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12th Std. HSC Board English

Compiled Notes (Poems)

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Section – POEMS

Part 1 – Summary & Stanza Wise

Explanation of all Poems

Part 2 – Poetic Appreciation of

all Poems & Figures of Speech

NOTE – Out of all these 8 Poems, these 4

are MOST IMPORTANT for HSC Boards
2025!

2.2 – Indian Weavers

2.5 – Father Returning Home
2.6 – Money
2.8 – Small Town and Rivers

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Section A – Stanza Wise detailed

Poem 2.1 - Song of the Open Road

By Walt Whitman

Summary

"Song of the Open Road" by Walt Whitman is an inspirational poem celebrating

the freedom and possibilities of life. The speaker views life as a journey on an
open road, filled with opportunities for self-discovery and growth.

He invites readers to break free from societal constraints, embrace the beauty of
nature, and embark on a path of adventure and self-reliance. The poem
encourages optimism, independence, and a joyful spirit, suggesting that
happiness lies in the journey itself, rather than a specific destination.

Stanza 1

Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road,

Healthy, free, the world before me,
The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The poet begins by expressing his excitement and readiness to embark on

a journey. "Afoot and light-hearted" suggests that he is traveling on
foot and is full of joy and optimism.
• "The long brown path" symbolizes the open road, representing life's
journey and the opportunities ahead.
• He emphasizes his freedom and self-determination, as the road leads
him wherever he chooses to go.
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Stanza 2

Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune,

Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing,
Strong and content I travel the open road.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• The poet rejects the idea of relying on luck or fortune. Instead, he

declares that he is his own good fortune, emphasizing self-reliance.
• "I whimper no more" suggests that he has stopped complaining or
feeling helpless.
• He expresses a sense of contentment and strength, ready to face life’s
challenges with a positive attitude.

Stanza 3

The earth—that is sufficient,

I do not want the constellations any nearer,
I know they are very well where they are,
I know they suffice for those who belong to them.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• "The earth—that is sufficient" emphasizes the poet's belief in

appreciating the simple, tangible things in life, such as nature and the
earth itself.
• He dismisses the desire for distant or unattainable things, symbolized by
the constellations, implying that they are fine where they are.
• The stanza conveys the idea that one should be content with the present
and the immediate world, rather than yearning for the distant or
unreachable.

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Stanza 4

Still here I carry my old delicious burdens,

I carry them, men and women, I carry them with me wherever I go,
I swear it is impossible for me to get rid of them,
I am filled with them, and I will fill them in return.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• The "old delicious burdens" refer to the poet’s experiences, memories,

and relationships.
• He acknowledges that these experiences, both pleasant and burdensome,
shape his identity and accompany him on his journey.
• The phrase "I will fill them in return" suggests that life is a continuous
exchange of experiences, emotions, and interactions with others.

Stanza 5

You road I enter upon and look around, I believe you are not all that is here,
I believe that much unseen is also here.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 5

• The poet reflects on the idea that the road he travels is not just a physical
path but also a metaphorical one.
• He suggests that beyond the visible, there is an unseen spiritual or
emotional journey happening simultaneously.
• This emphasizes the idea that life is not just about external experiences
but also about inner growth and self-discovery.

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Stanza 6

Here the profound lesson of reception, neither preference nor denial,

The black with his woolly head, the felon, the diseas'd, the illiterate person, are
not denied;
The birth, the hasting after the physician, the beggar's tramp, the drunkard's
stagger, the laughing party of mechanics,
The escaped youth, the rich person's carriage, the fop, the eloping couple,
The early market-man, the hearse, the moving of furniture into the house, the
return back from the funeral,
They pass, I also pass, anything passes, none can be interdicted,
None but are accepted, none but shall be dear to me.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 6

• This stanza celebrates inclusivity and the diversity of life.

• The poet lists various people from different walks of life—rich and
poor, healthy and diseased, educated and illiterate—emphasizing that
everyone is accepted on this journey of life.
• He acknowledges that all these experiences and people "pass" along the
road, just as he does, signifying the transient nature of life.
• The poet expresses a universal acceptance of all aspects of life,
emphasizing that nothing is excluded or denied.

Stanza 7

Allons! the road is before us!

It is safe—I have tried it—my own feet have tried it well—be not detain’d!
Let the paper remain on the desk unwritten, and the book on the shelf unopen’d!
Let the tools remain in the workshop! let the money remain unearn’d!
Let the school stand! mind not the cry of the teacher!
Let the preacher preach in his pulpit! let the lawyer plead in the court, and the
judge expound the law.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 7

• The poet calls out with "Allons!" meaning "Let’s go!", encouraging the
reader to join him on this journey.
• He reassures the reader that the road is safe and tested.
• He urges them to leave behind societal obligations—work, education, and
responsibilities—emphasizing the importance of living life fully rather
than being tied down by routine and duty.
• This stanza reflects the poet’s belief in the freedom to explore and
embrace life beyond societal expectations.

Stanza 8

Camper! I give you my hand!

I give you my love more precious than money,
I give you myself before preaching or law;
Will you give me yourself? will you come travel with me?
Shall we stick by each other as long as we live?

