EXPERT pu college

belagavi

II PUC - PHYSICS
CHAPTER WISE QUESTION ANSWERS

expert science and commerce pu college belagavi

COLLEGE: DR. B.D. JATTI COLLEGE CAMPUS, CIVIL, HOSPITAL ROAD, AYODHYA NAGAR, BELAGAVI
COACHING: KANGRALAKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL, GROUND, BELAGAVI KARNATAKA

CONTACT: 9035346343, 9449206343

EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343 , 9449206343

Mr. Nagesh S. D

MR. NAGESH S. D BORN ON 31ST JULY 1993, COMPLETED HIS BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) FROM VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
BELAGAVI IN 2019.

HE IS A FOUNDER OF AN ORGANIZATION (SANJEEVINI SOCIAL WELFARE RURAL AND

URBAN DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY) AND ALSO FOUNDER OF EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
EXPERT SCIENCE & COMMERCE PU COLLEGE BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA.

HE STARTED HIS JOURNEY AS A DIPLOMA MATHEMATICS LECTURER AND PERSUADED

ADDING STUDENTS TO TRAIN FOR DIFFERENT COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION IN SCIENCE
STREAMS (NEET, JEE, NDA) HE BEING FOUNDER OF THE INSTITUTE IS KEEN INVOLVING
STUDENTS TO TEACH PHYSICS TO YOUNG MINDS. HE HAS TRAINED THOUSAND OF
STUDENTS AND HELPED THEM REACH GREAT SUCCESS IN THEIR CAREER. HE HAS
PUBLISHED A RESEARCH PAPER IN A REPUTED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL.

COLLEGE COACHING ACADEMY

Dr. B. D. Jatti College Campus Kangralkar Building
Civil Hospital Road, opp. Sardar High School Ground,
Ayodhya Nagar, Belgaum Belgaum, Karnataka

Contact no. 9035346343, 944920634

EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343 , 9449206343

 Subject : Physics (33) Blue Print Class - PUC - I/II
QP
QUESTION TYPE NO. OF QNS TO BE SET MARKS NO. OF QNS TO BE ANSWERED MARKS ALLOTED
PART
MCQ 15 15 15 15
A
FILL IN THE BLANK 5 5 5 5
B SA ( 2M ) 9 18 5 10
C SA ( 3M ) 9 27 5 15
LA ( 5 M ) 6 30 3 15
D
NP ( 5 M ) 4 20 2 10
TOTAL 48 115 35 70

EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343 , 9449206343

 EXPERT pu college belagavi
DR.B.D.JATTI COLLEGE CAMPUS, CIVIL HOSPITAL ROAD,AYODHYA NAGAR BELAGAVI 590001
PHYSICS QUESTION ANSWERS

CONTENTS

CHAPTER. CHAPTER NAME PAGE

No. NO
1. ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS 1-5
2. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND 6-12
CAPACITANCE
3. CURRENT ELECTRICITY 13-22
4. MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM 23-27
5. MAGNETISM AND MATTER 28-30
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 31-34
7. ALTERNATING CURRENT 35-40
8. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 41-42
9. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 43-48
10. WAVE OPTICS 49-54
11. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER 55-57
12. ATOMS 58-60
13. NUCLEI 61-65
14. SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, 66-70
DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

EXPERT PU COLLEGE AND COACHING BELAGAVI CONTACT: 9035346343 , 9449206343

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 1 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Ans:- Coulomb’s inverse square law state that force of
One Mark Questions [8M]attraction or repulsion between two static, point
1. Write the SI unit of charge. [M – 2014, J -2016]
Ans:- Coulomb. charges is directly proportional to the product of
2. Define SI unit of charge. (or) Define coulomb.
magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to
[M – 2015] square of the distance between them.
Ans:- One coulomb of charge is that charge which when Explanation:- Consider two point charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2
placed at a distance of 1m from another charge of are separated by a distance r in vacuum.
same magnitude in vacuum experiences an electric
force of repulsion of magnitude 9 × 109 𝑁.
𝑞1 𝑞2
3. What is an electric dipole? [M-3016] Force between them is 𝐹 ∝ 𝑟2
Ans:- A pair of equal and opposite point charges 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 =
𝑟2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
separated by a small distance is called an electric
Where k is a constant of proportionality.
dipole.
2. Write coulomb’s in vector from. Explain the
4. Write the SI unit of electric field. [J-2016]
−1 −1 terms. [M – 2015]
Ans:- 𝑁𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑚 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
5. How does the electrostatic force between two point Ans:- Coulomb’s law vector form is 𝐹⃗ = 2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
charges change when a dielectric medium is Where, 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 - point charges
introduced between them? [J-2017, A-2022] 𝜀0 – permittivity of free space
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟
Ans:- Decreases: (∵ 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = ) r – distance between 𝑞1 and 𝑞2
𝜀𝑟
𝑟̂ – the unit vector
6. Write the SI unit electric flux. [M- 2020]
2 −1 3. Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point
Ans:- 𝑁𝑚 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑚.
charge q if (i) q < 0 and (ii) q > 0 [J – 2016]
7. What is the electric field inside a thin charged
Ans:-
spherical shell? [Sept-2020]
Ans:- Zero
8. Name the apparatus used to detect electric charge
on a body. [M-2022]
Ans:- Gold leaf electroscope.
9. Define ‘electric dipole moment’.
Ans:- It is defined as the product of the magnitude of (q is negative) (q is positive)
either charge and the separation between the charges 4. State and explain gauss law in electrostatics.
(or dipole length). [J – 2017]
10. Mention one method of charging a body. [A-2022] Ans:- Statement: Gauss’s law states that the total electric
Ans:- Charging by induction. 1
flux passing through a closed surface is equal to times
𝜀0
11. Write the SI unit of dipole moment.
Ans:- Coulomb meter (C-m). the net charge enclosed by the closed surface.
12. Define linear charge density. Proof : The electric field on any point on the spherical
Ans:- It is defined as charge per unit length at any point surface is
on linear charge distribution.
Two Mark Questions
1. State and explain coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
[M-2014, 2020]
1 𝑞
State coulomb’s law. (1 Mark) 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
0
[J – 2015, M – 2017, M – 2019] The electric flux through surface

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is 𝜙 = ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠 = ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠00
1 𝑞
𝜙 = 𝐸 ∑ 𝑑𝑠 = × 4𝜋𝑟 2 (∵ ∑ 𝑑𝑠 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑞
∴𝜙=𝜀
0

Three Mark Questions

1. Mention any three properties of electric charges.
[J – 2014, M -2018]
Write any two properties of electric charge.
(2 mark) [M-2019]
The electric field at p due to charge +q is
Ans:- 1. Additivity of charges. 1 𝑞
2. Quantization of charges. 𝐸+𝑞 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 +𝑎2
0
3. Conservation of charges. The electric field at p due to charge –q is
Five Mark Questions 1 𝑞
𝐸−𝑞 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 +𝑎2
1. Derive an expression for the electric field due to an
Thus 𝐸+𝑞 = 𝐸−𝑞
electric at a point on the axial line.
[M-2016, J-2017] Clearly, the components perpendicular to the dipole
Ans:- axis cancel out.
The components parallel to the dipole axis add up.
The total electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ is
𝐸⃗⃗ = (𝐸+𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐸−𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(−𝑝̂ )
Where 𝑝̂ is the unit vector along dipole axis and it is
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +q negative because 𝐸⃗⃗ is opposite to 𝑃⃗⃗.
and –q separated by a small distance 2a. Let the point 𝐸⃗⃗ = −2𝐸+𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑃̂ (∵ 𝐸+𝑞 = 𝐸−𝑞 )
P be at distance r from the center of the dipole on the 1 𝑞 𝑎 𝑎
𝐸⃗⃗ = −2 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 (𝑟 2 +𝑎2 )1/2
𝑃̂ (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (𝑟2 +𝑎2 )1/2 )
side of +q as shown in fig. 0
1 𝑃̂
The electric field at p due to charge +q is 𝐸⃗⃗ = − (∵ 𝑃̂ = 𝑞(2𝑎)𝑃̂)
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 )3/2
1 𝑞
𝐸⃗⃗+𝑞 = 2 𝑝̂
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟−𝑎)
1
For short dipole (r >> a), 𝐸⃗⃗ = − 4𝜋𝜀
𝑝̂
𝑟 3
0
Where 𝑝̂ is the unit vector along dipole axis. 3. Derive the expression for the electric field due to
The electric field at p due to charge –q is an infinitely long charged straight conductor using
1 𝑞
𝐸⃗⃗−𝑞 = − 2 𝑝̂ Gauss law. [J-2015]
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟+𝑎)
The resultant electric field at p is Derive the expression for the electric field due to
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝐸⃗⃗+𝑞 + 𝐸⃗⃗−𝑞 an infinitely long thin charged straight wire using
1 𝑞 1 𝑞 Gauss law. [J-2016]
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑝̂ − 𝑝̂ State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Derive the
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟−𝑎)2 4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟+𝑎)2
𝑞 1 1 expression for electric field at a point due to an
𝐸⃗⃗ = 4𝜋𝜀 [(𝑟−𝑎)2 − (𝑟+𝑎)2 ] 𝑝̂
0
𝑞 4𝑎𝑟
infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
⃗⃗
𝐸= 𝑝̂ using Gauss’s law. [A-2022]
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 −𝑎2 )2
1 2𝑟.𝑝⃗ Ans:- Statement: Gauss’s law states that total electric
𝐸⃗⃗ = 4𝜋𝜀 (𝑟2 −𝑎2 )2 (∵ 𝑝⃗ = 𝑞(2𝑎)𝑝̂ )
0 flux through a closed surface in free space is equal to
1 2𝑝⃗
For short dipole (r >> a), 𝐸⃗⃗ = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟3 1
times the net charge enclosed by the surface:
0 𝜀0
2. Derive an expression for electric field at a point on
the equatorial plane of an electric dipole.
[M – 2015, S - 2020]
Obtain an expression for electric field on the
equatorial plane of an electric dipole. [J-2019]
Ans:- Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges
+q and –q separated by a small distance 2a as shown
in fig. Let the point P be a point on the equatorial line
of the dipole at distance r from it.
Consider an infinitely long thin straight wire having a
uniform linear charge density λ.

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 To determine the field at a distance r from the line 𝜙 = ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 𝐸 ∑ 𝑑𝑠
charge, we choose a cylindrical Gaussian surface of 𝜙 = 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2 …….(1) (∵ ∑ 𝑑𝑠 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 )
radius r. By using Gauss’s law,
𝑞
Here 𝑑⃗𝑠1 ‖𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 = 0°), 𝑑⃗𝑠2 ⊥ 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 = 90°), 𝑑⃗𝑠3 ⊥ 𝜙=𝜀 ………(2)
0
𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 = 90°). Equating equn (1) and (2), we get
The total electric flux is 𝑞
𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜀
ϕ = ϕ1 + ϕ2 + ϕ3 0
1 𝑞
ϕ = ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠1 + ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠2 + ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠3 𝐸= 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝜙 = ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠1 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠2 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° + ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠3 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° 1 𝑞
Vectorially, 𝐸⃗⃗ = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2
𝑟̂
𝜙 = 𝐸 ∑ 𝑑𝑠1 + 0 + 0 0
Electric field inside the shell.
𝜙 = 𝐸 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 …….(1) (∵ ∑ 𝑑𝑠1 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙)
By using gauss’s law,
𝑞 𝜆𝑙
𝜙 = 𝜀 = 𝜀 ……..(2) (∵ 𝑞 = 𝜆𝑙)
0 0
Equating equn (1) ad (2), we get
𝜆𝑙
𝐸 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 = 𝜀
0
𝜆
𝐸= 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝜆 Consider a point p inside the shell as shown in fig.The
Vectorially, 𝐸⃗⃗ = 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟 𝑛̂
0
electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface is
4. State Gauss law in electrostatics. Using the law,
𝜙 = 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2
derive an expression for the electric field due to a
By using Gauss’s law,
uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point 𝑞
outside the shell. [M-2014,2019]
𝜙=𝜀 =0 (∵ 𝑞 = 0)
0
Derive an expression for electric field at a point 𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 0
outside uniformly charged spherical shell placed in 𝐸=0
vacuum using Gauss law. [J-2014] 5. Obtain the expression for electric field due to a
Using Gauss law in electrostatics, obtain the uniformly charged infinite plane sheet using Gauss
expression for electric field due to a uniformly law.
charged thin spherical shell at a point (i) outside Ans:- Consider a thin infinite plane of charge with
the shell and (ii) inside the shell. [J-2018] uniform surface charge density 𝜎 as shown in fig. To
Ans:- Statement: Gauss’s law states that total electric determine the field, we choose a cylindrical Gaussian
1 surface of cross sectional area A, length 2r.
flux passing through a closed surface is equal to
𝜀0
times the net charges enclosed by the closed surface.
Electric field outside the shell:

Here, 𝑑⃗𝑠1 ⊥ 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 = 90°), 𝑑⃗𝑠2 ‖𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 =

0°), 𝑑⃗𝑠3 ‖𝐸⃗⃗ (𝜃 = 0°).
The total electric flux is
𝜙 = 𝜙1 + 𝜙2 + 𝜙3
Consider a point p outside the shell at a distance r from 𝜙 = ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠1 + ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠2 + ∑ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗𝑠3
the center O as shown in fig. To calculate the electric 𝜙 = ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠1 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° + ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠2 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + ∑ 𝐸𝑑𝑠3 𝑐𝑜𝑠0°
𝜙 = 0 + 𝐸 ∑ 𝑑𝑠2 + 𝐸 ∑ 𝑑𝑠3
field 𝐸⃗⃗ at p, the Gaussian surface chosen is a sphere of
𝜙 = 𝐸𝐴 + 𝐸𝐴 = 2𝐸𝐴 …(1) (∵ ∑ 𝑑𝑠2 = ∑ 𝑑𝑠3 = 𝐴)
radius r with center O.
By using Gauss’s law,
The angle between 𝐸⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗𝑠 is zero. 𝑞 𝜎𝐴
The electric flux passing through the Gaussian surface 𝜙=𝜀 = 𝜀0
……(2) (∵ 𝑞 = 𝜎𝐴)
0
is Equating equn (1) and (2), we get
𝐸 ∙ ⃗𝑑⃗𝑠
𝜙 = ∑ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝜎𝐴
2𝐸𝐴 𝜀
0

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 𝜎
𝐸 = 2𝜀 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 2700×103 + 2700×103
0
𝑬𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 5400×103 N/C along AB
6. What is an electric field line? Write the four
To find force F
general properties of electric field lines. 𝐹
[May-2022] w.k.t E =
𝑞
Write three properties of electric field lines. ∴ F = 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × q
[J-2018, 2019] F = 5400×103×1.5×10-9
Write two properties of electric field lines. 𝐅 = 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 10 -6 N
(2 mark) [M-2016, 2017, J-2015, Sept-2020]
Ans:- An electric field line is a curve drawn in an electric 2. Three charges each equal to +4nC are placed at the
field in such a way that the tangent to it at any point is three corners of a square of side 2cm. Find the
in the direction of the net field at that point. electric field at the fourth corner.[M-2018]
Properties of electric field lines: Given :-
1. Electric field lines always start from positive
charges and end at negative charges. If there is
single charge, they start or end at infinity.
2. In a charge-free region, electric field lines are
continuous curves without ant breaks.
3. Two field lines never cross each other.
4. Electrostatic field lines never form closed loops.
******************END*******************
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS To find resultant of EB and EAC
1. Two point charges QA = 3𝝁C and QB = -3𝝁C are located 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EB + EAC
20cm apart in vacuum.
To find resultant of EA and EC
a) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of the
line AB joining the two charges? EAC = √𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐶2 + 2𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐶 cos 𝜃
b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 1.5×10-9C is
1 𝑞
placed at this point, what is the force experienced by We have, E = 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑟2
the test charge? [M- 2017] To find EA
Given :- 𝑞 4×10−9
QA = 3𝜇C = 3 × 10−6C, QB = -3𝜇C = -3 × 10-6C, EA = 9 × 109 𝐴𝐷𝐴2 = 9 × 109 × (2×10−2 )2
r = 20cm = 20 × 10-2m = 0.2m, 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ? 36
=
4×10−4
Test charge, q = 1.5 × 10-2C, F = ?
= 9 × 104 N/C along AD
Solution:-
Similarly, EC = 9 × 104 N/C along CD
To find EA
q 4×10−9
EB = 9 × 109 = 𝐵𝐷B2 = 9 × 109 × (
√2×𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒)2
36
EB =
To find 𝑬𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 at O (√2×2×10−2 )2
36
𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EA + EB =
2×4×10−4
1 𝑞
We have, E = EB = 4.5 ×104 N/C along BD
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑟2
𝑄𝐴 To find resultant of EA and EC
EA = 9 × 109
(𝐴𝑂)2
3×10−6 EAC = √𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐶2 + 2𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐶 cos 𝜃
EA = 9 × 109
(0.1)2
3
EA = 2700 × 10 N/C along AB EAC = √𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐶2 + 2𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐶 cos 𝜃
Similarly,
𝑄𝐵 EAC = √𝐸𝐴2 + 𝐸𝐶2 ∴ 𝜃 = 90° ⇒cos90° = 0
EB = 9 × 109 2
(𝐵𝑂)
3×10−6 EAC = √2𝐸𝐴2
EB = 9 × 109
(0.1)2 EAC =√2 × 𝐸𝐴
EB = 2700 × 103 N/C along AB
EAC =√2 × 9 × 104
EA and EB are along AB EAC = 12.72 × 104 along BD
∴ 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EA + EB To find resultant of EB and EAC

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 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EB + EAC Substitution and simplification: 𝐹 = 9 × 109 ×
𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 4.5 ×104 + 12.72 × 104 2×10−7 ×3×10−7
(3×10−2 )2
𝑬𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 17.22 × 104 N/C is along BDN/C Force between the charges: 𝐹 = 0.6𝑁
𝑞 𝑞 𝐹
3. Two point charges 𝒒𝑨 = 5𝝁C and 𝒒𝑩 = -5𝝁C are 1 2
New force: 𝐹ʹ = 𝑘 (2𝑟) 2 = 4
located at A and B separated by 0.2 m in vacuum.
Final answer with approapriate unit: 𝐹ʹ = 0.15𝑁
a) What is the electric field at the midpoint O of
******************END*******************
the line joining the charges?
b) If a negative test charge of magnitude 2nC is
placed at O, what is the force experienced by
the test charge? [M-2020]
Given :-
𝑞𝐴 = 5𝜇C = 5 × 10−6C, 𝑞𝐵 = -5𝜇C = -5 × 10-6C,
r = 0.2m, 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ?
Test charge, q = 2 ×10-9C, F = ?
Solution:-

To find 𝑬𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 at O
𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EA + EB
1 𝑞
We have, E =
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑟2
𝑞𝐴
EA = 9 × 109
(𝐴𝑂)2
5×10−6
EA = 9 × 109
(0.1)2
3
EA = 4500 × 10 N/C along AB
Similarly,
𝑞𝐵
EB = 9 × 109
(𝐵𝑂)2
5×10−6
EB = 9 × 109
(0.1)2
3
EB = 4500 × 10 N/C along AB

EA and EB are along AB

∴ 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = EA + EB
𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 4500×103 + 4500×103
𝑬𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 9000×103 N/C along AB
To find force F
𝐹
w.k.t E =
𝑞

∴ F = 𝐸𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × q
F = 9000×103×2×10-9
𝐅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 10 -6 N

4. Two small charged spheres having charges of 𝟐 ×

𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑪 and 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑪 are placed 3cm apart in
vacuum. Find the electrostatic force between
them. Find the new force, when the distance
1
between them is doubled. Given: =9×
4𝜋𝜀0
109 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2 [May-2022]
𝑞1 𝑞2
Ans:- Formula for the Coulomb force: 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑟2 or 𝐹 =
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 5 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 2. ELECTROSTATICS POTENTAIL AND CAPACITANCE
One Mark Questions Polar molecules Non-polar molecules
1. What is capacitor? [J – 2014] (Polar dielectrics) (Non-polar dielectrics)
Ans:- Capacitor is a system of two conductors separated Polar molecules are the Non-polar molecules are
by a dielectric medium. Capacitor is a device used molecules in which the the molecules in which the
to store electric charge and electric energy. centre of positive charges centre of positive charges
2. What is an equipotential surface? [M – 2018] and the centre of negative and the centre of negative
Ans:- Any surface which has the same electric potential charges do not coincide. charges coincide.
(A dielectric which is (A dielectric which is
at every point is called an equipotential surface.
made of polar molecules is made of non-polar
3. Define dielectric constant in terms of capacity of a called polar dielectrics.) molecules is called non-
parallel plate capacitor. [Sept-2020] polar dielectrics)
Ans:- Dielectric constant is the ratio of the capacitance of They have permanent They do not have
the capacitor with dielectric material to the electric dipole moment. permanent electric dipole
capacitance of an identical capacitor with vacuum as moment.
dielectric. Ex: Water (𝐻2 𝑂), 𝐻𝐶𝐿 Ex: Oxygen (𝑂2 ),
4. What is electrostatic shielding? Hydrogen (𝐻2 )
4. Draw equipotential surface for (a) a positive point
Ans:- Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon in which
charge (b) a uniform electric field. [Aug-2022]
the cavity of a conductor is shielded from outside electric
Ans:-
field.
Two Mark Questions
1. A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates
has a capacitance C. What will be the capacitance if
a) The distance between the plates is doubled?
b) The space between the plates is filled with a
substance of dielectric constant 5? [M- 2020]
𝜀0 𝐴 5. Write the relation between electric field and
Ans:- a) 𝐶 = 𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴 𝐶
potential. A point charge +Q is placed at point O
𝐶ʹ = 𝑑 = 2𝑑
=2 as shown in the figure. Is the potential difference
New capacitance is half of the initial capacitance. 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 positive, negative or zero?
𝑘𝜀0 𝐴 Ans:-
b) 𝐶ʹ = 𝑑
= 𝑘𝐶 = 5𝐶
New capacitance is 5 times of the initial capacitance.
2. Write two properties of equipotential surface.
Relation between electric field and potential is 𝐸 =
Ans:- 1. No work is done in moving a test charge over an 𝛿𝑉
equipotential surface. − 𝛿𝑙
2. Electric field is always normal to the equipotential 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 is positive because 𝑉𝐴 > 𝑉𝐵
surface at every point. Three Mark Questions
3. No potential difference between any two points on 1. Derive the expression for potential energy of a
the surface. system of two charges in the absence of the
3. What are polar and non-polar molecules?[M- 2022] external electric field. [M-2014, J-2016]
Distinguish between polar and non-polar Ans:-
dielectrics.
Ans:-

Consider a charges 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 initially at infinity.

When we bring the first charge +𝑞1 from infinity to
point 𝑝1 , no work is done. ∴ 𝑊1 = 0

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 6 of 70

 𝜎 𝜎
Electric potential due to charge 𝑞1 at a point 𝑝2 is 𝐸 = 2𝜀 − 2𝜀 = 0
1 𝑞1 0 0
𝑉1 = 4𝜋𝜀 The electric field in between the plates,
0 𝑟12
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝑄 𝑄
If charge 𝑞2 is moved from infinity to point 𝑝2 , the 𝐸= + = = (∵ 𝜎 = )
2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴𝜀0 𝐴
work required is
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
Potential difference between the plates = E × distance
𝑊2 = 𝑉1 × 𝑞2 = 4𝜋𝜀 between the plates
0 𝑟12
This total work done is stored as potential energy. 𝑄𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝐴𝜀
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 0
∴ 𝑈 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12
2. Derive the relation between electric field and 𝑄 𝑄
𝐶 = 𝑉 = 𝑄𝑑
⁄𝐴𝜀
electric potential due to a point charge. 0
𝜀0 𝐴
[M-2017, J-2017, Sept-2020, Aug-2022] 𝐶= 𝑑
Establish the relation between electric field and 5. Derive the expression for the energy stored in a
electric potential. (2mark) [M-2020, J-2014]
charged capacitor. [M-2016,2017, 2020]
Ans:- Ans:-
Consider a capacitor of capacitance C.
Suppose the +q charge is transferred
from the plate 2 to plate 1, plate 2
acquires charge –q.
The potential difference across the
Consider two equipotential surfaces A and B with 𝑞
capacitor is 𝑉 = 𝐶
potential V and V+ 𝛿 V respectively. When a unit
positive charge is moved along perpendicular distance Suppose now a small additional charge
𝛿 𝑙 from the surface B to A against the electric field. dq be transferred from plate 2 to plate 1.
𝑞
The work done is 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐸𝛿𝑙 The work done will be 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉𝑑𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑞
This work done is equal to the potential difference The total work done in transferring a charge Q from
between A and B. plate 2 to plate 1 will be
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 𝑄 𝑄𝑞
𝑊 = ∫0 𝑑𝑊 = ∫0 𝐶
𝑑𝑞
𝐸𝛿𝑙 = 𝑉 − (𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉) = −𝛿𝑉 𝑄
1 𝑄 1 𝑞2
𝐸=
𝛿𝑉
− 𝛿𝑙 𝑊 = ∫0 𝑞𝑑𝑞 = [ ]
𝐶 𝐶 2 0
1 𝑄2
3. Mention the three factors on which the capacitance 𝑊= 2 𝐶
of a dielectric parallel plate capacitor depends. This work done is stored as electric potential energy
[May-2022]
U of the capacitor.
On what factors does capacitance of a parallel 1 𝑄2 1 1
plate capacitor depends. [M-2017, 2018] 𝑈= = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 𝑄𝑉
2 𝐶 2 2
Ans:- 1. Area of the plates. (𝐶 𝛼 𝐴) 6. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of
1 two capacitors connected in series.
2. Distance between plates. (𝐶𝛼 )
𝑑
[J-2019, June-2019]
3. Dielectric constant of the medium between
Ans:-
plates. (𝐶 𝛼 𝐾)
4. Derive the expression for capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor. [M-2015]
Ans:-

A – area of each plate

d – distance between the plates
V – potential difference across In series combination, the charge on each capacitor is
the plates same and potential difference across capacitor depends
Q – charge on each plate upon capacitance value.
𝑄 If 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 are the potential differences across the
𝜎= - surface charge density
𝐴 capacitors 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 respectively, then
The electric field in the outer regions of the two
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 …….(1)
plates,
If Q is the charge on each capacitor, then

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 7 of 70

 𝑄 𝑄 If 𝑄1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 are the charges on capacitors 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2
𝑉1 = 𝑐 𝑉2 = 𝑐
1 2
𝑄 𝑄
respectively, then
(1) ⇒ 𝑉 = + 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 …….(1)
𝑐1 𝑐2
1 1 If V is the voltage across each capacitor, then
𝑉= 𝑄 (𝑐 + 𝑐 ) ……(2)
1 2
𝑄1 = 𝐶1 𝑉, 𝑄2 = 𝐶2 𝑉
Consider 𝐶𝑠 is the effective capacitance of the series
(1) ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝐶1 𝑉 + 𝐶2 𝑉
combination of capacitors. The charge on 𝐶𝑠 is Q and
𝑄 = 𝑉(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) …….(2)
potential difference is V. So
𝑄
Consider 𝐶𝑃 is the effective capacitance of the parallel
𝑉=𝑐 ……...(3) combination of capacitors.
𝑠
Equating equations (2) and (3), we have The charge on 𝐶𝑃 is Q and potential difference is V.
𝑄
= 𝑄 (𝑐 + 𝑐 )
1 1 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑉 …….(3)
𝑐𝑠 1 2 Equating equations (2) and (3), we have
1 1 1
𝑐𝑠
= 𝑐1
+ 𝑐2 𝐶𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑉(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )
7. Derive the expression for potential energy of 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
electric dipole placed in uniform electric field. Five Mark Questions
[M-2019] 1. Define electric potential due to a point charge and
Ans:- arrive at the expression for the electric potential at
a point due to a point charge. [M – 2018]
Ans:- Definition: The electrostatic potential at any point
in an electric field is defined as the amount of work
done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity
to the point against electric field.
In a uniform electric field, the net force experienced by
the dipole is zero. But it experiences a torque given by
𝜏 = 𝑝⃗ × 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Consider a point charge +Q placed at point O. Let r be
If the dipole is rotated through a small angle 𝑑𝜃 against
the distance of point p from O. Imagine an unit
the torque acting on it, then the small work done is
positive charge at A with a distance x from O.
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑝𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Force on the unit positive charge at A is
Therefore, the total work done in rotating the dipole 1 𝑄.1 1 𝑄
from angle 𝜃1 𝑡𝑜 𝜃2 is 𝐹= =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 2
𝜃 𝜃 The small amount of work done in moving unit
𝑊 = ∫𝜃 1 𝑑𝑤 = ∫𝜃 2 𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 1
𝜃
positive charge from A to B is
𝑊 = 𝑝𝐸[− cos 𝜃]𝜃21 = 𝑝𝐸(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ) 1 𝑄
𝑑𝑤 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
This work done is stored as the potential energy U of 0

the dipole The negative sign because for 𝑑𝑥 < 0, 𝑑𝑤 is positive.

