3 3
101. An iceberg is floating partly immersed in sea water of density 1.03 gm/ cm . If the density of ice is 0.92 gm/ cm ,
then the fraction of total volume of the iceberg above the level of sea water is
(a)89% (b)11% (c)1% (d)34%
102. A large tank filled with water to a height h is to be emptied through a small hole at the bottom. The ratio of times
taken for the level of water to fall from h to h/2 and from h/2 to 0 is
1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 1 (d)
2 2 1
103. Two drops of small radius are falling in air with constant velocity 5 cm s 1 . If they coalesce, then the terminal
velocity will be
1 1 3 1 1
(a) 10cm s (b) 2.5 cm s (c) 5 4 cm s (d) 5 2cm s
104. 16 cc of water flows per second through a capillary tube of radius a cm and of length 1 cm when connected to a
pressure head h cm of water. If a tube of same length and radius (a/2) cm is connected to the same pressure head, the
quantity of water flowing through the tube per second will be
(a) 16 cc (b)4 cc (c)1 cc (d)8 cc
105. At what speed will the velocity head of a stream of water be equal to height of 40 cm of Hg?
(a) 432 cm/s (b)282 cm/s (c)632 cm/s (d)832 cm/s

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106. Water from a tap emerges vertically down with an initial speed of 1.0 ms 1 . The cross sectional area of tap is 10

cm 2 . Assume that the pressure is constant throughout the stream of water and that the flow is steady, the cross
sectional area of the stream 0.15 m below the tap is
(a) 5.0 10 4 m 2 (b) 1.0 10 5 m 2 (c) 5.0 10 5 m 2 (d) 2.0 10 5 m 2
107. A tank full of water has a small hole at its bottom. If one –fourth of the tank is emptied in t1 seconds and the

remaining three fourths of the tank is emptied in t 2 seconds. Then the ratio t1 / t 2 is

2 3 1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3
108. A bird of mass 1.23 kg is able to hover by imparting a downward velocity of 10 m/s uniformly to air of density

 kg / m3 over an effective area 0.1m 2 . If the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m / s 2 , then the magnitude of  is
(a)0.0123 (b)0.123 (c)1.23 (d)1.32
109. A water barrel having water upto a depth d is placed on a table of height h. A small hole is made on the wall of the
barrel at its bottom. If the stream of water coming out of the hole falls on the ground at a horizontal distance R from
the barrel, then the value of d is

4h 2 R2 h
(a) 2 (b) 4hR (c) (d)
R 4h 4R2
110. Tanks A and B open at the top contain two different liquids upto certain height in them. A hole is made in the wall of
each tank at a depth h from the surface of the liquid. The area of the hole in A is twice that of in B. If the liquid mass
flux through each hole is equal, then the ratio of the densities of the liquids respectively is
(a) 2/1 (b)3/2 (c)2/3 (d)1/2
111. An aeroplane of mass 3 104 kg and total wing area of 120 m is in a level flight at some height. The difference in
2

pressures between the upper and lower surfaces of its wings, in kilo pascals is g 10m / s 2

(a) 2.5 (b)5.0 (c)10.0 (d)12.5

112. A tank with vertical walls is mounted so that its base is at a height H above the horizontal ground. The tank is filled
with water to a depth h. A hole is punched in the side wall of the tank at a depth x below the water surface. To have
maximum range of the emerging stream, the value of x is
H h H h H h 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) H h
4 2 3 4
113. A liquid is flowing in a horizontal uniform capillary tube under a constant pressure difference P. The value of
pressure for which the rate of flow of the liquid is doubled when the radius and length are doubled is
(a) P (b)3P/4 (c)P/2 (d)P/4
114. Two rain drops reach the Earth with different terminal velocities having ratio 9:4. Then the ratio of their volumes is
(a) 3:2 (b)4:9 (c)9:4 (d)27:8

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115. What should be the volume of a balloon filled with hydrogen gas, which can lift a 25 kg weight in air, if the densities

of air and hydrogen are 129 10 5 g / cm3 and 9 10 5 g / cm3 respectively?

(a) 20.8 m3 (b)10.4 m3 (c)2.08 m3 (d)0.20 m3

116. Two capillary tubes of lengths 15 cm and 5 cm and radii 0.06 cm and 0.02 cm respectively are connected in series. If
the pressure difference across the end faces is equal to pressure of 15 cm high water column, then the pressure
difference across the first tube will be
(a) 0.0535 m of water column (b)0.535 m of water column
(c) 53.5 m of water column (d)0.00535 m of water column
117. Water is flowing out of a cistern through a horizontal tube of length 10 cm and diameter 0.4 mm, the tube is 50 cm
below the water level in the cistern. How many cubic meters of water will flow out per minute? (coefficient of
viscosity of water 4 10 3 Pa-s)
6 6 6 6
(a) 1.5 10 (b) 3.6 10 (c) 5.4 10 (d) 7.6 10
118. The mass of a lead ball is M. It falls down in a viscous liquid with terminal velocity V. The terminal velocity of
another ball of mass 8 M in the same liquid will be
(a) 64 V (b)4 V (c)8 V (d)V
119. A piolet’s tube is attached at one of the wings of an aeroplane in order to determine its velocity with respect to air. If
3
the difference of two liquid levels in manometer is 10 cm and density of liquid is 0.8g/ cm , then the velocity of