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 8

• The poet concludes with a heartfelt invitation to the reader ("Camper")

to join him on this journey of life.
• He offers his love and companionship, valuing these more than material
wealth.
• He asks the reader to reciprocate by offering their true self and traveling
through life together in mutual support and companionship.
• The stanza emphasizes the importance of human connection and the
shared experience of life.

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Poem 2.2 - Indian Weavers

By Sarojini Naidu

Summary

"Indian Weavers" by Sarojini Naidu highlights the different stages of human life
through the metaphor of the work done by Indian weavers at different times of
the day. The poem is divided into three stanzas, each depicting a distinct phase
of life—birth, marriage, and death—represented by the colors and types of
garments being woven. The weavers symbolize life's journey from the joy of
birth to the solemnity of death.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

Weavers, weaving at break of day,

Why do you weave a garment so gay?
Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild,
We weave the robes of a new-born child.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• Time: The weavers are working at break of day, symbolizing the

beginning of life.
• Question: The poet asks why they are weaving a "garment so gay",
indicating a cheerful and vibrant fabric.
• Answer: The weavers respond that they are creating "robes of a new-
born child", representing the innocence and joy associated with birth.
• Imagery: The color blue is compared to the wing of a halcyon
(kingfisher), a symbol of calmness, beauty, and new beginnings.
• Symbolism: This stanza represents the first stage of life—birth, which
is full of hope and happiness.
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Stanza 2

Weavers, weaving at fall of night,

Why do you weave a garment so bright?
Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green,
We weave the marriage-veils of a queen.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• Time: The weavers are now working at fall of night, symbolizing the
transition from youth to adulthood.
• Question: The poet asks why they are weaving a "garment so bright",
indicating a rich and elaborate fabric.
• Answer: The weavers reply that they are creating the "marriage-veils of
a queen", symbolizing the celebration of love, union, and prosperity.
• Imagery: The colors purple and green are compared to the plumes of a
peacock, representing grandeur, festivity, and beauty.
• Symbolism: This stanza represents the second stage of life—marriage,
characterized by joy, love, and responsibility.

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Stanza 3

Weavers, weaving solemn and still,

Why do you weave in the moonlight chill?
White as a feather and white as a cloud,
We weave a dead man’s funeral shroud.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• Time: The weavers are now working in the moonlight chill,

symbolizing the end of life.
• Question: The poet asks why they are weaving in such a solemn and
still manner, reflecting a somber mood.
• Answer: The weavers respond that they are making a "dead man’s
funeral shroud", a garment used to cover the deceased.
• Imagery: The color white is compared to a feather and a cloud,
symbolizing purity, peace, and the finality of death.
• Symbolism: This stanza represents the third stage of life—death,
signifying the end of life’s journey and the return to eternal peace.

Final Reflection

"Indian Weavers" is a symbolic poem that portrays life as a journey through

birth, marriage, and death. The weavers' work, the colors, and the times of day
reflect the emotional tone of each stage, highlighting the beauty and
inevitability of life’s cycle. Sarojini Naidu's use of vivid imagery and
symbolism makes the poem a profound meditation on the passage of life.

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Poem 2.3 - The Inchcape Rock

By Robert Southey

Summary

"The Inchcape Rock" is a narrative poem by Robert Southey that tells the story
of a notorious reef off the east coast of Scotland, known as the Inchcape Rock.
The Abbot of Aberbrothok had placed a bell on the rock to warn sailors of the
danger. However, a pirate named Sir Ralph the Rover, driven by greed and
malice, removes the bell, believing it will increase his plunder. In a twist of fate,
his own ship later crashes on the rock during a storm, leading to his demise. The
poem conveys a moral lesson about the consequences of evil deeds.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

No stir in the air, no stir in the sea,

The ship was still as she could be;
Her sails from heaven received no motion,
Her keel was steady in the ocean.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The stanza sets a calm and peaceful scene at sea, with no movement in
the air or water.
• The ship is described as being still, with no wind to propel its sails.
• "Her keel was steady in the ocean" indicates that the ship is motionless,
creating a sense of serenity.
• This calmness contrasts with the danger lurking beneath the surface,
foreshadowing the events to come.

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Stanza 2

When the Rock was hid by the surge’s swell,

The mariners heard the warning bell;
And then they knew the perilous Rock,
And blest the Abbot of Aberbrothok.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• The Inchcape Rock is submerged by the rising waves, making it a

hidden danger to sailors.
• The warning bell, placed by the Abbot of Aberbrothok, guides the
sailors and helps them navigate safely.
• The sailors express gratitude to the Abbot for his thoughtful act, which
has saved many lives.
• This stanza highlights the importance of the bell as a lifesaving device.

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Stanza 3

The sun in heaven was shining gay,

All things were joyful on that day;
The sea-birds scream’d as they wheel’d round,
And there was joyaunce in their sound.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• The poet describes a bright and cheerful day, with the sun shining and
the sea birds flying joyfully.
• The word "joyaunce" conveys a sense of happiness and liveliness in the
atmosphere.
• This cheerful imagery contrasts with the dark intentions of Sir Ralph the
Rover, who is about to commit a malicious act.