𝑈 = 𝑝𝐸(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ) The total amount of work done in bringing unit
If initially the dipole is oriented at 𝜃1 = 90° and positive charge from ∞ to r is
𝑟
brought to some orientation 𝜃2 = 𝜃, then 𝑊 = ∫∞ 𝑑𝑊
𝑟 1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑟 1
𝑈 = 𝑝𝐸(𝑐𝑜𝑠90° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑊 = ∫∞ − 4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 4𝜋𝜀 ∫∞ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 0
𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑝⃗ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑞 −1 𝑟 𝑞 1 𝑟
8. Obtain the expression for effective capacitance of 𝑊= − 4𝜋𝜀 [ 𝑥 ] = [ ]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 ∞
0 ∞
two capacitors connected in parallel. 𝑞 1 1
𝑊= [ − ∞]
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
Ans:- 1 𝑞
𝑊= 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
By definition, this work done is the electric potential
at point p.
1 𝑞
∴ The electric potential 𝑉 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

In parallel combination the potential difference across

each capacitor is same and the charge stored in
capacitors depends upon capacitance value.

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 8 of 70

Five Mark Problems 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = V1 +V2
1 𝑞1 1 −𝑞2
1. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, 0= +
4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟+𝑥) 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥
each plate has an area of 6x10-3m2 and the distance
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2
between the plates is 3mm. calculate the capacitance of =
4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟+𝑥) 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥
the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V 3×10−8 2×10−8
supply, what is the charge on each plate of capacitor? (𝑟+𝑥)
=
𝑥
(absolute permittivity of free space =8.85 x 10 -12 Fm-1). 3𝑥 = 2(𝑟 + 𝑥)
[M – 2014] 3𝑥 = 2(15 + 𝑥)
Given : A = 6 × 10−3m2, d = 3mm = 3 × 10−3m 3𝑥 = 30 + 2𝑥
C = ? V = 100V, q = ? 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 Fm-1 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 30
Solution:- To find C
𝜀𝑜 𝐴
x = 30cm from 𝒒𝟐
w.k.t C=
𝑑
8.85×1012 ×6×10−3 3. Two point charges 1𝝁C and - 4 𝝁C are 1m apart in air.
C= ∴ C = 17.70 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 F
3×10−3 Find the positions along the line joining the two charges
To calculate q at which the resultant potential is zero. [M – 2015]
𝑞
w.k.t C = 𝑉 Ans:-
Given: q1 = +1nC, q2 = –4nC,
∴q = CV
r = 1m, 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 0
q = 17.70 ×10−12× 100
Case-1
q = 1770 ×10−12
∴ q = 1.770 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟗 C

2. Two charges 3 × 10-8 C and – 2 ×10-8C are located 15cm

apart. At what points on the line joining the two charges To find x from the charge q1
is the electric potential zero. Take the potential at At the point P,
infinity to be zero. [J -2014] 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = V1 +V2
1 𝑞1 1 −𝑞
Given: q1 = 3 ×10 C, q2 = –2 ×10 C,-8 -8
0 = 4𝜋𝜀˳ 2
+ 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟−𝑥)
𝑥
r = 15cm, 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 0 1 𝑞1 1 2 𝑞
= 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟−𝑥)
Case-1 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥
𝑞1 𝑞2
=
𝑥 (1−𝑥)
1×10−9 4×10−9
𝑥
= (1−𝑥)
1 4
To find x from the charge q1 = (1−𝑥)
𝑥
At the point P, 1(1-x) = 4x
𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = V1 +V2 1 – x = 4x
1 𝑞1 1 2 −𝑞
0 = 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥
+ 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟−𝑥) 1 = 5x ⇒ x = 0.2 m from
1 𝑞1 1 𝑞2 Case-2 𝒒𝟏
=
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟−𝑥) To find x from 𝑞2
𝑞1 𝑞2
=
𝑥 (15−𝑥)
3×10−8 2×10−8
= (15−𝑥)
𝑥
3 2
= (15−𝑥) At the point P,
𝑥
𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = V1 +V2
3(15 − 𝑥) = 2𝑥 1 1 𝑞 −𝑞2 1
0 = 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟+𝑥) + 4𝜋𝜀˳
45 – 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑞1 1 −𝑞2
45 = 5𝑥x =⇒9cm from 𝒒𝟏 +
4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝑟+𝑥) 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥
Case-2 1×10−9 4×10−9
(𝑟+𝑥)
=
To find x from 𝑞2 𝑥
x = 4(r + x)
x = 4(1 + x)
x = 4 + 4x
−4
x= 3
At the point P,
X = -1.33 m i.e x = 0.33m from 𝒒𝟏

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 9 of 70

 the system is 8J. If the same capacitors are
connected in parallel across the same line, the
energy stored is 36J. Find the individual
capacitance. [M – 2016]
3
Ans:- Given: V = 4kV = 4 ×10 𝑉,
4. ABCD is a square of side 2cm. charges +5nC, ES = 8J, EP = 36J, C1 = ?, C2 = ?
+10nC and -5nC are placed at the corners A B and Solution:-
C respectively. What is the work done in In series combination, In parallel combination,
transferring a charge of +5𝝁C from D to the point 1 1
ES = 2 CSV2 EP = 2 CPV2
of intersection of diagonals? [J- 2015] 2𝐸𝑆 2𝐸𝑃
Given: ⇒ CS = ⇒ CP =
𝑉2 𝑉2
2×8 2×36
CS = (4×103 )2 CP = (4×103 )2
16 72
CS = 16×106 CP = 16×106

CS = 1×10−6F CP = 4.5×10−6F
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2
CS = 𝐶1 +𝐶2
= 𝐶𝑃
CP = C1+C2 = 4.5 ×10−6---(1)
−6
Charge to be transferred = 5𝜇C = 5 × 10 C. from D to
∴ C1C2 = CSCP
O
C1C2 = 1 × 10−6× 4.5 ×10−6
Solution:-
∴C1C2 = 4.5 ×10−12
Required formula
By using the relation (a-b)2 = a2+b2 – 2ac +2ab-2ab
W = (VO – VD) × Charge to be transferred
(a-b)2 = (a+b)2 – 4ac,
W = (VO – VD) × 5 × 10−6 -------› (1)
We can write
In the square,
(C1-C2)2 = (C1+C2)2 – 4 C1C2
Length of the diagonal,
(C1-C2)2 = (4.5 ×10−6 )2 - 4 × 4.5 ×10−12
BD = AC = √2 × side = 2√2 cm =2√2 × 10−2m
(C1-C2)2 = 20.25 ×10−12 - 18 ×10−12
2√2 × 10−2
AO = BO = CO = DO = = √2 × 10−2m (C1-C2)2 = 2.25 ×10−12
2
Resultant potential at O, C1-C2 = 1.5 ×10−6 ------› (2)
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 Adding (1) and (2)
VO = 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝐴𝑂1 + 𝐵𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑂3 )
(1) ⇒ C1 + C2 = 4.5 ×10−6
5×10−9 10×10−9 5×10−9
VO = 9 ×109 ( + + ) (2)⇒ C1-C2 = 1.5 ×10−6
√2 × 10−2 √2 × 10−2 √2 × 10−2
9
9×10 ×10 −9
2C1 + 0 = 6 ×10−6
VO = (5 + 10 – 5)
√2 × 10−2 ⇒ C1 = 3×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F & C2 = 1.5×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 F
9
90×10 ×10 −9
2
VO = 1.4142×10−2
⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = 63.64×10 V
Resultant potential at D, 6. Charges 2𝝁C, 4𝝁C and 6𝝁C are placed at three corner
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
VD = ( 1 + 2 + 3) ABC respectively of a square ABCD of side xm. Find
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐷
what charge must be placed at the corner D such that the
5×10−9 10×10−9 5×10−9
VD = 9 ×109 (2×10−2 + 2 2×10−2 + 2×10−2 ) potential at the centre of the square is zero. [J – 2016]
√
9×109 ×10−9 5 10 5 Ans:-
VD = 10−2
(2 + 2 2 − 2) Given:
√
9×109 ×10−9 10 𝑞1 = 2𝜇C, 𝑞2 = 4𝜇C, 𝑞3 = 6𝜇C, 𝑞4 = ? Vo = o.
VD = 10−2
(2 2)
√
9
90×10 ×10 −9
VD =
2√2×10−2
90×109 ×10−9
VD = 2.8284×10−2
⇒ 𝑉𝐷 = 31.82×102 V
From eqn (1)
W = (63.64 ×102 - 31.82 ×102 )× 5 ×10−6
W = 31.82 ×102 × 5 ×10−6 Solution:-
∴ W = 159.1×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 J Length of the diagonal,
BD = AC = √2 × side = x√2
𝑥√2 𝑥√2 𝑥
5. When two capacitors are connected in series and AO = BO = CO = DO = 2
= =
√2√2 √2
connected across a 4kV line, the energy stored in

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 10 of 70

 1 𝑞
We have, V = 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑟
If a dielectric of dielectric constant 2.5 is introduce
Resultant potential at O
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
between the plates of the capacitor then capacitance of
Vo = ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4) capacitor is
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝐷𝑂
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝐴𝜀0𝐾 𝐴𝜀0
0= ( 1 + 𝑥/ 2 2 + 𝑥/ 3 2 + 𝑥/ 4 2)
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑥/√2
𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 =
𝑑
=(
𝑑
)𝐾
√ √ √
−12
1 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 29.51 ×10 ×2.5
0= 𝑥 (𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 )
4𝜋𝜀˳× −12
√2 𝐶𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 73.775 ×10 F
0 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 𝑞4 Then, the energy stored in the capacitor is
∴ 1 1
𝒒𝟐 = - 12𝝁C U2 = 2 CV2 = 2
× 73.775 ×10−12 ×(400)2

7. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates U2 = 59.02 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟕 J
-3 2
each plate has an area 8 x 10 m and distance between
the plates is 2mm. Calculate the capacitance of the ∴ Change in the stored energy is
capacitor. If these capacitors is connected to a 50V U = U2 ~ U1
supply. What is the charge on each plate of the = (59.02 – 23.608) ×10−7
capacitor? U = 35.412 ×10−7J
Absolute permittivity of free space = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑭/𝒎.
[J – 2017] U2 = 59.02 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟕 J
Ans:-
Given: A = 8 × 10−3m2, d = 2mm = 2 × 10−3m 9. In a circular parallel plate capacitor radius of each plate
C = ? V = 50V, q = ? 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 Fm-1 is 5cm and they are separated by a distance of 2mm.
Solution:- Calculate the capacitance and the energy stored, when it
is charged by connecting the battery of 200V
To find C
𝜀𝑜 𝐴 (Given 𝝐˳ = 8.854x10-12Fm-1) [M – 2019]
W.K.T C=𝑑 Ans:-
8.85×1012 ×8×10−3 Given:
C= 2×10−3
∴ C = 35.4 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 F
r = 5 cm = 5 ×10−2m
To calculate q
𝑞
d = 2 ×10−3m
W. K. T C = 𝑉 C = ?, U = ?
∴ q = CV V = 200v
q = 35.4 ×10−12× 50 𝜀0 = 8.8754 ×10−12 Fm-1
q = 1770 ×10−12C ∴ q = 1.770 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟗C Solution:-
𝜀𝑜 𝐴
C= 𝑑
A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.142 × (5 ×10−2) = 0.007855
8. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of m2 ∴ 𝑪 = 34.76×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 F
2
100cm each and are separated by 3mm. The capacitor is 8.854×10−12 ×0.007855
charged by connecting it to a 400V supply. Calculate (a)
C= 2×10−3
the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor, (b) if a Energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor is
1 1
dielectric of constant 205 is introduced between the U = CV2 = × 34.8×10−12 ×(200)2
2 2
plates of the capacitor, then find electrostatic energy
stored and also change in the energy stored. [J – 2018] ∴ 𝑼 = 696 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟗 J
Ans:-
Given: 10. ABCD is a square of side 1m. Charges of +3nc, -5nc and
2
A = 100 cm = 100 × 10 m −4 2 +3nc are placed the corners of A B and C respectively.
Calculate the work done in transferring charge of 12𝝁C
d = 3 cm = 3 × 10−3m
from D to the point of intersection of the diagonals?
V = 400V, U1 = ?, if K = 2.5 then U2 = ?,& U2 ~U1 = ? [J – 2019]
Solution:- Ans:-
Energy stored in a capacitor
1
U = 2 CV2 ……….(1)
The capacitance in a capacitor
𝜀𝐴 8.854×10−12 ×100×10−4
C= =
𝑑 3×10−3
−12
C = 29.51 ×10 F in eqn (1)
1
∴U1 = ×29.51 ×10−12 ×(400)2 Solution:-
2 Required formula
∴U1 = 23.608 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟕 J
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W = (VO – VD) × Charge to be transferred 𝑄
Ans:- Formula for the potential at a point: 𝑉 = 𝑘 𝑟 or
W = (VO – VD) × 12 × 10−6 -------› (1) 1 𝑄
𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝑟
In the square,
Length of the diagonal, 8×10−3
Potential at A: 𝑉𝐴 = 9 × 109 × = 24 × 108 𝑉
3×10−2
BD = AC = √2 × side = √2 ×1 = √2 m 9 8×10−3
√2 1 Potential at B: 𝑉𝐵 = 9 × 10 × 4×10−2 = 18 × 108 𝑉
AO = BO = CO = DO = = m
2 √2 Work done: 𝑊 = 𝑝𝑑 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 )𝑞
Resultant potential at O, Final answer with approapriate unit:
1 𝑞 𝑞2 𝑞3
VO = ( 1 − + ) 𝑊 = (18 × 108 − 24 × 108 )(−2 × 108 ) = 12𝐽
4𝜋𝜀˳ 𝐴𝑂 𝐵𝑂 𝐶𝑂
Note: 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑎𝑐 + 𝑊𝑐𝑏 should be considered.
3×10−9 5×10−9 3×10−9
VO = 9 ×109 ( 1 − 1 + 1 ) ******************END*******************
√2 √2 √2
9×109 ×10−9
VO = 1 (3 - 5 +3)
√2
9×109 ×10−9
VO = (1) ⇒ 𝑉𝑜 = 12.727V
0.7071
Resultant potential at D,
1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
VD = 4𝜋𝜀˳ (𝐴𝐷1 + 𝐵𝐷2 + 𝐶𝐷3 )
3×10−9 5×10−9 3×10−9
VD = 9 ×109 ( 1
− + )
√2 1
9×109 ×10−9 3 5 3
VD = ( − + )
1 1 √ 2 1
9 5
VD = 1
(6 − 2)
√
9
VD = 1
(2.464) ⇒ 𝑉𝐷 = 22.18 V
From eqn (1)
W = (22.18-12.72)× 12 ×10−6
W = 9.46× 12 ×10−6
∴ W = 113.522×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 J
11. In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the
plates each plate has an area of 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟐 and
the distance between the plates is 3mm. Calculate
the capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor
is connected to a 100V supply, what is the charge
on each plate of the capacitor?
(𝜺𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑭𝒎−𝟏 )
[Sept-2020, Aug-2022]
Ans:- Given, 𝐴 = 6 × 10 𝑚 𝑑 = 3 × 10−3 𝑚 𝑉 =
−3 2

100𝑉
𝜖0 = 8.854 × 10−12 𝐹/𝑚
𝐶 = 𝜖0 𝐴/𝑑
8.854×10−12 ×6×10−3
𝐶= 3×10−3
= 17071 × 10−12 𝐹 =
17071𝑝𝐹
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
𝑄 = 17.71 × 10−12 × 102 = 17.71 × 10−10 𝐶
= 1.771𝑛𝐶
12. A charge of 8mC is located at the origin.
Calculate the work done in taking a small charge
of −𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑪 from a point A(3cm, 0, 0) to a
point B(0, 4cm, 0) via a point C(3cm, 4cm, 0).
𝟏
Given: 𝟒𝝅𝜺˳ = 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟐 . [May-2022]

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 12 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 3. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
difference across its ends, provided the temperature
ONE MARK QUESTIONS [8M]and other physical conditions remains same.
1. Define electrical resistivity of material of a Explanation: If 1 is the current flowing through a
conductor. [M-2019] conductor and V is the potential difference across its
Ans:- Resistivity of a conductor is the resistance offered ends, then
by 1m length of a conductor having a cross sectional 𝐼∝𝑉
area of 1𝑚2 . 1
𝐼 = 𝑅𝑉
2. How does the resistance of a conductor vary with
its length? [J-2019] 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Ans:- The resistance of a conductor is directly Where R is a constant of proportional called
proportional to its length. (𝑅𝛼𝑙) resistance of the conductor.
3. A resistor is marked which colours red, red, 2. Give any two limitations of Ohm’s law.
orange and gold. Write the value of its resistance. [J-2014, 2015, M-2015,2020, June-2019]
[M-2015] Ans:- 1. Ohm’s law fails, if the current varies non-
linearly with voltage.
Ans:- 22 × 10−3 ± 5%𝛺
2. Ohm’s law fails, if the relation between voltage ans
4. The resistance of a carbon resistor with four
current is not unique (In GaAs).
coloured rings is (𝟓𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟓𝟎)𝜴. Identify the colour
3. Ohm’s law is not applicable to non-ohmic devices
of fourth ring. [May-2022]
(In diode, triode, etc.)
Ans:- Silver.
4. Ohm’s law is not applicable at very low
5. Write the colour code for a resistor of resistance
temperature and very high temperature.
𝟒𝟓 ± 𝟏𝟎%𝜴 [Aug-2022]
3. Define mobility & mention its S I unit. [J-2017]
Ans:- Yellow, green, black, silver.
Define mobility of electron. (or) Define electron
6. A wire of resistivity 𝝆 is stretched to three times its
mobility. (1mark)
length. What will be its new resistivity?
[M-2014, 2017, 2018, J-2014, Aug-2022]
Ans:- Resistivity is same (because resistivity does not
Ans:- The mobility of free electron is defined as the drift
depend on length).
velocity acquired by an electron per unit electric field
7. Name the Kirchhoff’s law which is a consequence
applied.
of principle of conservation of energy.
The SI unit of electron mobility is
Ans:- Kirchhoff’s second law or loop rule.
𝑚2 𝑠 −1 𝑉 −1 or 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑁 −1 𝐶
8. Name the Kirchhoff’s law which is a consequence
4. What is Ohmic devise? Give one example.
of principle of conservation of charge.
[J-2017]
Ans:- Kirchhoff’s first law or junction rule.
Ans:- The devices which obey ohm’s law are called
9. How does resistivity of the nichrome vary with
ohmic devices.
absolute temperature?
Ex: Metallic conductor, Resistor.
Ans:- Very weak dependence of resistivity with
5. State Kirchhoff’s law of electrical network.
temperature.
[M-2018]
10. The coioured rings marked on a carbon resistor
State Kirchhoff’s junction rule. (1mark) [J-2017]
are Red, Red and Silver. What is the tolerance of
Ans:- Kirchhoff’s junction rule or first rule: At any
this resistor?
junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction
Ans:- Tolerance is 10%. (𝑅 = 22 × 102 ± 10%).
is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the
TWO MARK QUESTONS
junction.
1. State and explain ohm’s law. [M-2017, Aug-2022]
Kirchhoff’s loop rule or second rule: The algebraic
State ohm’s law. (1mark) [J-2018, May-2022]
sum of emf’s and voltage drops in resistors around
Ans:- Statement: The current flowing through a
any closed circuit (loop) is zero.
conductor is directly proportional to potential

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6. Write the relation expression for drift velocity in
terms of current, explain the terms used.[M-2019]
𝐼
Ans:- Drift velocity 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴
Where I- current through conductor,
n- number of electrons per unit volume Ans:- When an electric field is present, each free
electrons experiences a force of – eE.
A- cross sectional area of conductor,
The acceleration of the electrons is
e- charge on electron. 𝑒𝐸
𝑎=−
7. Represent graphically the variation of resistivity 𝑚
with absolute temperature for Copper and Velocity of electrons at any time is
𝑒𝐸
Nichrome metals. [J-2018] 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑚
Show with schematic graphs, variation of Where, 𝑣𝑖 - velocity immediately after collision,
resistivity with absolute temperature for (a) 𝑡𝑖 - time elapse after its last collision.
Nichrome and (b) Silicon. [May-2022] Drift velocity 𝑣𝑑 is the average velocity of the
Draw the curve to curve to show the variation of electrons under the influence of electric field.
resistivity as a function of temperature for copper. Relaxation time is the average time interval
(1mark) [Sept-2020] between two successive collisions.
Graphically represent the variation of resistivity of 𝑒𝐸
𝑣𝑑 = (𝑉𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑒 = (𝑣𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑒 − (𝑡𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑒
a semiconductor with absolute temperature. 𝑚
𝑒𝐸
(1mark) [M-2020] 𝑣𝑑 = 0− 𝑚𝜏 (∵ (𝑣𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0 & (𝑡𝑖 )𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝜏)
𝑒𝐸
Ans:- 𝑣𝑑 = −𝑚𝜏
2. Derive the relation 𝑱⃗ = 𝝈𝑬
⃗⃗ where terms have usual
meaning. [J – 2017]
Ans:-

8. Define the terms ‘Drift Velocity’ and ‘mobility’ of

free electrons. [Sept-2020]
Ans:- The average velocity with which the free electrons
drift under the influence of an electric field is called
If E is the magnitude of electric field in a conductor of
drift velocity.
length l, then the potential difference across its ends is
The mobility of free electron is defined as the drift
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑙 ……(1)
velocity acquired by an electron electron per unit
According to ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
electric field applied. 𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑙
9. What is a meter bridge? What is the principle 𝑉=𝐼 𝐴
……(2) (∵ 𝑅 = 𝐴
)
behind the working of meter bridge? Equating equ (1) & (2), we get
Ans:- A meter bridge is a device used to find unknown 𝜌𝑙
𝐸𝑙 = 𝐼 𝐴
resistance. It works on the principle of Wheatstone 𝐼
bridge. 𝐸 = 𝐴𝜌
𝐼
10. What is a potentiometer? Mention two 𝐸 = 𝑗𝜌 (∵ 𝑗 = 𝐴)
applications of potentiometer.
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑗⃗𝜌 (∵ direction of E and J are same)
Ans:- A potentiometer is a device used to measure the 1
emf of a cell or potential difference between two 𝑗⃗ = 𝐸⃗⃗
𝜌
points in a circuit. 𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗
They are used (i) To compare emf of two cells (ii) To 1
Where, 𝜎 = 𝜌 is called conductivity. The above
determine the internal resistance of the cell.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS equation is the vector form of ohm’s law.
1. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free 3. Derive the expression for current in terms of drift
electrons in a conductor. [March 2016, July 2016] velocity. [Aug 2022]
Derive the expression for the drift velocity of Ans:-
electrons in a conductor in terms of their
relaxation time. [May 2022]

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 𝑃 𝑅
𝑄
= 𝑆
This is the balanced condition of the
Wheatstone
bridge (Wheatstone network).
2. Assuming the expression for drift velocity, derive
n - number of electrons per unit volume
the expression for conductivity of a material 𝝈 =
Volume of the conducting wire, V=Al 𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉
Total number of electrons in conducting wire = nAl 𝒎
where symbols have usual meaning.
Total charge in conducting wire, q=nAle Define the term mobility. [July 2015, March 2019]
𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉
Where, e - charge of an electron Derive 𝝈 = 𝒎 where the symbols have
If 𝑣𝑑 is the drift velocity of the electrons then time their usual meaning. [July 2018]
taken by the electrons to cross a wire of length l is Ans:-
𝑙
𝑡=𝑣
𝑑
Current through a conductor wire is
𝑞
𝐼= 𝑡
𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑒
𝐼= 𝑙
𝑣𝑑

𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑣𝑑 V - potential difference applied across the wire

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS E - electric field set up in the wire
1. Derive the condition for balance of Wheatstone‟s 𝑉𝑑 - drift velocity of the electrons
bridge using Kirchhoff‟s rules. A - area of cross section of the wire
[March 2016, July 2014, March 2017, July 2016, n - number of electrons per unit volume
June 2019] e - charge of an electron
Using Kirchhoff's rules, obtain the expression for Current through a conductor is
the balancing condition of Wheatstone bridge.
[May 2022, Aug 2022] 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑉𝑑
𝑒𝐸𝜏 𝑒𝐸𝜏
Draw Wheatstone‟s bridge circuit and write the 𝐼 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴 ( 𝑚 ) (∵ 𝑉𝑑= )
𝑚
condition for its balance. (2 mark) [March 2014] 𝑛𝑒 2 𝐴𝜏
Ans:- 𝐼= 𝐸
𝑚
𝐼 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
The current density, 𝐽 = 𝐴 = 𝑚
𝐸 ---------- (1)
From ohm’s law, 𝑗 = 𝜎𝐸---------- (2)
Comparing equ (1) and (2), we get
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
𝜎= 𝑚
Mobility: It is defined as the magnitude of drift
velocity acquired per unit electric field applied.
𝐼1 - current through P 3. Obtain the expression for the effective emf and
𝐼2 - current through R the effective internal resistance of two cells
connected in parallel such that the current
𝐼𝑔 - current through galvanometer
flowing in the same direction. [March 2018]
(𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) - Current through Q Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal
(𝐼2 − 𝐼𝑔 ) - Current through S resistance r1 and r2 are connected in parallel such
Applying kirchhoff’s second rule to loop ABDA, that they send current in same direction. Derive
-𝐼1 𝑃 − 𝐼𝑔 𝐺 + 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0 ---------- (1) an expression for equivalent resistance and
Applying kirchhoff’s second rule to loop BCDB, equivalent emf of the combination.
[M-2019]
−(𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑄 + (𝐼2. + 𝐼𝑔 )𝑆 + 𝐼𝑔 𝐺 = 0 ---------- (2) Ans:-
When the Wheatstone network is balanced,𝐼𝑔 = 0.
Equ (1) reduces to –𝐼1 𝑃 + 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0
⇒𝐼1 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 ---------- (3)
Equ (2) reduces to −𝐼1 𝑄 + 𝐼2 𝑆 = 0
⇒𝐼1 𝑄 = 𝐼2 𝑆 ---------- (4)
Dividing equ (3) by equ (4)
𝐼1 𝑃 𝐼2 𝑅
𝐼1 𝑄
= 𝐼2 𝑆

