DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

FMTH0301/Rev.5.3
Course Plan
Semester: 3-Semester(MECHANICAL AND AR) Year: 2024-25
Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms Course Code: 15EMAB201
Total Contact hrs: 50 Duration of ESA: 3 hrs
ISA Marks: 50 ESA Marks:50
Lesson Plan Author: Dr.Narayan Swamy Date: 02/09/2024
Checked By: P.Vinothini Date: 03/09/2024

Prerequisites:
This subject requires the student to know about calculus and elementary statistics

Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

1. Find Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform of a given function and apply the

technique in solving initial value problems.

2. Apply the method of least square to estimate the parameters in regression model.

3. Apply basic probability axioms and rules of discrete and continuous random variables,

Probability distributions and expectation.

4. Formulate, calculate and interpret hypothesis tests for both large and small samples.

5. Express the given periodic function as a Fourier series expansion and non-periodicfunction as

Fourier transform

Course Articulation Matrix: Mapping of Course Outcomes (COs) with Program Outcomes (POs)

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms Semester: 3

Course Code: 15EMAB201 Year: 2023-24

Course Outcomes (COs) / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 14

Program Outcomes (POs) 0 1 2 3
1. Find Laplace transform and H
inverse Laplace transform of a
given function and apply the
technique in solving initial value
problems
2. Apply the method of least square H
to estimate the parameters in
regression model.
3. Apply basic probability axioms H
and rules of discrete and
continuous random variables,
probability distributions and
expectation.
4. Formulate, calculate and H
interpret hypothesis tests for both
large and small samples
5. Express the given periodic H
function as a Fourier series
expansion and non-periodic
function as Fourier transform

Degree of compliance L: Low M: Medium H: High

Competency addressed in the Course and corresponding Performance Indicators

Competency Performance Indicators

1.1 - Demonstrate the competence in 1.1.1Apply mathematical techniques such as
mathematical modelling. calculus, linear algebra, and statistics to solve
problems
1.1.2 Apply advanced mathematical techniques
to model and solve mechanical engineering
problems

Eg: 1.2.3: Represents Program Outcome ‘1’, Competency ‘2’ and Performance Indicators ‘3’.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course Content
Course Code: 15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms
L-T-P-Self Study: 4-0-0-0 Credits: 4 Contact Hrs: 4
ISA Marks: 50 ESA Marks: 50 Total Marks: 100
Teaching Hrs: 4 Exam Duration: 3 hrs

Unit - 1
Chapter No. 1. Laplace Transforms 10 hrs
Definition, transforms of elementary functions- transforms of derivatives and integrals-
Properties. Periodic functions, Unit step functions and Unit impulse functions.
Inverse Transforms- properties- Initial and Final value theorems, examples, Convolution
Theorem. Applications to differential equations.
Chapter No. 2.Curve fitting and regression 5 hrs
Introduction to method of least squares, fitting of curves y=a+bx , y=a b x , y=a+bx +c x2
Correlation and regression. Applications to Engineering problems: fluid flow through a pipe
problem-using curve.
Chapter No. 3.Probability 5 hrs
Definition of probability, addition rule, conditional probability, multiplication rule, Baye’s rule.
(no proof)
Unit - 2
Chapter No. 4.Random variable and Probability distributions 5 hrs
Discrete and continuous random variables- PDF-CDF- Binomial, Poisson and Normal
distributions (Problems only).
Chapter No. 5.Tests of hypothesis 15 hrs
Sampling, Sampling distribution, Standard error, Null and alternate hypothesis, Type -I and
Type- II errors, Level of significance. Confidence limits, testing of hypothesis for single
mean and difference of means (large samples). t-test (test for single mean, paired t-test),
Chi Squared distribution, analysis of variance (one-way and two-way classifications). Case
studies of designs of experiments (CRD, RBD). Applications to civil Engineering problems
Unit - 3
Chapter No. 6. Fourier Series 05 hrs
Fourier series representation of a function, Derivation of Complex coefficients of
Exponential Fourier Series and its relationship with coefficients of trigonometric Fourier
series, examples. Convergence of Fourier Series, properties. Even and odd functions and
examples. Fourier half range series and examples.
Chapter No. 7. Fourier Transform
Exponential Representation of non-periodic functions and Existence of Fourier transforms 05 hrs
and simple examples

Text Books (List of books as mentioned in the approved syllabus)

1. Gupta S C and Kapoor V K, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, 9th edition, Sultan Chand
and sons, 2002

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2. J. Susan Milton, Jesse C. Arnold, Introduction to Probability and Statistics: Principles and
Applications for Engineering and the Comp, 4th edition, TATA McGraw, 2007
3. Kreyszig. E, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley, 2003
4. Doughlas C.Montgomery and George C.RungerApplied Statistics and probability for
Engineers ,sixth edition ,WILEY STUDENT

References
1. Kishor S Trivedi, Probability and statistics with reliability queuing and computer science
applications, 1st edition, PHI, 2000
2. Miller, Freud and Johnson, Probability and Statistics for Engineering , 5th edition, PHI, 2000
3. Potter.M.C , Jack Goldberg and Aboufadel.E. F, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 3rd edition,
Oxford Ind, 2005

Evaluation Scheme
ISA Scheme
Assessment Weight age in Marks
ISA- 1 20
ISA- 2 20
Post Tests/Class test 10
Total 50

Course Unitization for Minor Exams and Semester End Examination

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

No. of No. of No. of No. of

Topics / Chapters Teachin Question Question Question Question
g s in ISA- s in ISA-2 s in Quiz s in ESA
Credits 1
Unit I
1.Laplace Transforms 10 5 -- 5.00 3

2.Curve fitting and regression 05 2 -- 5.00

3.Probability 05 2 -- 5.00
Unit II
4.Random variable and Probability 05 -- 2 5.00 3
distributions
5.Tests of hypothesis 15 -- 7 5.00
Unit III
6.Fourier Series 5 -- -- 5.00 1
7.Fourier Transform 5 -- -- 5.00 1

Note: 1. Each Question carries 20 marks and may consist of sub-questions.

2. Mixing of sub-questions from different chapters within a unit (only for Unit I and Unit II) is allowed
in ISA-1, ISA-2 and ESA.
3. Answer 5 full questions of 20 marks each (two full questions from Unit I, II and one full question
from Unit III) out of 8 questions in ESA.

Course Assessment Plan

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms Code:15EMAB201

Course Weightage in Assessment Methods

outcomes(Cos)
Assessment ISA-1 ISA-2 Post Test ESA

Find Laplace
transform and
inverse Laplace
transform of a given
20%
function and apply
the technique in
solving initial value
problems.

Apply the method of

least square to
estimate the 10%
parameters in
regression model.

Apply basic
probability axioms
and rules of discrete
and continuous
16%
random variables,
Probability
distributions and
expectation.

Formulate, calculate
and interpret
hypothesis tests for 34%
both large and small
samples

Express the given

periodic function as
a Fourier series
20%
expansion and non-
periodic function as
Fourier transform

Weightage 20% 20% 10 50%

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Date: 03/09/2024 Head of Department

Chapter wise Plan

Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms

Chapter Number and Title: 1.Laplace Transforms Planned Hours: 10 hrs
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
Topic Learning Outcomes Cos BL CA Code
1. Obtain Laplace transform of elementary functions. CO1 L2 1.1

f (t ) CO1 L3 1.1
2. Obtain Laplace Transform of t n f ¿), , derivatives, integrals, unit
t
step function, periodic functions and unit impulse functions.
3. Obtain inverse Laplace Transforms. CO1 L3 1.1

4. Apply convolution theorem to find inverse Laplace transform. CO1 L3 1.1

5. Solve initial value problem of differential equations by applying CO1 L3 1.1

Laplace transform.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. – Portion covered per hour
1. Definition of Laplace transform, Transform of elementary functions with examples
2. First shifting theorem and examples.
3. Laplace transform of t n f (t ) with examples.
f (t)
4. Laplace transform of with examples.
t
5. Laplace transform of derivatives, integrals with examples.
6. Laplace transform of periodic functions with examples
7. Laplace transform of unit step functions and unit impulse functions with examples
8. Inverse Laplace transforms, initial and final value theorems with examples.
9. Convolution theorem with examples.
10.Applications to differential equations

Review Questions
Sl.No. – Questions TLOs BL PI
Code

1. List the Laplace transforms of elementary functions. TLO L1 1.1.1

1

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2. List the properties of Laplace transforms. TLO L1 1.1.1

