QUESTION PAPER 3

11 December 2024
01:23

. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

a) Basket weave is a derivative of plain weave.
b) Resilience is the ability of a fiber to spring back or recover when it is released from a state
of deformation.
c) Pilling is the formation of small balls on the fabric surface due to friction or rubbing.
d) Water-jet looms are used only for synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester filament yarns
to be made to fabric.
e) Denier is a direct yarn numbering system.

. State TRUE or False:

a) True – Length, luster, and resiliency are primary properties of textile fibers.
b) False – Not all natural fibers are staple fibers; silk is an exception as it is a filament fiber.
c) False – Wool and silk are natural animal fibers, while cotton, jute, and flax are natural
plant fibers.
d) True – All staple fibers are typically compressed into bales for transportation and storage.
e) False – Batik is a technique of wax-resist dyeing originating in Indonesia, not Japan.

a. Discuss, in brief, the comparison between natural and synthetic fibres.

Property Natural Fibers Synthetic Fibers

Source Derived from plants or animals Man-made from chemicals (e.g.,
(e.g., cotton, wool) polyester, nylon)
Durability Less durable and prone to Highly durable and resistant to
environmental damage environmental conditions
Absorbency Highly absorbent (e.g., cotton, Low absorbency, dries quickly
wool)
Comfort Soft and breathable May feel synthetic or less
comfortable
Sustainability Biodegradable Non-biodegradable, but recyclable
Cost Generally more expensive Cheaper to produce and maintain
b. Differentiate between Knitted and Woven fabric.

Property Knitted Fabric Woven Fabric

Structure Made by interlooping yarns Made by interlacing warp and weft
yarns
Stretchability High (elastic) Limited stretchability
Appearance Softer and casual look Firm and formal look
Production Speed Faster than weaving Slower production
Uses T-shirts, hosiery, sportswear Denim, suits, upholstery

c. Write a short note on Yarn Numbering System.

The yarn numbering system is a method of determining the thickness or fineness of yarn. It
is classified into:
a. Direct System: Measures the weight per unit length (e.g., Tex and Denier). Higher
numbers mean thicker yarn.
b. Indirect System: Measures the length per unit weight (e.g., Cotton Count, Worsted
Count). Higher numbers mean finer yarn.
These systems help ensure standardization for textile production and applications

d. Write a short note on leather and its application in fashion.

Leather is a durable and flexible material made from the hide or skin of animals, primarily
cows, goats, and sheep.
Applications in Fashion:
 Apparel: Jackets, pants, skirts.
 Footwear: Shoes, boots, sandals.
 Accessories: Bags, belts, wallets.
 Luxury Goods: Gloves, watch straps.
Leather’s versatility, durability, and timeless appeal make it a staple in the fashion
industry

e. Write a short note on properties of cotton fibers.

Properties of Cotton Fibers

 Softness: Natural and comfortable against the skin.
 Breathability: Excellent air circulation, keeping the body cool.
 Absorbency: High moisture absorption, ideal for summer wear.
 Durability: Strong, especially when wet.
 Biodegradability: Environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Cotton is widely used in textiles for its comfort and versatility.

f. Explain the importance of combing and discuss the process sequence of

combing.

Importance:
 Removes short fibers, improving the quality of the yarn.
 Aligns fibers, enhancing smoothness and strength.
 Produces fine and uniform yarns, suitable for premium textiles.
Process Sequence of Combing:
a. Lap Preparation: Slivers are fed into the combing machine.
b. Detangling: Fine combs separate and straighten fibers.
c. Short Fiber Removal: Short fibers and impurities are removed.
d. Sliver Formation: High-quality sliver is produced, ready for spinning.
 g. Describe the classification of fibres with a flow chart, showcasing relevant
examples.
Classification of Fibers with Flow Chart
Classification of Fibers:
a. Natural Fibers
o Plant-Based: Cotton, Jute, Flax.
o Animal-Based: Wool, Silk.
o Mineral-Based: Asbestos.
b. Synthetic Fibers
o Regenerated: Rayon, Lyocell.
o Fully Synthetic: Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic.
Flow Chart:

yaml
Copy code
Fibers
├── Natural Fibers
│ ├── Plant-Based: Cotton, Jute
│ ├── Animal-Based: Wool, Silk
│ └── Mineral-Based: Asbestos
└── Synthetic Fibers
├── Regenerated: Rayon
└── Fully Synthetic: Polyester, Nylon

h. Give a detailed comparison on the properties of cellulosic and protein fibre.

Prope Cellulosic Fibers (e.g., Protein Fibers (e.g.,

rty Cotton, Jute) Wool, Silk)
Source Derived from plants Derived from animals
Strengt Stronger when Weaker when
h wet wet
Elasticity Low elasticity High elasticity
Moisture Absorption High absorbency High, but retains
warmth
Thermal Resistance Burns quickly Shrinks or chars under
heat

i. Enlist different styles of printing. Explain any one in detail.