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 Comparing equs (1) and (2), we get
𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 𝜀1 + 𝜀2
𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
5. What is equivalent resistance? With the help of
circuit diagram, obtain the expression for
Let 𝜀1 , 𝜀2 be the emfs of two cells and 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 be their
equivalent resistance of two resistors connected
internal resistances respectively. in parallel. [March 2015]
At the point 𝐵1 , 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ……(1) With the help of circuit diagram, obtain the
Potential difference across first cell is expression for equivalent resistance of two
𝜀1 −𝑉 resistors connected in parallel. [March 2014]
𝑉 = 𝜀1 − 𝐼1 𝑟1 ⇒ 𝐼1 = ……..(2)
𝑟1 Ans:- Equivalent resistance : The resistance that
Potential difference across second cell is produces the same effect as that of the
𝑉 = 𝜀2 − 𝐼2 𝑟2 ⇒ 𝐼2 =
𝜀2 −𝑉
……..(3) combination of resistances is called equivalent
𝑟2
resistance.
Substituting equ (2) and (3) in (1), we get
𝜀1 −𝑉 𝜀 −𝑉
𝐼= 𝑟1
+ 2𝑟
2
𝜀 𝑉 𝜀 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟 + 𝑟2 − 𝑟
1 1 2 2
𝜀1 𝜀2 1 1
𝐼 = (𝑟 + 𝑟 ) − 𝑉 (𝑟 + 𝑟 )
1 2 1 2
1 1 𝜀1 𝜀2
𝑉 (𝑟 + 𝑟 ) = ( 𝑟 + 𝑟 ) − 𝐼 In parallel combination, the potential difference
1 2 1 2
𝑟 +𝑟 𝜀 𝑟 +𝜀 𝑟 (V)
𝑉 2 1 = 1 2 2 1−𝐼
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2 across each resistor is same. The current divides
𝜀1 𝑟2 +𝜀2 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑟 +𝑟 − 𝐼 𝑟 1+𝑟2 ……… (4) in
1 2 1 2
resistors and depends on its resistance.
If the parallel combination of cell is replaced
If I1 and I2 are the current through resistors R1
by a single cell of 𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞 as shown in
and R2 respectively, then the total current
fig(b), then
I = I1 + I2 -------(1)
𝑉 = 𝜀𝑒𝑞 − 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑞 ………(5) 𝑉 𝑉
From ohm’s law, 𝐼1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 =
Comparing equs (4) and (5), we get 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝜀 𝑟 +𝜀 𝑟 𝑉 𝑉
𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 1 2 2 1 (1) ⇒ 𝐼 = +
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑟1 𝑟2 1 1
𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑉 [𝑅 + 𝑅 ] ……..(2)
1 +𝑟2 1 2
4. Derive an expression for equivalent emf and Consider RP is the equivalent resistance of the
equivalent resistance of two cells connected in parallel combination of resistors.
𝑉
series. [Sept 2020] From ohm’s law, 𝐼 = 𝑅 ……..(3)
𝑃
Ans:-
Equating equ (2) & (3), we have
𝑉 1 1
𝑅𝑃
= 𝑉 [𝑅 + 𝑅 ]
1 2
𝑉 1 1
𝑅𝑃
=𝑅 +𝑅
1 2
Let 𝜀1 , 𝜀2 be the emfs of two cells and 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 be their
6. With the help of circuit diagram, obtain the
internal resistances respectively.
expression for equivalent resistance of two resistors
Potential difference between A and B is connected in series.
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝜀1 − 𝐼𝑟1 Ans:-
Potential difference between B and C is
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 = 𝜀2 − 𝐼𝑟2
Potential difference between A and C is
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐶 = (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 ) + (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐶 )
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = (𝜀1 − 𝐼𝑟1 ) + (𝜀2 − 𝐼𝑟2 )
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = (𝜀1 + 𝜀2 ) − 𝐼(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) ……..(1) In series combination, the current through each
resistor is same. The potential difference
If the series combination of cell is replaced by a
divides
single cell of 𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞 as shown in fig(b),
and depends on its resistance.
then
If V1 and V2 are the voltage across resistors R1
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝜀𝑒𝑞 − 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑞 ……..(2)
and

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 16 of 70

 R2 respectively, then the total potential 2. A network of resisters is connected to a 12V battery
difference shown in the figure
V = V1 + V2 -------(1) (a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the
From ohm’s law, 𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 and 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 network.
(1) ⇒ 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 (b) Obtain current in 12Ω and 6Ω resistors.
𝑉 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) ……(2) [J – 2014]

Consider 𝑅𝑆 is the equivalent resistance of the

series combination of resistors.
From ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑠 …….(3)
Equating equ (2) & (3), we have Ans:-
𝐼 𝑅𝑠 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) Given:
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 E = V = 12V (If r = 0),
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS R1 = 12Ω, R2 = 6Ω, RP = ?, I1 = ?, I2 = ?
1. A battery of internal resistance 3Ω is connected to Circuit can be written as
20Ω resistor and potential difference across the Solution:-
resistor is 10V. If another resistor of 30Ωis a) Equivalent resistance of the network
1 1 1
connected in series with the first resistor and =𝑅 +
𝑅𝑃 1 𝑅2
battery is again connected to the combination, 𝑅 𝑅
⇒ RP = 𝑅 1+𝑅2
calculate the emf and terminal potential difference 1 2
12×6 72
across the combination. [M – 2014] ⇒ RP = = ⇒ 𝐑 𝐏 = 4Ω
12+6 18
Ans:- Given: Two resistors are in parallel.
r = 3Ω, 𝑅1 = 20Ω, V1 = 10V, ε = ?, V2 = ? ∴ p.d. across each resistor is same.
Solution:- Current across 12Ω (𝑅1 ) resistor.
Case 1: 𝑉 12
I1 = = ⇒ 𝑰𝟐 = 1A
𝑅1 12
Current across 6Ω (𝑅2 ) resistor.
𝑉 12
I2 = 𝑅 = 6
⇒ 𝑰𝟐 = 2A
2

To calculate E 3. Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal resistance

ε
I1 = 𝑅 +𝑟 1Ω and 2Ω respectively are connected in parallel so
1 as to send the current in the same direction through
𝑉1 ε 𝑉
𝑅1
=𝑅 ∵ I1 = 𝑅1 an external resistance of 10Ω. Find the potential
1 +𝑟 1
𝑉 (𝑅 +𝑟) difference across the 10Ω resistance.
∴ ε = 1 𝑅1
1 [M – 2015]
10(20+3)
⇒ε= Ans:- Given:
20
230
ε = 20 ⇒ ∴ 𝛆 = 11.5V
Case 2 :

Solution:-
To calculate V2
To find Potential difference across R,
Given: r = 3Ω, R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 30Ω, ε = 11.5V. V = ?
ε From Ohm’s law, V = R I𝑃 = 10I𝑃 ------› (1)
We have, I2 = 𝑅 To find I𝑃
𝑆 +𝑟
𝑉2 ε 𝑉2 𝑝 ε
= ∵ I2 = 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅+𝑟
𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟 𝑅𝑠 𝑝
ε𝑅𝑆 ε ε
V2 = 𝑅 +𝑟 --------› (1) w.k.t ε𝑝 = (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑟𝑝
𝑆 1 2
But, RS = R1 + R2 = 20 + 30 = 50Ω 1 1 1
= +𝑟 =1+2=2
1 1 3 3
⇒ 𝑟𝑃 = 2
11.5×50 575 𝑟𝑃 𝑟1 2
(1) ⇒ 𝑉2 = ⇒ 𝑉2 = 2 4 3
50+3 53 ∴ ε𝑝 = ( + ) ⇒ ε𝑃 = 2.666𝑉
1 2 2
∴ 𝑉2 = 10.84V 2.666 2×2.666
∴ 𝐼𝑝 = 3 =
2×10+3
10+
2

∴ 𝐼𝑝 = 0.249A
EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 17 of 70
 From eqn (1) 5. Three resistors of resistances 2Ω, 3Ω and 4Ω are
V = 10I𝑃 =10×0.249 ∴V =2.49V combined in series. What is the total resistance of
4. Two identical cells either in series or parallel in the combination? If this combination is connected
combination give the same current of 0.5A through to a battery of emf 10V and negligible internal
an external resistance of 4Ω. Find the emf and resistance, obtain the potential drop across each
internal resistance of each cell. [J – 2015] resistor. [M – 2016]
Ans:-
Ans:- Given: 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 = 0.5A, R = 4Ω, ε = ?, r = ?. Given:
Solution:- R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 4Ω and V = 10V,
Case 1:Two identical cells are in series, r = 0, RS = ? V1 = ?, V2 = ?, V3 = ?.

Current 𝐼𝑠 in the circuit,

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓
𝐼𝑠 = Solution:-
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ε𝑠 To find RS
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅+𝑟 -------› (1)
𝑠
RS = R1 + R2 + R3
Total emf ε𝑠 = 2ε,(∵ For two cells in series, ε𝑠 = n ε= 2 ε)
RS = 2 + 3 + 4 ⇒ ∴ 𝑹𝑺 = 9Ω
Total internal resistance = 𝑟𝑠 = 2r
To find main current I
(∵ For two cells in series, 𝑟𝑠 = nr = 2r) 𝑉 10
2ε I=𝑅 = 9
⇒ ∴ I = 1.1111A
∴ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅+2𝑟
-------(1) 𝑆
Potential difference across R1,
Case 2:
V1 = IR1 = 1.11 × 2 = 2.22V.
Two identical cells are in Parallel,
Potential difference across R2,
V2 = IR2 = 1.11 × 3 = 3.33V.
Potential difference across R3,
V3 = IR3 = 1.11 × 4 = 4.44V.
6. A wire having length 0.2m, diameter 1.0mm and
resistivity 1.963 x 10-8 Ωm is connected in series
Current 𝐼𝑝 in the circuit,
with a battery of emf 3V and internal resistance
𝑇𝑜Ẅ𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓
𝐼𝑝 = 1Ω. Calculate the resistance of a wire and current
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ε𝑝
𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅+𝑟 in the circuit. [J – 2016]
𝑝
Ans:- Given:
Total emf ε 𝑝 = ε (emf of one cell only)
𝑟
Ɩ = 2m, d = 1 mm = 1 × 10−3m
Total internal resistance = 𝑟𝑝 = 2
(∵ ρ = 1.963 × 10−3Ω m
r r
For two cells in parallel, rp = = ) E = 3V, r = 1Ω, R = ?, I = ?
n 2
Current IP in the circuit, Solution:-
ε ε 2ε To find R
IP = 𝑟 = 2𝑅+𝑟 = 2𝑅+𝑟 -------› (2) 𝜌𝑙
𝑅+
2 2 R= 𝐴
But 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑝 (Given in the problem) 1.963×10−6 ×2
∴ From (1) and (2) R= ----› (1)
𝐴
2ε 2ε To find A
=
𝑅+2𝑟 2𝑅+𝑟
4+2r = 2 × 4 + r
For cylindrical wire
𝜋𝑑 2 𝑑
2r-r = 8-4⇒ ∴
r=4 A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4
∵r=2
3.1428(1×10−3 )2
Substitute the value of r in equation (1) A=
2ε 4
(1) ⇒ 0.5 = 4+(2×4)
A = 0.7857 × 10−6 𝑚2
⇒2 ε = 0.5(12)
⇒ 2ε=6⇒∴ 𝛆 = 3V 1.963×10−6 ×2
∴ (1) ⇒ R = 0.7857 ×10−6
⇒∴ R = 4.9968Ω
To find I in the circuit,

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 𝐸 Solution:-
I = 𝑅+𝑟
3 3 To find RP
I = 4.9968+1 = 5.9988 ⇒ ∴ I = 0.5A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ⇒ = + +
7. When two resistors are connected in series with a 𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑃 4 6 8
1
cell of emf 2V and negligible resistance, a current 𝑅𝑃
= 0.25 + 0.1666 + 0.125 = 0.5416
of 2/5 A flows in the circuit. When the resistors are 1 ∴RP = 1.8463Ω
RP = 0.5416 ⇒
connected in parallel, the main current is 5/3 A.
calculate the resistances. [M – 2017]
To find the main current I
ε
Ans:- Given: I = 𝑅 +𝑟
𝑃
2 5 25
ε = 2V, r = 0, IS = A, IP = A, R1 = ?, R2 = ?,
5 3
I = 1.8463+0 ⇒ ∴I = 13.5405A
Current in the circuit. To find the branch currents
ε
I = 𝑅+𝑟 In parallel combination V remain same
𝑉 25
When the two resistors are in series. I1 = 𝑅 = 4
⇒ I1 = 6.25A
ε ε 1
∴ IS = 𝑅 +𝑟 = 𝑅 ∵ r = 0 𝑉 25
𝑆 𝑆 I2 = 𝑅 = 6
⇒ I2 = 4.166A
ε 2 10 2
RS = 𝐼 = 2⁄ = 2
⇒ ∴RS = 5Ω
𝑆 5
𝑉 25
When the two resistors are in parallel. I3 = 𝑅 = 8
⇒ I3 = 3.125A
3
𝐸 2 6
RP = 𝐼 = 5⁄ =5⇒ ∴RP = 1.2Ω
𝑃 3 9. 100mg mass of Nichrome metal is drawn into a
When the two resistors are in series.
wire of area of cross section 0.05mm2. Calculate
RS = R1 + R2 = ------› (1)
the resistance of this wire. Given density of
When the two resistors are in parallel.
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 Nichrome 8.4 x 103 kg/m3 and the resistivity of the
RP = =
𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅𝑠 material is 1.2 x 10-6 Ωm. [M – 2018]
⇒ 𝑅1 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑃 = 5 × 1.2 = 6 ------› (2) Ans:- Given:
By using the relation (a – b)2 = (a – b)2 -4ab, m=100mg=100×10−3 g=100×10−3 × 10−3 kg = 100× 10−6 kg
We can write, A = 0.05mm2 = 0.05×(10-3m)2 = 0.05×10-6m2
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2-4𝑅1 𝑅2
R = ? density D = 8.4×103 kg/m3,
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (5)2 - 4×6 (from (1) & (2)
Rersistivity 𝜌 = 1.2 ×10−6 Ωm.
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = 25 - 24
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = 1 Solution:-
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 1 ------› (3) To find R
On adding (1) & (2) we get, 𝜌𝑙
R= 𝐴
------ › (1) 𝑙 is unknown
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 5
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 1 To find 𝑙
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
2R1 + 0 = 6 Density, D = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ⇒ D = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
⇒ 𝑅1 = 6/2 ⇒ ∴R1 = 3Ω & ∴R2 = 2Ω 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
⇒ Length(𝑙) =
8. a. Three resistor 4Ω, 6Ω and 8Ω are combined in 𝐴×𝐷
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
parallel. What is the total resistance of the (1) ⇒ R = 𝐴 𝐴×𝐷
combination. 1.2×10−6 ×10−4
b. If the combination is connected to a battery of R = 0.05×10−6 ×0.05×10−6 ×8.4×103
emf 25V and negligible internal resistance then 1.2×10−10 R = 5.71428Ω
R= = 57.1428 × 10−1
0.021×10−9
determine the current through each resistor and
total current drawn from the battery. [J – 2017] 10. In the given diagram, calculate
Ans:- Given: (i) The main current through the circuit and
R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 6Ω, R3 = 8Ω, RP = ?. (ii) Also current through 9Ω resistor. [J – 2018]
ε = 25V, r = 0, I1 = ?, I2 = ?, I3 = ?, I = ? Ans:-

Solution:-

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To find 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑝 3 2𝑅1 × 𝑅2
1
= 1
3Ω and 3Ω are in series 3
R1 × R 2 = 2 ------(2)
∴ 𝑅𝑠 = 3+3 = 6Ω = 𝑅1
6Ω and 6Ω are in series To solve 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 , consider
∴ 𝑅𝑠 = 6+6 = 12Ω = 𝑅2 By using the relation (a – b)2 = (a – b)2 -4ab,
6Ω, 12Ω and 9Ω (R3) are in parallel (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2 -4𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 1 5 2 3
∴ = + + (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (2 ) - 4 (2)
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
1 1 1 1 25 3
∴ = + + (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = ( ) - 8 ( )
𝑅𝑝 6 9 12 4 4
2 25−24
𝑅𝑝 = 2.77Ω (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ) = (
4
)
To find Main current I 1
ε
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (4)
I = 𝑅 +𝑟 1
𝑝 (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ) = 2 --------(3)
3 3
I= 2.77+0.24
= 3.01 Adding equation (1) and (3)
5
∴ I = 1A 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2
1
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 2
To find Potential difference across 9Ω
Resistance 1 5
2𝑅1 = 2 + 2
V=E–Ir
V = 3 – 1 × 0.24 2𝑅1 = 3 𝟑
∴ 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐 Ω
∴ V = 2.76V
To find current through 9Ω From eqn (3)
3 1 3 1
𝑉 2.76 ∴ 𝑰𝟗 = 0.307 A (2 − 𝑅2 ) = 2 ⇒ (2 − 𝑅2 ) = 2 ⇒ ∴ 𝑹𝟐 = 1Ω
𝐼9 = 𝑅
= 9
12. A network of resistors is connected to a 16V
11. Two resistor are connected in series with 5V
battery with internal resistance 1 Ohm as shown
battery of negligible internal resistance. A current
in the figure below. a) compute the equivalent
of 2A flows through each resistor. If they are
resistance of the network. b) Calculate the total
connected in parallel with the same battery a
𝟐𝟓
current in the circuit. [J–2019]
current of A flows through the combination. Ans:-
𝟑
Calculate the value of each resistance.
[M – 2019]
Ans:- Given: ε = 5V, r = 0, 𝐼𝑆 = 2A, 𝐼𝑃 = 25/3 A,
Solution:-
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
ε Given: 4Ω and 4Ω are in parallel:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅
𝑠 +𝑟 𝑅1 × 𝑅2 4×4
5 𝑅𝑝 = ⇒ 𝑅𝑃1 = = 2Ω
2=𝑅 𝑅1 +𝑅2 4+4
𝑠 +0
5
12Ω and 6Ω are in parallel:
𝑅𝑠 = 2 12×6
𝑅𝑃2 = 12+6 = 4Ω
5
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2 ------(1) 𝑅𝑝1 , 1Ω and 𝑅𝑝2 are in series:
𝑅 ×𝑅
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅1 +𝑅 2 The equivalent resistance of the net work
1 2
ε 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢 =𝑅𝑃1 + 1 + 𝑅𝑃2 = 2 + 1 + 4 = 7Ω
𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅 +𝑟
𝑝 Current in the circuit
25 5 ε 16
3
= 𝑅 +0 I= ⇒I= = 2A
𝑝 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢 +𝑟 7+1
5 1
= 13. a) Three resistors 3Ω, 4Ω and 12Ω are connected
3 𝑅𝑝
3 in parallel. What is the effective resistance of the
𝑅𝑝 = combination?
5
𝑅1 × 𝑅2
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅 +𝑅 b) If the combination is connected to a battery of
1 2
3 𝑅1 × 𝑅2 emf 6 V and internal resistance 0.5Ω, find the
= 5
5
2
current drawn from the battery and terminal
potential difference across the battery. [M- 2020]

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 Ans:- Given: 2(𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) − 3(𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) − 𝐼𝑔 × 5 = 0
2𝐼1 − 2𝐼𝑔 − 3𝐼1 − 3𝐼𝑔 − 𝐼𝑔 × 5 = 0
𝑅1 = 3𝛺, 𝑅2 = 4𝛺, 𝑅3 = 12𝛺, 𝑅𝑃 = ? .
2𝐼1 − 2𝐼𝑔 − 3𝐼2 − 3𝐼𝑔 − 5𝐼𝑔 = 0
𝜀 = 6V, r = 0.5, I = ? , V =?,
⇒ 2𝐼1 − 10𝐼𝑔 − 3𝐼2 = 0 …….(2)
Again, applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the mesh
ABCEA, we get
1𝐼1 + 2(𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) + 𝐼(𝐼1 + 𝐼𝑔 ) = 3
or 4𝐼1 − 2𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼2 = 3 ……..(3)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 and subtracting in Eq. (2),
Solution:- we get 20𝐼𝑔 − 5𝐼2 = 0 …….(4)
To find RP Multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and subtracting in Eq. (3),
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4+3 1
𝑅𝑃
= 𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅 ⇒ 3+4 + 12 ⇒ 12
+ 12 we get −18𝐼𝑔 − 5𝐼2 = −3 …….(5)
1 2 3
1 7 1 7+1 8 Subtracting Eqs. (4) and (5), we have
𝑅𝑃
= 12 + 12 = 12 = 12
𝑅𝑃 12
38𝐼𝑔 = 3
1
= 8 3
𝐼𝑔 = 38 = 0.0789𝐴
∴ 𝑹𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝛀 15. In the following circuit, find the current 1.
[May-2022]
To find the main current I
ε
I=𝑅
𝑃 +𝑟
6
I = 1.5+0.5 ⇒ ∴I = 3A
In parallel combination V remain same and V is
calculated by 𝐕 = 𝛆 – 𝐈𝐫
𝜀1 𝑟2 +𝜀2 𝑟1
V = 6 – 3 × 0.5 Ans:- Formula for the Equivalent emf: 𝜀𝑒𝑞 = or
𝑟1 +𝑟2
𝐕 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝐕 𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀1 𝜀
𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 𝑟1
+ 𝑟2
IF REQUIRED 2
V 4.5 𝐈𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐀 (4×1)+(2×1)
I1 = R = 3 ⇒ 𝜀𝑒𝑞 = 1+1
= 3𝑉
1
Formula for the Equivalent internal resistance : 𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
⇒ 𝐈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐀
𝐕 𝟒.𝟓
I2 = = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟
𝐑𝟐 𝟒
V 4.5 𝑟1 +𝑟2
or 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛 = 2 = 0.5𝛺
I3 = R3
= 12 ⇒ 𝐈𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝐀 𝜀𝑒𝑞
Current with approapriate unit: 𝐼 = 𝑅+𝑟
14. In the given circuit, calculate the current through 𝑒𝑞
3
the galvanometer (𝑰𝒈 ). [Sept-2020] 𝐼= 7+0.5
= 0.4𝐴
OR
KCR to the junction A: 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
KVR to the loop L1: −(1 × 𝐼1 ) + (1 × 𝐼2 ) + 4 − 2 =
0 ⇒ −𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 = 0
KVR to the loop L2: −(1 × 𝐼2 ) + (7 × 𝐼) + 2 = 0 ⇒
−7𝐼1 − 8𝐼2 + 2 = 0
Ans:- Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the mesh Solving the two KVR equations
ABDA, we get 𝐼 = 0.4𝐴
1𝐼1 + 5𝐼𝑔 − 4𝐼2 = 0 …… (1) 16. Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal resistance
1Ω and 2Ω respectively are connected in parallel
so as to send the current in the same direction
through an external resistance of 10Ω. Find the
potential difference across 10Ω resistor.
[Aug-2022]
Ans:-

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the mesh BCDB,

we get

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 21 of 70

 To the loop ABEFA
(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) × 10 + 𝐼1 = 2
11𝐼1 + 10𝐼2 = 2 ……..(1)
To the loop BCDEB
(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) × 10 + 2𝐼2 = 4
10𝐼1 + 12𝐼2 = 4
5𝐼1 + 6𝐼2 = 2 ………(2)
from (1)and (2)
multiplying equation 1 × 5 and equation 2 × 11 and
solving 𝐼2 = 0.75 𝐴
using equation (1)𝐼1 = −0.5𝐴
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) × 𝑅
Arriving 𝑉 = 2.5𝑉
OR
𝐸1 𝑟2 +𝐸2 𝑟1 𝐸𝑒𝑞 𝐸 𝐸
𝑟 = 𝐸𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 +𝑟2
or 𝑟 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑒𝑞 1 2
2×2+4×1 4+4 8
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = 1+2 = 3 = 3 𝑉 = 2.67𝑉
𝑟 𝑟
𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟 1+𝑟2
1 2
1×2 2
= 1+2 = 3 𝛺 = 0.67𝛺
𝐸 8/3
𝐼 = 𝑒𝑞 = = 0.25𝐴
𝑅+𝑟𝑒𝑞 10+2/3
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 0.25 × 10 = 2.5𝑉
******************END*******************

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 22 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 4.MOVING CHARGES AND MEGNETISM
One Mark Questions [8M]
Ans:- Statement: The line integral of magnetic
1. What is the nature of force between two parallel field B
conductors carrying currents in same direction? around a closed path is equal to 𝜇0 times the total
[March 2014, July 2014] current enclosed by that path.
Ans :- Attractive force i.e. ∮ 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
2. What is Lorentz force? [July 2017] Where, ∮ 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ - line integral of magnetic field
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
Ans:- The total force experienced by a charge moving 𝐵⃗⃗ around a closed path,
with velocity in the presence of magnetic field and I - current enclosed by the path,
electric field is called Lorenz force.
𝜇0 - permeability of free space.
3. A charged particle enters an electric field in the
2. Write any two uses of cyclotron.
direction of electric field. What is the nature of
[March 2014, July 2014]
path traced by it? [July 2015]
Give an application of cyclotron. (1mark)
Ans:- Straight line path. (positive charge - in the
[March18]
direction of electric field and negative charge –
Ans:- 1. To study the resulting nuclear reactions.
opposite to the direction of electric field)
2. To synthesize new materials.
4. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on a 3. To produce radioactive substances.
charged particle moving anti-parallel to a uniform
3. Write the expression for cyclotron frequency and
magnetic field? [MAY 2022]
explain the terms.
Ans:- zero 𝑞𝐵
Ans:- Cyclotron frequency, 𝑓 =
5. A charged particle enters a magnetic field in the 2𝜋𝑚

direction of it. What is the nature of the path Where, q - charge of the particle
traced by it? [Aug 2022] B - magnetic field
Ans:-Straight line path. (Fm=0) m - the mass of the charged particle.
6. Write the expression for force experienced by a 4. What is toroid? Mention an expression for
straight conductor of length 𝑰⃗ carrying a steady magnetic field at a point inside a toroid.
current I, moving in a uniform externalmagnetic [March 2016]
⃗⃗⃗.
field 𝑩 Ans:- The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a
Ans:- 𝑭⃗⃗ = 𝒍(𝒍⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗) = 𝑰𝒍𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒏
̂ large number of turns of a wire are closely wound.
7. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. The expression for magnetic field at a point inside a
Ans:-It is the deflection produced in the galvanometer toroid is 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
per unit current. 5. Mention an expression for the magnetic field
8. What is the nature of the force between two produced at the center on the axis of a current
infinitely long straight parallel current carrying carrying solenoid and explain the terms.
conducting wires if the currents are flowing in [June 2019]
opposite directions?
Ans:- 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
Ans:-Repulsive force.
9. Write the value of Bohr magneton. Where, 𝜇0 - permeability of free space,
Ans:-Bohr magneton, 𝜇𝑏 = 9.27 × 10−24 A𝑚2 . I - current through the solenoid
10. Mention the SI unit of magnetic moment. n – number of turns per unit length
Ans:-A𝑚2 or Nm𝑇 −1 . 6. What is a moving coil galvanometer? What is the
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: principle of moving coil galvanometer?
1. State Ampere‟s circuital law and represent Ans:- A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument used
mathematically. [July 2014] for detection of small current.
State Ampere‟s circuital law (1 mark)
[March 2015, June 2019, Sept 2020]

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 It works based on the principle that when a current Consider an infinite straight conductor
carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, the carrying current I from X to Y. The magnetic
coil experiences a torque. lines of force are concentric circles. The
7. When does the force experienced by a straight magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is same in this circular path.
current carrying conductor placed in a uniform Applying Ampere’s circuital law to this closed
magnetic field become (a) maximum and (b) path,
minimum? ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑙
⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑙
Ans:- 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ∮ 𝐵𝑑𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠0° = 𝜇0 𝑙 (∵ angle between 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
⃗⃗ and 𝑑𝑙
θ - angle between the direction of length vector and 0°)
magnetic field. 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑙
The force is maximum when 𝜃 = 90° 𝐵(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 𝑙 (∵ ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟)
The force is minimum when 𝜃 = 0° 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝜇0 𝑙

8. A proton and an electron enter a uniform

magnetic field at the same angle with the field and 3. How can a galvanometer converted into a
with the same speed. Do they experience force of voltmeter? Explain with diagram.
same magnitude? Justify your answer. [March 2017, July 2017, Aug 2022]
Ans:-They experience force of same magnitude and Ans:- A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by
opposite direction. This is because magnetic force connecting a suitable high resistance in series with it.
(𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) depends on q, v, B, and θ . These (q,
v, B, and θ) are same to proton and electron.
Three Mark Questions
1. Give an expression for force acting on a charge
moving in a magnetic field and explain the
symbols. When does the force become maximum? From the fig, V= 𝐼𝑔 (𝐺 + 𝑅)
[July 2014] 𝑉
=𝐺+𝑅
When does the force acting on a charged particle 𝐼𝑔
𝑉
moving in a uniform magnetic field is maximum. R= –G
𝐼𝑔
(1 mark) [July 2016, June 2019]
Write the expression for force acting on a moving 4. Explain with circuit diagram, how to convert
charge in a magnetic field. (1 mark) [March 2019] galvanometer into an ammeter.
[March 2015, June 2019]
Ans:- The force on a moving charge due to a magnetic
How would you convert galvanometer into an
field is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞(𝑣⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗) = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
ammeter? Explain. [Sept 2020]
Where, q – charge of the particle Ans:- A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by
𝑣⃗ - velocity of charged particle connecting a suitable low resistance S in parallel
𝐵⃗⃗ - magnetic field (called shunt) with it.
θ - angle between the 𝑣⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗⃗
The magnetic force become maximum when
the angle between the velocity of charge and
magnetic field is 90°. (𝜃 = 90°)
2. State Ampere‟s circuital law. Using it, derive the
expression for magnetic field at a point due to a
long current carrying conductor. From the fig, (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑠 = 𝐼𝑔 𝐺
𝐼𝑔
[March 2018, July 2015] 𝑆 = 𝐼−𝐼 𝐺
Ans:- Statement: The line integral of magnetic field 𝑔
5. Give the principle of cyclotron and draw the neat
⃗⃗ around a closed path is equal to 𝜇0 times the
𝐵 labeled schematic diagram of cyclotron.
total current enclosed by that path. [March 2020]
What is a cyclotron? Draw its neat diagram and
label the parts. [Sept 2020]
Draw a neat labeled diagram of Cyclotron.
(2 mark)[June 2019]
What is a cyclotron? [March 2006]
Ans:-The cyclotron is a machine to accelerate
positively charged particles or ions to high
energies.

