Evolution of Mankind

( From Barbarism Into

Civilization ) :
Our assignment tries to explain the history of man’s evolution from the
barbaric society to the civilized society. Man has risen from being primitive
man who lived in a barren land to man of the 21st century, an incidence that
has taken thousands of years. This change is inclusive of such events,
discoveries, inventions and the formation of social structures technologies
and cultures that define today’s world.

1. Development :Early Human

The Emergence of Homo Sapiens :
The narrative of human evolution goes back millions of years. We are a direct
descendants of a set of hominids which are Australopithecus, Homo habilis,
and Homo erectus. Early human beings were not anything close to what
people are today all developed and sophisticated. They were in small bands,
using simple equipment, and for the most part concerned with mere
existence. The species that are known as Homo sapiens that developed into
modern human beings were around 300,000 years ago in Africa. The early
man was a small and was errant in that they wandered from place to place in
search for food, shelter and protection from other forms of life. They only
lived by hunting and gathering which was a very strenuous affair and this
obviously was done in groups.

The Role of Fire :

Fire control was one of the greatest landmark points
known to mankind and dated back more than a
million of years ago. Hence fire offered warmth,
shield against animals and a way of preparing
food. The use of heat was beneficial in physical
tastiness, because it made the food digest
easier and since early humans were able to
get more nutrients from their diet, it probably
had something to do with development of
brains. The means or controlling fire signified emergence of civilization out of
barbarism although at a slow rate of change.

2. The Agricultural Revolution :

The Shift to Farming :
It is estimated that the
Agricultural Revolution marked a
critical stage in the generations’
development. Wheat, rice, corn
and other plants were started
being farmed; similarly cattle,
sheep, goat etc were started
being reared. By this shift, people
were in a position to settle at a
certain area and form fixed structures and not transient shelters. Becoming
a farmer and thereby generated excess food production and support for
more populace numbers. When people started living not in mere clusters of
huts but in enlarged structures known as settlements, started calling on
social organizations such as leaders and priests as well as traders. This
period was the dawn of human organization, meaning humans created
formal frameworks in governance, commerce. Particularly by about 3000
B.C., the first civilization appeared in the Sumerian region of
Mesopotamia, the ancient Egyptians, the Indus Valley civilization of
India and China. These cultures were characterized by writing,
monumental architecture, the wheel, and metals. They also developed
political structures, a society’s stratification, and a law-governing framework.
For instance, the Sumerian of Mesopotamia developed the earliest known
form of record keeping in form of writing, the cuneiform around 3200 BC.
The pyramids from Egypt were constructed as tombs for the Koko plan the
world the ancient Egyptians Women and men and children whose object was
to bury the pharaohs to the Indus Valley there were cities such as Harappa
that were planned with excellent drainage systems.

3.The Dawn of Thinking :

The Beginning of Philosophy or The Classical
Period Ancient Greece and Rome :
 The Classical Era (500 BCE – 500 CE)
saw the rise of some of the most
influential civilizations in history:
Ancient Greece and Rome. They are
the founding fathers of modern
western civilization philosophy,
science, and politics and art. Running
through the ancient Greece
philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle have developed ideas in
ethic, politic and the reality. In Athens, the people got to choose laws and
policies, and therefore people were said to be enjoying democracy. On the
other hand, the Roman Empire introduced the changes in law, engineering
and administration. Cool facts are, the Romans had built many roads and
aqueducts and their legal system is widely used today.

4.Renaissance Period
Middle Age and The
Dark Ages :
The period directly after the decline of
the Roman Empire in about 476 is
called the medieval age or the age of
the middle ages. This period of time,
frequently known as the ‘dark ages’
was characterized by social and
political turmoil. Ruling by kings, lords
and vassals of the nation replaced
previous form of society and people and land were dominated by feudalism.
Education and literacy decreased in many area of Europe. But at the same
time, this period was not so dark. The periods of Caliphates contributed a lot
towards development and achievements of sciences, mathematics and
medicine. Throughout the Islamic world, scholars maintained and added to
the knowledge of a dying civilization – that of the Greek and Roman

The Renaissance and the Rebirth of

Knowledge :
At the later part of the fourteenth century, the age of humanism or the
renaissance occurred in Italy with focus more on arts, science and
knowledge. The renaissance was an era of rebirth in terms of art and culture;
famous personalities such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo the artist-
dreamer, and Niccolò Machiavelli, the artist-writer reshaped the art of
painting and writing. Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation and people
challenging religious authorities was sparked by the availability of knowledge
through the help of the printing press which had been invented by Johannes
Gutenberg during the 15th century.

5.The Industrial Revolution and Modern

Civilization :
The Rise of Industry The third and
the final change is that Industrial
Revolution in the second half of
the 18th and the 19th centuries
affected society again. The
appearance of the steam engine,
the spinning jenny, and the
telegraph altered methods of
manufacturing and conveying goods.
Industrialization brought changes in terms of socio-
economic transformation including size of settlement, type of job available
among other social changes or development.

The invention of tyre :

The history of the tire dates back to
ancient civilizations, where early
wheels were made of solid wood or
stone. The first significant innovation
came in the 19th century with the
invention of the rubber tire. In 184 5,
Scottish inventor Robert Thomson
patented the first pneumatic (air-
filled) tire, which provided a
smoother and more comfortable ride. However, it was John Boyd Dunlop, a
Scottish veterinarian, who is often credited with the popularization of the
inflatable tire in 1887. Dunlop's design, initially intended for his son's
tricycle, led to the development of modern rubber tires for bicycles and,
later, automobiles. The invention revolutionized transportation, leading to
the development of various types of tires used in today's vehicles

Other important inventions :

From 1600 to today, numerous groundbreaking inventions have transformed
society and shaped the modern world. In the 17th century, the telescope and
microscope revolutionized our understanding of the universe and
microscopic life. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries
brought innovations like the steam engine and spinning jenny, which
propelled mass production and urbanization. The 20th century saw the
advent of electricity, the telephone, and the automobile, alongside the
development of computers, the internet, and medical breakthroughs like
antibiotics. More recently, advances in artificial intelligence, renewable
energy, and biotechnology promise to further redefine our future, continuing
a centuries-long trajectory of technological progress that has reshaped every
aspect of human life.

Social new features that correlate

industrialization:
The urbanization, the working population
emergence and the modern capitalist
economical system. There were also
scientific developments within the same
period; such as Darwins theory of evolution,
and Einsteins’ theory on relativity.
Specifically, the modern advances in and
challenges to the practice of law These
challenges incl ude but are not limited to;
Today’s world has become technologically
and socially advanced than it could have
been in prehistoric period. Many positive
progresses have been implemented and
realized in science and technology areas like in medicine, in space
explorations and information technology. Therefore, there are still a myriad of
problems that one can identify and these include; climate change, inequality,
and Artificial intelligence.

Conclusion :
 Civilization is a long process during which people changed from savages into
civilized beings. The way we have evolved from early hunters and gatherers,
and from the development of fire up to the establishment of early civilization
and advance technologies as we speak and breathe modern life, all are
established on this step. While many problems still persist, people do not
stop actively developing, changing and trying to create a better world.