1

3. Find the Laplace transform of the following TLO L3 1.1.1

( )
3
1 1
(i) sin 2 t . cos 2 t (ii) sin3 2 t (iii)( 5 e 2 t−3 ) (iv) √ t+
2
v)2 t
√t
4. Find the Laplace transform of TLO L3 1.1.1
sint 2
(i) e−3 t ( cos 4 t+ 3 sin 4 t ) (ii)t 5 cos h 3t (iii)t 5 e 4 t cos h 3 t (iv)
t
−t
cosat−cosbt e sint
(v) (vi) (vii) sin2 ( 2 t+1 ) e−3 t (viii)tsin 3 tcos 2t
t t
2 ωs TLO L3 1.1.1
5. (i) If L ( tsinωt )= 2 2 then evaluate L ( ωtcosωt +sinωt ) 2
( s +ω2 )

) (√ )
−1

(
−1
(ii) If L ( sin √ t )=
√π e4 S then prove that L
cos √ t
=
π 4S
3 /2
2S √t S
6. Evaluate the following integrals using Laplace transform: TLO L3 1.1.1
∞ ∞ −t 2 ∞
2
(i) ∫ ❑t 3 e−t sintdt (ii) ∫ ❑ e sin t
t
dt (iii) ∫ ❑tsint e dt (iv)
−3 t

0 0 0
∞

∫ ❑ cos 4 t−cos
t
5t
dt
0

{∫ } {∫ }
t t TLO L3 1.1.1
❑e ( 1+t +t ) dt
t −t 2
7. Evaluate:(i) L ❑e sintdt (ii) L 2
0 0

{ }
t
(iii) L e
−4t
∫ ❑tsin 3 tdt
0

8. Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave function of period TLO L3 1.1.1
2a, given by f ( t )={t , 0<t <a 2 a−t , a< t<2 a 2

9. Find the Laplace transform of the rectified semi-wave function TLO L3 1.1.1
π π 2π 2
defined by f ( t )={ Esinωt , 0<t< 0 , <t<
ω ω ω
10.Find the Laplace transform of the saw-toothed wave function of the TLO L3 1.1.1
t 2
period T defined by f ( t )= , 0<t <T
T
t TLO L3 1.1.1
11.Express f ( t )={ , 0<t <T 1 , t> T as a unit step function and 2
T
hence find the Laplace transform
12.Express f ( t )={1 ,0< t<2 t , 2<t <3 t 2 , t>3 as a unit step function TLO L3 1.1.1
and hence find the Laplace transform. 2

13.Express f ( t )={cost , 0<t< π cos 2 t , π <t <2 π cos 3 t ,t >2 π as a TLO L3 1.1.1
unit step functionand hence find the Laplace transform. 2

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

14.Find the inverse L.T. of the following: TLO L3 1.1.1

2 3
3 ( s −1 )
2
3 s+ 5 √2 4 s +15 s+1
(i) (ii) 2 (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (iv)
2s
5
s +8 16 s −25 s + s +1
2
2 s −4
( s +1 )( s−2 ) ( s−3 )
2
2 s −1 1 −1 s ( s+ 1 )
(vi) (vii) 3 (viii) cot ( s+1 ) (ix) log 2
( s +4 ) ( s +1 ) s ( s+ 1 )
2 2
s +4

(x) tan
−1
( 2s )
15.Define Initial value theorem and final value theorem. TLO L3 1.1.1
4
16.Find the initial and final value of f (t) TLO L3 1.1.1
2 s+ 51 2
s +2 s+ 4 4
(i) L [ f (t ) ] = 2 (ii) F ( s ) = 3 2
(iii)
47 s +67 s s +3 s +2 s
808
F ( s )= 2
s (s + 2 s+101)
17.Apply Convolution theorem to find TLO L3 1.1.1

[ s
] [ ] [ ]
2 4
−1 −1 s −1 1
(i) L 2 2
(ii) L (iii) L
(s +a )
2
( s + a ) ( s +b )
2 2 2 2
s ( s 2−a2 )

[( ] [ ]
2
−1 1 −1 s
(iv) L (v) L
s s 2+ 4 )
2
( s 2+ 4 )
18.Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms. TLO L3 1.1.1
(i) y ' ' −2 y '−8 y=0 , with the conditions y ( 0 )=3 , y ' ( 0 )=6 5
'' ' '
(ii) x +2 x +5 x=20 t ; x ( 0 )=0∧x ( 0 )=1.
(iii) y ' ' −2 y '−2 y =e 2t with y ( 0 )= y ' ( 0 )=0

(iv) y ' ' +9 y =18t wit h y ( 0 )=0 , y

π
2
=0 ()
Practice questions

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. -Questions
1. Find the Laplace transform of the following
−4 t −2t
−3 t
( 3 cos 4 tsin 4 t ) iii ¿ tsi n2 3 t iv ¿ t 3 e−3 t v ¿ 1−cos 2 t vi ¿ e −e
i ¿sin 2 tsin 3 t ii ¿ e
t t
∞ ∞
2. Evaluate the following integrals using Laplace transforms:i ¿ ∫ ❑t e cost dtii ¿∫ ❑t e
2 t 5 −3 t
dt
0 0
t t
3. Evaluate the following :i ¿ L ∫❑ t e −t
sin 4 tdtii ¿ L ∫ ❑ e
−2 t 3
t dt
0 0
4. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function f ( t )=Esinωt ; 0< t< π /ω having period
π /ω
π π
5. Express f ( t )={t 0<t < cos cos t t> as a unit step function and hence find its Laplace
2 2
transform.
6. Express f ( t )={sin t , 0<t < π sin 2t , π <t <2 π sin 3 t , t >2 π as a unit step functionand hence
find the Laplace transform.
s
7. Find the inverse L.T. of the following: i ¿( )ii ¿ log log
2 ( ( s +1 )
( s−1 ) ) 2 s−5
iii ¿ 2
4 s +25
iv ¿
s
( s+1 ) ( s+2 )
8. Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms.
i) y -2 y '+ y = {e} ^ {t ,with y ( 0 )=2 , y ' ( 0 )=−1
''
ii) x +9 x=cos 2t wit h x ( 0 )=1 , x ( π2 )=−1
Chapter wise Plan
Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms
Chapter Number and Title: 2.Curve fitting and regression Planned Hours: 5 hrs
Learning Outcomes:-
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code
1. Derive Normal equations for fitting a given curve CO2 L2 1.1
2. Apply Least squares method to fit suitable curve to given data CO2 L3 1.1

3. Find and interpret correlation coefficient CO2 L3 1.1

4. Find the equation of a regression line and predict the value for CO2 L3 1.1
dependent variable using regression equation.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Introduction to least square fit, derivation of normal equations for linear curve and examples.
2. Examples on fitting of second degree curves
3. Correlation and its examples
4. Regression and examples
5. Engineering application problem

Review Questions

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLO BL PI

s Code
1. Derive the normal equations to fit a straight line to any given data. TLO L2 1.1.1
1
TLO L3 1.1.1
x 2 3 5 6 7 8 2
y 5 6 11 12 15 18
2. Fit a straight line to the following data
TLO L3 1.1.1
x 0 1 2 3 4 2
y 1 5 10 22 38
3. Fit a curve of the form y=a+bx +c x2 to the data by the method of least
squares.
4. Fit a parabola to the following data: TLO L3 1.1.1
x -2 -1 0 1 2 2
y -3.15 -1.39 0.62 2.88 5.378
5. Fit a curve of the form y=a b xto the following data. TLO L3 1.1.1
2
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 8.3 15.4 33.1 64.2 127.4
6. Fit exponential trend y=ab xto the following data and estimate sales for TLO L3 1.1.1
1990. 2
Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Sales(Rs Crore) 100 105 112 120 130
7. Find the correlation coefficient , the two regression lines andinterpret the TLO L3 1.1.1
coefficient of variation for the following data: 3
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7

8. Find the best estimate for y when x = 3.5 and the best estimate for x TLO L3 1.1.1
when y = 3.5. 2
x 0 1 2 3 4
y
1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
:
9. In a partially destroyed laboratory record of correlation data, the following TLO L3 1.1.1
results only are available. Variance of x is 9. Regression equations are 4
8 x−10 y +66=0and40 x−18 y −214=0.
Find (i) mean of x and y (ii) S.D of y(iii) correlation co-efficient.
10.The regression lines are x = 4y+ 5 and 16y = x + 64. Find the mean TLO L3 1.1.1
values of x and y and the coefficient of correlation between x and y. 4
11.It is known that the tensile strength of a plastic increases as a function of TLO L3 1.1.1
the time it is heat-treated. The following data is collected: 2
1 2 4 5
Time 15 25 50 60 75
0 0 0 5
Tensile 1 3 8
4 20 50 48 60 78
strength 8 3 0
Fit a straight line to this data and use the equation to determine the
tensile strength at a time of 30 min.
12.The specific volume of a superheated steam is listed in steam tables for TLO L3 1.1.1
2
various temperatures. For example at a pressure of 2950 ,
absolute:
T oF 700 720 740 760 780
0.105
v 0.1280 0.1462 0.1603 0.1703
8
Fit the given data using linear fit v =A+BT and determine v at T = 750oF

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Practice Examples
1. Fit a straight line to the following data :

x: 0 1 2 3 4
y: 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
2. Calibrate a newly designed mechanical instrument when it is observed that the deflection d
(mm) when W (kg) load is applied. Some observations are given below.