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Principle: The frequency of charged particle does 9. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
not depend on the speed of the charged particle. In Ans:- Statement: The magnitude of magnetic field dB at
the crossed fields, the electric field accelerates the point P due to the current element depends upon
charged particle and the magnetic field makes the the following factors:
charged particle to move in a circular orbit. 1. Directly proportional to the current flowing
through the current element (dB 𝛼 I)
2. Directly proportional to the length of the current
element (dB 𝛼 dl )
3. Directly proportional to ( dB 𝛼sin𝜃 )
4. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between P and the current element (dB 𝛼1/𝑟 2 )
Explanation: According to Biot-Savart law,
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵𝛼 𝑟2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇
Where 4𝜋0 is a constant of proportionality.
⃗
6. Write the expression for force per unit length ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼(𝑑𝑙3×𝑟⃗)
In vector from , 𝑑𝐵 4𝜋 𝑟
between two straight parallel current carrying
conductors of infinite length. Hence define SI FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
unit of current ‘ampere’. [March 2019] 1. Derive the expression for magnetic field at a
Ans:-The force per unit length between two straight point on the axis of a circular current loop using
parallel current carrying conductors is Biot-Savart‟s law.
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
𝐹 = 2𝜋𝑑 [March 2014, March 2015, March 2017, March
Where, 𝜇0 - permeability of free space 2018, March 2019]
𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 are currents through conductors a and b.
d – separation between conductors a and b.
Definition of SI unit of current ‘ampere’:
Ampere is defined as that current flowing in each
of the two very long straight parallel conductors
placed 1m apart in vacuum, would produce force
of 2× 10−7 newton per meter of length.
7. Write the two reasons to show that, “the
galvanometer as such can not be used as an
ammeter”. Give the method of converting the Consider a circular loop of radius R, center O and
galvanometer into an ammeter. [May 2022] carrying a current I. Consider two conducting
Ans:- 1. It is a sensitive device elements dl and dl’ are located diametrically
2. It is connected in series and it has high opposite to each other. The distance of dl and dl’
resistance from P is r. the distance between p and centre of
Method: By connecting low resistance in parallel loop is x.
with galvanometer. Angle between dl and r is 90⁰.
8. Obtain the expression for radius of circular path According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field at
of charged particle in a magnetic field. the point P due to dl is
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 90⁰
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟 2
------------
(1)
Similarly, the magnetic field at the point p due to
dl’ is
𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵ʹ = 4𝜋0 𝑟2 ------------ (2)
From equ (1) & (2), 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑑𝐵ʹ
Ans:-Consider a particle of mass m and charge q moving The vertical components of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 cancel each
with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B. other and horizontal components of 𝑑𝐵 and⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵ʹ are
When a charged particle moves perpendicular to added.
the uniform magnetic field, it moves in a circular The resultant magnetic field at P due to the loop is
path of radius r due to the magnetic force. 𝐵 = ∑ 𝑑𝐵 cos 𝜃
centripetal force = magnetic force 𝑅
From fig, cos 𝜃 =
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟
𝑟
= 𝐵𝑞𝑣v 𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑙 𝑅
𝐵 = ∑ ( 4𝜋0 )
𝑚𝑣 𝑟2 𝑟
𝑟= 𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑙
𝑞𝐵 𝐵= ∑ 𝑑𝑙
4𝜋 𝑟 3

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 𝜇0 𝐼𝑅 magnetic field makes an angle 𝜃 with the normal to the
𝐵= 4𝜋 𝑟 3
2𝜋𝑅 (∵∑ 𝑑𝑙 =2𝜋𝑅)
plane of coil.
From fig, 𝑟 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑥 2 The forces on the arms BC and DA are equal,
𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼𝑅2
𝐵= opposite and acts along the axis of the coil (collinear).
4𝜋 (√𝑅2 +𝑥 2 )3
𝜇0 2𝜋𝐼𝑅2
They cancel each other, resulting no net force or torque.
𝐵= 4𝜋 (𝑅2 +𝑥 2 )3⁄2 The forces on arms AB and CD are equal and
opposite with a magnitude
2. Derive the expression for the force between two 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 ----------- (i)
straight parallel conductors carrying currents and These two forces form a couple which exerts a toque.
hence define ampere. [July 2015, March 2016, The magnitude of the torque on the loop is,
𝑎 𝑎
July2016, July17, July2018, March2020, Aug 2022] 𝜏 = 𝐹1 2 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹2 2 sin 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎
𝜏 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃 + 𝐼𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃
2 2
𝜏 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝜏 = 𝐼𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 (∵𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏)
The magnetic moment of the loop is m =IA,
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 sin 𝜃
In vector from, 𝜏⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵

Five Mark Problems

1. A galvanometer having a coil of resistance 12Ω
gives full scale deflection for a current of 4mA.
Consider two long parallel conductors a and b How can it be converted into a voltmeter of range
carrying currents 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 respectively. d is the
0 to 24V?
separation between conductors a and b.
The magnetic field produced by current 𝐼𝑎 on the Ans:- 𝐺 = 12𝛺 𝐼𝑔 = 4𝑚𝐴 = 4 × 10−3 𝐴, 𝑉 = 24𝑉
𝑉 24
conductor b is 𝑅= −𝐺 = − 12 = 6 × 103 − 12
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑔 4×10−3
𝐵𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑑
= 6000 − 12 = 5988𝛺
The force on a segment L of conductor b due to a is
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏 × 𝐿 × 𝐵𝑎 sin 90⁰ = 𝐵𝑎 𝐼𝑏 𝐿 2. In a region, an electric field ⃗𝑬⃗ = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒋̂𝑵𝑪−𝟏
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
𝐹𝑏 = 2𝜋𝑑 𝐿 --------- (1) and a magnetic field of ⃗𝑩⃗⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟏𝑲̂ 𝑻 are applied. A
The magnetic field produced by current 𝐼𝑏 on the beam of charged particles are projected along X-
conductor a is direction. Find the velocity of charged particles
𝜇0 𝐼𝑏 which move undeflected in this crossed fields.
𝐵𝑏 = 2𝜋𝑑
The force on a segment L of conductor a due to b is (2 mark) [March-2020]
𝐸
𝐹𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 × 𝐿 × 𝐵𝑏 sin 90⁰ = 𝐵𝑏 𝐼𝑎 𝐿 Ans:- 𝑣 =
𝐵
𝜇 𝐼 𝐼
𝐹𝑎 = 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝐿 ---------- (2) 5×103
2𝜋𝑑 𝑣= ( )
0.1
From equations (1) and (2), magnitude of 𝐹𝑎 and 𝐹𝑏 are
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏 𝑣 = 5 × 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
4
equal. 𝐹𝑎 = 𝐹𝑏 = 2𝜋𝑑
3. A circular copper coil of mean radius 6.284cm has
Ampere: Ampere is defined as that current flowing
20 turns. If a current of 2A is passed through this
in each of the two very long straight parallel
conductors placed 1m apart in vacuum, would coil, find the magnitude of the magnetic field at its
produce force of 2× 10−7 newton per meter of length. centre. Also find the magnetic dipole moment of
this current coil. Given: 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯𝒎−𝟏 .
3. With the help of a diagram, derive the expression [May-2022]
for the torque on a rectangular loop placed in a Ans:- Formula for the magnetic field at the centre: 𝐵 =
uniform magnetic field. [May 2022] 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
2𝑅
4𝜋×10−7 ×20×2
Substitution and simplification : 𝐵 = 2×6.284×10−2
−5
Final answer with appropriate unit: 𝐵 = 40 × 10 𝑇
Magnetic dipole moment: 𝑚 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴 = 𝑁𝐼𝜋𝑅 2
𝑚 = 20 × 2 × 3.142 × (6.284 × 10−2 )2 =
4962.93 × 10−4 = 0.4963𝐴𝑚2 = 0.5𝐴𝑚2
Consider a rectangular loop ABCD carrying current I 4. A 100turn closely wound circular coil of radius
placed in uniform magnetic field as shown in the fig. The 10cm carries a current of 3.2A. (a) What is the

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 magnetic field at the centre of the coil? (b) What is
the magnetic moment of this coil? [Aug-2022]
Ans:- N = 100 I = 3.2A R = 0.1m
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 𝜇 2𝜋𝑁𝐼
(a) 𝐵 = 2𝑅
= 4𝜋0 𝑅
4𝜋×10−7 ×102 ×3.2
𝐵 = 2×10−1
= 2 × 10−3 𝑇
2
(b) 𝑚 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴 = 𝑁𝐼𝜋𝑟
= 102 × 3.2 × 3.14 × 10−2
= 10𝐴𝑚2
******************END*******************

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 27 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 5. MAGNETISM AND MATTER
ONE MARK QUESTIONS [8M]
Ans:-
1. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a bar Paramagnetic substance Ferromagnetism substance
magnet. [March 2014] The relative permeability The relative permeability
Ans:- is slightly greater than 1. is very high.
The magnetic The magnetic
susceptibility is small susceptibility is large
positive value. positive value.

4. Write the expression for magnetic potential energy

2. Define magnetization of a sample. [March 2016] of a magnetic dipole kept in a uniform magnetic
Ans:- It is defined as the magnetic moment developed field and explain the terms.
per unit volume of the sample. [March2018]
3. Where on the earth‟s surface is the magnetic dip ⃗⃗
Ans:- 𝑈 = −𝑚𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵
is zero? [July 2016, July 2018]
Ans:- Magnetic equator. Where, m – magnetic dipole moment,
4. Give (Mention) any one use of electromagnet. B - uniform magnetic field
[March 2020, Aug 2022] θ – angle between 𝑚 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵
Ans:- Electric bells, loudspeakers, telephone 5. State and explain Curie’s law in magnetism.
diaphragms. [July 2018]
TWO MARK QUESTIONS State Curie’s law. (1 mark)
1. What is magnetic susceptibility? For which [July15, July16, Aug22]
material it is low and positive. [M – 2014] Ans:- The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic
What is magnetic susceptibility? substance is inversely proportional to its absolute
(1 mark)[March 2019] temperature.
Ans:- The magnetic susceptibility of a material is defined 1 𝜇0 𝑐
That is, 𝜒 ∝ 𝑇 ⇒ 𝜒 = 𝑇
as the ratio of magnetisation (M) developed in the
Where, 𝜇0 is the permeability of free space
material to the applied magnetizing force (H). (or) it
C is the Curie constant.
is a measure of how a magnetic material responds to
6. What is hysteresis? Mention the significance of
an external field. It is low and positive for
hysteresis curve. [Sept2020]
paramagnetic substance.
Ans:- The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in
2. Write any two properties of magnetic field lines.
the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H) in a
[J – 2014, M – 2015]
ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of
Ans:- 1. The magnetic field lines of a magnet form a
magnetisation is known as hysteresis.
continuous closed loop.
Significance: The size and shape of hysteresis loop
2. The tangent to the field line at a given point
gives information like retentivity, coercivity and
represents the direction of the net magnetic field
hysteresis loss.
at that point.
7. What is an magnetic dipole moment? Write its SI
3. The magnetic field lines does not intersect.
unit.
3. Distinguish between paramagnetic and
Ans:- The magnetic dipole moment (m) of a magnetic
ferromagnetic substances. [July 2016] dipole is the product of the strength of its either
pole and magnetic length.
The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is 𝐴𝑚2 or
𝐽𝑇 −1 .

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 magnetisation is known as hysteresis. The value of
THREE MARK QUESTIONS magnetic field B left in the material when the
1. What are (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic dip magnetic intensity H is reduced to zero is called
(iii) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field retentivity or remanence. The value of magnetic
at the given place? [March 2014, Aug 2022] intensity H at which the magnetic field B inside the
Define (i) magnetic declination (ii) magnetic dip. sample becomes zero is called coercivity.
Mention the SI unit of magnetization. [July 2015] 4. What is hysteresis? Draw hysteresis curve for a
Define the terms:(i) declination (ii) inclination or ferromagnetic material. [Aug 2022]
dip. (2 mark)[March 2018, March 2017] Draw the variation of magnetic field (B) with
What is magnetic declination? magnetic intensity (H) when a ferromagnetic
(1 mark)[March 2015] material is subjected to a cycle of magnetisation.
Define magnetic dip and declination at a place. (2 Mark) [March 2016]
(2 mark)[March 2019] Ans:- The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in
Define declination. (1 mark) [June 2019] the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H) in a
Define the magnetic declination at a place on the ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of
Earth. [May 2022] magnetisation is known as hysteresis.
Ans:- 1. Magnetic declination: The angle between the
true geographic north and north shown by a
compass needle is called the magnetic declination.
2. Magnetic dip: The magnetic dip at a place is the
angle made by the total magnetic field BE of the
earth with the horizontal surface of the earth.
3. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field
at a place: It is the component of earth total
magnetic field along horizontal direction in the 5. Distinguish between dia and ferro magnetic
magnetic meridian. The SI unit of magnetization is materials. [March 2019]
𝐴𝑚−1 Write any three distinguishing properties between
2. Write three differences between diamagnetic and diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
paramagnetic substances. [June2019]
[March 2015, July 2018] Distinguish between diamagnetism and
Write any two differences between diamagnetic ferromagnetism on the basis of relative
and paramagnetic substances. permeability and susceptibility.
(2 mark)[July 2017] (2-mark)[July 2015]
Ans:- Ans:-
Diamagnetic substance Paramagnetic substance Diamagnetic substance Ferromagnetism substance
The relative permeability The relative permeability The relative permeability The relative permeability
(𝜇𝑟 ) is always less than 1. (𝜇𝑟 ) is slightly greater (𝜇𝑟 ) is always less than 1. (𝜇𝑟 ) is very high.
than 1. The magnetic The magnetic
The magnetic The magnetic susceptibility (χ) is small susceptibility (χ) is large
susceptibility (χ) is small susceptibility (χ) is small negative value. positive value.
negative value. positive value. They are feebly repelled They are strongly attracted
They are feebly repelled They are weakly attracted by a strong magnet. by a magnet.
by a strong magnet. by a magnet.
6. State and explain Gauss law in magnetism.
3. What is hysteresis? Define the terms retentivity (2 mark)[July 2016, June 2019]
and coercivity of a ferromagnetic material. Ans:- Statement: The net magnetic flux through a
[March 2018] closed surface is zero. Explanation: Magnetic poles
Define “retentivity” and “coercivity”. exist in pairs of equal and opposite strengths
[March2020] (magnetic dipole). This means a surface encloses a
What is retentivity in magnetism? What is pair of equal and opposite magnetic poles so that net
retentivity? (1 mark)[July 2018, June 2019] pole strength enclosed by the surface is zero. Hence
Ans:- The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic field in ⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Gauss law in magnetism is 𝜙𝐵 = ∑ 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0
the material (B) behind the magnetic intensity (H) in a
ferromagnetic material subjected to a cycle of

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 the axial line of the short bar magnet. Therefore
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS a current carrying solenoid is equivalent to a bar
1. Write any five properties of ferromagnetic magnet.
materials. [March 2017] 3. Obtain an expression for period of a magnetic
Write any four properties of ferromagnetic dipole kept in a uniform magnetic field and hence
materials and give an example for it. [July 2014] obtain an expression for magnetic field.
Write three properties of ferromagnetic materials. (Sept 2020)
(3 mark) [March 2016]
Ans:-
List any three properties of ferromagnetic
substances. [May 2022]
Ans:-1. Ferromagnetic substances are strongly
magnetized when placed in an external magnetic
field.
2. They are strongly attracted by a magnet.
3. The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic
substance is very high (in the order of 103). Consider a magnetic dipole (compass needle) of
4. The magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic magnetic dipole moment m and moment of inertia I is
substance has a large positive value.
allowed to oscillate in the uniform magnetic field B. The
5. As temperature increases, magnetization or
susceptibility decreases. deflecting torque acting on the dipole is
2. Show that a current carrying solenoid is equivalent 𝜏 = −𝑚𝐵 sin 𝜃
to a bar magnet. [July 2017] Where, θ is the angle between 𝑚 ⃗⃗.
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Derive the expression for the magnitude of the Restoring torque is equal and opposite to
magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current deflecting torque.
carrying solenoid. Hence show that it is ∵ 𝜏 = −𝑚𝐵 sin 𝜃
equivalent to a bar magnet. [May 2022] 𝑑2 𝜃
In equilibrium, 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑚𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝑑2 𝜃
(∵ 𝜏 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 2 )
For small value of 𝜃, sin 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃.
𝑑2𝜃
𝐼 = −𝑚𝐵𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑑 𝜃 𝑚𝐵
=− 𝜃 ----------- (1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐼
a - radius of the solenoid This equation is similar to simple harmonic motion.
𝑑2 𝜃
2l - length of the solenoid = 𝑤 2 𝜃 ------------- (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
n - number of turns per unit length of the solenoid
r – distance between p and centre of the solenoid comparing (1)and (2),we get
𝑚𝐵
I - the current in the solenoid 𝑤2 = 𝐼
Consider a current element of thickness dx of the
𝑚𝐵
solenoid at a distance x from its centre. 𝑊=√
𝐼
The number of turns in the element = ndx
The magnitude of magnetic field at P is 2𝜋 𝑚𝐵
𝑇
=√ 𝐼
𝜇 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝐼𝑎 2
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋0 3
[(𝑟−𝑥 2 )+𝑎2 ] ⁄2 1 𝐼
3 Time period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑚𝐵
If r ≫ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 ≫ 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛[(𝑟 − 𝑥) + 2
𝑎2 ] ⁄2 ≈𝑟 3
4𝜋2 𝐼
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎 2 Magnetic field, 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑇 2
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋 𝑟 3
𝑑𝑥
The total magnetic field at P on the axial line is ******************END*******************
𝑙 𝑙 𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎 2
𝐵 = ∫−𝑙 𝑑𝐵 = ∫−𝑙 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 𝑟 3
𝜇 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎 2 𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋0 𝑟3 ∫−𝑙 𝑑𝑥
𝜇 2𝜋𝑛𝐼𝑎 2 𝑙
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 𝑟3 2𝑙 (∵ ∫−𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑙 )
The magnetic moment of the solenoid is
𝑚 = (𝑛2𝑙) × 𝐼 × 𝜋𝑎2
𝜇 2𝑚
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 𝑟3
This expression is similar to the magnetic field on

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 6. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The negative sign indicates the direction of
ONE MARK QUESTIONS [8M]emf and current in a closed loop.
1. Give the expression of energy stored in an 2. What is eddy currents? Give one use of it.
inductance coil carrying current. [March 2014] [March 2014, July 2015]
1
Ans:- 𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2 Ans:- The currents induced in a bulk piece of
2 conductors when they are subjected to
2. Mention the significance of Lenz’s law.
changing magnetic flux are called eddy
[March 2015, July 2016, March 2017, March2020,
May2022] currents.
Ans:- Law of conservation of energy. Uses: Magnetic braking in trains.
3. What is motional electromotive force (motional 3. What is meant by self inductance and mutual
emf)? [July 2017, Aug 2022] inductance? [July 2016]
Ans:- The emf induced in a conductor due to its motion What is self induction. (1 Mark) [July 2015]
in a magnetic field is called motional emf. Ans:- The self inductancee of a coil is defined as the
4. How the self inductance of a coil depends on emf induced in the coil due to rate of change of
number of turns in the coil? [March 2019] flux produced by the same coil.
Ans:- Directly proportional to square of number of The mutual inductance between two coils is
turns (𝐿𝛼𝑛2 ). defined as the current induced in one coil when
5. Name the law used to find the polarity of the rate of change of flux produced by the
induced emf in a coil. another coil.
Ans:- Lenz’s law. The self induction is the phenomenon of emf
6. How does self-inductance of an ideal coil vary induced in the coil due to rate of change of flux
with the current passing through it? produced by the same coil.
Ans:- Self-inductance does not depend on current 4. Mention any two factors on which the self
passing through it. inductance of a coil depends.
7. What is AC generator? [July2018, Aug 2022]
Ans:- AC generator is a device used to convert
Ans:- 1) The number turns per unit length
mechanical energy into electrical energy
(Alternating current). (𝐿 ∝ 𝑛2 )
2) The area of cross – section of the solenoid
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
(𝐿 ∝ 𝐴)
1. State and explain Faraday‟s law of
electromagnetic induction. [March 2017] 3) The length of the solenoid (𝐿 ∝ 𝑙)
State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction. 4) The permeability of medium (𝐿 ∝ 𝜇)
(1 mark) [July 2014, March 2016, March 2018] (∵ 𝐿 = 𝜇𝑛2 𝐴𝑙)
Ans:- Statement: The magnitude of the emf induced in 5. Give the working principle of AC generator.
a coil is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic “Why the current generated by it is called
flux linked with the coil. alternating current? [May 2022]
Explanation: In Faraday’s experiment, when Ans:- Principle: Electromagnetic induction
magnet is moved faster, the magnetic flux linked with Alternating current: The direction of current changes
the coil changes at a faster rate. In this case, periodically and reverses periodically.
galvanometer deflection is more (i.e. induced emf is
more). When the magnet is moved slower, the rate of THREE MARK QUESTIONS
change of magnetic flux is smaller. In this case, 1. Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to
galvanometer deflection is smaller (i.e. induced emf is demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
smaller). Hence induced emf in a coil is directly [March 2016, July 2018]
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux Describe Faraday and Henry coil and magnet
𝑑𝜙
linked with the coil. i.e 𝜀 ∝ 𝑑𝑡 experiment to demonstrate the electro-magnetic
𝑑𝜙 induction. [Sept 2020]
𝜀 = − 𝑑𝑡 Ans:-

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 Ans:- (1) Electromagnetic breaks - eddy currents induced
in the rails oppose the motion of the train. Braking
effect is smooth because no mechanical linkages.
(2) Electromagnetic damping – when the coil
oscillates in the certain galvanometers, eddy
currents generated in the core oppose the motion
and bring the coil to rest quickly.
5. State and explain Lenz’s law for induced emf.
The coil C1 is connected to a galvanometer G. [March 2014]
When the North-pole of a bar magnet is pushed State Lenz’s law in electromagnetic induction.
towards the coil, the galvanometer shows a deflection, (1 mark)[July 2018]
indicating the electric current induced in the coil. The Ans:- Statement: The polarity of induced emf is such that
galvanometer does not show any deflection when the it tends to produce a current which opposes the
magnet is held stationary. When the magnet is pulled change in magnetic flux that produced it.
away from the coil, the galvanometer shows deflection Explanation:
in the opposite direction. South-pole of the bar magnet
is moved towards or away from the coil, the
deflections in the galvanometer are opposite to that
observed with the North-pole. When the bar magnet is
held stationary and the coil C1 is moved towards or
away from the magnet, the same effects are observed.
It shows that the relative motion between the magnet When north pole of a bar magnet moved towards the
and the coil is responsible for induction of current in closed coil, the magnetic flux through the coil
the coil. increases. Current is induced in the coil in such a
2. Derive an expression for electromotive force direction that it opposes the increase in the flux. his is
(motional emf) induced in a rod moving possible only when the current induced in the coil is in
perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field. anticlockwise direction. This induces north polarity.
[March 2015, July 2014, March 2017, July 2016] Similarly, when north pole of the magnet is moved
Ans:- away from the coil, the magnetic flux linked with the
coil decreases. To counter this decrease in magnetic
flux, current induced in the coil is clockwise direction
so that its south pole face receding the north pole of the
magnet.
6. Derive the expression for energy stored in a
current carrying coil. [July 2015]
When a conductor of length ‘l’ is free to move on Ans:-
the rectangular conductor PQRS in a uniform
magnetic field B through a distance x at any instant
of time t, the change in magnetic flux linked with
the loop PQRS is
𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵𝑙𝑥 (∵ 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑥 → 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆)
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction,
𝑑𝜙𝐵 The source neend to do work against the back emf to
𝜀=− 𝑑𝑡 establish current I through an inductor.
𝑑(𝐵𝑙𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥)
𝜀=− 𝑑𝑡
= −𝐵𝑙 𝑑𝑡
The small amount of work done for a small time dt is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑊 = −𝜀 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 (∵ 𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
3. Mention any three application of eddy currents. 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑑𝑡 (∵ 𝜀 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡)
[July 2017] 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼
Write any three applications in which advantage The total work done in establishing current I is
of eddy currents are used. [May 2022] 𝐼
𝐼 𝐼2
Ans:- (1) Magnetic braking in trains 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫0 𝐿𝐼𝑑𝐼 = 𝐿 [ 2 ]
0
(2) Electromagnetic damping 1
(3) Induction furnace 𝑊 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
(4) Electric power meters This work done is stored as magnetic potential
4. Mention any two advantages of eddy currents in energy U in inductor.
practical applications. (2 mark) [March 2014] 1
Write any one advantages of eddy currents. 𝑈 = 2 𝐿𝐼 2
(1 mark)[June 2019, Sept 2020]