Stanza 4

When the Rover walked his deck,

And he fix’d his eye on the darker speck,
He felt the cheering power of spring,
It made him whistle, it made him sing.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• Sir Ralph the Rover, the pirate, is introduced as he walks on the deck of
his ship.
• He notices a "darker speck", which is the Inchcape Rock, and
contemplates his next move.
• Despite his evil intentions, the cheerful spring atmosphere lifts his
spirits, making him whistle and sing.
• This stanza highlights the irony of his joy, as it contrasts with the harm
he is about to cause.
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Stanza 5

"Down with the bell, the devil in the street!"

But the Rover sign’d with his eye so keen,
The boat is lower’d, the boatmen row,
And to the Inchcape Rock they go.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 5

• Sir Ralph orders his men to remove the bell from the Inchcape Rock,
driven by malice and greed.
• He believes that without the bell, ships will crash on the rock, making it
easier for him to plunder them.
• His men obey, lowering the boat and rowing toward the rock.
• This stanza marks the turning point, as the pirate’s evil deed sets the stage
for his downfall.

Stanza 6

So thick a haze o’erspreads the sky,

They cannot see the sun on high;
The wind hath blown a gale all day,
At evening it hath died away.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 6

• The atmosphere changes as a thick haze covers the sky, reducing

visibility.
• The sailors can no longer see the sun, indicating a shift from the earlier
cheerful scene to a more ominous one.
• A gale (strong wind) blows throughout the day but dies down by evening,
creating a sense of impending danger.

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Stanza 7

On deck the Rover takes his stand,

So dark it is they see no land.
Quoth Sir Ralph, “It will be lighter soon,
For there is the dawn of the rising moon.”

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 7

• Sir Ralph stands on the deck of his ship, but the darkness prevents them
from seeing any land.
• He tries to reassure himself and his crew, believing that the moonlight
will soon illuminate their surroundings.
• This stanza builds tension, as the pirate is unaware of the danger lurking
ahead.

Stanza 8

Canst hear,’ said one, ‘the breakers roar?

For yonder, methinks, should be the shore.
Now where we are I cannot tell,
But I wish we could hear the Inchcape Bell.’

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 8

• One of the sailors hears the sound of breakers (waves crashing against
rocks) and assumes they are near the shore.
• He expresses a wish to hear the Inchcape Bell, which would have guided
them safely.
• This stanza emphasizes the consequences of Sir Ralph’s actions, as the
absence of the bell leads to confusion and danger.
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Stanza 9

They hear no sound, the swell is strong,

Though the wind hath fallen they drift along;
Till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock,
O Christ! It is the Inchcape Rock!

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 9

• The sailors hear no warning sound as their ship drifts aimlessly in the
strong swell.
• Suddenly, the ship strikes the Inchcape Rock with a violent impact.
• The exclamation "O Christ!" conveys their shock and despair upon
realizing they have hit the very rock they sought to avoid.

Stanza 10

Sir Ralph the Rover tore his hair,

He cursed himself in his despair;
The waves rush in on every side,
The ship is sinking beneath the tide.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 10

• Sir Ralph is overcome with despair and regret, realizing the

consequences of his actions.
• He tears his hair and curses himself, but it is too late to undo the
damage.
• The ship is overwhelmed by the waves and begins to sink into the sea,
sealing the pirate’s fate.

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Poem 2.4 - Have You Earned Your

Tomorrow
By Edgar Guest

Summary

"Have You Earned Your Tomorrow" by Edgar Guest is a reflective poem that
urges readers to introspect on their daily actions and their impact on others. It
poses a series of questions about kindness, empathy, and selflessness,
emphasizing that life is fleeting and that the way we treat others determines
whether we deserve another day. The poem encourages readers to lead lives of
purpose, compassion, and service, reminding them that the future is shaped by
their present actions.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

Is anybody happier because you passed his way?

Does anyone remember that you spoke to him today?
This day is almost over, and its toiling time is through;
Is there anyone to utter now a kindly word of you?

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The poet opens with a rhetorical question, asking if anyone's life has
improved because of the reader's actions.
• "Is anybody happier because you passed his way?" prompts readers to
consider whether their presence has brought joy or comfort to others.

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• The second line, "Does anyone remember that you spoke to him
today?", highlights the importance of simple, thoughtful interactions like
a kind word or a friendly greeting.
• The stanza reflects on the day's end, suggesting that as the day concludes,
people may reflect on whether their actions were meaningful and
impactful.
• The stanza emphasizes the idea that our words and actions, though small,
can leave a lasting impression on others.

Stanza 2

Did you give a cheerful greeting to the friend who came along?
Or a churlish sort of “Howdy” and then vanish in the throng?
Were you selfish pure and simple as you rushed along the way,
Or is someone mighty grateful for a deed you did today?

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• The poet continues by asking whether the reader greeted a friend warmly
or dismissed them with indifference.
• "Did you give a cheerful greeting?" highlights the value of kindness
and friendliness in everyday interactions.
• The line "Or a churlish sort of 'Howdy'" contrasts warmth with
coldness or rudeness, suggesting that even casual greetings carry
emotional weight.
• The poet challenges readers to reflect on their behavior: were they selfish
and focused only on their own concerns, or did they perform an act of
kindness that made someone feel grateful?
• This stanza emphasizes that small acts of generosity and kindness can
have a significant positive impact.

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Stanza 3

Can you say tonight, in parting with the day that’s slipping fast,
That you helped a single brother of the many that you passed?
Is a single heart rejoicing over what you did or said;
Does the man whose hopes were fading now with courage look ahead?