W 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

d 16 35 45 64 86 96 106 12 134 156

4

Fit a straight line d=aW +b to the given data.

x 0 1 2 3 4

y 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3

3. Fit a curve of the form y=a+bx +c x2 to the data by the method of

Least squares.

4. Fit a curve of the form y=a b x to the following data

1 x 2 3 4 5 6
1
y 27 41 56 68 75
4
5. In a partially destroyed laboratory record of correlation data, the following results only are
legible: variance of y=16, regression equations are y=x +5 and16 x=9 y – 94. Find mean of x
and y, S.D of x and correlation co-efficient.

6. A transportation engineering study was conducted to determine the proper design of bikes
lanes. Data was gathered on bike lane widths and average distance between bikes and passing
cars. The data from 11 streets is

1
Distance xft. 3 8 5 8 6 6 10 4 5 7
0
Lane width y 1
5 7 7.5 7 6 8 9 5 5.5 8
ft. 0
Fit a straight line to the given data.

Page 12 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1. Fit a straight line to the following data :

x: 0 1 2 3 4
y: 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
7. Richard Jackson developed an ergonomically superior computer mouse in 1989, and sales
have been increasing ever since. Data are presented below in terms of thousands of mice sold
per year.

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Number 276.
82.4 125.7 342.5 543.6 691.5 782.4 889.5
sold 9
Develop a second degree estimating equation that best describes these data. And also

estimate no. of mice that will be sold in 1998.

Chapter wise Plan

Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms
Chapter Number and Title: 3.Probability Planned Hours: 05
hrs

Learning Outcomes:-
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code
1. Identify sample space and different types of events of a probability CO3 L2 1.1
Experiment.
2. Find the probability of an event using definition, addition rule, CO3 L3 1.1
multiplication rule and other important results on probability.
3. Apply Baye’s rule to solve problems involving prior and posterior CO3 L3 1.1
probability

Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Probability definition and examples
2. Addition Rule with examples.
3. Conditional probability and multiplication Rule with example
4. Examples
5. Baye's theorem and its related examples

Review Questions
Sl. No. - Questions TLOs BL PI
Code
1. A box contains 24 bulbs four of which are known to be defective. TLO1 L2 1.1.1
What is the probability that 4 bulbs selected at random from the
box will be non-defective.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

2. A class consists of 6 girls and 10 boys. If a committee of 3 is TLO1 L3 1.1.1

chosen at random from the class, find the probability that (i)
exactly 2 boys are selected (ii) at least one boy is selected (iii) 2
girls are selected.
3. There are 30 balls in an urn. The balls are numbered from 1 to TLO2 L3 1.1.1
30, one number per ball. If one of the balls is drawn at random,
what is the probability that the number on it is: (i) divisible by 2
(ii)a perfect square (iii) the ball is neither multiple of 5 nor of 6.
4. A book shelf contains 20 books of which 12 are on Mechanics TLO2 L3 1.1.1
and 8are on Mathematics. If three books are taken out at
random, find the probability that all the three are on the same
subject.
1 1 1 TLO2 L3 1.1.1
5. If A & B are events with P ( A )= , P ( B )= , P ( AB )=
2 3 4
A B B
Find (i) P( )(ii) P( ) (iii) P ¿(iv) P( )(v) P ¿
B A A
6. A problem is given to the four students whose probabilities TLO2 L3 1.1.1
1 1 1 1
solving it are , , and respectively. Find the probability that
2 3 4 5
the problem is solved.
7. The odds that a book will be favorably reviewed by three TLO2 L3 1.1.1
independent critics are 5 to 2, 4 to 3 and 3 to 4 respectively.
What is the probability that of the three reviews, a majority will be
favorable?
8. Three persons A, B, C fire a volley. Probability that B hits the TLO2 L3 1.1.1
target is 2/5 and that of C is 3/4. If the probability of shots hit 2 is
9/20, what is the probability of A hitting the target?
9. A bag contains 3 white and 5 black marbles. Another bag TLO2 L3 1.1.1
contains 1 white and 5 black marbles. One of the bags is
randomly selected and from the selected bag a ball is drawn at
random. What is the probability that it is white?
10.A box contains three white balls and two red balls. If two balls are TLO2 L3 1.1.1
drawn in succession, find the probability that the first removed
ball is white and the second is red.
11.A bag contains 10 white balls and 3 red balls while another bag TLO2 L3 1.1.1
contains 3 white balls and 5 red balls. Two balls are drawn at
random from the first bag and put in the second bag and then a
ball is drawn at random from the second bag. What is the
probability that it is a white ball?
12.Three machines A, B, C respectively produce 60%, 30%, and TLO3 L3 1.1.1
10% of a total number of items of a factory. The defective outputs
of these machines are respectively 2%, 3% and 4%. Find the
chance of a randomly selected item is defective. If an item
chosen randomly is found to be defective, what is the probability
that B produces it?
13.An engineering company advertises a job in three newspapers, TLO3 L3 1.1.1
A, B and C. It is known that these papers attract undergraduate
engineering readerships in the proportions 2:3:1. The
probabilities that an engineering undergraduate sees and replies
to the job advertisement in these papers are 0.002, 0.001 and
0.005 respectively. Assume that the undergraduate sees only
one job advertisement. If the engineering company receives only
one reply to it advertisements, calculate the probability that the
applicant has seen the job advertised in place A.

Practice questions:

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1. In a certain college 25% of boys and 10% of girls are studying mathematics. The girls constitute
60% of the student body. a) what is the probability that mathematics is being studied)if a student is
selected at random and is found to be studying mathematics, find the probability that the student
is a girl.
2. A can hit a target 4times in 5 shots; B 3 times in 4 shots; C twice in 3 shots. They fire a volley.
What is the probability that at least two shots hit?

3. Three typists P, Q, R type 25%, 35%, and 40% of the pages of a book. It is estimated that 5% of
the pages typed by P, 4% typed by Q and 2% typed by R contain typographical errors. A page of
the book is drawn at random and is found to contain typographical errors. What is the probability
that this page has been typed by P?

4. The probability that X, Y, Z will be elected as president of a club are 0.3,0.5 and 0.2 respectively.
The probability that membership fees are increased is 0.8 if X is elected president,0.1 if Y is
elected and is 0.4 if z is elected. What is the probability that there will be an increase in
membership fee?