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 7. Give the principle on which AC generator works. 𝑑(cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜀 = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑑𝑡
With the schematic diagram explain the basic 𝑑(cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 (∵ = 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡)
parts of the AC generator. 𝑑𝑡
Ans:- AC generator work on the principle of 𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
electromagnetic induction. where, 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 is the maximum value of induced
enf.
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS
1. Current in a coil falls from 2.5A to 0A in 0.1s
inducing an emf of 200V. Calculate the value of self
inductance. (2 mark) [March 2015]
Ans:- Given: 𝑒 = 200𝑉, 𝑑𝐼 = 2.5𝐴, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1𝑠
we have
𝑑𝐼
As the coil rotates in a magnetic field B, the 𝑒 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
effective area of the loop (Acos θ) changes and flux 𝑑𝑡 0.1
linked with coil changes. It produces emf in a coil. 𝐿 = 𝑒 𝑑𝐼 = 200 × 2.5 = 8𝐻
This is the principle of operation of a simple ac 2. The current in a coil of self inductance 5mH
generator. changes from 2.5A to 2A in 0.01s. Calculate the
AC generator consists of a coil mounted on a rotor
value of self induced emf. (2 mark) [March 2016]
shaft. The axis of rotation of the coil is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. Ans:- Given: 𝐿 = 5𝑚𝐻 = 5 × 10−3 𝐻
The coil (called armature) is mechanically rotated 𝑑𝐼 = 0.5𝐴
in the uniform magnetic field by some external 𝑑𝑡 = 0.015𝐴
means. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic 𝑒=0
flux through it to change, so an emf is induced in Self induced emf is,
the coil. The ends of the coil are connected to an 𝑑𝐼
external circuit by means of slip rings (R1 and R2) 𝑒 = 𝐿.
𝑑𝑡
and brushes(B1 and B2). 0.5
= 5 × 10−3 × 0.01
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
= 250 × 10−3
1. Derive an expression for instantaneous induced emf
= 0.25𝑉
in an A. C generator. [J – 2019]
3. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies as 𝝓 =
With the help of labelled diagram, derive the
expression for instantaneous emf induced in an AC 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟗. Find the magnitude of the emf
generator. [March 2020] induced at 𝒕 = 𝟐𝒔. (2 mark) [July-2017]
Derive an expression for the alternating emf Ans:- Magnetic flux 𝜙 = 3𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 9
when a coil is rotating in a uniform magnetic 𝑑𝜙 𝑑
field. [Aug 2022] we have 𝑒 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡 (3𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 9) = 6𝑡 + 4
Ans:- For 𝑡 = 2𝑠 𝑒 = 6(2) + 4 = 12 + 4
𝑒 = 16𝑉
4. A circular coil of radius 10cm and 25 turns is
rotated about its vertical diameter with angular
speed of 40radian per second in a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 5x10-2T.
Calculate the maximum emf induced in the coil.
Consider a rectangular coil of N turns and cross Also find the maximum current in the coil if the
sectional area A. resistance of the coil is 15Ω. [M – 2018]
When the coil rotates with a constant angular Ans:- Given: r = 0.1m, n = 25, ω = 40rad/s,
speed ω in uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗⃗. B = 5 × 10−2 𝑇, 𝑒0 =?
⃗⃗ ⃗
The angle between 𝐵 and 𝐴 of the coil at any instant t Maximum induced emf, 𝑒0 = 𝑛𝐵𝐴 𝜔 = 𝑛𝐵𝜋𝑟 2 𝜔
is θ = ωt (Assuming 𝜃 = 0° at t=0s) = 25 × 5 × 10−2 × 3.14 × (0.1)2 × 40
The magnetic flux linked with the coil at the instant t is
𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 1.57𝑉
𝑒0 1.57
As the coil rotates the magnetic flux linked with it Maximum current, 𝐼 = 𝑅
= 15
changes and hence an emf is induced in it. 𝐼 = 0.1047 𝐴
According to Faraday’s law,
𝑑𝜙𝐵
5. A conductor of length 3m moving in a uniform
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝑑𝑡 magnetic field of 100T. It covers a distance of 70m
𝑑(𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝜀= −𝑁 𝑑𝑡
in 5 sec. Its plane of motion makes an angle of 30°

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 33 of 70

 with direction of magnetic field. Calculate the emf
induced in it. [M – 2019]
Ans:- Given: 1 = 3m, B = 100T, d = 70m, t = 5s and
θ = 30⁰
𝑑
Emf, 𝑒 = 𝐵𝐼𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐵𝐼 [ 𝑡 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
70
= 100 × 3 × ⌈ 5 ⌉ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
= 300 × 14 × 0.5
𝑒 = 2100 𝑉
6. The current through a coil of 2mH changes from
zero ampere to 5 mAin 0.1 second. What is the emf
induced in the coil? [Sept 2020]
Ans:- Given, 𝑑𝑙 = 5𝑚𝐴, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1𝑠, 𝜀 =? 𝐿 = 2𝑚𝐻
𝑑𝑙
We have, 𝜀 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡
5×10−3
𝜀 = −2 × 10−3 ( 0.1
)
⇒ 𝜀 = −10−4 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
|𝜀| = 10−4 𝑉
7. The current in a coil falls from 25 mA to 0 mA in 1
ms and induces an emf of 10 V in it. Find the self-
inductance of the coil. [May 2022]
Ans:- Here 𝑑𝑙 = 25𝑚𝐴, 𝑑𝑡 = 1𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 10𝑉, 𝐿 =?
𝑑𝑙
We have 𝑒 = 𝐿 (𝑑𝑡)
𝑑𝑙 25×10−3
𝑑𝑡
= 1×10−3
= 25 𝐴𝑠 −1
10 = 𝐿 × 25
******************END*******************

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 34 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
Annual Exam Question With Answer
CHAPTER – 7. ALTERNATING CURRENT
ONE MARK QUESTIONS [8M]transformer? Mention any two sources of energy
loss in transformer. [July 2015]
1. How is rms voltage of ac related to peak value of Mention one power loss in transformer.
ac voltage? [M- 2014] (1 mark) [March 2018]
𝑉𝑚 What is a transformer? Mention any one sources
Ans:- 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝑉𝑚
√2 of energy loss. (2 mark) [June 2019]
2. Write the relation connected torms value and peak Mention the three type’s energy loss in an actual
value of alternating current. [J – 2017] transformer. (3 mark)[March 2019, May 2022]
𝐼𝑚 Mention two sources of energy loss in transformer.
Ans:- 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝐼𝑚
√2 (2 mark) [March 2020]
3. Write the condition for ‘resonance’ of series LCR What is transformer? On which principle it works?
circuit. [J – 2018] [Aug 2022]
Ans:- Inductive reactance = Capacitive reactance (i.e, Ans:- A transformer is an electrical device which
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ). converts low alternating voltage into high alternating
voltage or vice versa.
4. How does capacitive reactance vary with Principle: The transformer works on the principle
frequency? [M- 2020] of mutual induction.
Energy (Power) loss in a transformer are
Ans:- Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to (i) Flux Leakage
1
frequency, (𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 ) (ii) heating due to resistance of the windings
(iii) Eddy currents
5. Mention the value of power factor of a pure (iv) Hysteresis loss.
capacitor. [J – 2017] 2. Explain the construction of a transformer.
Ans:- Zero. Mention its principle. [March 2014]
6. What are wattless current? Ans:-
Ans:- Wattless current is the current flowing in the
circuit for which the power dissipation is zero.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is resonant frequency? Write the expression

for resonant frequency. [Sept 2020] Construction: A transformer consisting of two coils
Ans:- The frequency at which inductive reactance is wound on an insulated iron core as shown in fig. One
equal to capacitive reactance is called resonant of the coils connected to an ac source is called primary
frequency. coil (input coil). The other coil is connected to load is
1 1 called secondary coil(output coil).
𝜔0 = ⇒ 𝑓0 = 2𝜋 Principle: The transformer works on the principle
√𝐿𝐶 √𝐿𝐶
2. Write the expression for the natural frequency of of mutual induction.
oscillations in an LC circuit. (1 Mark) [May 2022] 3. With diagram, explain the working of a
What is LC oscillation? Mention the expression for transformer. [July 2016]
Ans:-
frequency of LC oscillations.
Ans:- LC oscillations are the electrical oscillations
produced in a parallel combination of inductor and
capacitor. The natural frequency of oscillations in an
LC oscillations is
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is a transformer? Mention two sources of The ac source connected to primary coil produces a
energy loss in transformer. [M – 2016, M – 2017] varying current in the primary winding creates a
What is the principle behind the working of a varying magnetic flux in the core of transformer.

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 35 of 70

 This varying magnetic flux ϕ gets linked with the 6. Show that voltage and current are in phase when
secondary coil and produces an emf (voltage) in it. ac voltage is applied to pure resistor.
Let 𝑁𝑃 and 𝑁𝑆 be the number of turns in the primary
and secondary respectively. Then according to
Faraday’s law,
Induced emf in the primary coil
𝑑𝜙
𝜀𝑝 = −𝑁𝑝 …….(1)
𝑑𝑡
Induced emf in the secondary coil
𝑑𝜙
𝜀𝑠 = −𝑁𝑠 𝑑𝑡
……..(2)
(2) 𝜀𝑠 𝑁 The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is
(1)
⇒ 𝜀𝑝
= 𝑁𝑠
𝑝
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ---------- (1)
To a good approximation, 𝜀𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 and 𝜀𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝
Using ohm’s law, the instantaneous value of current is
𝑉𝑠 𝑁
𝑉𝑝
= 𝑁𝑠 𝑖=𝑅=
𝑉 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑝
𝑅
4. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ----------- (2)
series circuit containing inductor, capacitor and 𝑉𝑚
Where, 𝐼𝑚 = −maximum value of ac
resistor. [July 2014] 𝑅
Ans:- The force at which 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 is called resonant From equ (1) and (2) it is clear that the voltage and
frequency. current are in phase.
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
𝜔0 𝐿 =
𝐿 FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
𝜔0 𝐶 1. Arrive at the expression for the impedance of a
1
𝜔0 2 = 𝐿𝐶 series LCR circuit using phasor diagram method
1
and hence write the expression for the current
𝜔0 = through the circuit. [March 2018]
√𝐿𝐶
1 Derive an expression for the impedance of a
2𝜋𝑓0 = 𝐿𝐶
√ series LCR circuit, when an AC voltage is applied
1 to it. [March 2019]
𝑓0 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
Ans:-
5. Show that current leads voltage by 𝝅⁄𝟐when ac
voltage is applied to pure capacitor.

The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ----- (1)
If the capacitor is connected to an instantaneous
voltage v, instantaneous current i flows through it,
then q is the charge on the capacitor.
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 Let 𝑉𝑅 , 𝑉𝐿 , 𝑉𝐶 and V represent the voltage across the
Current at any instant is resistor, inductor, capacitor and the source respectively
𝑑𝑞 𝑑(𝐶𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡)
𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = and I be the current in the circuit.
𝑑𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐶𝑉𝑚 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑅 = IR - 𝑉𝑅 and I are in phase
𝑉 𝜋 𝜋 𝑉𝐿 = I𝑋𝐿 - 𝑉𝐿 leads I by 𝜋⁄2
𝑖 = 1𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) [∵ cos(𝜔𝑡) = sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 )]
𝜔𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = I𝑋𝐶 - I leads 𝑉𝐶 by 𝜋⁄2
𝜋 The phasor diagram for series LCR when 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝐿 is
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 2 ) --------- (2)
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 shown in fig.
Where 𝐼𝑚 = 1 = − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐 Using Pythagorean theorem, we get
𝑋𝑐
𝜔𝐶
𝟏
𝑿𝑪 = 𝝎𝑪 − Capacitive reactance 𝑉 2 = 𝑉𝑅 2 + (𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐿 )2
𝑉 2 = (𝐼𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐶 − 𝐼𝑋𝐿 )2
From equ (1) and(2) it is clear that current leads the 𝑉 2 = 𝐼 2 [𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 ]
𝜋
voltage by 2 .

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 36 of 70

 𝑉2 inductance 3H, capacitor of capacitance 27𝝁F and
𝐼2 = 𝑅 2 +(𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 )2
the resistor of resistance 7.4Ω. [M – 2014]
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= = Ans:- Given:
√𝑅 2 +(𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 )2 𝑍

Clearly, √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 is the effective opposition of 𝑓𝑟 = ? Q = ? L = 3H, C = 27𝜇F = 27 × 10−6F,

the series LCR is called its impedance (Z). R = 7.4Ω,
∵𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 Solution:-
𝑉
Current throught the circuit, 𝐼 = To find resonant frequency,
𝑍
𝝅 1 1
2. Show that the current lags the voltage by 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 =
𝟐 √𝐿𝐶2×3.142×√3×27×10−6
in an AC circuit containing a pure inductor. 1
𝑓𝑟 = 6.284 ×9 × 10−3
Draw the phasor diagram for it. [May 2022]
1
Show that the voltage leads current by in an AC 𝑓𝑟 = 56.556 × 10−3
circuit containing pure inductor. [Aug 2022]
𝝅 𝑓𝑟 = 0.01768 × 103 Hz ⇒ ∴ 𝒇𝒓 = 17.68 Hz
Show that voltage leads current by 𝟐 when ac Hz
voltage is applied to pure inductor. To find Q factor
𝜔𝑜 𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
[3 mark] [March 2015] Q= = 𝑅
𝑅
2×3.142×17.68×3
Ans:- Q= 7.4
⇒ ∴Q = 45.04
3. A pure inductor of 25mH is connected to source of
220V; 50 Hz. Find the inductive reactance, rms
value of current and peak current in the circuit.
[J – 2014]
Ans:- Given:
The instantaneous value of alternating voltage is L = 25mH = 25×10−3H, V = 220V,
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ……(1) F = 50Hz, 𝑋𝐿 =?, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ? and 𝐼𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐼0 = ?
𝑑𝑖 Solution:-
An emf induced in inductor is −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
To find 𝑋𝐿
Using kirchhoff’s loop rule,
𝑑𝑖
w.k.t 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋fL= 2×3.142×50×25×10−3
𝑣 − 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 0 𝑋𝐿 = 7855×10−3 ⇒ 𝑿𝑳 = 7.855Ω
𝑑𝑖 To find 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 .
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 (From eqn (1))
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = --------› (1)
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑋𝐿
𝐿
Integrating, Here 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = V = 220V,
𝑉𝑚 𝑉 − cos 𝜔𝑡 Substitute the value of 𝑋𝐿 in equation (1)
∫ 𝑑𝑖 = ∫ 𝐿
sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿𝑚 ( 𝜔 ) 220
𝑉𝑚 𝜋 𝜋
(1) ⇒ 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 7.855 ⇒ 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 28.0076A
𝑖 = 𝜔𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 − 2 ) (∵ − cos 𝜔𝑡 = sin (𝜔𝑡 − 2 ))
To find 𝐼𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 .
𝜋 𝐼𝑜
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 − 2 ) ……..(2) 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ⇒ 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
√2
𝑉 𝑉
Where, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚 = 𝑚 - maximum value of ac 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 28.0076 ×1.4142 ⇒ 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 39.6083A
𝜔𝐿 𝑋𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 - inductive reactance 4. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283V and
From equ (1) and (2) it is clear that voltage leads the frequency 50Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit in
𝜋
current by 2 . which R = 3Ω, L = 25.48mH and C = 786𝝁F. Find
a) impedance of the circuit, b) the phase difference
between the voltage across the source and the
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS
current c) the power factor. [M – 2015]
1. If the peak value of ac current is 4.24 A, what is its Ans:- Given: 𝑉𝑜 = 283V, f = 50Hz, R = 3Ω
root mean square value? L = 25.48 mH = 25.48×10−3H,
(2 mark)[March18, Aug22] C = 786 𝜇F = 786 × 10−6F
Ans:- 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝐼0 (a) Z = ?, b) ϕ = ? c) cos𝜃 = ?.
√2
a)To find Z: Z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 ------› (1)
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 4.24/1.414 = 2.998𝐴
In this problem R = 3Ω,
2. Calculate resonant frequency of Q factor of series
LCR circuit containing a pure inductor of 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋fL = 2(3.14) × 50 × 25.48 × 10−3
𝑋𝐿 = 7.949 = 8Ω.

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 To find resonant frequency,
1 1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋
2𝜋fC 2(3.14) × 50 × 786 × 10−6 √𝐿𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 4Ω. 𝑓𝑟 =
2×3.142×√4×27×10−6
1
𝑓𝑟 = 6.284 ×10.392 × 10−3
∴ (1) ⇒ z = √32 + (8 − 4)2 1
z = √9 + 16 = √25 ⇒ ∴ 𝒛 = 5Ω. 𝑓𝑟 = 65.305 × 10−3
𝑓𝑟 = 0.01531 × 103 Hz ⇒ ∴ 𝒇𝒓 = 15.31Hz
b)To find phase difference
To find Q factor Hz
𝑋 −𝑋 8−4
ϕ= ta𝑛−1 ( 𝐿 𝑅 𝐶 ) ⇒ϕ= ta𝑛−1 ( 5 ) 𝜔𝑜 𝐿 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿
Q= 𝑅
= 𝑅
4
ϕ = ta𝑛−1 (3) 2×3.142×15.31×4
Q= ⇒ ∴Q = 45.82
−1 8.4
ϕ = ta𝑛 (1.33)
ф = 53° 𝟔𝟏 ∵ (from log book ta𝑛−1 (1.33)= 53° 61 )
7. An inductor and bulb are connected in series to an
ac source of 220V; 50Hz. A current of 11A flows in
c) To find power factor (cosϕ)
the circuit and phase angle between voltage and
𝝅
cosф = cos 53° 𝟔𝟏 = 0.6. current is 𝟒 radians. Calculate the impedance and
5. A resistor of 100Ω, a pure inductance coil of L = inductance of the circuit. [J – 2016]
0.5H and capacitor are in series in a circuit Ans:- Given:
containing an AC source of 200V; 50Hz. In the V = 220V, f = 50Hz, I = 11A,
circuit current is ahead of voltage by 30°. Find the ϕ = 𝜋/4 rad = 45°, Z = ? L = ?
value of capacitance. [J – 2015] Solution:-
Ans:- Given: To find imedacnce Z,
R = 100Ω, L = 0.5H, V = 220V, Z=
𝑉
=
220
𝐼 ∴ Z = 20 𝛀
11
f = 50Hz, ϕ = 30°, C = ?
To find the L
I leads V by 30° ∴ XC > XL
w.k.t 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋fL
Solution:- 𝑋𝐿
To find C 𝐿= 2𝜋f
-------› (1)
XC =
1
⇒C=
1
-------› (1) To find the 𝑋𝐿
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋𝑓 𝑋𝐶
w.k.t Z =√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
To find XC
𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 (𝑋𝐶 = 0 ∵ capacitor is not given )
tanϕ =
𝑅 ∴ Z =√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2
⇒ XC - XL = R tanϕ
𝑍 2 = 𝑅 2 + X L2 ⇒ X L2 = 𝑍 2 - 𝑅 2 -------› (2)
⇒ XC = R tanϕ + XL
To find the R
⇒ XC = 100tan30° + 2𝜋fL 𝑅
⇒ XC = 100 × 0.5773 + 2(3.14) × 50 × 0.5 ∴ cos ϕ = 𝑍 ⇒ R = Z cos ϕ = 20 × cos 45°
⇒ XC = 57.73 + 157 ⇒ ∴ X = 214.73Ω. R = 20 × 0.7071 ∴ R = 14.14Ω
C

Substitute the value of 𝑋𝐶 in (1) Now , from (2) ⇒ X L2 = 202 - (14.14)2

1
(1) ⇒ C = 2×3.142×50×214.73 = 67468.166
1 X L2 = 400 – 200 ⇒ X L = √200
capacitance C = 0.00001482F ∴ X L = 14.14Ω
∴C = 1.482×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 F Now , from (1) ⇒ 𝐿 =
𝑋𝐿
=
14.14
2𝜋f 2×3.142×50

6. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q factor of a ∴ L = 0.045 H

series LCR circuit containing a pure inductor of 8. A source of alternative emf of 220V; 50Hz is
inductance 4H, capacitor of capacitance 27𝝁F and connected in series with a resistance of 200Ω an
resistor of resistance 8.4Ω. [M – 2016] inductance of 100mH and a capacitance of 30𝝁F.
Ans:- Given: Does the current lead or lag the voltage and by
𝑓𝑟 = ? Q = ? L = 4H, C = 27𝜇F = 27 × 10−6F, what angle? [M – 2017]
R = 8.4Ω, Ans:- Given:
Solution:- V = 220V, f = 50Hz, R = 200Ω,

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 L = 100mH = 100 × 10−3H = 0.1H, supply. Calculate the impendence of the circuit and
C = 30𝜇F = 30 × 10−6F, ϕ = ? also find the current through the circuit.
Solution:- [J- 2018]
To find current lead or lag the voltage, find X L and X C Ans:- Given: 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 220V, f = 50Hz, R = 20Ω,
XL = 2 𝜋 f L L = 1.5H, C = 35𝜇F. Z = ? 𝐼 = ?
X L = 2 × 3.142 × 50 × 0.1 Solution:-
X L = 2𝜋fL = 2×3.142×50×1.5 ⇒ X L = 471.3Ω
X L = 31.42Ω ------› (1) 1 1
XC = =
1 1 2𝜋fC 2×3.142×50×35×10−6
XC = 2𝜋fC
⇒ XC = 2×3.142×50×30×10−6 1
X C = 10997×10−6 ⇒ X C = 90.93Ω
106
X C = 9426 ⇒X C = 0.000106.1×106 To find Impedance,
X C = 106.1Ω -------› (2) Z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
Z = √202 + (471.3 − 90.93)2 ⇒ 𝐙 = 380.89Ω
From (1) & (2) it is found that XC > XL
To find current through the circuit,
∴ I leads V 𝑉 220
𝐼 = 𝑍 = 380.89 ⇒) 𝑰 = 0.577A
To find ϕ 11. Sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283V and
𝑋 −𝑋
ϕ= ta𝑛−1 ( 𝐶 𝑅 𝐿 ) frequency 50Hz is applied to a series LCR circuit
106.1−31.42 in which R = 3ohm, L = 25.48mH and C =
ϕ= ta𝑛−1 ( 200 )
796micro F. Find 1. Impedance of the circuit 2.
−1
ϕ = ta𝑛 (0.3734) The phase difference between the voltage across
ф = 20°30 the source and the current. [J – 2019]
Ans:- Given: 𝑉𝑜 = 283V, f = 50Hz, R = 3Ω,
9. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 285V is applied
L = 25.48mH=25.48× 10−3H,
to a series LCR circuit in which resistor of
C = 796𝜇F = 796× 10−6F
resistance 5Ω, pure inductor of inductor 28.5mH
a)Z = ? b) ϕ = ?
and capacitor of capacitance 80𝟎𝝁F are connected.
X L = 2𝜋fL = 2 × 3.14 × 25.48 × 10−3⇒ X L = 8Ω
Find the resonant frequency and also calculate the 1 1
impedance, current and power dissipated at X C = 2𝜋fC = 2 × 3.142 × 50×796 × 10−6
resonance. [J – 2017] 1
XC = ⇒
250×10−6 X C = 4Ω
Ans:- Given: a) To find Impedance,
𝑉𝑜 = 285V, R = 5Ω, L = 28.5mH = 28.5×10−3H
Z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
C = 800𝜇F = 800×10−6F,
𝑓𝑟 = ?, Z = ?, I = ?, P = ?. Z = √32 + (8 − 4)2 ⇒ 𝒁 = 5Ω
Solution:- b) Phase angle
𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶
To find 𝑓𝑟 , 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋
1 ϕ = ta𝑛−1 ( 𝑅
)
√𝐿𝐶
(8−4) 4
𝑓𝑟 =
1 ϕ= ta𝑛−1 ( 3 ) = ta𝑛−1 (3) = ta𝑛−1(1.333)
2×3.142×√28.5×10−3 ×800×10−6
1
𝑓𝑟 = ϕ = 53°, 𝟖𝟏
6.284×√22800×10−9
1
𝑓𝑟 = 12. A series LCR circuit contains a pure inductor of
6.284×√228000×10−10
1 inductance 5.0 H, a capacitor of capacitance 20𝝁F
𝑓𝑟 = 6.284×477.5×10−5
1
and a resistor of resistance 40 Ω.
𝑓𝑟 = 3000.61×10−5 a) Find the resonant frequency of the circuit.
𝑓𝑟 = 0.00033326 × 10 ⇒ 𝒇𝒓 = 33.326Hz
5 b) Calculate the Quality factor (Q-factor) of the
To find Z: Z =√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 circuit.
At resonance XL = XC c) What is the impendance at resonant condition?
[M- 2020]
Z =√𝑅 2 =𝑅 ⇒ ∴ Z = R = 5𝛀
To find 𝐼 Ans:- Given: 𝐿 = 5𝐻, 𝐶 = 20 × 10−6 𝐹, 𝑅 = 40𝛺
𝑉 285 1
I= = ⇒ ∴ I = 57A (a) Resonant frequency (𝑉𝑜 ) = 2𝜋
𝑍 5 √𝐿𝐶
To find P: P = V I = 285×57⇒ ∴ P = 1645Watt =
1
2×3.14√5×20×10−6
10. A 20Ω resistor, 1.5 H inductor and 35𝝁F capacitor
𝑉0 = 16𝐻𝑧
are connected in series with a 220V; 50Hz ac

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 1 𝐿
(b) 𝑄 = 𝑅 √𝐶

1 5
=𝑄= √ ⇒ 𝑄 = 12.5
40 20×10−6
(c) Impedance at resonant 𝑍 = 𝑅
𝑍 = 40𝛺
13. An AC source of 200 volt, 50 Hz is applied to a
series LCR circuit in which R=3Ω , L= 25mH and
C = 790μ F. Find (a) the impedance of the circuit
and (b) current in the circuit. [Sept 2020]
Ans:- Inductive reactance, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑣𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 25 × 10−3 = 7.85𝛺
1
Capacitive reactance 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑣𝐶
1
=
2×3.14×50×790×10−6
⇒ 𝑋𝐶 = 4𝛺
(a) Circuit impedance
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑍 = √(30)2 + (7.85 − 4)2
= √900 + 14.8225
(b) Circuit current
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 200
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑍
= 30.25 6.6𝐴
******************END*******************

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 8 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
(3) Infrared detectors are used earths satellite.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: [8M]
3. Give any two applications of X-rays.
1. Give the wavelength range of X-rays. [March 2018]
[March 2016] Ans:- (1) To produce images of internal organs of the
Ans:-10-8 m to 10-13 m. body
2. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in (2) Treatment for certain forms of cancer
ascending order of their wavelength: Radio 4. Write any two uses of ultraviolet rays.
waves, Gamma rays, Infrared waves, X-rays. [July 2018, June 2019]
[March 2020] Ans:- (1) To kill germs in water purifiers
Ans:- Gamma rays, X-rays, Infrared waves, Radio (2) LASIK eye surgery
waves. 5. Who predicted the existence of electromagnetic
3. Name the type of electromagnetic rays lying waves? Give the wave length range of
between ultraviolet and gamma rays. [May 2022] electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans:- X-ray [March 2014, Aug 2022]
4. Write the relation between the magnitude of the Give the wavelength range of electromagnetic
electric and the magnetic fields in an spectrum. [1 Mark ] [Sept 2020]
electromagnetic wave. [May 2022] Ans:- James clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of
E electromagnetic waves. The wavelength range of
Ans:- B0  0
c electromagnetic spectrum is 10-14 m to 107 m.
5. Name the physical quantity which remains same 6. What are electromagnetic waves? Write the
for microwaves of wavelength 1 mm and UV expression for the velocity of electromagnetic
radiations of 160 nm in vacuum. waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic
Ans:- Speed remains same. permeability of free space. [July 2016]
6. Which kind of electromagnetic radiations are Ans:- Electromagnetic waves are sinusoidal oscillations
used in LASIK eye surgery? with time varying electric and magnetic fields
Ans:- Ultraviolet radiations. perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the
7. Mention the angle between electric field and direction of propagation.
magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave. The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space is
Ans:- 900 1
8. Name the electromagnetic wave which keeps the c
 0 0
Earth warm by greenhouse effect.
Ans:- Infrared radiation. 7. Write Maxwell‟s equation for the speed of
electromagnetic waves and explain the terms.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Give two uses of microwaves. [July 2014] [July 2017]
Write one application of microwave. [1 mark] Write the expression for speed of light interms of
[March 2017] " 0 " , and " 0 " explain the terms used.
Ans:- (1) Microwave ovens [March 2019]
(2) Radar systems used in aircraft navigation Ans:- The speed of electromagnetic waves in free space
(3) tennis-serves 1
is c 
(4) automobiles  0 0
2. Mention two applications of infrared radiation. Where, 0 and 0 are permeability and permittivity of
[March 2015, Sept 2020] free space.
Ans:- (1) Remote switches of household electronic
systems (TV remote)
(2) Infrared lamps are used in physical therapy