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• The stanza shifts to introspection at the end of the day, asking whether the
reader can honestly say they helped someone in need.
• "Can you say tonight...that you helped a single brother?" highlights
the importance of offering support and assistance to others.
• The poet asks if any "single heart" is happier or more hopeful because
of the reader's actions or words.
• The final line, "Does the man whose hopes were fading now with
courage look ahead?", suggests that acts of kindness can restore hope
and inspire courage in those who are struggling.
• This stanza reinforces the theme of compassion and selflessness,
emphasizing the power of positive actions.

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Stanza 4

Did you waste the day, or lose it? Was it well or sorely spent?
Did you leave a trail of kindness or a scar of discontent?
As you close your eyes in slumber, do you think that God would say,
“You have earned one more tomorrow by the work you did today”?

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• The final stanza asks whether the reader used their day wisely or wasted
it on trivial or selfish pursuits.
• "Did you leave a trail of kindness or a scar of discontent?" contrasts
the effects of positive and negative actions, urging readers to consider the
emotional impact they leave on others.
• The poet prompts readers to reflect before going to sleep, imagining
whether a higher power (God) would judge their actions favorably.
• The last line, "You have earned one more tomorrow by the work you
did today," suggests that living a life of kindness, service, and empathy
is the key to deserving another day.
• This stanza serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of daily
reflection and the need to live each day with purpose and compassion.

Final Reflection

"Have You Earned Your Tomorrow" is a poem that encourages self-reflection

and mindfulness in daily life. It emphasizes that small acts of kindness and
empathy can have a profound impact on others. The poet reminds readers that
life is uncertain, and the way they treat others determines whether they have
truly "earned" another day. The poem inspires readers to live with compassion,
purpose, and a sense of responsibility toward others.

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Poem 2.5 - Father Returning Home

By Kamala Das

Summary

"Father Returning Home" by Kamala Das explores the emotional distance

between the speaker and her father, highlighting his mundane and sorrowful
routine. The poem paints a picture of an old man who, after a tiring day at work,
returns home to a life filled with unfulfilled expectations. Through vivid
imagery and tone, the poem reveals the physical and emotional decline of the
father and reflects on the feelings of helplessness and alienation between them.
The father’s return symbolizes the monotony of life, loss of dignity, and his
struggle with old age.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

His suitcase is filled with clothes,

A few books,
He does not carry his slippers with him,
He returns home at twilight,
He is old, old and tired,
He shuffles on tired feet,
His legs ache,
His stomach hurts,
He is still searching for the house keys.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The father’s return is depicted as a dull and routine part of his life. He
carries a suitcase filled with clothes and a few books, suggesting a life
that has become ordinary and stripped of excitement.
• The absence of slippers may signify a lack of comfort and care,
highlighting the monotony of his daily life.
• The description of his physical tiredness—"old and tired," "shuffles on
tired feet," "his legs ache," and "his stomach hurts"—emphasizes the
decline of his health and his struggle with aging.
• The fact that he is still searching for the house keys shows that he is
unable to perform even the simplest tasks efficiently, symbolizing his
fragility and inability to care for himself.
• This stanza sets a sombre tone, focusing on the father’s weariness and his
diminished sense of purpose.

Stanza 2

The man who once,

When young,
Had pride in his step,
Had a walk that resembled a soldier’s,
Now shuffles slowly,
No one watches,
No one waits for him,
He is alone,
Always alone.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• The poet contrasts the father’s youthful vitality with his current
weakness and isolation. In his prime, the father had pride in his step,
and his walk resembled that of a soldier, symbolizing strength and
confidence.
• The image of shuffling slowly suggests the gradual loss of dignity and
the physical frailty of old age.
• No one watches, no one waits for him—this line emphasizes the father’s
alienation. Despite his efforts, no one is there to care for him or
appreciate his return.
• The repeated phrase "He is alone, always alone" underscores the
emotional isolation the father feels, even within his own home. The
absence of a warm, welcoming environment further deepens his sense of
loneliness.

Stanza 3

He opens the door,

Shuts it behind him,
Sits down at the table,
Picks up his cup,
Does not speak a word,
Does not ask for food,
His eyes are dull, his mouth is set in a line,
He does not look at his wife or children.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• The father’s actions upon entering the house are described as mechanical
and devoid of warmth. He opens the door, shuts it behind him, and sits
at the table, suggesting a sense of detachment from his surroundings.
• The fact that he picks up his cup but does not ask for food shows that he
is emotionally withdrawn and indifferent to his needs.
• "His eyes are dull; his mouth is set in a line" further emphasize the
father’s lack of vitality and the emotional distance that has developed
between him and his family.
• The father does not interact with his wife or children, indicating that
there is no meaningful connection left between them. This line highlights
his alienation and estrangement from his family.

Stanza 4

He looks at the sky outside,

His eyes stare at the horizon,
Not seeing the beauty of the world,
He has seen it all before,
Everything is the same,
And nothing is new.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• The father’s gaze at the sky and the horizon suggests that he is lost in
thought, perhaps reflecting on the futility of life.
• "Not seeing the beauty of the world" shows that he is no longer able to
appreciate the simple joys of life, indicating his mental and emotional
fatigue.