Unit-II
Chapter wise Plan
Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms
Chapter Number and Title: 4. Random variable and Probability distributions Planned Hours: 05
hrs

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code

1. Distinguish between discrete random variable and continuous random CO3 L2 1.1
variables.
2. Construct a probability distribution for a random variable and find its CO3 L3 1.1
mean, variance and standard deviation.
3. Derive mean and standard deviation for Binomial and Poisson CO3 L3 1.1
distributions.
4. Find probabilities for outcomes of variables using Binomial, Poisson CO3 L2 1.1
and Normal probability distribution

Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Random variables, Discrete and continuous probability distributions
2. Examples on probability distribution functions.
3. Binomial distribution, mean and variance with examples.
4. Poisson distribution, mean and variance with examples.
5. Normal distribution with examples.
Review Questions
Sl.No. - Questions TLO BL PI
s Code
1. Distinguish between discrete random variable and continuous random TLO L2 1.1.1
variables. 1

Page 15 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

TLO L3 1.1.1
x 0 1 2 3 4 3
P(x) 0.2 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.05
2. Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution given by the
following table

3. The probability density function of a variable x is TLO L2 1.1.1

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2
3 11
P (x) k 5k 7k 9k 13k
k k
Find (i) k, mean and standard deviation. (ii) P (x<4), P (x 5), P (3<x 6).
4. A random variable X has the probability distribution as given below: TLO L3 1.1.1
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2
2
P (X) 0 k 2k 2k
3 K 2 K 2 7 K 2+k
k
Find (i) k, mean and standard deviation (ii) P (x<6), P (x 6), P (3<x 6).
5. Find the constant k such that f ( x )={k x 2 , 0< x <3 0 , ot h erwise is a TLO L3 1.1.1
p.d.f 2
Also find (i) P(1<x<2) (ii) P(x≤1) (iii P(x>1) (iv) Mean (v) Variance
6. A variable X is distributed randomly between the values 0 and 1 so that its TLO L3 1.1.1
p.d.f. is f ( x )=k x2 ( 1−x 3 ) .where k is constant. Find the value of k. using 2
this value of k, find its mean and variance.
7. If the sum of mean and variance of a binomial distribution is 4.8 for five TLO L3 1.1.1
trials, find the distribution. Hence find probability of two successes. 4
8. Assume that on the average one telephone number out of fifteen called TLO L3 1.1.1
between 2 P.M. and 3 P.M. on week-days is busy. What is the probability 4
that if 6 randomly selected telephone numbers are called then at least
three of them will be busy?
9. Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a particular organic TLO L3 1.1.1
pollutant. Assume that the samples are independent with regard to the 4
presence of the pollutant. Find the probability that in 18 samples i) exactly
2 contain the pollutant ii) at least four samples contain pollutant iii) between
two and seven samples contain pollutant.
10.If a random variable has Poisson distribution such that P(1) = P(2), find the TLO L3 1.1.1
mean of the distribution and find P(4). 4
11.If the probability of a bad reaction from a certain injection is 0.001, TLO L3 1.1.1
determine the chance that out of 2000 individuals more than 2 will get a 4
bad reaction.
12.A certain screw making machine produces on an average two defectives TLO L3 1.1.1
out of 100 and packs them in boxes of 500. Find the probability that the 4
box contains (i)Three defectives (ii) At least one defective (iii) Between two
and four defectives.
13.In a test on 2000 electric bulbs, it was found that the life of a particular TLO L3 1.1.1
make was normally distributed with an average life of 2040hrs and S.D of 4
60hrs. Estimate the number of bulbs likely to burn for (i)>2150hrs (ii)
<1950hrs (iii) more than 1920hrs and less than 2169hrs.
14.In a normal distribution, 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over TLO L3 1.1.1
64. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution. 4
15.The compressive strength of samples of cement can be modeled by a TLO L3 1.1.1
normal distribution with a mean of 6000 kilograms per square centimeter 4
and a standard deviation of 100 kilograms per square centimeter. i)What is
the probability that a sample’s strength is less than 6050kg/cm 2. ii)What is
the probability that a sample’s strength is between 5800 and 5900 kg/cm2

Practice questions:

Page 16 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1.Find the value of k and calculate mean and variance for the random variable X with the following
probability function

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

P(x 0.1 K 0.2 0.2k 0.3 k

)

2. A factory manufactures cup.the manager knows from the past experience that 5% of the cups
produced are defective.Given a random sample of 20 cups ,determine the probability that i)there are
exactly 5 defective cups ii) atleast three defective cup.

3. Out of 500 families with 5 children each, how many families would be expected to have (i) Three
boys and two girls (ii) One girl(iii) At most two girls

4. The number of failures occurring in a machine of a certain type in a year has a Poisson distribution
with mean 0.4. In a factory there are ten of these machines. What is (a) the expected total number of
failures in the factory in a year? (b) the probability that there are fewer than two failures in the factory
in a year?

5 Assume that the number of particles that occur on a disk surface has a Poisson distribution, and the
average number of particles per square centimetre of media surface is 0.1. The area of a disk under
study is 100 square centimetres. Determine the probability that i)12 particles occur in the area of a
disk under study)three or fewer particles occur in the area of the disk under study.

6. Students of class were given mechanical aptitude test. Their marks were found to be normally
distributed with mean 60 and S.D 5. What percent of students scored (i) more than 60 marks (ii) less
than 56 marks (iii) between45 and 65 marks?

7. In a distribution exactly normal, 7% of the items are under 35 and 89% are under 63. What are
mean and standard deviation of the distribution?

Chapter wise Plan

Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms
Chapter Number and Title: 5.Tests of hypothesis Planned Hours: 15
hrs

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:
Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code

1. Distinguish between population parameter and sample statistics. CO4 L2 1.1

2. Find sampling distribution and verify their properties. CO4 L3 1.1

3. Determine minimum sample size for given confidence interval of CO4 L3 1.1
population mean and find confidence interval for mean.
4. State null and alternative hypothesis and five steps used in testing CO4 L2 1.1
hypothesis.
5. Identify one tailed and two tailed statistical test and interpret a decision CO4 L3 1.1
based on the results of statistical test.
6. Find critical values in a normal distribution and use the z-test and t-test CO4 L3 1.1
to test a population mean.

Page 17 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

7. Apply z-test for the difference between two means CO4 L3 1.1

8. Apply a t-test for the differences between two population means using CO4 L3 1.1
independent small samples.
9. Apply a t-test to test the mean of the differences for population of CO4 L3 1.1
paired data.
10.Apply chi-square distribution to test whether two variables are CO4 L3 1.1
independent and to test whether a frequency distribution fits a claimed
distribution.
11. Use one way and two way ANOVA technique to determine if there is a CO4 L3 1.1
significant difference among three or more means.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Sampling, Sampling with and without replacement.
2. Sampling distribution of a statistic means, variance and Standard error statistics.
3. Confidence Interval, Sample size determination with examples
4. Null and Alternative hypotheses, Type-I and Type-II errors, critical region, level of
significance, one tailed and two tailed tests.
5. Test for single mean for large samples and examples.
6. Test for difference of two means for large samples and examples.
7. Student’s t-Distribution, Degrees of freedom, Confidence interval for population parameter for
small samples with examples.
8. Test for single mean for small samples and examples.
9. Test for Paired observationsand examples.
10. Chi-square test for goodness of fit and examples.
11. Examples continued
12. Chi-square test for independence of attributes and examples.
13. ANOVA- one way classification and examples
14. ANOVA- two way classification and examples
15. Examples continued on ANOVA

Review Questions
Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI
L Cod
e
1. Distinguish between population parameter and sample statistics. TLO1 L 1.1.
2 1
2. A population contains 4 units 5, 8, 1,7 Obtain the sampling distribution of TLO2 L 1.1.
sample mean when samples are drawn, with sample size two 3 1
(i) with replacement (ii) without replacement.
3. Define:(i) Null and alternative hypothesis (ii) critical region (iii) confidence TLO4 L 1.1.
interval (iv) type-I and type-II errors 2 1