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8. Write two properties of Electromagnetic waves.
1.These waves do not require any material medium
for their propagation.
2.Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
3.The oscillations of electric and magnetic fields are
in the same phase.
9. Write any two uses of gamma rays.
(1) To destroy cancer cells
(2) To produce nuclear reactions
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. What is displacement current? Write the
expression for displacement current and explain
the terms. [Aug 2022]
What is displacement current? Write the
expression for displacement current.
[July 2015, March 2020, May 2022]
Define displacement current. [1 mark][March17]
Write an expression for the displacement current.
[1 mark] [March 2016]
Ans:- Displacement current is that current which appears
in the region in which the electric flux is changing
with time.
The expression for displacement current is
d
ID  0 E
dt
Where, 0 - permeability of free space
dE
- rate of change of electric flux with time
dt
******************END*******************

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 9 RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

ONE MARK QUESTIONS: [8M]

4. Give the reasons for the following statements :
1. For which position of the object magnification of a) The sun is visible a little before the actual
convex lens is -1 (minus one)? [March 2019] sunrise and until a little after the actual sunset.
Ans:-Object position at 2F (twice the focal length) from b) The sky appears blue. [May 2022]
the lens. (a) Refraction of light through the atmosphere
2. Why does sky appear blue? (b) Scattering of light by the atmospheric particles
[March2020, Aug2022] 5. Define power of a lens. How does the power of a
Ans:-It is due to the scattering of sunlight by the lens vary with its focal length? [Aug 2022]
particles of atmosphere. How does the power of a lens vary with its focal
3. Give the relation between focal length and radius length?
of curvature of a spherical concave mirror. [March2015,March2016,March17,Sept 2020]
[Aug 2022] Ans:- The power P of a lens is defined as the tangent of
R the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam
Ans:- f  of light falling at unit distant from the optical centre.
2
Power of a lens is the reciprocal of focal length of
4. A concave lens of refractive index 1.5 is immersed
1
in a medium of refractive index 1.65. What is the the lens. P 
nature of the lens? f
Ans:-Convex lens. 6. State law’s of reflection.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Ans:- 1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
1. Write the ray diagram for formation of image in reflection.
the simple microscope. [March 2019] 2. The incident ray, normal at the point of incidence
and the reflected ray all lie’s in the same plane.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. What is total internal reflection? Mention the
conditions for total internal reflection.[Sept 2020]
Ans:- The phenomenon of reflection of total light when it
travels from a denser medium to the rarer medium
2. State law’s of refraction. [July 2014] at an angle greater than the critical angle is called
Ans:- 1.The incident ray, the refracted ray and the total internal reflection.
normal at the point of incidence, all lies in the same Condition for total internal reflection:
plane. 1.Light should travel from a denser medium to a
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to rarer medium.
the sine of angle of refraction is constant for given 2.The angle of incidence in denser medium should be
greater than the critical angle for the given pair of
sin i
pair of media. i.e., = constant = n21 media.
sin r
2. Mention three applications of total internal
3. Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case
reflection of light. [March 2014]
of compound microscope. [March 2015]
Ans:- 1.Mirage.
2. Optical fibers.
3. Brilliance of diamond.
4. Total reflecting glass prism.
3. What is total internal reflection? Mention two
applications of optical fibers. [July 2016]
Mention any three uses of optical fibres.
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 [Aug 2022] P. Therefore FD=f and CD=R.
Ans:- The phenomenon of reflection of total light when it R
f 
travels from a denser medium to the rarer medium at 2
an angle greater than the critical angle is called total Focal length (f) is equal to half of the radius of
internal reflection. curvatures (R).
Applications of optical fibers: FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
1.Used for transmission of optical signals.
1. Derive lens maker’s formula.
2.Used as a light pipe to facilitate visual examination
[March2019,March2017,July2015,July2016,
of interal organs (like stomac, intestine)
July2017]
3.Used in decorative lamp.
Derive lens maker's formula for a convex lens.
4. Define critical angle. Write two conditions of total
[May 2022]
internal reflection. [July 2017] Ans:-
Write the two conditions of total internal
reflection. (2 mark) [July 2015]
Ans:- The angle of incidence in the denser medium for
which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium
becomes 900 is called critical angle (C).
Condition for total internal reflection:
1.Light should travel from a denser medium to a
rarer medium.
2.The angle of incidence in denser medium should be Let R1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of two
greater than the critical angle for the given pair of spherical surfaces ABC and ADC respectively. The
media. formation of image can be considered in two steps.
(i) Refraction at the surface ABC: In the absence
5. Derive the relation between focal length and
of ADC, surface ABC form the image I’ of the object
radius of curvature of concave mirror.
O(v = v’)
[July 2019]
n2 n1 n2  n1
Arrive at the relation between focal length and   .......1
radius of curvature of a spherical concave mirror. v' u R1
[Mar 2020] (ii) Refraction at the surface ADC: The image at I’
Ans:- acts as an virtual object (u=v’). I is the final image of
object O.
n1 n2 n1  n2 n n
    2 1 ....... 2 
v v' R1 R2
Adding equs (1) and (2), we get
n2 n1 n1 n2 n2  n1 n2  n1
    
v' u v v' R1 R2
n1 n1 1 1
Consider a ray parallel to the principal axis incident    n2  n1    
at M of a concave mirror. After reflection, it passes
v u  R1 R2 
through its principal focus F. Let  be the angle of 1 1 1 1
n1      n2  n1    
incidence and draw MD perpendicular to the v u  R1 R2 
principal axis. Then, 1 1  n2   1 1
MCP   and MFP  2     1   
v u  n1   R1 R2 
MD MD
From fig, tan   and tan 2  1 1 1 1
CD FD    n21  1   
MD MD v u  R1 R2 
For small  tan     and tan 2  2 
CD FD When u   , the image is formed at the principal
MD MD focus v=f.
 2
FD CD 1 1 1
  n21  1   
FD 
CD f  R1 R2 
2
For small  , the point D is very close to point

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2. Derive an expression for the equivalent focal
length of two thin lenses kept in contact.
[March 2016, Aug 2022]
Derive the expression for effective focal length of
two thin lenses kept in contact.
(3mark)[July 2018]
Ans:-
Draw NM perpendicular to the principal axis. , 
and  are angles shown in fig.
MN
For small angles,   tan  
OM
MN
  tan  
Consider two thin convex lenses L1 and L2 of focal MI
lengths f1 and f2 placed in contact with each other. MN
  tan  
The first lens L1 alone form the image at I’ of an MC
object O at a distance v’. In triangle NOC, i     (i is an exterior angle)
1 1 1 MN MN
Using lens formula,   ------- (1) i  ...........1
v ' u f1 OM MC
The image I’ acts as a virtual object for second lens In triangle INC,   r    r    
L2 (u=v’), which forms the final image I at a distance MN MN
r  ............... 2 
v. MC MI
1 1 1 Using snell’s law n1 sin i = n2 sin r
Using lens formula,   ------- (2)
v v ' f2 For small angles n1i  n2 r
Adding equs (1) and (2), we get  MN MN   MN MN 
n1     n2   
1 1 1 1 1 1  OM MC   MC MI 
    
v ' u v v ' f1 f 2
 1 1   1 1 
n1     n2   
1 1 1 1  OM MC   MC MI 
   ------- (3)
v u f1 f 2 n1 n n n
 1  2  2
If two thin lenses in contact is equivalent to a single OM MC MC MI
lens of focal length f, then n2 n n n
 1  2 1 ............ 3
1 1 1 MI OM MC
  ------- (4)
v u f Using Cartesian sing conventions, OM  OP  u
From equs (3) and (4), MI  PI  v and MC  PC  R
1 1 1
  n2 n1 n2  n1
  
f f1 f 2 v u R
3. Deduce the relation between n, u, v and R for 4. Derive an expression for refractive index of the
refraction at a spherical surface where the material of the prism in terms of angle of the
symbols have their usual meaning. prism and angle of minimum deviation.
[March 2018, July 2014, March 2018] [March 2015]
Ans:- Consider a spherical surface with centre of Ans:- Let ABC represent the principal section of prism
curvature C and radius of curvature R. A ray ON and A be the angle of the prism as shown in fig.
from a medium of refractive index n1 is incident on
the surface of another medium of refractive index n2.
A ray ON incident at an angle i is refracted along NI
at an angle r. I is the real image of object O.

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 At the surface AB, the angle of incidence is i and Consider an object AB is placed in front of the
angle of refraction is r1. So the deviation at the concave mirror perpendicular to the principal axis
surface is 2  i  r1 beyond centre of curvature C of the mirror. A real
At the surface AC, the angle of incidence is r2 and and inverted image A'B ' of the object is formed as
angle of refraction (or emergence) is e. So the shown in the fig.
deviation at the surface is 2  e  r2 From similar triangles ABC and A'B'C , we have
AB CB
 Total deviation produced by the ray is  ............1
A ' B ' CB '
  1  2   i  r1    e  r2 
From similar triangles ABP and A'B'P, we have
   i  e    r1  r2  ..........1 AB PB
 ..... 2 
From triangle AQR, A ' B ' PB '
A   90  r1    90  r2   180 Comparing equns (1) and (2),
CB PB
A  r1  r2 ………… (2) 
CB ' PB '
Substituting equ (2) in (1),
PB  PC PB
  i  e  A 
PC  PB ' PB '
    i  e ------(3) Using Cartesian sign convention,
As i increases,  first PB  u, PC   R, PB '  v
decreases and reaches a u  R u

minimum value Dm and  R  v v
then increases. When the  uR  vR  2uv
prism is in the position Dividing throughout by uvR, we have,
of minimum deviation, 1 1 2
 
i  e, r1  r2 ,   Dm v u R
1 1 1
From equ (3),
   R2f 
A  Dm  i  i  2i v u f
A  Dm This relation is known as mirror equation
i
2 FIVE MARK PROBLEMS:
From equ (2), A  r  r  2r 1. Two lenses of power +1.5D and –0.5D are kept in
A contact on their principal axis. What is the
r
2 effective power of the combination?
From Snell’s law, the refractive index of the material (1 mark) [March 2018]
of the prism is Ans:- 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
sin i = +1.5𝐷 − 0.5𝐷
n
sin r 𝑃 ⇒1𝐷
 A  Dm  2. Two lenses of focal lengths 0.20m and 0.30m are
sin   kept in contact. Find the focal length of the
n  2 
 A combination. Calculate powers of two lenses and
sin   combination. [March 2014]
2
Ans:- Given:
5. Derive the mirror formula in the case of concave
f1 = 0.20 m and f2 = 0.30 m
mirror producing a real image.
F = ? P1 = ? P2 = ? p = ?
Ans:-
Solution:-
To find F
1 1 1 f1 f2
= + ⇒F=
𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2 f1 +f2
0.2×0.3
⇒F=
0.2+0.3
0.06
⇒⇒ F = 0.5 ⇒ F = 0.12m
To calculate P1 , P2 and P
1 1
Power of first lens, P1 = 𝑓 = 0.2 = 5D
1

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 Power of second lens, [June 2019]
1 1
P2 = = = 3.3333 D Ans:- ho = 3cm, u = 14cm, f = -21cm, v = ?, hi =
𝑓2 0.3
Power of the combination, ? Nature = ?
1 1 1 1 1
P = 𝐹 = 0.12 = 8.3333 D −u=
v f
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. A prism of angle 60 produces angle of minimum − −14 = 21 ⇒ v = −21 − 14
v
deviation of 400. What is its refractive index? 1
Calculate the angle of incidence. [July 2014]
= −0.0476 − 0.0714 = −0.119
v
Ans:- Given: v = - 8.4cm
A = 60°, D = 40°, n = ? i = ? position of the image is 8.4cm from the lens on the
To find n
𝐴+𝐵 same side as the object.
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
𝑛= 𝐴 Nature of the image: virtual and erect.
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 hi v v
𝑠𝑖𝑛(
60°+40°
) = u ⇒ hi = ho × u
2 ho
𝑛= 60°
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) −8.4
sin(50°)
2 hi = 3 × −14 = 1.8cm
𝑛=
sin(30°) Image s diminished
0.7660
𝑛 = 0.5 ⇒ 𝑛 = 1.532 6. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on
To find i. the face of an equilateral prism, so that it just
At minimum deviation position, suffers total internal reflection at the other face?
𝐴+𝐷 60°+40°
𝑖= = = 50° The refractive index of the material of the prism
2 2
is 1.5. [March 2020]
4. The radii of curvature of two surfaces of a convex Ans:-
lens are 0.2m and 0.22m. Find the focal length of
the lens if refractive index of the material of lens
is 1.5. Also find the change in focal length, if it is
immersed in water of refractive index 1.33.
[July 2018]
Ans:- Given: 𝑅1 = 0.2𝑚, 𝑅2 = −0.22𝑚
f = ?, Change in f = ?
Required formula Given, 𝐴 = 60°, 𝑛 = 1.5, 𝑟2 = 0°
1
1 1 1 wkt 𝑛=
= (n − 1) [R − R ] sin 𝐶
f 1 2 1
1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = 𝑛
= (1.5 − 1) [0.2 + 0.22] 1 1
f
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑛) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1.8)
= (0.5)[5 + 4.545] = 4.72
f 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0.6666)
f = 0.2118m 𝐶 = 41.8°
If the lens is immersed in water of R.I=1.33, then wkt 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝐴
1 1 1 𝑟1 = 𝐴 − 𝑟2 = 𝐴 − 𝐶 = 60 − 41.8
= (₁n2 − 1) (R − R )
fw 1 2
𝑟1 = 18.2°
1 n1 1 1
= ( 2 − 1) (R − R ) From Snell’s law
fw 1 2
sin 𝑖
1 1.5 1 1 𝑛 = sin 𝑟
= (1.33 − 1) (0.2 − −0.22) 1
fw
1 1.5−1.33 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖1 = 𝑛 × sin 𝑟1
=( ) (0.2 + 0.22) = 1.5 × sin 18.2
fw 1.33
1
= 0.1278 × 9.5454 = 1.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖1 = 1.5 × 0.3123
fw 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖1 = 0.4694
fw = 0.819m ⇒ 𝑖1 = 27.9° ≈ 28°
The change in focal length, 7. The refractive index of an equilateral prism is
= 0.819 – 0.2118 = 0.6072m 1.532. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation
5. An object of 3cm is placed 14cm in front of a when it is immersed in water of refractive index
concave lens of focal length 21cm. Find the 1.33. [Sept 2020]
position, Nature and Size of the Image formed. Ans:- Given, 𝐴 = 60°, 𝑛𝑔 = 1.5, 𝑛𝑤 = 1.33 𝐷𝑚 =?

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 Refractive index of glass w.r.t. water,
𝐴+𝐷𝑚 60°+𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2 2
𝑛𝑔𝜔 = 𝐴 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
2
𝑛 1.532
𝑛𝑔𝜔 = 𝑛 𝑔 = 1.33
= 1.1518
𝜔
60°+𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° × 1.1518 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2
)
60°+𝐷𝑚
or 0.50 × 1.1518 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
60°+𝐷𝑚
05759 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
60°+𝐷
or sin 35°10ʹ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 𝑚)
60°+𝐷
or 35°10ʹ = 2 𝑚
or 70°20ʹ = 60° + 𝐷𝑚
or 𝐷𝑚 = 70°20ʹ − 60°
Angle of minimum deviation,
𝐷𝑚 = 10°20ʹ = 10°20ʹ
8. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass
prism such that the refracted ray inside the prism
is parallel to its base. Calculate the a) angle of
deviation of the ray and b) speed of light ray
inside the prism. Given: the refractive index of
𝟑
glass = and the speed of light in vacuum = 𝟑 ×
𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒔 . −𝟏
[May 2022]
Ans:- (a) Formula for the minimum deviation:
𝐴+𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
𝑛= 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
60°+𝐷𝑚
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
Substitution and simplification: = 60° =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
𝐷
𝑠𝑖𝑛(30°+ 𝑚 )
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(30°)
Angle of minimum deviation: 𝐷𝑚 = 37°10ʹ or 𝐷𝑚 =
37.17°
or
𝐴 = 2𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = 30° …….(1)
sin 𝑖 3 sin 𝑖
𝑛= ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑖 = 48°35′ …….(1)
sin 𝑟 2 sin 30°
𝛿 = 2𝑖 − 𝐴 = 2 × 48°35′ − 60° = 37°10ʹ or 𝐷𝑚 =
37.17° ………(1)
𝑐
(b) Formula related to speed of light in a medium: 𝑛 = 𝑣
Speed of light in glass: 𝑣 = 2 × 10−8 𝑚𝑠 −1
****************END******************

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 48 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
What is diffraction of light? (1mark) [Sept 2020]

KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001

Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 10 WAVE OPTICS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: [8M]
Ans:- The phenomenon of bending of light around the
1. What is wavefront of light wave? [March 2014] edges of small obstacles and entering into a
Ans:-The locus of all points which oscillate in the same geometrical shadow of the obstacle. Diffraction is
phase is called a wavefront. the result of superposition of secondary waves
2. How can the resolving power of a telescope be coming from different parts of the same wavefront.
increased? [March 2016] 2. Explain Malus law for polaroids. [March 2014]
Ans:-By increasing the diameter(2a) of the objective Ans:- When completely polarized light is incident on the
lens. analyser, the intensity I of the light transmitted by
3. How does the resolving power of a telescope the analyser is directly proportional to the square of
change on increasing the diameter of the objective the cosine of angle between the pass axes of the
lens? [May 2022] analyser and the polarizer
Ans:- Increases.
i.e., I cos 2 
4. Write the formula for Malus law. [July16, Aug22]
I  I 0 cos2 
Ans:- I  I 0cos 
2

Where I0 – intensity of the polarized light incident on

5. A blue ray of light enters an optically denser the analyser.
medium from air. What happens to its frequency 3. Mention the expression for limit of resolution of a
in denser medium? [July 2018] telescope and explain the terms. [Aug 2022]
Ans:- Frequency remains same. Ans:- The limit of resolution of telescope is
6. For which angle of incidence reflected ray is 1.22 0.61
completely polarized? [March 2019, Aug 2022] d  
2a a
Ans:- Brewster’s angle ( polarizing angle )
Where, 2a – diameter of the lens.
7. Mention a method to increase the resolving power
 - wavelength of light.
of a microscope. [March 2020]
4. What is the shape of the emergent wavefront
Ans:- Resolving power can be increased by choosing a
when a plane wavefront is incident on: (a) a prism
medium of higher refractive index.
and (b) a convex lens?
8. What are coherent sources of light? [May 2022]
Ans:- (a) The tilting of the plane wavefront
Ans:- Two sources of light which emit light waves of
(b) A spherical wavefront and converges to the
same wavelength (or frequency) and constant
principal focus F.
phase difference
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
9. Name the type of wave front observed from a
1. What is interference? Write the condition for
distant point source.
path difference in case of constructive and
Ans:- Plane wavefront.
destructive interference. [March 2015]
10. Write the condition for diffraction maxima in
Write the relation between the path difference
terms of wavelength of light and slit width.
and wavelength of light waves used for
Ans:- Secondary maxima,
constructive and destructive interference of light.
 1
  n   where n = 1,2,---- (2 mark) [July 2016]
 2 a Ans:- The modification in the distribution of light energy
11. How does the resolving power of a telescope due to the superposition of two or more waves of
change on decreasing the aperture of its objective light from two coherent sources is called interference
lens? of light.
Ans:- Resolving power of a telescope decreases. For constructive interference, path difference is
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: x  n where n= 0,1,2-----
1. What is diffraction of light? [March 2019] For destructive interference, path difference is

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 49 of 70

  wave and ‘t’ be the time taken by the wavefront to
x   2n  1 where n= 0,1,2-----
2 reach from the point B to C. Then the distance
2. Write the expression for limit of resolution of (a) BC = v t.
microscope and (b) telescope. Write one method During the same time t, secondary wavelet from
of increasing the resolving power of microscope. point A will travel a distance AE = v t.
[July 2014] In triangles EAC and BAC, AE = BC = v t and
Ans:- The limit of resolution of microscope is ∠ 𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠ 𝐴 𝐶 = 900. Therefore triangles are
1.22 congruent.
d 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∠ 𝐴𝐶 = ∠ 𝐴𝐶𝐸
2n sin 
The limit of resolution of telescope is 𝑖=r
6. Arrive at Snell’s law of refraction, using
1.22 0.61
d   Huygen’s principle for refraction of a plane wave.
2a a
[March2018]
The resolving power of microscope can be increased
Ans:-
decreasing the wavelength
3. Mention any three application of polaroids.
[March 2017]
Mention two application of polaroids.
(2 mark)[March 2016]
Write any two uses of polaroids
(2 mark)[May 2022]
Ans:- 1.Used in sun glasses.
2.Used in wind screens of automobiles.
3.Used in 3D movie cameras.
4.Used in photographic cameras. Consider a plane wavefront AB incident on a plane
4. What is polarization of light? Mention two XY. If v1 and v2 are the velocity of plane wave in
methods of producing plane polarized light. medium 1 and medium 2, then
[Sept 2020] v
n21  1
What is polarization of light? Name any one v2
method of producing plane polarized light. Let t be the time taken by the wavefront AB to travel
(2 mark) [July 2018] the distance BC strikes the surface XY at C, then the
Ans:- It is the phenomenon in which the vibrations of distance BC= v1 t
light wave are restricted to one plane perpendicular During the same time t, refracted wavefront travel a
to the direction of propagation. Plane polarized light distance
produced by AD = v2t
Ans:- (1) scattering of light (2) reflection of light Let i and r be the angles of incidence and refraction
5. Using Huygens principle, show that the angle of respectively.
incidence is equal to angle of reflection during a BC
plane wave front reflected by a plane surface. From triangle ABC, sin i  ..........1
AC
[June 2019, March 2020]
AD
Using Huygen's principle, show that the angle of From triangle ADC, sin r  .......... 2 
AC
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, when
a plane wavefront is reflected by a plane surface. 1  sin i  BC / AC  BC
[May 2022, Aug 2022]  2 sin r AD / AC AD
Ans:- sin i v1t

sin r v2t
sin i v1t
  n21 =constant
sin r v2
This proves Snell’s law of refraction.
7. Explain Young’s double-slit experiment.
[July 2015]
Consider a plane wave AB incident at an angle i on a
reflecting surface MN. Let ‘v’ be the speed of the

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 This is known as Brewster’s law.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Obtain the expression for the fringe width in the
case of interference of the light wave.
Light from a monochromatic source is incident on a [March 2014, July 2014, March 2020, Sept 2020]
narrow slit S. S1 and S2 are two narrow slits at equal Derive an expression for the fringe width of
distance from S. Wavefront from S incident on two interference fringes in the double slit
narrow slits S1 and S2. S1 and S2 then behaves like experiment. [June 2019]
two coherent sources. Wavefronts emerging from S1 Ans:-
and S2 interfere with each other and produces the
alternative bright and dark fringes on a screen.
Constructive interference produces bright fringe and
destructive interference produces dark fringe.
8. Write any three differences between interference
and diffraction. [July 2017]
Interference Diffraction
Interference is the result Diffraction is the result of Consider A and B are two narrow slits separated by
of superposition of two superposition of a small distance d. Screen placed at a distance D
waves coming from two secondary waves coming from slits A and B. A point P on the screen at
coherent sources. from different parts of the distance x from the center O.
same wavefront.
The path difference, x  BP  AP..........1
All bright and dark Diffraction fringes have
fringes are of equal unequal width. From triangle BNP,
width. 2
 d
All bright fringes are of Intensity of bright fringes BP 2  BN 2  NP 2  D 2   x   .........  2 
same intensity. decreases as we move  2
away from central bright From triangle AMP,
fringe.  d
2

The dark fringes are The dark fringes are not AP 2  AM 2  AMP 2  D 2   x   .........  3
perfectly dark. perfectly dark.  2
 2    3 
9. Derive the expression for Brewster’s law of
  d  
2
 d 
2
polarisation of light. BP 2  AP 2   D 2   x      D 2   x   
  2     2  
 BP  AP  BP  AP   2 xd
2xd
 BP  AP  
 BP  AP 
2xd
x  [From equ(1)]
 BP  AP 
If x<< D and d << D, then BP+AP=2D
2 xd
In the fig, the ray light AO is incident on interface x 
2D
XY at the angle of incidence p , so that reflected ray
xd
OB is completely plane polarised. The reflected ray x 
D
and the refracted ray are perpendicular to each other.
For bright fringes, x  n
Using Snell’s law, n1 sin  p  n2 sin r........1
xd
 n
From Fig, r   p  90 or r  90 -  p D
1  n1 sin  p  n2 sin  90   p  x
n D
where n= 0,1,2,3,……
d
n2 sin  p sin  p
  The position of two successive bright fringe are
n1 sin  90   p  cos p D
For n=1, x1 
 n21  tan  p d

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 2 D 𝑋𝑛1 =
𝑛 1 𝜆1 𝐷
---› (1) & 𝑋𝑛2 =
𝑛 2 𝜆2 𝐷
---› (2)
For n=2, x2  𝑑 𝑑
d Given, 𝑋𝑛1 = 𝑋𝑛2
Fringe width    is the separation between two 𝑛 1 𝜆1 𝐷 𝑛 2 𝜆2 𝐷
∴ =
𝑑 𝑑
successive bright or dark fringes 𝑛1 𝜆 5600×10 −10 56 4
  x2  x1 𝑛2
= 𝜆1 = = =
4200×10−10 42 3
2

2 D  D 𝑛1 = 4 and 𝑛2 = 3
 
d d
4×4200×10−10 ×1.5
D (1) ⇒ 𝑋𝑛1 =
 0.3×10−3
d −7
𝑋𝑛1 = 84000× 10 mz
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS: ⇒ 𝑋𝑛1 = 𝑋𝑛2 = 8.4 × 10−3m
1. In a young’s double slit experiment the distance
3. In Young’s double slit experiment, fringes of
between the slit is 1mm. the fringe width is found
certain width are produced on the screen kept at
to be 0.6mm. when the screen is moved through a
a certain distance from the slits. When the screen
distance of 0.25m away from the plane of the slit,
is moved away from the slits by 0.1m, the fringe
the fringe width becomes 0.75mm. Find the
width increases by 6 x 10-5m. The separation
wavelength of the light used. [M- 2015]
between the slits is 1mm. Calculate the
Ans:- Given:
wavelength of the light used. [March 2016]
d = 1mm = 1 × 10−3m,
Ans:- Given:
𝛽1 = 0.6mm = 0.6 × 10−3m, 𝐷2 = (𝐷1+ 0.25)m
Initial fringe width = 𝛽1
𝛽2 = 0.75mm = 0.75 × 10−3m, 𝜆 = ?
Final fringe width = 𝛽2 = (𝛽1 +6× 10−5)
Solution:-
𝜆𝐷 Initial distance = 𝐷1
We have 𝛽 = 𝑑 Final distance, 𝐷2 = (𝐷1+0.1)m
𝜆𝐷1 𝜆𝐷2
𝛽1 = ------› (1) and 𝛽2 = ------› (2) d = 1mm = 1× 10−3m, λ = ?
𝑑 𝑑
(1) 𝛽1 𝜆𝐷 /𝑑 𝐷1 Solution:-
(2)
⇒ 𝛽2
= 𝜆𝐷1 /𝑑 = (𝐷 +0.25) 𝜆𝐷
2 1 Required formula, 𝛽 = 𝑑
0.6×10−3 𝐷1
∴ = 𝜆𝐷1 𝜆𝐷2
0.75×10−3 (𝐷1 +0.25) 𝛽1 = 𝑑
-------› (1) and 𝛽2 = 𝑑
-------› (2)
0.8(𝐷1+ 0.25) = 𝐷1 𝜆(𝐷1 +0.1)
0.8𝐷1+ 0.2 = 𝐷1 (2) ⇒ 𝛽1 + 6× 10−5 = 𝑑
𝜆𝐷1 −5 𝜆(𝐷1 +0.1)
0.2 = 𝐷1- 0.8𝐷1 + 6× 10 =
𝑑 𝑑
0.2 = 𝐷1(1 – 0.8) 𝜆𝐷1 −5 𝜆𝐷1 𝜆(0.1)
+ 6× 10 = 𝑑 + 𝑑
0.2 = 0.2 𝐷1 ⇒ 𝐷1 = 1m 𝑑
𝜆(0.1)
6× 10−5 = 𝑑
Substitute the value of 𝐷1, 𝛽1 , and d in the equation (1), 𝑑×6×10−5
𝜆×1
λ= 0.1
(1) ⇒ 0.6 × 10−3 = 1×10−3 ⇒ λ = 0.6 × 10−6m 1×10−3 ×6×10−5
λ= 0.1
⇒ λ = 60 × 10−8m
2. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 4. In Young’s double slit experiment while using a
4200 Å and 5600 Å is used to obtain interference source of light of wavelength 4500 Å, the fringe
fringes in Young's double slit experiment. The width is 5mm. If the distance between the screen
distance between the slits is 0.3mm and the and the plane of the slits is reduced to half, what
distance between the slits and the screen is 1.5m. should be the wavelength of light to get fringe
Compute the least distance of the point from the width of 4mm? [July 2016]
central maximum, where the bright fringes due to
Ans:- Given:
both the wavelengths coincide. [July 2015]
−10 𝜆1 = 4500A° = 4500× 10−10 m,
Ans:- Given: 𝜆1 = 4200A° = 4200× 10 m,
𝛽1 = 5mm = 5× 10−3m,
𝜆2 = 5600A° = 5600× 10−10m
𝐷2 = 𝐷1/2, 𝜆2 = ?, 𝛽2 = 4mm = 4× 10−3m.
d = 0.3mm = 0.3 × 10−10m, D = 1.5m
Solution:-
The distance of nth bright fringe from the central fringe is 𝜆𝐷
given by, Required formula, 𝛽 = 𝑑
𝑛𝜆𝐷 𝜆1 𝐷1 𝜆2 𝐷2
𝑋𝑛 = 𝛽1 = 𝑑
------› (1) and 𝛽2 = 𝑑
𝑑