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• The line "He has seen it all before, everything is the same" reflects the
monotony that has come to define his existence. The father’s life feels
like a repetitive cycle, where there is no novelty or excitement, only a
lingering sense of emptiness.
• "Nothing is new" signifies that the father has reached a stage where he
feels disconnected from the world around him, unable to find joy or
meaning in it.

Final Reflection

"Father Returning Home" poignantly portrays the emotional and physical

decline of a father who once was strong and full of purpose but is now weary,
disconnected, and alienated. Kamala Das uses powerful imagery and stark
contrasts between youth and old age, activity and passivity, to highlight the
loneliness and isolation that often accompany the aging process. The poem
invites readers to reflect on the impermanence of life, the loss of dignity in old
age, and the emotional distances that can grow between family members over
time.

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Poem 2.6 - Money

By Kamala Das

Summary

"Money" by Kamala Das explores the impact of wealth on human relationships,

values, and society. The poem reflects on the poet's own experiences with
money, portraying it as both a necessary and potentially corrupting force.
Money, in the poem, is seen as a symbol of power and control, but it also
creates isolation, dissatisfaction, and emotional alienation. The poet critiques
the way money distorts the values of people, leading them away from true
happiness and human connection. Ultimately, the poem serves as a meditation
on the empty pursuit of material wealth and its negative consequences.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

Money, you have changed me,

Like a breeze that blew too hard,
You shook me, tossed me in the air,
I have lost the sense of where I am,
But I know that I am not what I was.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The poem begins with a direct address to money, personifying it as

something that has had a profound effect on the speaker.
• "You have changed me" immediately establishes the transformative
power of money, indicating that it has altered the poet's nature or
perspective.
• The metaphor "Like a breeze that blew too hard" suggests that money
has been a forceful, uncontrollable influence in the poet's life, sweeping
her off balance.
• The line "You shook me, tossed me in the air" reinforces this idea,
showing how money has disrupted her sense of stability and control.
• The poet admits that she has lost her sense of self in the process, though
she is aware that she is no longer the person she once was.
• This stanza introduces the idea of loss of identity and emotional
upheaval caused by the pursuit of wealth.

Stanza 2

Money, you bring with you a joy,

A joy that passes, too soon,
You promise me much,
But take from me more than I can bear.
You take my heart, my soul, and my peace.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• In this stanza, the poet acknowledges that money brings temporary joy,
but this joy is fleeting, quickly passing away.
• "A joy that passes, too soon" highlights the ephemeral nature of
happiness derived from wealth, indicating that it is short-lived and does
not provide lasting fulfillment.

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• The poet describes money as a deceiver: it promises much but demands

more than it gives. This line speaks to the empty promises of material
wealth—its initial allure quickly fades as it takes more than it offers.
• The phrase "You take my heart, my soul, and my peace" reveals the
emotional toll that the pursuit of money has on the poet. Money, instead
of bringing happiness, robs her of her inner peace and sense of self.
• This stanza portrays money as a corrupting influence that leaves
emotional emptiness in its wake.

Stanza 3

You buy everything I desire,

You give me everything I wish for,
But you take away from me
My love, my dreams, my trust,
Until there is nothing left but me, alone, empty.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• The poet describes how money has the power to fulfill material desires,
purchasing everything she wants, but it cannot satisfy her deeper
emotional needs.
• The line "You give me everything I wish for" emphasizes the power of
money to fulfill superficial or material desires, but it is only temporary
gratification.
• However, the price of this material wealth is steep: money takes away
love, dreams, and trust—the fundamental emotional connections that
make life meaningful.
• The final line, "Until there is nothing left but me, alone, empty",
reveals the ultimate consequence of being consumed by the pursuit of
wealth. The poet ends up with emotional emptiness, highlighting that
material wealth cannot compensate for the loss of genuine human
connections and inner fulfillment.
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Stanza 4

Money, you are a cruel master,

You lead me down a road that is dark,
Where I cannot see the light,
And I am lost in your shadow,
With nothing to guide me but my own despair.

Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• The poet now directly addresses money as a "cruel master", portraying

it as something that has gained control over her, leading her in a direction
she no longer wants to go.
• The metaphor of being led down a dark road suggests that the pursuit of
wealth has led to spiritual and emotional blindness, where the poet can
no longer see the light of truth or happiness.
• "I am lost in your shadow" highlights the overpowering influence of
money, as it consumes the poet’s life and leads her away from what truly
matters.
• The line "With nothing to guide me but my own despair" underscores
the poet’s sense of helplessness and despair, as she finds herself trapped
in the shadow of money, without hope or guidance.

Final Reflection

"Money" by Kamala Das explores the complex relationship between wealth and
happiness. The poem critiques the way money can corrupt and distort human
values, leading to emotional alienation and a loss of self. Through vivid imagery
and direct language, the poet portrays how money, while able to fulfill material
desires, ultimately leaves the individual empty and disconnected. The poem
serves as a warning about the dangers of prioritizing wealth over love,
relationships, and inner peace.