Page 18 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI

L Cod
e
4. The yield of a chemical process is being studied. From previous TLO3 L 1.1.
experience, yield is known to be normally distributed and σ =3.The past 3 1
five days of plant operation have resulted in the following percent yields:
91.6, 87.34, 90.8, 89.65 and 91.3.Find 95% and 99%confidence interval
on the true mean yield.
5. A confidence interval estimate is desired for the gain in a circuit on a TLO3 L 1.1.
semiconductor device. Assume that gain is normally distributed with 3 1
standard deviation σ =25. Find a 95% confidence interval for μ when
n=10 and x=1000 .ii). Find a 99% confidence interval for μ when n=25
and x=1000
6. A machine produces metal rods used in an automobile suspension TLO3 L 1.1.
system. A random sample of 15 rods is selected, and the diameter is 3 1
measured. The resulting data (in millimeters) are as follows:8.24,8.25,
8.20,8.23,8.24,8.21,8.26,8.26,8.20,8.25,8.23,8.19,8.28,8.24,8.23.calculat
e a 95% confidence interval on mean rod diameter.
7. A machine is producing metal pieces that are cylindrical in shape. A
sample of 9 pieces is taken and the diameters are 1.01, 0.97, 1.03, 1.04,
0.99, 0.98, 0.99, 1.01 and 1.03 centimeters. Find a 99% and 95%
confidence interval for the mean diameters of pieces from this machine.
8. An astronomer wants to measure the distance from her observatory to a TLO3 L 1.1.
distant star. However, due to atmospheric disturbances, any 3 1
measurement will not yield the exact distance d. As a result, the
astronomer has decided to make a series of measurements and then use
their average value as an estimate of the actual distance. If the
astronomer believes that the values of the successive measurements are
independent random variables with a mean of d light year and a standard
deviation of 2 light years, how many measurements need she make to be
at least 95% certain that her estimate is accurate to within ± 0.5 light
years?
9. A survey is proposed to be conducted to know the annual earnings of the TLO3 L 1.1.
old Engineering graduates of Delhi University. How large should the 3 1
sample be taken in order to estimate the mean monthly earnings within
plus and minus Rs.10000 at 95% confidence level? The standard
deviation of the annual earnings of the entire population is known to be
30000.
10.An engineer who is studying the tensile of a steel alloy intended for use in
golf club shafts known that tensile strength is approximately normally
distributed with σ =415 kN /m 2. a random sample of 12 specimens has a
mean strength of x=23800 kN /m 2 .Test the hypothesis that the mean
strength is 24150kN/m2.use α =0.01
11.The mean water temperature downstream from a power plant cooling TLO4 L 1.1.
tower discharge pipe should be no more than 38° C.past experience has 3 1
indicated that the standard deviation of temperature is 1.1 °C.The water
temperature is measured on nine randomly chosen days and the average
temperature is found to be 37° C.Is there evidence that the water
temperature is acceptable at α =0.05 ?
12.It is claimed that an automobile is driven on the average more than TLO5 L 1.1.
20,000 kilometers per year. To test this claim, a random sample of 100 3 1
automobile owners is asked to keep a record of the kilometers they travel.
Would you agree with this claim if the random sample showed an
average of 23,500 kilometers and a standard deviation of 3900
kilometers?

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI

L Cod
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13.A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the United States during the TLO6 L 1.1.
past year showed an average life span of 71.8 years. Assuming a 3 1
population standard deviation of 8.9 years, does this seem to indicate that
the mean life span today is greater than 70 years?
14.Ten specimens of copper wires drawn from a large lot have the following TLO7 L 1.1.
breaking strength (in Kg. weight) 578, 572, 570, 568, 572, 571, 570, 572, 3 1
596, 548. Test whether the mean breaking strength of the lot may be
taken be 578 kg. Weight?
15.Certain pesticide is packed into bags by machine. A random sample of 10 TLO7 L 1.1.
bags is drawn and their contents are found to weigh (in Kg) as follows: 3 1
50, 49, 52, 44, 45, 48, 46, 45, 49, 45. Test the average packing can be
taken to be 50kg.
16.A product developer is interested in reducing the drying time of a primer TLO7 L 1.1.
plant. Two formulations of paint are tested: formulation 1 is the standard 3 1
chemistry, and formulation 2 has a new drying ingredient that should
reduce the drying time. From experience, it is known that the standard
deviation of drying time is 8 minutes and this is inherent variability should
be unaffected by the addition of the new ingredient. Ten specimens are
painted with formulation 1 and another 10 specimens are painted with
formulation 2, the 20 specimens are painted in random order. The two
sample average drying times are x 1=121 minutes and x 2=112 minutes
respectively. What conclusions can the product developer draw about the
effectiveness of the new ingredient, usingα =0.05 ?
17.Consider the hypothesis test H 0 : μ1=μ2against H 1 : μ 1 ≠ μ2.suppose that
sample sizes are n1=15 ,n 2=15,that x 1=5.7 , x 2=8.3 and that
2 2 2 2
s1=4. s 2=6.25.Assume that σ 1=σ 2 and the data are drawn from normal
distributions. Test the hypothesis by using α =0.05 .
18.Consider the hypothesis test H 0 : μ1=μ2 versus H 1 : μ 1> μ 2Suppose that TLO7 L 1.1.
sample sizes n1=10 ,n 2=10,that x 1=7.8 , x2 =5.6 and that 3 1
2 2 2 2
s1=4. s 2=6.25.Assume that σ 1=σ 2 and the data are drawn from normal
distributions. Test the hypothesis by using α =0.05 .
19.The overall distance travelled by a golf ball with Iron Byron, amechanical
golfer with a swing that is said to emulate the distance hit by a legendary
champion. Ten randomly selected balls of two different brands are tested
and the overall distance measured. The data follow:
Brand 251 262 263 248 259 248 255 251 240 244
1

Brand 236 223 238 242 250 257 248 247 240 245
2

Test the hypothesis that both brands of ball have equal mean overall
distance. Use α =0.05 .

Page 20 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI

L Cod
e
TLO9 L 1.1.
20. Eleven students were given a test in statistics. They were given a 3 1
month’s further tuition and a second test of equal difficulty was held at
the end of it. Do the marks give the evidence that the students have
benefitted by extra coaching?
Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Test I Marks 23 20 19 21 18 20 18 17 23 16 19

Test II
24 19 22 18 20 22 20 20 23 20 17
Marks

21.The average weekly losses of man-hours due to strikes in an institute TLO9 L 1.1.
before and after a disciplinary program was implemented are as follows: 3 1
Befor 45 73 4 124 3 57 83 3 26 17
e 6 3 4

After 36 60 4 119 3 51 77 2 24 11
4 5 9

Is there reason to believe that the disciplinary program is effective at 0.05

level of significance?
22.Explain the concept ANOVA. TLO11 L 1.1.
3 1
23.Explain One way analysis of variance. TLO11 L 1.1.
3 1
24.The following figure relates to the production in kilogram of three varieties TLO12 L 1.1.
of wheat A,B and C used 3 1
A 14 17 16 1
6

B 15 11 13 1 13 14
5

C 18 16 18 1 15
9

Test whether there is any difference in the production of three varieties.

Page 21 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI

L Cod
e
25.Suppose in an industrial experiment that an engineer is interested in how TLO12 L 1.1.
the mean absorption of moisture in concrete varies among 5 different 3 1
concrete aggregates. The samples are exposed to moisture for 48 hours.
It is decided that 6 samples are to tested for each aggregate, requiring a
total of 30 samples to be tested. The data recorded are as follows:
Absorption of Moisture in Concrete Aggregates
Aggregate: 1 2 3 4 5
551 595 639 417 563
457 580 615 449 631
450 508 511 517 522
731 583 573 438 613
499 633 648 415 656
632 517 677 555 679
Test whether there is a significant variation among aggregates.
26.The following table shows the yields per acre of four different plant crops TLO12
grown on lots treated with three different types of fertilizer. Test at 0.01
L.O.S whether there is a significant difference in(i) yield per acre due to
fertilizers (ii) yield per acre due to crops.
Crop Crop II Crop Crop IV
I III

Fertilizer A 4.5 6.4 7.2 6.7

Fertilizer B 8.8 7.8 9.6 7.0

Fertilizer C 5.9 6.8 5.7 5.2

TLO12
Machines
Detergents 1 2 3
1 53 50 59
2 54 54 60
3 56 58 62
4 50 45 57
27.Three different washing machines were employed to test four different
detergents. The following data give a coded score of the effectiveness of
each washing.
(a) Test the hypothesis that the detergent used does not affect the score.
(b) Test the hypothesis that the machine used does not affect the score.
28.In 250 digits from the lottery numbers, the frequency of the digits 0, 1, 2, TLO9 L 1.1.
….9 were 23, 25, 20, 23, 23, 22, 29, 25, 33 and 27.Test the hypothesis 3 1
that they were randomly drawn.
29.A computer system has six I/O channels and the system personnel are TLO9 L 1.1.
reasonably certain that the load on the channels is balanced. If X is the 3 1
random variable denoting the index of channel to which a given I/O
operation is directed, then its p.m.f is assumed to be Px(i)=pi=1/6,
i=0,1,...5. Out of 150 I/O operation observed, the number of operations
directed to various channels
were:n0=22 ,n1=23 ,n2=29 ,n3=31 ,n4=26 ,n5=19 . Test the hypothesis
that the load on the channels is balanced.