plane with respect to air will be (given density of air 1.293 103 g / cm3 )
(a) 340.82 m/s (b)3.48 cm/s (c)348.2 cm/s (d)34.82 cm/s
120. One end of a horizontal pipe is closed with the help of a valve and the reading of a barometer attached to the pipe is
3 105 pascal. When the valve in the pipe is opened then the reading of barometer falls to 105 pascal. The velocity of
water flowing through the pipe will be
(a) 0.2 m/s (b)2 m/s (c)20 m/s (d)200 m/s
121. The height of water level in a tank is H. The range of water stream coming out of a hole at depth H/4 from upper
water level will be

3H 2H H
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3H
2 3 3
122. At what speed, the velocity head of water is equal to pressure head of 40 cm of Hg?
(a) 10.3 m/s (b)8.4 m/s (c)5.6 m/s (d)2.8 m/s
123. A pipe 2 cm in diameter has a constriction of diameter 1 cm. What is the velocity of flow at the constriction, if
velocity of flow in the broader region of the pipe is 5 cm/s?
(a) 10 cm/s (b)20 cm/s (c)25 cm/s (d)30 cm/s
5
124. The reading of pressure meter attached to a closed pipe is 3.5 10 Pa. On opening the valve of the pipe, the reading
5
reduced to 3 10 Pa .The speed of the water flowing in the pipe is
(a) 100 m/s (b)50 m/s (c)10 m/s (d)0.1 m/s

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Physics Fluid Mechanics
125. What is the minimum pressure required to force the blood from the heart to the top of the head (vertical distance 0.5

m)? (density of blood of 1040 kg m 3 . Friction is to be neglected and g 9.8ms 2 )

2 2 2 2
(a)1050 N m (b)2080N m (c)5096N m (d)6096N m

126. The velocity of kerosene oil in a horizontal pipe is 5 m/s. If g 10 m / s 2 then the velocity head of oil will be
(a) 0.125 m (b)1.25 m (c)12.5 m (d)125 m
127. A manometer connected to a closed tap reads 4.5 105 pascal. When the tap is opened the reading of the manometer

falls to 4 105 pascal. Then the velocity of flow of water is

1 1 1 1
(a) 7 m s (b)8m s (c)9m s (d)10m s
128. Air is streaming past a horizontal air plane wing such that its speed is 120 m/s over the upper surface and 90 m/s at
the lower surface. If the density of air is 1.3 kg per meter3 and the wing is 10 m long and has an average width of 2m,
then the difference of the pressures on the two sides of the wing is
(a) 4095.0 pascal (b)409.50 pascal (c)40.950 pascal (d)4.0950 pascal
129. Water is flowing through a tube of non-uniform cross-section. Ratio of the radii at entry and exit ends of the pipe is
3:2. Then the ratio of velocities at entry and exit of liquid is
(a) 8:27 (b)4:9 (c)1:1 (d)9:4
Answers
(Level -1)
1-b 11-d 21-c 31-b 41-b 51-d 61-c 71-d 81-c 91-d 101-b 111-a 121-a
2-b 12-a 22-c 32-a 42-c 52-b 62-d 72-c 82-d 92-a 102-c 112-b 122-a
3-c 13-b 23-c 33-d 43-d 53-b 63-b 73-b 83-c 93-c 103-c 113-d 123-b
4-b 14-a 24-a 34-b 44-d 54-c 64-d 74-b 84-c 94-c 104-c 114-d 124-c
5-b 15-a 25-c 35-c 45-a 55-b 65-c 75-b 85-c 95-b 105-b 115-a 125-c
6-a 16-d 26-b 36-c 46-a 56-b 66-b 76-b 86-b 96-c 106-c 116-d 126-b
7-c 17-a 27-a 37-d 47-a 57-c 67-b 77-a 87-b 97-a 107-b 117-d 127-d
8-c 18-c 28-b 38-b 48-d 58-c 68-c 78-a 88-a 98-c 108-c 118-b 128-a
9-d 19-c 29-c 39-d 49-a 59-a 69-b 79-b 89-c 99-c 109-c 119-d 129-b
10-c 20-d 30-c 40-b 50-b 60-c 70-d 80-b 90-a 100-b 110-d 120-c

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