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Poem 2.7 - She Walks in Beauty

By Lord Byron

Summary

"She Walks in Beauty" by Lord Byron is a lyrical poem that admires the
physical and inner beauty of a woman. The poet compares her beauty to various
natural elements, portraying her as an epitome of grace, elegance, and purity.
The poem explores the harmony between external appearance and inner
goodness, emphasizing that her beauty is not only visual but also moral and
spiritual. Byron captures the essence of a perfect woman who embodies both
serenity and a radiant inner light. The poem celebrates beauty in its most
idealized form—both external and internal.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that's best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• "She walks in beauty, like the night": The poet starts by describing the
woman’s walk as graceful and serene, comparing it to the calm beauty of
the night.
• The comparison to cloudless climes and starry skies evokes a sense of
peace, purity, and perfection. The night is often associated with calmness
and mystery, and this metaphor suggests that the woman’s beauty is both
elegant and mysterious.
• The line "And all that's best of dark and bright" indicates the perfect
harmony between the two opposite qualities of darkness (representing
mystery, depth) and light (representing clarity, beauty). The woman
embodies these dualities, creating a balance between the two.
• The description "Meet in her aspect and her eyes" suggests that her
beauty is not just skin deep, but shines through her eyes and demeanor,
revealing both her physical allure and inner grace.
• The final line, "Thus mellowed to that tender light, which heaven to
gaudy day denies", contrasts the gentleness of night with the harshness
of the day, emphasizing that her beauty is serene and delicate, far
removed from the artificial or gaudy appearances of the world.

Stanza 2

One shade the more, one ray the less,

Had half impaired the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express,
How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• "One shade the more, one ray the less" suggests the delicate balance
of the woman's beauty. If even one element of her appearance—whether
it is the darkness or light—were changed, it would diminish the
perfection of her beauty.
• The poet focuses on the woman’s "raven tress" (her dark hair),
describing it as having an ethereal "nameless grace" that adds to her
allure. The raven tress evokes a sense of mystery and elegance, further
highlighting her timeless beauty.
• The line "Or softly lightens o’er her face" suggests that her beauty is
not just in her physical features but also in the softness of her expression.
It is as though the light gently illuminates her face, reflecting her inner
purity and grace.
• The last line, "Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how
dear their dwelling-place", connects her external beauty to her inner
nature. Her peaceful demeanor reveals the purity of her thoughts,
implying that her external beauty is a reflection of her moral and spiritual
goodness. The phrase "how pure, how dear their dwelling-place"
suggests that her mind and soul are a sanctuary of virtue and serenity.

Stanza 3

A smile of love, a heart whose love

Is innocent, and soft, and true,
A smile that lights the eye’s above
And leaves a mark upon the soul too,
For in her thoughts there is a charm,
And in her heart a light that fills with balm.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• This stanza celebrates the woman's inner beauty. The "smile of love"
suggests that her expression is not only physically beautiful but also filled
with genuine affection and warmth.
• "A heart whose love is innocent, and soft, and true" reflects her
emotional purity, her love being sincere and untainted. The innocence in
her love adds to her appealing charm and makes her even more
attractive.
• The "smile that lights the eye’s above" indicates that her smile is not
just seen but felt—her smile lights up her eyes and communicates a
deeper sense of joy and contentment.
• The last part, "And leaves a mark upon the soul too", highlights the
lasting impression her beauty has on those who witness it. Her smile and
love do not just charm the body but touch the soul, making her beauty
eternal.
• The final lines—"For in her thoughts there is a charm, and in her
heart a light that fills with balm"—connect her beauty to her kindness.
Her thoughts are charming and gentle, and her heart is filled with light,
suggesting that she brings comfort and healing to others, almost like a
balm to soothe emotional pain.

Final Reflection

"She Walks in Beauty" is a celebration of both the physical and moral beauty of
a woman. Lord Byron, through rich imagery and metaphors, praises a woman
who embodies perfect harmony between external grace and inner goodness. Her
beauty is more than superficial; it reflects her virtuous character, which makes
her even more admirable. The poem portrays an idealized vision of beauty that
is both aesthetic and spiritual, capturing the essence of a woman who is
beautiful in every sense.

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Poem 2.8 - Small Towns and Rivers

By A.K. Ramanujan

Summary

"Small Towns and Rivers" by A.K. Ramanujan reflects on the life and
experiences in small towns, specifically in India. The poem delves into themes
of nostalgia, memory, and the contrasts between urban and rural life. The
poet uses the imagery of rivers and small towns to highlight the simplicity,
timelessness, and connectedness to nature that define rural life. Ramanujan
contrasts these with the complexities and alienation found in modern urban
environments. The poem is a meditation on the intimate relationship between
people, nature, and their hometowns, and the way these spaces shape identity
and personal history.

Full Stanzas

Stanza 1

The small town where I was born

Is far away, and it is lost
To me, as rivers are lost
To the sea. I return to it
In my dreams, but it never
Returns to me, this town,
Where my ancestors lived,
Where I learned to breathe,
But not to belong.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 1

• The poem opens with the poet reflecting on his birthplace, a small town
that is now far away, both physically and emotionally.
• The line "It is lost to me, as rivers are lost to the sea" uses the
metaphor of a river merging into the sea to suggest that the poet's
connection to his hometown is irreversible. The town is now a part of the
past, no longer accessible or familiar.
• The phrase "I return to it in my dreams" indicates that while the poet
longs for his hometown, his memories are all that remain, as he mentally
revisits it, but it doesn't physically return to him.
• The ancestors' connection to the town represents the historical and
cultural ties the poet has with the place. The reference to learning to
breathe, but not to belong, expresses a sense of detachment or
alienation despite being born there. The poet might feel disconnected
from his roots or from the communal life that was once part of his
experience.