Page 22 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Sl.No. - Questions TLOs B PI

L Cod
e
30.A sample analysis of examination results of 200 MBA’s was made. It was TLO9 L 1.1.
found that 46 students had failed, 68 secured a third division, 62 secured 3 1
a second division and the rest were placed in first division. Are these
figures commensurate with the general examination result which is in the
ratio of 4:3:2:1 for various categories respectively?
31.A set of 8 symmetrical coins was tossed 256 times and the frequencies of TLO10 L 1.1.
throws observed were as follows. 3 1
No. of heads : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1
Frequency of throws : 2 6 24 63 50 36 1
4 0
Fit a Binomial distribution and test for goodness of fit.
32.When the first proof of 392 pages of a book of 1200 pages were read, the TLO10 L 1.1.
distribution of printing mistakes were found to be as follows: 3 1
No. of mistakes in a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
page(x):

No. of pages (f): 275 72 30 7 5 2 1

Fit a Poisson distribution to the above data and test for goodness of fit.
33.The following data is collected on two characters: TLO10 L 1.1.
Cinegoers Non-cinegoers 3 1
Literate 83 57
Illiterat
45 68
e
Based on this, can you conclude that there is no relation between the habit
of cinema going and literacy?
34.1,072 college students were classified according to their intelligence and TLO10 L 1.1.
economic conditions. Test whether there is any association between 3 1
intelligence and economic conditions.
Intelligence
Excellent Good Mediocre Dull
Economic Good 48 199 181 82
Conditions Not Good 81 185 190 106

Unit III

Chapter wise Plan

Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms

Chapter Number and Title: 6.Fourier Series Planned Hours: 5hrs
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:

Page 23 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code

1. Expand a given function in series involving sine and cosine terms. CO5 L3 1.1

2. Expand a given function in a series containing only sine or cosine CO5 L3 1.1
terms (half range)
3. Interpret the Fourier coefficients in terms of amplitude, phase and CO5 L2 1.1
power at specific frequencies.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Introduction to Fourier series.
2. Derivation of Complex coefficients of Exponential Fourier Series
3. Fourier series expansions of functions
4. Fourier series expansions of even and odd functions
5. Fourier half range series.

Review Questions
Sl.No. - Questions TLOs BL PI Code

TLO1 L3 1.1.1
1. Find the exponential Fourier series and plot the magnitude and
phase spectrum for the saw tooth wave given below.

2. Define the function and then Obtain the Fourier series for the TLO1 L3 1.1.1
following wave forms:
(i) (ii)

3. The impact force created by a forging hammer can be modeled as TLO1 L3 1.1.2
shown in the following figure. Determine the Fourier series TLO4
expansion of the impact force.

Page 24 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

4. Determine the Fourier series TLO1 L3 1.1.2

expansion of the motion of
the valve in the cam-follower
system shown in the following
figure,

Fig.Cam-follower system

5. Obtain the Fourier series for the function TLO1 L3 1.1.1

( π −x
2 )
2
f ( x )= ,0< x< 2 π and hence Show that
∞
π2 cosnx
f ( x )= +∑ ❑ 2
12 n=1 n
TLO1 L3 1.1.1
6. Find Fourier series of f ( x )=x −x2 in(−π , π ).

7. Expand the function f ( x )=x ( 2 π −x )in Fourier series over the TLO1 L3 1.1.1
∞
1 π2
interval (0 , 2 π ). Hence deduce that ∑❑ =
n2 6
n =1

8. Find the Fourier series expansion of the following periodic function TLO1 L3 1.1.1
with period 2 given f ( x )={π + x ,−π < x< 0 0 , 0< x< π
9. Obtain the Fourier series off ( x )={−π ,−π < x< 0 x , 0< x < π TLO1 L3 1.1.1
2 ∞
π 1
and deduce that =∑ ❑
8 n =1 (2 n−1)2
TLO1 L3 1.1.1
10. Expand f ( x )=2 x−x 2 as a Fourier series in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

11. Find Fourier series for f ( x )={πx , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 π (2−x) ,1 ≤ x ≤ 2and TLO1 L3 1.1.1
2
1 1 1 π
hence deduce that 2
+ 2 + 2 + …=
1 3 5 8
TLO2 L3 1.1.1
12. Find the Half –range Fourier Cosine Series of f ( x )=x 2 in the range
0≤ x≤ π.
TLO2 L3 1.1.1
13. Find the half – range Fourier Cosine series of f ( x )= ( x −1 )2in
(0,1).
14. Find the half – range Fourier sine series for the function TLO2 L3 1.1.1
2
f ( x )=πx−x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
15. Find the half – range Fourier sine series for the function TLO2 L3 1.1.1
1 1 3 1
f ( x )={ −x ∈0< x < x− ∈ < x <1
4 2 4 2

Chapter wise Plan

Course Code and Title: 15EMAB201 / Statistics and Integral transforms

Chapter Number and Title: 7.Fourier Transforms Planned Hours: 5 hrs
Learning Outcomes:-
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:

Page 25 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Topic Learning Outcomes COs BL CA Code

1. List properties of Fourier transform. CO5 L2 1.1
2. Find the Fourier transform of the given functions. CO5 L3 1.1
3. Find the inverse Fourier transform CO5 L3 1.1
Lesson Schedule
Class No. - Portion covered per hour
1. Introduction to Fourier transform.
2. Exponential Representation of non-periodic functions
3. Examples
4. Inverse Fourier transforms.
5. Examples continued.

Review Questions
Sl.No. - Questions TLOs BL PI
Code

1. Obtain the Fourier transform of the signal x (t )=e−a|t| fora> 0. TLO2 L3 1.1.1
2. Find the Fourier Transform of the signal x(t). What is the
−αt TLO2 L3 1.1.1
restriction on α for the FT to exist? x (t )=t e u(t )
3. State and prove i)linear property ii)time shifting property iii)time TLO2 L3 1.1.1
scaling property iv)frequency shifting v)time differentiation
property of Fourier transform.

4. Obtain the Fourier transform of the signal x (t )=e−at u (t)fora> 0 TLO2 L3 1.1.1

4. Compute the Fourier transform of the signal, TLO2 L3 1.1.1

(i) x (t )={1+cosπt ;∨t∨≤ 1 0 ;|t|>1 (ii)
2
x (t )={1−t ; 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 0; ot h erwise
(iii)
1
x (t )={1 ,∨t∨¿ a 0 ,|t |>a iv ¿ x ( t ) = x ( t ) =cos ω 0 t
(a ¿ ¿ 2+t )a> 0 v ¿
2

5. Determine the time domain signal corresponding to the following TLO2 L3 1.1.1
Fourier transforms
−2 ω
(i) X ( jω )=e u (ω) (ii)

X ( jω )={cos cos ( ω2 )+ jsin ( ω2 ) ;|ω|< π 0 ; ot h erwise

jw +12 TLO2 L3 1.1.1
6. Find the inverse Fourier Transform of ( i ) X ( w ) =
( jw )2+5 jw+6
jw − jw
( ii ) X ( w )= 2
(iii) X ( w )= 2
( jw +2 ) ( jw) +3 jw +2

Page 26 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Model Question Paper for Minor Examination (ISA-I)

Course Code: 15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms
Duration:75 mins Max. Marks:40
Note: : Any two full questions
Q.No Questions Mark CO BL PI
s Code
1a. Find the Laplace transform of (i) e−3 t ( cos 4 t+ 3 sin 4 t ) (ii)t 5 cos h 3t 06 1 L3 1.1.1

b. Fit a parabola to the following data: 07 2 L3 1.1.1

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -3.15 -1.39 0.62 2.88 5.378
c. A problem is given to the four students whose probabilities solving it 07 3 L3 1.1.1
1 1 1 1
are , , and respectively. Find the probability that the problem is
2 3 4 5
solved.
2a. Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave function of period 2a, 06 1 L3 1.1.1
given by f ( t )={t , 0<t <a 2 a−t , a< t<2 a

[ ]
b. −1 s 07 1 L3 1.1.1
Apply Convolution theorem to find L 2
( s 2+ a2 )
c. In a partially destroyed laboratory record of correlation data, the 07 2 L3 1.1.1
following results only are available. Variance of x is 9. Regression
equations are 8 x−10 y +66=0and40 x−18 y −214=0. Find (i)
mean of x and y (ii) S.D of y(iii) correlation co-efficient.
3a. Express f ( t )={cost , 0<t< π cos 2 t , π <t <2 π cos 3 t ,t >2 π as a unit 06 1 L3 1.1.1

step functionand hence find the Laplace transform.

b. Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms. 07 1 L3 1.1.1
'' ' 3t '
y −3 y +2 y=4 t +e ; y ( 0 )=1∧ y ( 0 )=−1

c. Three typists P, Q, R type 25%, 35%, and 40% of the pages of a book. 07 3 L3 1.1.1
It is estimated that 5% of the pages typed by P, 4% typed by Q and 2%
typed by R contain typographical errors. A page of the book is drawn at
random and is found to contain typographical errors. What is the
probability that this page has been typed by P?