Styles of Printing:
a. Block Printing
b. Screen Printing
c. Digital Printing
d. Transfer Printing
e. Discharge Printing
Example – Block Printing:
A traditional method where carved wooden blocks are dipped in dye and stamped onto
fabric. Each color requires a separate block. It is used for artistic, handcrafted designs,
especially on cotton and silk

j. Discuss the various innovative textiles prevalent in the fashion industry along
with their applications.
o Smart Textiles: Integrates technology like sensors. Used in fitness apparel
and medical monitoring.
o Eco-Friendly Textiles: Made from recycled materials (e.g., PET bottles). Used
in sustainable fashion.
o Microfiber: Ultra-fine synthetic fibers for high-performance sportswear.
o Phase-Change Materials (PCM): Regulates temperature, used in outerwear.
o Graphene Textiles: Offers conductivity and strength, used in futuristic
clothing.
These innovations enhance functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics in fashion

a) Describe the process of conversion of cotton fibre to fabric in detail.

b) Discuss in detail the various stages when dyes can be imparted on textiles
c) What is a loom? Explain the various types of loom motions in detail.
d) Discuss the various types of trims and accessories used in the fashion industry with
relevant examples and end uses for each trim.
e) Discuss the various testing techniques employed in the textile industry.
Describe the function and findings from the burn test in detail.
a) Process of Conversion of Cotton Fiber to Fabric
The process involves multiple steps:
a. Ginning:
o Removes seeds and debris from raw cotton to produce lint.
b. Opening and Cleaning:
o Machines loosen and clean cotton, removing dirt and impurities.
c. Carding:
o Aligns fibers into a thin web, converting them into slivers (thin strands).
d. Combing (Optional):
o Removes short fibers and aligns remaining fibers for better quality.
e. Drawing:
o Combines multiple slivers to improve uniformity and alignment.
f. Roving:
o Slivers are drawn out and slightly twisted into thinner strands.
g. Spinning:
o Twists roving into yarn to give it strength and stretch.
h. Weaving/Knitting:
o Yarn is woven on looms (warp and weft interlacing) or knitted to form
fabric.
i. Finishing:
o Includes processes like dyeing, printing, and treatments to enhance
properties and aesthetics.

b) Stages When Dyes Can Be Imparted on Textiles

a. Fiber Dyeing:
o Dye is applied to fibers before they are spun into yarn.
 o Examples: Melange fabrics, heathered effects.
b. Yarn Dyeing:
o Dye is applied to yarns before weaving/knitting.
o Examples: Checks, stripes, plaids.
c. Piece Dyeing:
o Fabric is dyed after it has been woven or knitted.
o Examples: Solid-colored garments like T-shirts.
d. Garment Dyeing:
o Completed garments are dyed for final color.
o Examples: Special effects on jeans, casual wear.
e. Dope Dyeing:
o Dye is added during the fiber production stage for synthetic fibers.
o Examples: Polyester fabrics with permanent color.

c) What is a Loom?
A loom is a device used for weaving yarn into fabric by interlacing warp (vertical) and weft
(horizontal) threads.
Types of Loom Motions:
a. Primary Motions:
o Shedding: Lifting warp threads to form a shed for weft insertion.
o Picking: Inserting weft yarn through the shed using a shuttle or projectile.
o Beating-Up: Pushing the inserted weft yarn firmly into place using a reed.
b. Secondary Motions:
o Take-Up Motion: Rolls the woven fabric onto a beam.
o Let-Off Motion: Releases warp yarns from the warp beam at a controlled
rate.
c. Auxiliary Motions:
o Includes warp stop motion (stops the loom when warp breaks) and weft
stop motion (stops the loom when weft breaks).
o Prevents defects and maintains production efficiency.

d) Types of Trims and Accessories in the Fashion Industry

a. Trims:
o Lace: Decorative edging, used in dresses and lingerie.
o Ribbons: Adds embellishment, used in children’s wear or formal dresses.
o Zippers: Functional closure, used in jackets, pants, and bags.
o Buttons: Decorative or functional closures in shirts, coats, and blazers.
b. Accessories:
o Belts: Functional and aesthetic, used in dresses and trousers.
o Buckles: Adds functionality and decoration in shoes and bags.
o Beads and Sequins: For embellishments, used in evening wear or ethnic
clothing.
Each trim and accessory enhances the garment's functionality, appearance, or both.

e) Testing Techniques in the Textile Industry

a. Strength Tests:
o Tensile Strength: Measures breaking strength of fabric.
o Tear Strength: Evaluates fabric resistance to tearing.
b. Abrasion Resistance Tests:
o Assesses how well a fabric withstands wear due to friction.
 c. Colorfastness Tests:
o Tests fabric resistance to fading from washing, light, and rubbing.
d. Dimensional Stability Tests:
o Checks for shrinkage or expansion after washing.
e. Moisture Management Tests:
o Evaluates absorbency and wicking properties.

Burn Test
Function:
The burn test identifies fiber types by analyzing how they burn, smell, and the residue they
leave behind.
Findings for Common Fibers:
a. Cotton: Burns quickly, smells like burning paper, and leaves soft gray ash.
b. Wool: Burns slowly, smells like burning hair, and leaves a crushable black bead.
c. Silk: Burns slowly, smells like burning hair, and leaves a black bead.
d. Polyester: Melts and burns, emits a chemical smell, and leaves a hard bead.
e. Rayon: Burns rapidly, smells like burning paper, and leaves soft ash.
The burn test is a quick and effective method for identifying unknown fibers.