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 (1) 𝛽 𝜆 𝐷 /𝑑 𝛽
⇒ 𝛽1 = 𝜆1 𝐷1 /𝑑 = 𝛽1 = 𝜆1 𝐷1
𝜆 𝐷 d = 0.28mm = 0.28× 10−3m.
(2) 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐷1 = 1.4m
5×10−3 4500× 10−10 ×𝐷1
= For 5TH dark fringe n = 4
4×10−3 𝜆2 𝐷1 /2
5 9000× 10−10 ∴ 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥4 = 1.35cm = 1.35 × 10−2m.
=
4 𝜆2 λ= ?
4×9000× 10−10
𝜆2 = Second part
5
𝛽 = ? 𝐷2 = (1.4 – 0.4) = 1m
𝜆2 = 7200× 10−10m First part: to find λ
𝛿𝑥 𝐷
We have 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑑
5. Light of wavelength 6000 Å is used to obtain (2𝑛+1)𝜆
interference fringes of width 6mm in a Young’s For dark fringes, 𝛿𝑥 =
2
double slit experiment. Calculate the wavelength (2𝑛+1)𝜆 𝐷
(1) ⇒ 𝑥𝑛 =
2𝑑
of the light required to obtain fringe of width (2×4+1)𝜆 ×1.4
4mm when the distance between the screen and ⇒ 1.35 × 10−2 = 2×0.28×10−3
slits is reduced to half of its initial value? 12.6𝜆
1.35 × 10−2 = 0.56×10−3
[March 2017] 1.35 × 10−2 ×0.56×10−3
𝜆𝐷 λ=
Ans:- 𝛽 = 12.6
𝑑 −5
λ = 0.06× 10 m
𝜆1 𝐷1 𝜆2 𝐷2
𝛽1 = 𝛽2 = Second part: to find 𝛽
𝑑 𝑑
𝛽1 𝜆1 𝐷1 𝜆𝐷
=𝜆 We have 𝛽 = 𝑑
𝛽2 2 𝐷2
𝜆𝐷2 0.06× 10−5 ×1
Substitution and simplification ⇒𝛽= = = 0.2142 × 10−2m
𝑑 0.28×10−3
Arriving upto 𝜆2 = 8000Å 8. In a Young’s double slit experiment wave length
(Alternate correct method should be considered) of light used is 5000 Å and distance between the
6. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the distance slits is 2 mm, distance of screen from the slits is
between the slits is 0.5mm. When the screen is 1m. Find fringe width and also calculate the
kept at a distance of 100cm from the slits, the distance of 7th dark fringe from central bright
distance of 9th bright fringe from the centre of the fringe. [March 2019]
fringe system is 8.835mm. Find the wavelength of Ans:- Given:
light used. [July 2017] λ = 5000A°, d = 2mm = 2×10−3m,
Ans:- Given: D = 1m, 𝛽 = ? 𝑋𝑛 = ?
d = 0.5mm = 0.5× 10−3m, D = 100cm = 1m Solution:-
9𝛽 = 8.835mm = 8.835× 10−3m, λ = ?. 𝛽=
𝜆𝐷
𝑑
Solution:-
5000×10−10 ×1
To find 𝛽. Given 9𝛽 = 8.835× 10−3m 𝛽= 2×10−3
8.835× 10−3
⇒𝛽 = = 0.9816 × 10−3m 𝛽 = 2.5×10−7m
9
𝜆𝐷 𝛽𝑑 𝜆𝐷 (2𝑛+1)
To find λ 𝛽= 𝑑 ⇒λ= 𝐷 𝑥𝑛 = (2n + 1) 2𝑑 = 2
𝛽
0.9816× 10−3 ×0.5× 10−3 (2×6+1) −7
⇒λ= 𝑥𝑛 = 2
× 2.5 × 10
1
𝑥𝑛 = 1.625 ×10−7m
λ = 0.4908× 10−6m 9. Two slits separated by 1 mm in Young's double
slit experiment are illuminated by the violet light
7. In Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are of the wavelength 400 nm. The interference
separated by 0.28mm and the screen is placed at a fringes are obtained on the screen placed at 1 m
distance of 1.4m away from the slits. The distance from the slits. Find the fringe width. If the violet
between the central bright fringe and the fifth light is replaced by the red light of the wavelength
dark fringe is measured to be 1.35cm. Calculate 700 nm, find the percentage change in fringe
the wavelength of the light used. Also find the width. [May 2022]
fringe width if the screen is moved 0.4m towards 𝜆𝐷
Ans:- Formula for fringe width: 𝛽 = 𝑑
the slits for the same experimental setup.
[March 2018] Sub, simple and answer with appropriate unit: 𝛽 =
400×10−9 ×1
Ans:- Given: = 400 × 10−6 = 0.4𝑚𝑚
1×10−3

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 𝜆ʹ𝐷
Fringe width when light is replaced: 𝛽ʹ = 𝑑
or
𝜆ʹ
𝛽=𝛽× 𝜆
700×10−9 ×1
New fringe width: 𝛽ʹ = = 700 × 10−6 =
1×10−3
700
0.7𝑚𝑚 or 𝛽ʹ = 0.4𝑚𝑚 × 400 = 0.7𝑚𝑚
𝛽ʹ−𝛽
Percentage change in fringe width = 𝛽 × 100 =
0.7−0.4
× 100 = 75%
0.4
10. In Young's double slit experiment, fringes of
certain width are produced on the screen kept at
a certain distance from the slits. When the screen
is moved away from the slits by 0.1m, fringe
width increases by 6 x 10-5m. The separation
between the slits is 1mm, calculate the wavelength
of light used. [Aug 2022]
Ans:- 𝑑 = 1 × 10−3 𝑚, 𝐷1 = (𝐷 + 0.1), (𝛽1 = (𝛽 +
6 × 10−5 ))
𝜆𝐷
𝛽= …….(1)
𝑑
𝜆𝐷1
𝛽1 = ……(2)
𝑑
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
𝛽1 𝐷1 𝐷+0.1
= =
𝛽 𝐷 𝐷
𝛽+6×10−5 𝐷+0.1
=
𝛽 𝐷
−4
𝐵 = 6 × 10 𝐷
Using equation (1)
𝜆𝐷
6×10−4 𝐷= −3
10 }
𝜆=6×10−7 𝑚
******************END*******************

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 11 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: 5. An alpha particle, a proton and an electron are
1. What is the rest mass of photon ? [June 2019] moving with equal kinetic energy. Which one of
Ans:-Zero these particles has the longest de Broglie
2. What is the conclusion of Davisson and Germer wavelength? Give reason. [March 2020]
experiment on the nature of electron? Ans:-An electron has the longest de Broglie wavelength.
[March 2014, March 2017] de Broglie wavelength of moving particle,
Ans:-Wave nature of moving electron. h

3. How does the stopping potential of a 2mK
photosensitive material vary with intensity of It is because mass of an electron is less than mass
incident radiation? of a proton and an alpha particle
Ans:-Stopping potential does not change with intensity 6. What are de Broglie waves? Name an experiment
of incident radiation. which verified the wave nature of electrons.
[May 2022]
TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
Ans:-The wave associated with moving particles of
1. Define (i) Photoelectric work function
matter is called matter wave or di-broglie wave.
(ii) electron volt (eV). [July 2016]
Davisson and Germer experiment verifies the
Ans:- (i) Photoelectric work function: The minimum
photo energy required by an electron to escape from wave nature of electrons.
the metal surface is called work function. THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
(ii) Electron volt (eV): Electron volt is the energy
gained by an electron when it is accelerated 1. Name the three types of electron emission.
through a potential difference. [June 2019]
2. What are de-broglie waves? How does the de- Write any two types of electron emission.
[2 mark] [March 2014]
broglie wavelength vary with momentum of
moving particle. [July 2017] Mention any one type of electron emission.
Ans:-The wave associated with moving particles of [1 mark] [March 2019]
matter is called de-broglie wave or matter wave. Ans:-
de-broglie wavelength increases with decrease in 1. Thermionic emission
2. Photoelectric emission
momentum of the moving particle.
3. Field emission
3. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength
of electrons in terms of electric potential and 2. What are matter waves? Write the expression for
explain the terms used. [March 2019] de-broglie wavelength of a particle and explain
the terms. [July 2016]
h
Ans:-de-Broglie wavelength of electron,   Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of
2mqV a particle. [1 mark][March 2017]
Where, h - Planck’s constant Ans:-The wave associated with moving particles of
m - mass of electron matter is called matter wave or di-broglie wave.
V - accelerating potential The expression for de-broglie wavelength of a
e - charge of electron. h
particle is  
4. Write the expression for de-Broglie wavelength of p
a charged particle and explain the terms.
Where,  - wave length of a moving particle,
[Aug 2022]
p = mv – momentum of the particle,
Ans:- de-Broglie wavelength of charged particle,
h – planck’s constant.
h
 3. Define work function. Write Einstein‟s
2mK photoelectric equation and explain the terms.
Where, h - Planck’s constant [March 2020]
m - mass of charged particle Ans:- The minimum energy required to eject an electron
V - accelerating potential from the metal surface is called work function.
q - charge of charged particle. Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect is
K max  hv  0

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Where, K max - maximum kinetic energy of emitted become negative. This has no physical meaning.
photoelectron So photoelectric emission does not occur below
h v- energy of incident light the threshold frequency ( v0 ).
h - Plank’s constant 3. If v  v0 then Kmax depends linearly on v
v- frequency of incident light
 Kmax  h  v  v0  The kinetic energy of
0 - work function.
4. Give three characteristics of photons. photoelectrons increases with the frequency V.
[March 2014] 4. Photoelectric effect is instantaneous process
Ans:- 1. Photons are electrically neutral. because the collision between a photon and an
2. Photons travel with a speed of light. electron can be considered as the elastic collision
3. The energy of photon depends only on the between two micro particles, which results in
frequency of the radiation and not on its instantaneous transfer of energy.
intensity. 3. Explain Hallwach‟s and Lenard‟s observations
4. The rest mass of a photon is zero. on photoelectric effect. Define (a) work function
(b) threshold frequency (c) stopping potential.
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: [July 2015]
Define the terms (a) work function (b) threshold
1. Write the experimental observations of frequency (c) stopping potential.
photoelectric effect. [March 2016, Sept 2020] [3mark][July 2017]
Ans:- Hallwach’s observation: zinc plate lost its charge
Write any three experimental observations of
when it was illuminated by uv light. The
photoelectric effect.
[3 mark] [March 2017, July 2018, March 2019] uncharged zinc plates becomes positively charged
Define photoelectric work function. Write the when uv light incident on it. Hallwach concluded36
four experimental observations of photoelectric that negatively charged particles emitted from zinc
effect. [May 2022] plate.
Ans:- (i) Photoelectric work function: The minimum Lenard‟s observation: when uv radiations were
photo energy required by an electron to escape allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated
from the metal surface is called work function. glass tube enclosing two electrodes, a current flows
Experimental observations of photoelectric effect: in the circuit. When uv radiation stopped, the
1. For a given photosensitive material and above current flow stopped.
threshold frequency, the photoelectric current is (a) Work function: The minimum energy required
directly proportional to the intensity of incident by an electron to escape from metal surface is
light. called work function.
2. For a given photosensitive material and above (b) Threshold frequency: The minimum frequency
threshold frequency, saturation current is of incident light below which no emission of
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation electrons from metal surface is called threshold
and stopping potential is independent of its frequency.
intensity. (c) Stopping potential: The minimum negative
3. For a given photosensitive material, there exists a potential of the anode at which photocurrent
certain minimum cut-off frequency (threshold becomes zero is called stopping potential.
frequency), below which no emission of FIVE MARK PROBLEMS:
photoelectrons takes place. Above the threshold 1. The work function of a cesium metal is 2.14 eV.
frequency, the stopping potential (or maximum When light of frequency 6×1014 Hz is incident on
kinetic energy) increases linearly with the the metal surface photoemission of electrons
frequency of the incident radiation. occurs. Find (a) energy of incident photons and
4. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous (b) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons.
process. Given Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 ×10-34Js,
2. Write Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect.
1eV = 1.6 × 10-19J. [J- 2014]
Give Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric
effect. [March 2015] Given:
Ans:- Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect is W = 2.14 eV, ν = 6×1014 Hz
K max  hv  0  hv  hv0 E = ?, KEmax = ? h = 6.63 ×10-34Js,
Einstein‟s explanation of photoelectric effect: 1eV = 1.6 × 10-19J.
1. The intensity of radiation increases means the
number of photons striking the metal surface per Solution:-
unit time increases. As each photon eject one To calculate E
electron, so that the number of ejected E = h ν = 6.63 × 10−34 × 6 × 1014
photoelectrons increases with the increase in E = 39.78× 10-20J
intensity of incident radiation.
39.78× 10−20
2. If v  v0 , the kinetic energy of photoelectrons E=( 1.6×10−19
)eV ⇒ E = 2.4862eV

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To calculate KEmax 𝑣 = 2 × 10−5 𝑚𝑠 −1
E = W + KEmax λ=?
de-Broglie wavelength
KEmax = E – W ℎ 6.625×10−34
𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 = 9.11×10−31 ×2×10−3
KEmax = 2.4862 – 2.14
𝜆 = 3.636 × 10−9 𝑚.
KEmax = 0.3462eV 4. Light of frequency 𝟕. 𝟐𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒛 is incident on
a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum speed
2. Light of frequency 8.41x1014Hz is incident on a of 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 are ejected from the surface.
What is the threshold frequency for photo
metal surface. Electrons with their maximum
emission of electrons? Also find the work function
speed of 7.5x105ms-1 are ejected from the of the metal in electron volt (ev).
surface. Calculate the threshold frequency for the Given: Planck's constant h = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔.
photo emission of electrons. Also find the work Mass of electron 𝒎𝟎 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈.
function of the metal in eV. Given h = 6.625 x10-34 [Aug 2022]
Js and mass of the electron = 9.1x10-31kg. Ans:- 𝛾 = 7.2 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
[M – 2018] 𝑣 = 6 × 105 𝑚𝑠 −1
14
Given: v = 8.41×10 Hz, 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7.5×10 m/s 5 ℎ = 6.625 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠
ν𝑜 = ?, W = ?. 𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
𝐸 = ℎ𝛾 = 6.625 × 10−34 × 7.21 × 1014
Solution:-
= 47.76 × 10−20 𝐽
To find the energy of the photon
= 4.776 × 10−19 𝐽
E=hν 1
Maximum 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2
E = 6.625× 10−34×8.41× 1014 1
2
= 2 × 9.1 × 10−31 × (6 × 105 )2
E = 55.7162 × 10−20 J
1
55.7162 × 10−20 = 2 × 9.1 × 10−31 × 36 × 1010
E= 1.6×10−19
eV
327.6×1021
E = 34.8226 × 10 eV −1 =
2
Or = 163.8 × 10−21 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 1.638 × 1019
E = 3.4822eV OR
𝑊 = ℎ𝑣 − (𝐾. 𝐸)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (4.776 − 1.638) × 10−19
To find the kinetic energy
1 = 3.138 × 10−19 𝐽
KEmax = 𝑚𝑣 2 max ℎ𝛾0 = 3.138 × 10−19 𝐽
2
1 3.138×10−19
KEmax = × 9.1 × 10−31 ×(7.5× 105 )2 𝛾0 = 6.625×10−34
2
KEmax = 255.9375× 10−21 J = 0.4736 × 1015 𝐻𝑧
255.9375× 10−21 = 4.736 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
KEmax = 1.6×10−19
eV 3.138×10−19
𝑊 = 1.6×10−19
−2
KEmax = 159.96 × 10 eV = 1.9612 𝑒𝑉
Or
KEmax = 1.5996 eV ******************END*******************
To find the work function
E = W + KEmax
W = E - KEmax
W = 3.4822 – 1.5996
W = 1.8826eV
To find the ν𝑜
W = h ν𝑜
𝑊 1.8826eV
ν𝑜 = ℎ
= 6.625×10−34
(1.8826×1.6×10−19 )𝐽
= 6.625×10−34
ν𝑜 = 0.4556 × 1015 Hz
3. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength associated with
an electron moving with a speed of 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 .
Given: h = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱𝒔. 𝒎𝟎 = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟏 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝒈 (2 mark) [J-2018]
Ans:- Given ℎ = 6.625 × 10−34 𝐽𝑠
𝑚𝑒 = 9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 12 ATOMS
THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
ONE MARK QUESTIONS: 1. Derive an expression for velocity of electron
1. Name the spectral series of hydrogen which revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen atom.
lies in the ultraviolet region of electromagnetic
spectrum.
[March 2015]
Ans:- Lyman series.
2. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in
the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum.
[July15]
Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom
which lies in the visible region of Ans:- Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e
electromagnetic spectrum. [June 2019] revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a
Ans:- Balmer series. circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v.
3. Write the expression for energy of an electron According Bohr’s quantized condition,
in electron orbit of hydrogen atom. nh
mvr 
[March 2019] 2
e4 m Velocity of electron in nth orbit is
Ans:- En  
8 02 h 2 n 2 vn 
nh
     (1)
4. What is meant by the ionisation energy of an 2 mrn
atom? [May 2022] The radius of nth orbit is
Ans:- The minimum energy required to remove an n 2 h 2
rn  2 0      (2)
electron from the atom. Ze  m
5. Define Impact parameter. [Aug 2022] Substituting equ (2) in (1), we get
Ans:- The impact parameter is the perpendicular nh
distance of the initial velocity vector of the   vn 
 n 2 h 2 
particle from the centre of the nucleus. 2 m  2 0 
6. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom in  Ze  m 
the infrared region of electromagnetic Ze2
vn 
spectrum. 2 0 nh
Ans:- Paschen series, Brackett series and Pfund series. For hydrogen atom Z=1,
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: e2
1. Draw the diagram representing the schematic vn 
2 0 nh
arrangement of Geiger-Marsden experimental
setup for the alpha particle scattering 2. Give de Broglie‟s explanation of Bohr‟s second
(Rutherford alpha scattering experiment). postulate.
[March2018,May2022]

Ans:- According to de Broglie hypothesis, orbiting

electron around the nucleus of an atom is associated
with a standing wave. Waves with other
wavelengths interfere with themselves upon
reflection and their amplitudes quickly drop to zero.

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 For an electron moving in nth circular orbit of
radius rn, the total distance is the circumference of
the orbit = 2 rn
Thus 2 rn  n
h
de Broglie wavelength,  
mv
h Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e
2 rn  n
mv revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a
h circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v.
mvrn  n According to Bohr’s postulates,
2
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: centripetal force = electrostatic force of attraction
mv 2 1  Ze  e 

1. Write three postulates of Bohr. Mention two r 4 0 r2
limitations of Bohr atom model. 1 Ze2
[March 2014] mv 2 
4 0 r
State Bohr’s postulates of the hydrogen atom
model. The kinetic energy of electron in the nth orbit is
[3 mark][March 2018, July 2015] 1 Ze2
K n  mv 2
Write the three postulates of Bohr‟s atomic 2 8 0 r
model. [3 mark][March 2019] The potential energy of electron in the nth orbit is
Write the three postulates of Bohr model of the 1  Ze  e  Ze 2
hydrogen atom. [May 2022] Un  
4 0 r 4 0 r
Write the Limitations of Bohr's atomic model.
[2 mark][Sept2020] The total energy of the electron in the nth orbit is
Ans:- Bohr’s postulates: En  K n  U n
1. An electron can revolve around nucleus in Ze2 Ze2
En  
certain stable circular orbits without the emission 8 0 r 4 0 r
of energy. These are called the states of the atom. Ze2
2. An electron can revolve only in those orbits in En  
which its angular momentum is an integral 8 0 r
h h The radius of nth orbit is
multiple of i.e. L  n . h-planck’s constant. n 2 h 2
2 2 r 2 0
3. An electron can jump from higher energy (E2) Ze  m
orbit to lower energy (E1) orbit. In this process a Ze2
En  
photon is emitted having energy equal to the  n 2 h 2 
energy difference between the initial and final 8 0  2 0 
 Ze  m 
states. i.e. h  E2  E1
Z 2e4 m
Limitations: En  
1. It is applicable to hydrogen atom. It can’t be 8 02 h 2 n 2
extend to two or more electron atoms.
2. It does not explain the relative intensities of the For hydrogen atom Z=1,
frequencies in the spectrum. e4 m
En   2 2 2
2. Derive an expression for total energy of an 8 0 h n
electron in stationary state of hydrogen atom 3. Using Bohr’s postulates derive the expression
assuming the expression for the radius. for the radius of nth stationary orbit of electron
[July 2014, July 2016, July 2017] in hydrogen atom. Hence write the expression
Assuming the expression for radius of the orbit, for Bohr radius. [March 2020]
derive an expression for the total energy of an By assuming Bohr’s postulates, derive an
electron in stationary state of the hydrogen expression for radius of nth stationary orbit of
atom. [July 2018] electron revolving round the nucleus of
Derive an expression for the energy of an hydrogen atom.
electron in nth stationary orbit of hydrogen atom [3 mark][March 2015, Sept 2020]
by assuming the expression for the radius.
[June2019]
Ans:-

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 1 1 1
𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
= R[4 − 9]
1 9−4
𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
= R[ 36 ]
1 5
𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
= R[36]
1 36
𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
= 5𝑅
1 36
= 5×1.097×107
Consider an electron of mass m, charge –e 𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡
revolving round the nucleus of charge +Ze in a
circular orbit of radius r with an orbital velocity v. 𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 6.5633× 107 m
According to Bohr’s postulates, For last line in the Balmer series,
centripetal force = electrostatic force of attraction λ = 𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 , 𝑛1 = 2, 𝑛2 = ∞
1 Ze2 1 1 1
mvrn  (1) ⇒𝜆 = R[22 − ∞]
4 0 r 2 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
1 1
1 Ze2 = R[ ]
r ........ 1 𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 4
4 0 mv 2 1
=
4
𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑅
Using Bohr’s quantized condition 1 4
nh =
𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 1.097×107
mvr 
2 𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 3.6463× 10−7m
nh
v ....... 2 
2 mr 2. The first member of the Balmer series of
Substituting equ (2) in (1), we get hydrogen atom has wavelength of 6563Å,
1 Ze 2 1 Ze 2 4 2 m 2 r 2 calculate the wavelength and frequency of the
r 
4 0  nh  2 4 0 mn 2 h 2 second member of the same series. Given; C =
m  3x108ms-1. [M- 2017, PU B MP-1, AUG-2022]
 2 mr  Given: 𝜆1 = 6563A° = 6563× 10−10 m, 𝜆2 = ? f2 = ?
Ze 2 m 2 Balmer formula is given by
r r
 0 n2 h2 Solution:-
n 2 h 2 0 1 1 1
= R[𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ] ------› (1)
r 𝜆
Ze2 m 1 2
To find 𝜆2 ,
Radius of nth orbit
For second line in the Balmer series,
n 2 h 2
rn   2 0 λ = 𝜆2 , 𝑛1 = 2, 𝑛2 = 4
Ze  m 1 1 1
For hydrogen atom Z=1, (1) ⇒ 𝜆 = R[22 − 42 ]
2
n 2 h 2 1 1 1
rn  2 0 = R[4 − 16]
e m 𝜆2
1 16−4
Bohr Radius is the radius of first orbit of hydrogen = R[ ]
𝜆2 64
atom i.e, n=1 1 12
h 2 𝜆2
= R[64]
Bohr Radius, ao  2 0
e m 64
𝜆2 = 12𝑅
FIVE MARK PROBLEMS:
We know that R = 1.097 × 107 m−1 .
1. Calculate the shortest and longest wavelength of 64
Balmer series of hydrogen atom. ∴ 𝜆2 = 12×1.097×107
Given R = 1.097 x107m-1 [M – 2016] 𝜆2 = 4.8617 × 10−7m
Given:
𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 = ? 𝜆𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = ? R = 1.097 × 107 m−1. To find f2
Solution:- c=fλ
Balmer formula is given by, ⇒c = f2 𝜆2
1 1 1 𝑐 3×108
𝜆
= R[𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ] ------› (1) ⇒ f2 = 𝜆 = 4.8617 × 10−7
1 2 2
For first line in the Balmer series, ⇒f2 = 0.6170 × 1015 Hz
λ = 𝜆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 , 𝑛1 = 2, 𝑛2 = 3
1 1 1 ******************END*******************
(1) ⇒ 𝜆 = R[22 − 32 ]
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 60 of 70