Model Question Paper for Minor Examination (ISA-II)

Course Code: 15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms

Page 27 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Model Question Paper for Minor Examination (ISA-II)

Duration:75 mins Max. Marks:40
Note: : Any two full questions
Q.N Questions Mark CO BL PI
o s Code
1a. A random variable X has the following probability function 06 3 L3 1.1.1
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P(x 0 k 2 2k 3k k2 2 k2 7k2+k
) k

Find the suitable value of k, Evaluate P(X<6),P(0<X<5).Find its mean

b. Eleven school boys were given a test in drawing. They were given a 08 4 L3 1.1.1
month’s further tuition and a second test of equal difficulty was held at the
end of the month. Do the marks give evidence that the students have been
benefited by extra coaching?
Marks in 1st test 23 2 19 21 18 2 18 17 23 1 19
0 0 6

Marks in 2nd test 24 1 22 18 20 2 20 20 23 2 17

9 2 0

c. The mean height of 50 students who showed average participation in 06 4 L3 1.1.1

college athletics was 68.2 inches with a standard deviation of 2.5 inches,
whereas another 50 students who showed no interest in such participation
had a mean height of 67.5 inches with a standard deviation of 2.8 inches.
Test the hypothesis that the students who participate in college athletics are
taller than the other students.
2a. Define (i) Null hypothesis (ii) Type-I and Type-II Error. (iii) Standard Error 05 4 L3 1.1.1
(iv)Precision.
b. The mortality rate for a certain disease is 6 per 1000. What is the probability 05 3 L3 1.1.1
for more than four deaths from that disease in a group of 400?
c. A set of 8 symmetrical coins was tossed 256 times and the frequencies of 10 4 L3 1.1.1
throws observed were as follows.
No. of heads : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 1
Frequency of throws : 2 6 24 63 50 36 1
4 0
Fit a Binomial distribution and test for goodness of fit.
3a. In a normal distribution, 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. 06 3 L3 1.1.1
Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.

Page 28 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Model Question Paper for Minor Examination (ISA-II)

b. A sample of 30 pieces of a semi conduction material gave an average of 06 3 L3 1.1.1
73.2 units with a sample standard deviation of 5.4 units. Obtain a 95%
confidence interval for the resistivity of the material
c. A manufacturer of paper used for making grocery bags is interested in 08 4 L3 1.1.1
improving the product’s strength. Product engineering believes that tensile
strength is a function of the hardwood concentration in the pulp and that the
range of hardwood concentrations of practical interest is between 5 and
20%. A team of engineers responsible for the study decides to investigate
four levels of hardwood concentration:5%,10%15%and 20%. The data from
this experiment are given below:
Hardwood Observations

Concentration(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6

5 7 8 15 11 9 10

10 12 17 13 18 19 15

15 14 18 19 17 16 18

20 19 25 22 23 18 20

Test the hypothesis that different hardwood concentrations do not affect the
mean tensile strength of the paper? use α =0.01

Model Question Paper for End Semester Assessment (ESA)

Course Code:15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms
Duration 3 hrs Max. Marks:100
Note: Note :Answer Five Questions: Any two full questions from each Unit I & Unit II
and one full question from Unit III
UNIT
Q.No Questions Mark C BL PI
s O Code
1a. It is known that the tensile strength of a plastic increases as a 6 2 1.1.1
function of the time it is heat-treated. The following data is
collected:
1 2 4 5
Time 15 25 50 60 75
0 0 0 5
Tensile 1 3 8
4 20 50 48 60 78
strength 8 3 0
Fit a straight line to this data and use the equation to determine
the tensile strength at a time of 30 min.
b. cosat−cosbt 7 1 1.1.1
Find the Laplace transform of i ¿2 t ii ¿
t

Page 29 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Model Question Paper for End Semester Assessment (ESA)

Course Code:15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms
c. Find the Laplace transform of the rectified semi-wave function 7 1 1.1.1
π π 2π
defined by f ( t )={ Esinωt , 0<t< 0 , <t<
ω ω ω
2a Find the best estimate for y when x = 3.5 and the best estimate 6 2 1.1.1
for x when y = 3.5.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y
1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3
:
b A bag contains 10 white balls and 3 red balls while another bag 7 3 1.1.1
contains 3 white balls and 5 red balls. Two balls are drawn at
random from the first bag and put in the second bag and then a
ball is drawn at random from the second bag. What is the
probability that it is a white ball?

[ ]
c −1 s 7 1 1.1.1
Apply Convolution theorem to find L 2
( s 2+ a2 )
3a Three machines A, B, C respectively produce 60%, 30%, and 6 3 1.1.1
10% of a total number of items of a factory. The defective
outputs of these machines are respectively 2%, 3% and 4%.
Find the chance of a randomly selected item is defective. If an
item chosen randomly is found to be defective, what is the
probability that B produces it?
b Solve the following differential equation using Laplace 7 1 1.1.1
'' ' '
transform: x +2 x +5 x=20 t ; x ( 0 )=0∧x ( 0 )=1.
c ∞ 7 1 1.1.1
Evaluate ∫ ❑t 3 e−t sintdt using Laplace transform
0

Unit II
4a Find the constant k such that 6 3 L2 .1.1.1
2
f ( x )={k x , 0< x <3 0 , ot h erwise is a p.d.f Also find (i)
P(1<x<2) (ii) P(x 1) (iii P(x>1) (iv) Mean (v) Variance
b A random sample of eight envelope is taken from letter box of a 6 4 L2 1.1.1
post office. The weights in grams are found to be 12.1, 11.9,
12.4, 12.3, 11.9, 12.1, 12.4, 12.1.Does the mean of these differ
significantly from the assumed mean of 18 at 5% level of
significance
c Ten individuals have participated in a diet modification program 8 4 L3 1.1.1
to stimulate weight loss. Their weight(in kg) both before and
after participation in the program is shown in the following list:
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Before 88 9 112 91 85 95 9 112 133 141

7 8

After 85 8 100 86 79 89 9 100 126 129

8 0

Is there evidence to support the claim that this particular diet

modification program is effective in producing a mean
reduction?use α =0.05

Page 30 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Model Question Paper for End Semester Assessment (ESA)

Course Code:15EMAB201 Course Title: Statistics and Integral transforms
5a The life in hours of a battery is known to be approximately 6 4 L2 1.1.1
normally distributed with standard deviation σ =1.25 hours. A
random sample of 20 batteries has a mean life of x=40.5
hours.is there evidence to support the claim that battery mean
life is equal to 40 hours?use α =0.05
b In a distribution exactly normal, 7% of the items are under 35 6 3 L2 1.1.1
and 89% are under 63. What are mean and standard deviation
of the distribution?
c Consider the following frequency table of observations on the 8 4 L3 1.1.1
random variable X:
Values 0 1 2 3 4

Frequenc 4 14 10 20 2
y

Fit a Binomial distribution and test for goodness of fit.

6a Define:(i) Null and alternative hypothesis (ii) critical region 4 4 L2 1.1.1
(iii)confidence interval (iv) type-I and type-II errors

Page 31 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

b Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a 6 3 L3 1.1.1

particular organic pollutant. Assume that the samples are
independent with regard to the presence of the pollutant. Find
the probability that in 18 samples i) exactly 2 contain the
pollutant ii) at least four samples contain pollutant iii) between
two and seven samples contain pollutant.
c The following table shows the yields per acre of four different 10 4 L2 1.1.1
plant crops grown on lots treated with three different types of
fertilizer. Test at 0.01 L.O.S whether there is a significant
difference in(i) yield per acre due to fertilizers (ii) yield per acre
due to crops.
Crop Crop II Crop Crop IV
I III

Fertilizer A 4.5 6.4 7.2 6.7

Fertilizer B 8.8 7.8 9.6 7.0

Fertilizer C 5.9 6.8 5.7 5.2

Unit III
7a Find the Half –range Fourier Cosine Series of f ( x )=x 2 in the 6 5 L2 1.1.1
range 0 ≤ x ≤ π
b 7 5 L2 1.1.1
Obtain the Fourier series for the function

( )
2
π −x
f ( x )= ,0< x< 2 π and hence Show that
2
∞
π2 cosnx
f ( x )= + ∑ ❑ 2
12 n=1 n
c 7 5 L2 1.1.1
Find the exponential Fourier series for the saw tooth wave given
below.