Stanza 2

There is a river in the town

But I do not know its name,
Nor do I know where it begins
Or where it ends. It does not
Have a story to tell me,
No gods wait on its banks
To bless me. It is not
A river I can return to,
For it flows in me, unseen.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 2

• The river in the small town symbolizes something that is both present
and unreachable. The poet’s lack of knowledge about its name, origin,
and end suggests a lack of connection to the river, which should ideally
be a source of meaning or cultural significance.
• The river does not have a story to tell or gods waiting on its banks,
indicating that it lacks the mythological or spiritual significance that
other rivers might have in traditional cultural contexts.
• The poet reflects that this river is not something he can return to,
symbolizing that his physical separation from his hometown is mirrored
by his emotional and spiritual distance.
• The line "For it flows in me, unseen" suggests that while the river exists
in the town, it also flows within the poet, representing how the essence of
his roots, his heritage, and memories are internalized. It is no longer a
physical reality, but something felt internally, shaping who the poet has
become.

Stanza 3

The river will not wait for me,

It has no place for my memories,
It does not remember
What I remember, the stones I threw
Into its waters, the prayers I whispered
On its banks. The river moves
On, as time does, past all those
Who have stopped along its way,
In the shadow of its banks.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 3

• The poet acknowledges that the river moves on, indifferent to the
memories and emotions that the speaker associates with it. The line "It
has no place for my memories" suggests that the river is impersonal
and does not retain the emotional weight that the poet attaches to it.
• The poet recalls the stones he threw and the prayers whispered,
memories that held meaning for him in the past, but the river does not
recognize or retain them. This reflects the transitory nature of memory
and the feeling of being disconnected from the places of the past.
• The metaphor "The river moves on, as time does" emphasizes the
inevitability of change. The river, like time, continues its course
regardless of human experiences or emotional attachment. It moves
beyond the people and memories that once were part of its journey,
suggesting that life and time do not pause for anyone.
• The phrase "past all those who have stopped along its way"
acknowledges the idea that individuals interact with the river and leave
their marks, but the river does not stop or wait for them. It moves
forward, unaffected by the lives of those who encounter it.

Stanza 4

The small town is gone,

Its streets are empty, its shops closed,
The river has dried up,
And the children I knew have grown
And gone away. There is no one
Left to speak my name,
No one who remembers
The river or the town
Where I was born.

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Detailed Explanation of Stanza 4

• The small town is described as "gone", its streets empty and shops
closed, symbolizing decay and the passage of time. The town, which
once felt like a living entity, has now become a place of absence and
forgetfulness.
• The mention that "the river has dried up" reinforces the theme of loss
and change. The natural resources that once gave the town life are now
gone, emphasizing the idea that things in life are impermanent.
• The poet reflects on how children have grown and left, symbolizing the
departure of innocence and the inevitable passing of generations.
• The final lines, "There is no one left to speak my name" and "No one
who remembers", reinforce the feeling of alienation and unfamiliarity.
The poet’s personal connection to the town and river has faded, and there
is no one left to remember the past, marking the erasure of history and
personal identity.

Final Reflection

"Small Towns and Rivers" is a poignant reflection on memory, loss, and the
passage of time. A.K. Ramanujan uses the imagery of the river and the small
town to convey how the passage of time changes both the physical landscape
and the emotional landscape of a person's life. The river, once a source of
connection, is now something internalized within the poet, a symbol of the
unreliable nature of memory. Ultimately, the poem reflects the
impermanence of places, people, and experiences, and the alienation that can
arise from the passage of time and the changes it brings.

……………………………………………………………………………………

© COPYRIGHTED BY – MIND FACES (MF)

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Section B – Poetic Appreciation &

Figures of Speech used – Mind Faces
Poem 2.1 - Song of the Open Road

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem celebrates freedom, individualism, and the joy of

exploring life on the open road. It encourages readers to embrace life
with optimism and take charge of their journey.
• Language: The language is simple, energetic, and filled with an
optimistic tone, inspiring readers to seek opportunities.
• Imagery: The poet uses natural imagery like the open road, sky, and
earth to symbolize freedom and possibility.
• Tone: The tone is uplifting, motivational, and filled with wanderlust.
• Style: The poem uses free verse, reflecting the unrestricted and open
nature of life’s journey.
• Message: It conveys that the road is a metaphor for life, and one must
embrace its twists and turns with courage and positivity.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "The road is before me" – The road symbolizes life and its
journey.
2. Personification: "The world before me" – The world is portrayed as
though it waits for the poet.
3. Alliteration: "Henceforth, I ask not good fortune" – Repetition of the "h"
sound emphasizes determination.

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4. Repetition: "Open road" – Reinforces the central theme of freedom and

exploration.