 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 13 NUCLEI
11. How is the radius of the nucleus of an atom
One Mark Questions [8M] related to its mass number?
1. What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two Ans:- R  Ro A1/3
nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio 1:3?
[July 2016] 12. How does the nuclear density depend on the size
Ans:- One (because nuclear density is constant and it is of the nucleus?
independent of A) Ans:- Nuclear density is independent of the size of the
nucleus.
2. Define specific binding energy.
[March 2015] 13. What is nuclear force?
Ans:- The binding energy per nucleon (or specific Ans:- It is the strongest attractive force that holds the
binding energy) is the average energy per nucleon nucleons together with in the nucleus.
needed separate nuclons from the nucleus. (or) It is
the ratio of binding energy of the nucleus to the TWO MARK QUESTIONS:
number of nucleons in that nucleus. 1. What are isotopes and isobars? [March 2016]
3. Write the SI unit of radio activity. What are isotopes?
[March17, July15] [1 mark][July 2014, June 2019]
Name the SI unit of active [Sept 2020, Aug What are isobars? Give example. [Aug 2022]
2022] Ans:- becquerel (Bq). What are isotopes and isobars? Give one example.
Ans:- Isotopes: The atoms having the same atomic
4. In the following nuclear reaction, identify the
number but different mass number are called
particle X. n  p  e  X [March 2016]
isotopes.
Ans:- X is antinutrino  v  Ex: Isotopes of hydrogen are 1 H 1 , 1H 2 ,1 H 2 and 1H 3
5. The decay of proton to neutron is possible only Isobars: The atoms having the same mass number
inside the nucleus. Why? [March 2018] but different atomic number are called isobars.
Ans:- The decay of proton to neutron is possible only Ex: 1 H 2 and 2 He3
inside the nucleus because proton is smaller than
2. What are isotones? Give one example?
neutron.
Ans:- These are the nuclei having same neutron number
6. Write the relation between Half-Life and Mean but different atomic number.
Life of radioactive element. [March 2019]
Ex: 1 H 3 and 2 He4
Ans:- T1/2   ln 2  0.693
3. Define atomic mass unit. Write the value of 1
7. 92 U 238 undergoes alpha decay giving rise to atomic mass unit in kilogram.
thorium. What is the mass number of daughter Ans:- Atomic mass unit (u) is defined as 1/12th of the
nuclide? [July 2018] mass of the carbon (12C) atom.
Ans:- Mass number of daughter nuclide (thorium) is 234. 1u =1.660539 × 10-27 kg
8. Write the nuclear reaction equation for alpha 4. Define mass defect. Give the equation of mass
decay of 92 U 238 [March 2020] defect.
Ans:- 238
U 90
234
Th 42 He Ans:- Mass defect is the difference between the sum of
92
masses of nucleons and the actual mass of the
9. Give an example for conversion of mass to energy.
nucleus.
Ans:- Nuclear fusion, Nuclear fission.
Mass defect, m  Zmp  ( A  Z )mn  M
10. Who discovered neutrons?
Ans:- James Chadwick. Where, M- Rest mass of the nucleus
Number of Protons Z each of mass mp ,
Number of neutrons (A – Z) each of mass mn

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THREE MARK QUESTIONS: FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. State any three characteristics of nuclear force. 1. State radioactive decay law. Derive N  N0et
[March 2016, July 2014] for radioactive element. [March 2017]
Write any two characteristics of nuclear forces. Using radioactive decay law, derive N  N0et for
[2 mark] [March 2018]
a radioactive element where the symbols have
Ans:- 1.Nuclear forces are strong attractive forces.
their usual meaning. [Aug 2022]
2.Nuclear forces are charge independent.
State radioactive decay law
3.Nuclear forces are short range forces.
[1 mark][March 2014]
2. Define half life period of a radioactive sample.
Ans:- Statement: The number of nuclei undergoing the
Arrive at the relation between half life and decay
decay per unit time at any instant is directly
constant. [July 2014]
proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei
Derive the expression for the half life of a
present in the sample at that instant.
radioactive nuclide. [March 2018]
N0 - number of radioactive nuclei present at t0 = 0,
Define half life of a radioactive sample.[July2017]
N - number of radioactive nuclei present at t.
Ans:- Definition: The time interval in which one-half of
dN - the number of nuclei undergoing decay in the
the radioactive nuclei originally present in the
small interval dt
sample to disintegrate is called the half life of a
According to radioactive law,
radioactive sample. From radioactive decay law,
dN
N  N0 e t ......... 1 N
dt
When t  T1/2 (Half life of a radioactive substance), dN
   N
N0 dt
then N 
2 Where  is decay constant or disintegration constant
N0 and negative sign shows that the number of
 N0 eT1/2
2 undecayed nuclei decreases with time.
eT1/2  2 dN
  dt
Taking natural logarithm, we get N
T1/ 2  ln 2
N t
dN
ln 2 0.693
Integrating, N 0 N  0  dt
T1/2  
  ln N N
 t
t
N0
3. Define ‘mass defect’ and ‘binding energy’ of a 0

nucleus. Write the relation between them. ln N  ln N0    t  0 

[May 2022] N
 t
Ans:- Mass defect: It is the difference between the sum N0
of masses of nucleons and the actual mass of the
N
nucleus.  e  t
N0
Binding energy: It is the minimum energy required
to separate all the nucleons from the nucleus. N  N 0 e  t
Relation: Eb   m  c 2 or Eb   m  931.5MeV FIVE MARK PROBLEMS:
1. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy
4. Give the differences between nuclear fission and
per nucleon (in MeV) of nitrogen nucleus (7N14)
fusion.
from the following data; Mass of proton =
What are nuclear fission and fusion?
1.00783u, Mass of neutron = 1.00867u and Mass
Fission Fusion
Definition: It is the Definition: It is the of nitrogen nucleus = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝒖. [M-
process of splitting of a process of combining the 2014]
heavy nucleus into two two lighter nuclei to Given:
light nuclei with a form a heavier nucleus Mass of proton mp = 1.00783 u,
release of large amount with a release of large Mass of neutron = mn = 1.00867 u,
of energy. amount of energy. 14
Mass of 7𝑁 nucleus, M = 14.00307 u,
Energy released per Energy released per
nucleon is less nucleon is more Mass number, A = 14, Atomic number, Z = 7
It takes place at all It takes place at high Solution:-
temperatures To find mass defect, ∆m

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 ∆m = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn ] – M = 1.008665u. [J-2019, J-2020]
= [7 × 1.00783 + (14-7) 1.00867]- 14.00307 Ans:- Mass defect
= 7.05481 + 7.06069 – 14.00307 ∆𝑀 = 𝑧𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑀𝑛 − 𝑀(𝐻𝑒)
= 14.1155 – 14.00307 = {2 × 1.007825 + 2 × 1.008662} − 4.00260
∆m = 0.11243 u = {2.01565 + 2.017324} − 4.00260
= 0.030374
To find binding energy (BE) Binding energy of α-particle
B.E = ∆m 𝑐 2 𝐸𝑏 = (∆𝑀)931.5
For mass of 1 u, B. E = 1×931.5MeV = 0.030374 × 931.5
For mass of (∆m) u, = 28.293 𝑀𝑒𝑉
B. E = (∆m ×931.5)MeV Binding energy per nucleon
B. E = (0.11243×931.5)Me V 𝐸𝑏 28.293
𝐸𝑏𝑛 = = = 7.073𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐴 4
B.E = 104.7285 MeV 4. A copper coin has a mass of 63.0g. calculate the
nuclear energy that would be required to separate
To calculate B. E per nucleon all the neutrons and protons form each other. The
𝐵.𝐸 104.7285
= ⇒ 𝐵.𝐸
= 7.4806 MeV coin is entirely made of 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖𝟔𝟑 atoms.
𝐴 14 𝐴
Mass of 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖𝟔𝟑 atom = 62.92960u
2. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy Mass of proton = 1.00727u
per nucleon of oxygen nucleus (8O16 ) using the Mass of neutron = 1.00866u
Avogadro’s number = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 [M-2020]
following data in Mev. Mass of proton =
6.023×1023
1.007825u, mass of neutron = 1.008665u and mass Ans:- 𝑁 = × 63 = 6.023 × 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
63
of oxygen nucleus = 15.995u. [J- 2017] Mass defect, ∆m
Given: ∆m = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn ] – M
Mass of proton mp = 1.007825u,
= 29 × 1.00727 + 34 × 1.00866 − 62.92960
Mass of neutron = mn = 1.008665u, ∆m = 0.5759amu
Mass of 8O16 nucleus, M = 15.995u, 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆m × 931MeV
Mass number, A = 16, Atomic number, Z = 8
= 0.5759 × 931 = 536.1629𝑀𝑒𝑉
Solution:-
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
To find mass defect, ∆m
∆m = [Zmp + (A-Z) mn ] – M 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
= [8× 1.007825+(16 − 8)1.008665]- 15.995 𝐸 × 𝑁 = 536.1629 × 6.023 × 1023
= 8.0626 + 8.06932 – 15.995 = 3229.309 × 1023 𝑀𝑒𝑉
= 16.1392 – 15.995 5. Calculate the binding energy and binding energy
per nucleon of an Alpha (α) particle in MeV from
∆m = 0.13692 u
the following data:
To find binding energy (BE) Mass of α-particle nucleus = 4.00260u.
B.E = ∆m 𝑐 2 Mass of neutron = 1.008662u
For mass of 1 u, B. E = 1×931.5MeV Mass of proton = 1.007825u. [Sept-2020]
For mass of (∆m) u, Ans:- Mass defect
B. E = (∆m ×931.5)MeV ∆𝑀 = 𝑧𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑀𝑛 − 𝑀(𝐻𝑒)
B. E = (0.13692×931.5)Me V = {2 × 1.007825 + 2 × 1.008662} − 4.00260
= {2.01565 + 2.017324} − 4.00260
B.E = 127.54MeV
= 0.030374
Binding energy of α-particle
To calculate B. E per nucleon
𝐵.𝐸 127.54 𝐸𝑏 = (∆𝑀)931.5
= ⇒ 𝐵.𝐸
𝐴 16 𝐴
= 7.9713MeV = 0.030374 × 931.5
= 28.293 𝑀𝑒𝑉
3. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an Binding energy per nucleon
alpha particle from the following data and 𝐸𝑏 28.293
𝐸𝑏𝑛 = = = 7.073 𝑀𝑒𝑉
express it in MeV. Mass of helium nucleus = 𝐴 4

4.00260u. Mass of proton = 1.007825u. mass of

neutron

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 63 of 70

 6. Determine the mass of Na22 which has an activity ∴ 1gram of Radium-226 contains,
of 5mCi. Half life of Na22 is 2.6 years. Avogadro 6.023×1023
N= 226
atoms.
number = 6.023 x 1023 atom. [M- 2015]
N = 0.0266× 1023atoms
Given:
Substitute the value of N in (2)
Mass of 𝑁𝑎22 = ?
𝑎 3.7×1010
Activity, a = 5 mCi = 5 × 10−3Ci (2)⇒ λ = 𝑁 = 0.0266×1023
a = 5 × 10−3× 3.7 × 1010 Bq.
−13
λ = 139.0977
Substitute × 10
the value of λ inper
(1)second
7
a = 18.5 × 10 Bq. (SI unit)
0.693
(1) ⇒ T = 139.0977×10−13
Half life, T = 2.6 year
⇒ T = 0.004982 × 1013 second
T = (2.6×365×24×60×60) second
⇒ T = 4.982× 1010second
T = 81993600 = 8.12× 107 s
Avogadro number = 0.023 × 1023
To find 𝑇𝑚
According to Avogadro’s hypothes 1 1
Mass of 6.203 × 1023 atoms of Na = 22 gram. ⇒ 𝑇𝑚 = =
𝜆 139.0977×10−13
13
Mass of 1 atom of Na =
22
gram ⇒ 𝑇𝑚 = 0.007189 × 10 second
6.203× 1023
⇒ 𝑇 = 7.189 × 1010second
Mass m of N atoms of Na is, 𝑚
22×𝑁
m= 6.203× 1023
gram (1) 8. The activity of radioactive substance 4700 per
To find N based above data minute later the activity is 2700 per minute. Find
𝑎
Activity, a = λ N = N = 𝜆 (2) decay constant and half of radioactive substance.
[J- 2016]
Calculate λ (decay constant)
0.693 0.6963 Given:
λ= =
𝑇 8.12× 107 𝑎𝑜 = 4700 per minute, t = 5 minutes
−7
λ = 0.08534 × 10 persecond A = 2700 per minute, λ = ?, T = ?
18.5×107
(2)⇒ N = To find T (based on given data)
0.08534× 10−7 𝑡
t = n × T ⇒T = 𝑛 ----------›(1)
14
N = 216.7799 × 10 atoms
To find n (number of half lives)
(1)⇒ Mass m of atom of Na is 𝑎𝑜 𝑎𝑜 4700
a- ⇒ 2𝑛 = =
22×216.7799×1014 2𝑛 𝑎 2700
(1)⇒ m = gram 2𝑛 = 1.7407
6.203× 1023
−9 Take log on both sides
m = 768.8469× 10 gram
m = 768.8469× 10−9 ×10−3kg Log(2𝑛 ) = log(1.7407)
m = 768.8469× 10−12 kg N log(2) = log(1.7407)
log(1.7407) 0.2407
m = 7.688469 × 10−12 n= log(2)
= 0.3010
kg n = 0.7996 half lives
7. Calculate the half life and mean life of radium –
226 of activity 1Ci. Given mass of radium 226 is 𝑡 5
(1) ⇒ T = 𝑛 = 0.7996 ⇒ T = 6.25 minutes
1g and 226g of radium consist of 6.023 x1023
atoms. To find λ (decay constant)
0.693 0.693
Given: [J- 2015] λ = 𝑇
⇒λ = 6.25
T = ?, 𝑇𝑚 = ?
λ = 0.11088per minute
a = 1Ci = 1 × 3.71010 Bq = 3.71010 Bq
Mass of Radium-226, m = 1 gram 9. The half life of a radioactive sample 38Sr90 is
226 gm of Radium contains 6.023 × 1023 atoms. 28 years. Calculate the rate of disintegration
To find T
0.693
of 15 mg of this isotope. Given Avogadro’s
T= 𝜆
------› (1) number = 6.023x 1023. [J – 2018]
To calculate λ Given: = 15mg = 15 × 10−3g, R = ?
𝑎
a = λ N ⇒ λ = -------› (2) Half-life, T1⁄ = 28 Years = 28 × 0.54 × 107 s.
𝑁 2
To find N(number of atoms) As 90 g of serium contains 6.023× 1023 atoms, so
226gram of Radium-226 contains, the number of atoms in 15 mg serium,
6.023 × 1023 atoms.

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 6.023×1023 ×15×10−3 per minute per gram of carbon. A specimen
N= 90
found in an archaeological excavation has an
N = 1.0038 × 1020 atoms activity of 1.5 decays per minute per gram of
0.693𝑁
We know that, R = λN = carbon matter. Estimate the age of the specimen.
T1⁄
2
Given: the half-life of carbon (C-14) is 5730 years.
0.693×1.0038×1020
R== = 7.877 × 1010 [May-2022]
28×3.154× 107
0.693
R = 7.877 × 1010 atoms/second Ans:- Formula related to decay constant: 𝑇1/2 = 𝜆
R = 7.877 × 1010 Bq Decay constant: 𝜆 =
0.693
= 1.209 × 10−4 per year
5730
10. Half life of U-238 undergoing 𝜶 – decay is
Formula for activity: 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 OR
4.5 x 109 years. What is the activity of one 2.303 𝑅
𝑡= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( 𝑅0 )
gram of U-238 sample? [M – 2019] 𝜆
−4
9
Given: T1⁄ = 4.5 × 10 years, Sub and simple: 1.5 = 15 × 𝑒 −1.20942×10 𝑡 OR
2 2.303 15
T1⁄ = 4.5×109 ×365×24×60×60s, 𝑡 = 1.209×10−4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (1.5)
2
Estimated age: 𝑡 = 19048 ≅ 19000 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
T1⁄ = 1.41912×1017 s
2 Approximated to 2 SF
A = 238, a = ? Note: Ans between 19000 to 19050 years may be
0.693
λ= considered
T1⁄ 0.693
2
In minutes; 𝜆 = 3.01×109 = 0.230 × 10−9 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.693
λ = 1.41912× 1017 = 4.883× 10−18 𝑠 −1 and 𝑡 = 10.0 × 109 minutes
Number of atoms in 1 g of U238, 0.693
In second; 𝜆 = 3.01×109 = 0.383 × 10−11 𝑠 −1 and
6.023×1023
N= = 2.5306× 1021 𝑡 = 6.01 × 1011 𝑠
238
a = λN ******************END*****************
a = 4.883× 10−18 ×2.5306× 1021
a = 1.235× 104 atoms / s
11. A copper coin has a mass of 63.0g. Calculate the
nuclear energy that would be required to separate
all the neutrons and protons form each other. The
coin is entirely made of 𝟔𝟑
𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖 atoms.
𝟔𝟑
Mass of 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝒖 atom = 62.92960u
Mass of proton = 1.00727u
Mass of neutron = 1.00866u
Avogadro’s number = 6.022× 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 . [M-2020]
Ans:- Number of atom in 63 g of sample is
6.023×1023 ×63
𝑛=
63
23
𝑛 = 6.023 × 10
Mass defection in each atom is
𝛥𝑚 = [𝑍𝑚𝑃 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 ] − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔29 𝐶𝑢63
= [(29 × 1.00727) + (34 × 1.00866)] − 62.926
𝛥𝑚 = [29.21083 + 34.29444] − 62.9260
𝛥𝑚 = 0.579270𝑢
Total mass defect of sample is
(𝛥𝑚) = 𝑁𝐴 × 0.57927 = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.57927
(𝛥𝑚) = 3.4889 × 1023 𝑢
∴Total energy required to separate all the charges is
𝐸 = (𝛥𝑚) × 931𝑀𝑒𝑉
= 3.4889 × 1023 × 931𝑀𝑒𝑉
= 3248.20 × 1023 𝑀𝑒𝑉
12. The normal activity of living carbon (C-14)
containing matter is found to be about 15 decays

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 EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY
KANGRALKAR BUILDING, OPP. SARDAR HIGH SCHOOL GROUND BELGAUM,KARNATAKA 590001
Subject: PUC-II PHYSICS
ANNUAL EXAM QUESTION WITH ANSWER
CHAPTER – 14 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
Ans:- NOR gate is an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. If
One Mark Questions [8M] the inputs A and B both are 0, then output Y is 1.
13. Write the truth table of logic OR gate. Logic symbol :
[March2014]
What is a OR gate? Give its logic symbol.
Ans:- OR gate is a basic gate which produces a high(1)
output if at least any one of the input is high(1).
Logic symbol : Truth table :

Truth table :

19. What is the output of this combination?

[March 2018]

14. Mention any one application of Light Emitting

Diode (LED). [July 2014]
What is LED? Ans:- 1
Ans:- LED’s are used in remote controls, burglar alarm 20. Draw the logic symbol of NOT-gate. [May 2022]
systems, optical communication. What is NOT gate? Write its logic symbol and
LED is a heavily doped p-n junction which emits truth table.
radiation when forward biased. Ans:- NOT gate is a gate which produces a ‘1’ output if
15. Input of NAND gate are A=1, B=0. What is the the input is ‘0’ and vice-versa.
output? [July 2015] Logic symbol :
Ans:- Y  A  B  1  0  1
16. What is a depletion region in a semiconductor
diode? [March 2018] Truth table :
Ans:- The region near the junction consists of ionised
donors on n-side and ionised acceptors on p-side is
called the depletion region or space charge region.
17. Which logic gate is used as inverter? [Sept 2020]
Ans:- NOT gate
18. Draw the logic symbol of NOR gate.
[1 mark][March 2020]
What is NOR gate? Write its logic symbol and 21. Give an example for elemental semiconductor.
truth table. [May 2022]
Ans:- Silicon or Germanium (Si or Ge).
22. Draw the circuit symbol for p-n junction diode.

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 23. In the following circuit, if 𝐴 = 1 and = 1, what is
the value of Y? Name the equivalent logic gate
that this circuit represents.

5. What are the majority and minority charge

Ans:- If 𝐴 = 1 and = 1, then y=0 carriers in n-type semiconductor and p-type
Equivalentlogic gate is NOR gate semiconductor?
TWO MARK QUESTIONS: Ans:- n-type semiconductor: majority charge carriers
1. What are intrinsic semiconductors? Name the are free electrons and minority charge carriers are
element used as a dopant to obtain p-type holes
semiconductor. [July 2015] p-type semiconductor: majority charge carriers are
Ans:- Semiconductor in its purest form is called as an holes and minority charge carriers are free electrons
intrinsic semiconductor. 6. What is forward and reverse bias of diode?
The element used to obtain p-type semiconductor are Ans:- The diode is said to be forward biased when
Boron, Aluminium, indium, Gallium positive terminal of the battery is connected to p-type
2. Write any two advantages of light emitting diode and negative terminal of the battery is connected to
(LED) over conventional incandescent low power n- type semiconductor of the diode. The diode is said
lamps. [July 2018] to be reverse biased when positive terminal of the
Give any two advantages of LEDs over battery is connected to n-type and negative terminal
conventional incandescent low power lamps. of the battery is connected to p- type semiconductor
[May 2022] Write any one advantage of LED of the diode.
[1 mark) [July 2017] 7. What is solar cell? Mention its one use.
Ans:- LED’s are operate at low voltage, consumes less Ans:- A solar cell is a p-n junction which generates emf
power, have long life, operate at very speed. when radiation falls on the p-n junction.
3. What is photo diode? Mention its one use. Uses:
[March 2015] (1) They are used to supply power to satellites and
Ans:- Photo diode is a reverse biased p-n junction diode space vehicles.
which converts incident light energy into photo (2) They are used in calculators.
current. THREE MARK QUESTIONS:
The photodiodes are used as photodetector to detect 1. Give any three difference between n-type and
optical signal (alarm systems, counting systems, cd ptype semiconductors. [July 2014, July
players). 2016, March 2017, March 2018, Aug 2022]
4. Write the logic symbol of AND gate and write its Ans:- Distinguish between n-type and p-type
truth table. [Aug 2022] semiconductors. [2 mark][March 2019]
Write the circuit symbol of AND gate. n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor
[1 mark] [July 2014, July 2017] n-type semiconductor is p-type semiconductor is
formed by doping formed by doping
What is AND gate?
pentavalent impurity to trivalent impurity to the
Ans:- AND gate is a basi gate which produces a high (1) the pure semiconductor. pure semiconductor.
output when all the inputs are high(1). Electrons are majority Holes are majority
Logic symbol : carriers. carriers.
Holes are minority Electrons are minority
carriers. carriers.
Free electron density is Hole density is much
much greater than hole greater than free electron
Truth table : density i.e ne>> nh density i.e nh>> ne
2. What is NAND gate? Write its logic symbol and
truth table. [June 2019]
What is a NAND gate? Give its logic symbol.
[2 mark] [March 2017]
What is the logic symbol and truth table of NAND

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 gate? [2 mark] [March 2016] [July 2015, March 2016, March 2017]
Write the truth table of NAND gate. Explain the working of p-n junction diode as a
[1 mark][July 2016] full wave rectifier with circuit diagram. Give
Ans:- NAND gate is an AND gate followed by a NOT input and output waveform.
gate. If the inputs A and B both are 1, then output Y [March2018, July2014]
is 0. Logic symbol: What is rectifier? With the suitable circuit
diagram, explain the working of p-n junction
diode as a full-wave rectifier. Draw the input and
the output waveforms. [May 2022]
Truth table: Ans:- Rectification: The process of converting ac
into dc is called rectification.
Rectifier: The circuit which ac into dc (pulsating
voltage) is called rectifier.

3. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic

semiconductors. [March 2020]
Give any three differences between intrinsic and
extrinsic semiconductors. [May 2022]
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
It is a pure form of It is a doped
semiconductor. semiconductor.
The number of free The number of free It consists of a centre-tap transformer, two diodes
electrons(ne) is equal to electrons (ne) is not equal (D1 and D2) and load resistor RL.
the number of holes (nh) to the number of hole
During positive half cycle of the input ac, A is
𝑖. 𝑒. ne = nh (nh) 𝑖. 𝑒. ne  nh
positive potential with respect to centre-tap and B is
Electrical conductivity is Electrical conductivity is
negative potential with respect to centre-tap. The
low high
Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased.
depends on temperature. depends on temperature As a result D1 conduct current and D2 does not
and dopants. conduct current. Therefore the output voltage is
developed across RL. During negative half cycle of
4. What are optoelectronic devices? Name any two the input ac, A is negative potential with respect to
optoelectronic devices. [Sept 2020] centre-tap and B is positive potential with respect to
Ans:- These are the p-n junctions in which the charge centre-tap. The diode D2 is forward biased and D1 is
carriers are generated by photons. Optoelectronic reverse biased. As a result D2 conduct current and D1
devices are Photo diode, LED, Solar cell. does not conduct current. Therefore the output
5. Explain Conduction band, Valance band and voltage is developed across RL.
Energy gap in semiconductors. 2. The input and output waveforms are shown in fig.
[March 2019] What is rectification? Describe the circuit
Ans:- In semiconductors, energy gap is finite but diagram the working of a p-n junction diode as
small. It is less than 3eV. Because of small energy half wave rectifier with input and output
gap, at room temperature some electrons from waveform. [June 2019, March 2020]
valance band can acquire enough energy to cross the What is rectification? With relevant circuit
energy gap and enter the conduction band. These diagram and waveforms, explain the working of
electrons (small in number) can move in the p-n junction diode as a half wave rectifier?
conduction band [Aug 2022]
Ans:- Rectification: The process of converting ac into dc
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS: is called rectification.

1. What is rectification? With a relevant circuit

diagram and wave forms, explain the working of
p-n junction diode as a full wave rectifier.

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 4. On the basis of energy bands, distinguish between
a metal, a semiconductor and an insulator.
Explain the formation of energy bands in solids.
[March14]
Distinguish between conductor and
semiconductor on the basis of band theory of
solids. [3 mark][M2015]
It consists of a transformer, diode and load resistor
RL.
During positive half cycle of the input ac, voltage at
A is positive with respect to B. The diode D is
forward biased and conducts current through RL.
Therefore output voltage is developed across RL.
During negative half cycle of the input ac, voltage at
Metals (Conductors): The energy gap between
A is negative with respect to B. The diode is reverse
valence band and the conduction band is very less or
biased and does not conduct current (The reverse
overlap with each other. Ex: Copper, Aluminium,
saturation current of diode is negligible and can be
iron, salt solutions etc.
considered equal to zero). Therefore there is no
Semiconductors: The energy gap between valence
ouput voltage across RL.
band and the conduction band is less(<3eV).
The input and output waveforms are shown in fig
The energy gap is 0.72 eV for germanium and 1.1 eV
above.
for silicon. Ex: Germanium, Silicon
3. What is a Zener diode? Explain the action of
Insulators: The energy gap between valence band
Zener diode as a voltage regulator with relevant
and the conduction band is very large(>3eV). Ex:
circuit diagram. [Sept 2020]
Rubber, Paper, Mica, Glass, Wood etc.
Explain the use of zener diode as a voltage
Formation of energy bands in solids:
regulator? [3 mark] [March 2014, July 2017]
When atoms combine together to form a solid, the
How is Zener diode used as voltage regulator?
energy of the electrons may increase or decrease due
[3 mark] [July2018]
to the interaction between the electrons of different
Ans:- Zener diode is a heavily doped diode designed to
atoms. The energies of electrons spreads out and
operate under reverse bias in the breakdown region.
forms an energy band. Energy band formed from the
Zener diode as voltage regulator:
valence electrons is called valence band. The upper
energy band in solids is called conduction band
5. Describe with suitable block diagram action of p-
n junction diode under forward and reverse bias
conditions. Also draw I –V characteristics.
[July18]
Explain the working of p-n junction diode in
forward bias. [3 Mark] [Aug 2022]
p-n junction diode under forward bias:
The unregulated dc voltage is connected to the Zener
diode through a series resistance Rs such that the
Zener diode is reverse biased. If the input voltage
increases, the current through Rs and Zener diode
also increases. This increases the voltage drop across
Rs without any change in the voltage across the
Zener diode. This is because in the breakdown
region, Zener voltage remains constant even though
the current through the Zener diode changes. If the forward voltage is small, the barrier potential
Similarly, if the input voltage decreases, the current will be reduced only slightly and only a small
through Rs and Zener diode also decreases. The number of carriers (carriers which have uppermost
voltage drop across Rs decreases without any change energy levels) cross the junction. So the current will
in the voltage across the Zener diode. Thus the Zener be small. If the forward voltage increased, the barrier
diode acts as a voltage regulator

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 height will be reduced and more number of carriers
will cross the junction. Thus the current increases.
Due to the forward voltage, electrons from n-side
cross the depletion region and reach p-side, and holes
from p-side cross the junction and reach the n-side.
The total diode forward current is sum of hole
diffusion current and conventional current due
toelectron diffusion.
p-n junction diode under reverse bias:

If the reverse voltage is applied, the barrier height

increases and the depletion region widen. This
suppresses the flow of electrons from n to p side and
holes from p to n side. But the electric field direction
of the junction is such that the electrons from p-side
or holes from n-side cross the junction. This drift of
carriers gives rise to very small current.

******************END*****************

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