Academic Success School

Beyond Academic Achievement TOEFL GRAMMAR

It and There
 It and There are called introductory words, and sometimes are
called expletives.

1) There is/are + Subject

Ex: There is a book on the table.
There are a dog and a cat.
There’s many students in the class.

2) It + to be + adj + to do
Ex: It is necessary to tell me.

3) It + to be + in + ….(year) + that…
Ex: It is in 2000 that I could walk.

4) It + takes + time(3 hours) + to do

Ex: It takes 5 minutes to defecate here.

5) It + takes + Rady(name) + time + to do

Ex: It takes Backam 10 minutes to shoot the goal.

6) It + to be + subject + who/that…
Ex: It is Koy who is a good comedy.
7) It used to be + noun
Ex: It used to be a pagoda, but now it is a museum.
8) There used to be + noun
Ex: There used to be a pagoda.
9) It + to be + very + adj + of + sb to do sth
Ex: It is very kind of you to help me. = You are very kind.
10) There + remain + noun/There lived + noun……
Ex: There remain 13 students in the class now.
Exercise Practice
I. Create examples by using the form above

 There is/are + Subject

Ex:
 It + to be + adj + to do

Ex:
 It + to be + in + ….(year) + that…

Ex:
 It + takes + time(2hours) + to do

Ex:

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 It + takes + Rady(name) + time + to do

Ex:
 It + to be + subject + who/that…
Ex:

 It used to be + noun
Ex:
 There used to be + noun
Ex:
 It + to be + very + adj + of + sb to do sth
Ex:
 There + remain + noun
Ex:

II. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D

1. three kinds of birds.
A. There are B. It is C. Be D. There is
2. three cars are red, blue, and yellow.
A. It’s B. The C. There are D. They are
3. many skyscrapers in New York City.
A. It is B. There is C. It takes D. There are
4. who did most of the work.
A. There was David B. It to be David C. David D. It was David
5. to learn a language.
A. There takes a long time C. It take a long time
B. It takes a long time D. Taking a long time
6. a good movie on television last night.
A. There is B. It C. Being D. There was
7. punctual for appointments.
A. It is important to be C. It is important to
B. There is important to be D. There is important to
8. Before the invention of the printing press, books .
A. that were very rare C. there were very rare
B. it was very rare D. were very rare
9. Alaska became a state.
A. It is in 1995 that C. It was in 1995 when
B. There was in 1995 that D. It was in 1995 that
10. In Michigan, over six hundred feet deep.
A. salt deposits C. there are salt deposits
B. where salt deposits are D. having salt deposits
11. almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis
in photographs.

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A. Being B. It is C. There is D. It
12. gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen
and the other full of acetylene.
A. It is two B. Of the two C. There are two D. Two
13. famous school in Cambodian are IFL, NUM, PPIU.
A. There are three B. The three C. Three of them
D. That the three
14. who was the most famous student in NUM.
A. It was Rady B. Rady C. That Rady D. When
Rady
15. On the Moon, air because the Moon’s gravitational field is
too weak to retain an atmosphere.
A. there is no B. where no C. no D. is no
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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So/Such/Enough/Very/Too

1) Adj + enough 8) So + adj + a/an + noun + that

Ex: You are old enough to get married. Ex: You are so good a man that I really
praise you.
2) Enough + noun
Ex: There are enough books in the 9) So + much/many/few/little +
library. noun + that
Ex: There are so many books that I always
3) Adj + enough for sb to do
read.
sth
Ex: This room is big enough for me to 10)Such + a/an + adj + noun +
live with you. that
Ex: Dara is such a friendly boy that he
4) Too + adj + to do
always smiles at me.
Ex: You are too young to get married.
11) Such + + adj + Plural noun +
5) Too + adj + for sb + to do
that
sth
Ex: It is too hot for me to stay here. Ex: They are such good students
that I really admire them.
6) Very + adj(indeed)
Ex: They are very happy indeed. 12) Such + adj + uncountable
noun + that
7) So + adj + that
Ex: It is so good that you call me A Joy. Ex: It is such nice weather that I
want to hang out.