Poem 2.2 - Indian Weavers

Poetic Appreciation
• Theme: The poem highlights the cycle of life using the three phases—
birth, marriage, and death, woven into the weavers’ work.
• Language: The poem uses simple yet symbolic language to convey
deep emotions.
• Imagery: Vivid imagery describes the morning, evening, and night
symbolizing the stages of life.
• Tone: The tone is reflective and symbolic.
• Style: The poem follows a structured pattern of questions and answers
between the speaker and weavers, adding rhythm.
• Message: Life is interconnected with nature and culture, as shown
through the weavers’ work and their connection to life's phases.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "We weave the robes of a new-born child" – The weaving

symbolizes the creation of life.
2. Symbolism: The different times of day (morning, evening, night)
represent life stages.
3. Alliteration: "Plumes of a peacock, purple and green" – Repetition of "p"
enhances the imagery.
4. Imagery: "White as a feather and white as a cloud" – Creates a vivid
mental picture of the shroud.

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Poem 2.3 - The Inchcape Rock

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem conveys the idea of karma and the consequences of
evil deeds.
• Language: The poem uses a narrative style, with vivid and dramatic
expressions.
• Imagery: Descriptions of the stormy sea, the sinking ship, and the bell
create a dramatic atmosphere.
• Tone: The tone is moralistic, with an underlying sense of inevitable
justice.
• Style: The poem uses a ballad form, enhancing its storytelling quality.
• Message: Evil actions eventually lead to one’s downfall, as shown
through Sir Ralph’s demise.

Figures of Speech

1. Personification: "The waves are whispering to the shore" – Waves are

given human qualities.
2. Alliteration: "So little they rose, so little they fell" – The "l" sound adds
rhythm.
3. Imagery: Vivid descriptions of the storm enhance the dramatic effect.
4. Irony: Sir Ralph’s act of removing the bell leads to his own demise.

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Poem 2.4 - Have You Earned Your Tomorrow

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem emphasizes the importance of selflessness, kindness,

and leaving a positive impact on others.
• Language: The poet uses simple, direct, and thought-provoking
language.
• Imagery: Vivid imagery of actions like helping others and offering a
smile enhances the theme.
• Tone: The tone is reflective and urging readers to introspect.
• Style: The use of rhetorical questions makes the poem engaging.
• Message: One should live each day meaningfully, ensuring their actions
contribute positively to others’ lives.

Figures of Speech

1. Rhetorical Question: "Is there anyone you’ve helped today?" –

Encourages self-reflection.
2. Repetition: "Have you earned your tomorrow?" – Reinforces the central
theme.
3. Alliteration: "Did you waste the day or lose it?" – Adds a rhythmic
effect.
4. Imagery: Descriptions of helping someone in need create a vivid mental
picture.

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Poem 2.5 - Father Returning Home

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem explores themes of alienation, loneliness, and the

disconnect within families.
• Language: The language is simple but deeply emotional.
• Imagery: Vivid imagery of the father’s journey and his emotions
highlights his isolation.
• Tone: The tone is melancholic and reflective.
• Style: The free verse style mirrors the father’s unstructured life.
• Message: Modern life often leads to emotional estrangement and
isolation, even within families.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "His sullen children" – Suggests a strained relationship.

2. Imagery: Descriptions of "yellow light" and "silent nights" emphasize
the father’s loneliness.
3. Alliteration: "Sleeps soundly in a room" – The repetition of "s" adds
rhythm.
4. Personification: "The train whistles by" – The train is given human-like
qualities.

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Poem 2.6 - Money

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem critiques society’s obsession with wealth and its
impact on human relationships.
• Language: The language is simple, with a conversational tone.
• Imagery: The poet uses examples of money’s influence to create vivid
imagery.
• Tone: The tone is critical and contemplative.
• Style: The direct style makes the poem accessible to all.
• Message: Money can corrupt relationships and values, highlighting the
need for balance.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "Money burns the pocket" – Money is described as

destructive.
2. Repetition: "Money, money, money" – Emphasizes the obsession with
wealth.
3. Personification: "Money talks" – Money is given human characteristics.
4. Alliteration: "Money makes the man" – Adds rhythm and emphasis.

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Poem 2.7 - She Walks in Beauty

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem celebrates the harmony of physical and inner

beauty.
• Language: The language is lyrical and filled with romantic imagery.
• Imagery: Descriptions of light and dark, night, and grace highlight the
woman’s beauty.
• Tone: The tone is admiring and awe-filled.
• Style: The poem uses structured stanzas and rhyme to enhance its
lyrical quality.
• Message: True beauty lies in the balance of external grace and inner
purity.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "She walks in beauty, like the night" – Compares her beauty
to the night.
2. Imagery: Descriptions of her eyes and demeanor create a vivid picture.
3. Alliteration: "So soft, so calm, yet eloquent" – Repetition of "s"
enhances flow.
4. Personification: "Heaven denies the gaudy day" – Heaven is portrayed
with human qualities.

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Poem 2.8 - Small Towns and Rivers

Poetic Appreciation

• Theme: The poem reflects on nostalgia, loss, and the passage of time.
• Language: The language is melancholic, with rich symbolism.
• Imagery: The poet vividly describes the town, river, and memories.
• Tone: The tone is reflective and introspective.
• Style: The free verse style mirrors the fluidity of the river.
• Message: Life moves on, and memories, though cherished, remain in the
past.

Figures of Speech

1. Metaphor: "The river flows in me, unseen" – The river symbolizes the
poet’s inner self.
2. Personification: "The river will not wait for me" – The river is given
human traits.
3. Imagery: Descriptions of the river and town enhance the emotional
depth.
4. Alliteration: "Far away, and it is lost" – Repetition of "f" adds rhythm.

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