.
8a State and prove i) frequency shifting ii)time differentiation 6 5 L2 1.1.1
property of Fourier transform.
b Obtain the Fourier transform of the signal x (t )=e−a|t| fora> 0. 7 5 L2 1.1.1
c 7 5 L2 1.1.1
Determine the time domain signal corresponding to the
following Fourier transforms
−2 ω
(i) X ( jω )=e u (ω) (ii)

X ( jω )={cos cos
ω
2 ( )
+ jsin
ω
2 ( )
;|ω|< π 0 ; ot h erwise

Page 32 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Area between 0 and z

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990

Page 33 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Percentage Points of the t-Distribution

Tail Probabilities
One Tail 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
Two Tails 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----
D 1 | 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 318.3 637 1
E 2 | 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.330 31.6 2
G 3 | 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.210 12.92 3
R 4 | 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610 | 4
E 5 | 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869 | 5
E 6 | 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959 | 6
S 7 | 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408 | 7
8 | 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041 | 8
O 9 | 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781 | 9
F 10 | 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587 | 10
11 | 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437 | 11
F 12 | 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318 | 12
R 13 | 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221 | 13
E 14 | 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140 | 14
E 15 | 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073 | 15
D 16 | 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015 | 16
O 17 | 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965 | 17
M 18 | 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922 | 18
19 | 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883 | 19
20 | 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850 | 20
21 | 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819 | 21
22 | 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792 | 22
23 | 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768 | 23
24 | 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745 | 24
25 | 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725 | 25
26 | 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707 | 26
27 | 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690 | 27
28 | 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674 | 28
29 | 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659 | 29
30 | 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646 | 30
-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----
Two Tails 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
One Tail 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
Tail Probabilities

Page 34 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Table: Significant values of Chi-square distribution (Right tail areas) for given

df 0.99 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01

1 --- 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635
2 0.020 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210
3 0.115 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345
4 0.297 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277
5 0.554 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086
6 0.872 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812
7 1.239 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475
8 1.646 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090
9 2.088 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666
10 2.558 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209
11 3.053 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725
12 3.571 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217
13 4.107 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688
14 4.660 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141
15 5.229 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578
16 5.812 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000
17 6.408 8.672 10.08 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409
5
18 7.015 9.390 10.86 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805
5
19 7.633 10.117 11.65 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191
1
20 8.260 10.851 12.44 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566
3
21 8.897 11.591 13.24 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932
0
22 9.542 12.338 14.04 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289
1
23 10.196 13.091 14.84 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638
8
24 10.856 13.848 15.65 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980
9
25 11.524 14.611 16.47 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314
3
26 12.198 15.379 17.29 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642
2
27 12.879 16.151 18.11 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963
4
28 13.565 16.928 18.93 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278
9
29 14.256 17.708 19.76 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588
8
30 14.953 18.493 20.59 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892
9

Page 35 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

40 22.164 26.509 29.05 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691

1
50 29.707 34.764 37.68 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154
9
60 37.485 43.188 46.45 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379
9
70 45.442 51.739 55.32 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425
9
80 53.540 60.391 64.27 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329
8
90 61.754 69.126 73.29 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116
1
10 70.065 77.929 82.35 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807
0 8

Page 36 of 39.
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

F Distribution: Critical Values of F (5% significance level)

n1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40
n2
246.4
1 161.45 199.5 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88 243.91 245.36 6 247.32 248.01 249.26 250.1 250.69 251.14
2 18.51 19 19.16 19.25 19.3 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.4 19.41 19.42 19.43 19.44 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.47
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.71 8.69 8.67 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.6 8.59
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6 5.96 5.91 5.87 5.84 5.82 5.8 5.77 5.75 5.73 5.72
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.64 4.6 4.58 4.56 4.52 4.5 4.48 4.46
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.1 4.06 4 3.96 3.92 3.9 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.79 3.77
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.53 3.49 3.47 3.44 3.4 3.38 3.36 3.34
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.5 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.24 3.2 3.17 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.06 3.04
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.96 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.84 2.83
10 4.96 4.1 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.86 2.83 2.8 2.77 2.73 2.7 2.68 2.66
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.2 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.9 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.7 2.67 2.65 2.6 2.57 2.55 2.53
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3 2.91 2.85 2.8 2.75 2.69 2.64 2.6 2.57 2.54 2.5 2.47 2.44 2.43
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.6 2.55 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.36 2.34
14 4.6 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.7 2.65 2.6 2.53 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.39 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.27
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.9 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.2
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.3 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.17 2.15
17 4.45 3.59 3.2 2.96 2.81 2.7 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.26 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.1
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.19 2.14 2.11 2.08 2.06
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.9 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.26 2.21 2.18 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.05 2.03
20 4.35 3.49 3.1 2.87 2.71 2.6 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.2 2.16 2.12 2.1 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96
22 4.3 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.4 2.34 2.3 2.23 2.17 2.13 2.1 2.07 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.94
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.8 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.2 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2 1.96 1.93 1.91

Page 37 of 34
 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

24 4.26 3.4 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.3 2.25 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.05 2.03 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.6 2.49 2.4 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.87
26 4.22 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.94 1.9 1.87 1.85
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.2 2.13 2.08 2.04 2 1.97 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.84
28 4.2 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.82
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.7 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.1 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.83 1.81
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.79
35 4.12 3.27 2.87 2.64 2.49 2.37 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.04 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.74
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2 1.95 1.9 1.87 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69

F Distribution: Critical Values of F (1% significance level)

v1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40
v2
5403.3 5858.9 5981.0 6106.3 6208.7 6260.6
1 4052.18 4999.5 5 5624.58 5763.65 9 5928.36 7 6022.47 6055.85 2 6142.67 6170.1 6191.53 3 6239.83 5 6275.57 6286.78
2 98.5 99 99.17 99.25 99.3 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.4 99.42 99.43 99.44 99.44 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.47
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.92 26.83 26.75 26.69 26.58 26.5 26.45 26.41
4 21.2 18 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.8 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.25 14.15 14.08 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.79 13.75
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.77 9.68 9.61 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.33 9.29
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.1 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.6 7.52 7.45 7.4 7.3 7.23 7.18 7.14
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.36 6.28 6.21 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.94 5.91
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.56 5.48 5.41 5.36 5.26 5.2 5.15 5.12
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.8 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 5.01 4.92 4.86 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.6 4.57
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.2 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.6 4.52 4.46 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.2 4.17
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.4 4.29 4.21 4.15 4.1 4.01 3.94 3.89 3.86
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.5 4.39 4.3 4.16 4.05 3.97 3.91 3.86 3.76 3.7 3.65 3.62
13 9.07 6.7 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.3 4.19 4.1 3.96 3.86 3.78 3.72 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.46 3.43
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.8 3.7 3.62 3.56 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.3 3.27

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 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4 3.89 3.8 3.67 3.56 3.49 3.42 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.17 3.13
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.2 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.45 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.16 3.1 3.05 3.02
17 8.4 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.1 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.35 3.27 3.21 3.16 3.07 3 2.96 2.92
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.6 3.51 3.37 3.27 3.19 3.13 3.08 2.98 2.92 2.87 2.84
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.5 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.3 3.19 3.12 3.05 3 2.91 2.84 2.8 2.76
20 8.1 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.1 3.87 3.7 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.73 2.69
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.4 3.31 3.17 3.07 2.99 2.93 2.88 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.64
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 3.02 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.58
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.3 3.21 3.07 2.97 2.89 2.83 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.57 2.54
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.9 3.67 3.5 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.93 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.64 2.58 2.53 2.49
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.81 2.75 2.7 2.6 2.54 2.49 2.45
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.86 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.57 2.5 2.45 2.42
27 7.68 5.49 4.6 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.82 2.75 2.68 2.63 2.54 2.47 2.42 2.38
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.9 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.6 2.51 2.44 2.39 2.35
29 7.6 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.5 3.33 3.2 3.09 3 2.87 2.77 2.69 2.63 2.57 2.48 2.41 2.36 2.33
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.7 3.47 3.3 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.74 2.66 2.6 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.3
35 7.42 5.27 4.4 3.91 3.59 3.37 3.2 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.74 2.64 2.56 2.5 2.44 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.19
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.8 2.66 2.56 2.48 2.42 2.37 2.27 2.2 2.15 2.11

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