I. Using so/such/enough/very/too to create sentences

 Adj + enough:

 Enough + noun:

 Adj + enough for sb to do sth:

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 Too + adj + to do:

 Too + adj + for sb + to do sth:

 Very + adj(indeed) :

 Such + a/an + adj + noun + that:

 So + adj + a/an + noun + that:

 So + much/many/few/little + noun + that:

 So + adj + that:

II. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences

1. It was nice weather that we went to the zoo.

A. so B. such C. very D. too
2. The weather was nice that we went to the zoo.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
3. He is young to get married.
A. enough B. such C. very D. too
4. It was a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
A. so B. such C. very D. enough
5. She is happy indeed.
A. enough B. such C. very D. too
6. She made many mistakes that she failed the exam.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
7. This toilet is large for me to defecate in.
A. so B. enough C. very D. too
8. He is hungry that he could eat a horse.
A. so B. such C. very D. too

9. This book is good for me to read at home.

A. enough B. such C. very D. too
10. It was a foggy day that we couldn’t see the road.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
11. It is good a book that I always read it.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
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12. She has much money that she can buy whatever she wants.
A. so ` B. such C. very D. too
13. He has knowledge to do this work.
A. too B. very C. such D. enough
14. good is a man that he always helps me.
A. Such B. too C. very D. So
15. We are everyone always admires.
A.so friendly which B. such friendly that
C. so friendly that D. such friendly which

Exercise Practice

I. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D

1. I imagine with the ghost.

A. speaking B. to speak C. to speaking D. speak
2. She let me her toilet.
A. kissed B. kissing C. kiss D. to
kiss
3. They made me .
A. be crazy B. crazy C. to be crazy D. being crazy
4. Tevi confessed me.
A. to love B. love C. loving D. to loving
5. In addition English, I study Japanese.
A. in studying B. to study C. to studying D. studying
6. To pass the exam, .
A. must try hard B. you must try hard C. trying hard D. to try hard
7. Of the two students, I’m .
A. the taller B. taller C. the tallest D.
as tall as
8. of the students are crazy.
A. 20 percentage B. 20 percent C. an mount D. the
number
9. They are .
A. famous interestingly books B. interestingly famous book
C. interesting famous books D. interestingly famous books
10. I am not interested what you are saying.
A. on B. in C. at D. about
11. She is a woman can speak English very well.
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A. where B. which C. who D.

when
12. The book I am interested in is good.
A. who B. which C. where D. why
13. It is the first time I can see this beautiful world.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
14. I don’t the place I can sit.
A. where B. who C. which D.
when
15. She doesn’t know the reason she studies English.
A. when B. why C. which D. who
16. It is at 4 o’clock I have to go home.
A. why B. who C. which D. when

Adjective Clause
 Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.
Who people
 Functions of Relative Pronouns
Whom people
1. Subject of a verb
Whose possessive
2. Object of a verb
Which things
3. Object of a preposition
4. Possessive That
People/things
1) Subject of a verb
Where Place
Example: Heng is naughty. He cries a lot. When Time
Heng, who cries a lot, is naughty.
Why Reason
Example: The book is cheap. It is interesting.
The book which is interesting is cheap.

Example: The car is good. It’s expensive.

The car which is expensive is good.

Example: The girl is cunning. She always plays a trick on her friends
The girl that always plays a trick on her friends is cunning.
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Form:

Subject + That/Which/Who + Verb + Verb

Example: The boy who laughs is crazy.

Example: The teacher is kind.

A. who help me B. who helps me
C. who he helps me D. who helps me he

 The correct answer is “B”.

2) Object of a verb

Example: The boy is kind. I love him.

The boy (whom) I love is kind.

Example: The movie is interesting. I want to watch it.

A movie (which) I want to watch is interesting.

We can also omit an adjective clause marker “whom or which” when it is used as
an object of a verb.
Subject + (that/which/whom) + Subject + Verb

Example: The girl (whom) I love is pretty.

Example: It is a book .
A. whom I want B. which I want to buy it
C. that I want to buy D. who I want to buy

 The correct answer is “C”.

Note:

Whom/that/which + subject + verb

Object

Who/that/which + verb
Subject

3) Object of a preposition

Example: The girl is there. I’m fond of her.

The girl whom I’m fond of is there.
The girl of whom I’m fond is there.

Example: The car is good. I’m interested in it.

The car which I’m interested in is good.
The car in which I’m interested is good.
Preposition + Whom/Which/that/who + subject + verb
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Example: Vannoy, , is kind.

A. on whom is keen B. whom on I’m keen
C. on whom I’m keen on D. on who I’m keen
E. on whom I am keen

 The correct answer is “E”.

4) Possessive

Example: She is a woman. Her hair is scruffy.

She whose hair is scruffy is a woman. ×
She is a woman whose hair is scruffy.√

Example: Rady, book is interesting is a benevolent man.

A. whose B. who C. whom

 The correct answer is “whose”.

Whose + noun + verb + verb Ex: The man whose wife is crazy is
stupid.

Note:

Quantity or Determiner (some, any, a few, a little, all, a, one,

….etc)

Example: I have 3 brothers. All of them are clever.

I have 3 brothers, all of whom are clever.

Example: I have 3 students. One of their cars is cheap.

I have 3 students, one of whose car is cheap.

Subject + Verb + Object, quantity (some, any, all….) + which/whom/

that/who
whose+ noun + verb

 That/Which
I. Which

1. Preposition + Which/that
that
2. After comma(,) + which/that
that
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When we use with “preposition and comma”, we use which not that.

Example: She left suddenly, .

A. that made you surprised×
B. which made you surprised√
Example: It is a book in which/that I am interested.

II. That

We have to use “that” in these below cases:

1. After a mixed antecedent(different subjects)

Example: The old man and the dog that passed my house yesterday made
much noise.

 Different subjects + that

2. After a superlative word

Example: This is the most beautiful dress (that) I have.

 Superlative + that

3. After the phrase “It is in 1999(years) + that”

Example: It is in 2000 that I went to school.

 It is in ….(years) + that

4. After these words: all, every, very, only, first, last, much, little, some,
any, every,…

Example: I am glad to give all the money that I have in my pocket to all of you.
Example: The last soldier that died in World War II was a young man of twenty
years old.

 Where, when, and why

 We can use “where” for places and “when” for time in relative
clauses.

Example: The factory where I work is going to close down.

Example: Is there a time when we can meet?

 After the word reason, we can use “why or that” in relative clauses.
Example: Is there a reason why/that you want to leave now?

 We can leave out “when , why and that”

Example: Is there a time (when) we can meet?
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Example: Is there a reason (why/that) you want to leave now?

 Preposition + where/when/why

 We do not use “where, when and why” with prepositions.

Example: This is a good hotel where I want to stay at.

Or: This is a good hotel I want to stay at.

 We can also leave out where.

Example: It is a place where I live in. ×

 It is a place in where I live. ×
 It is a place where I live.√
 It is a place which I live in.√
 It is a place in which I live.√

Example: It is a house .
A. where we stay C. where we stay at
B. at where we stay D. at where we stay at

 The Correct answer is “A”

Restrictive Adjective Clauses and Non-restrictive Adjective Clauses

 Non-restrictive Adjective Clauses

Example: Metta, who is a good student at NUM, likes to kiss the wall.

 The underline phrase is a non-restrictive adjective clause or sometimes is

called a non-defining adjective clause.

 We use it to add extra information about a noun, but this information is not
necessary.

 Restrictive Adjective Clauses

Example: The information which I need is here.

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 The underline phrase is called a restrictive adjective clause or sometimes is

called a defining adjective clause
 We use it to specify which person or thing we mean, or which type of person or
thing we mean.

 Using Comma(,) in non-restrictive clauses

 When do we use “Comma” in non-restrictive clauses?

1. Name:

Example: NUM, which is situated in front of City Hall, is a good university.

Example: I know Preap Sovath, who is the most famous singer in Cambodia.

2. Modifying the whole sentence(We use “which” all circumstances)

Example: Sithoeun kissed the wall, which surprised Thary.
Example: The book is very expensive, which made me disappointed.

Reduced Adjective Clauses

Example: The boy who lives here is kind.

The boy living here is kind.
Example: The boy who is taught by Mr. Rady is kind.
The boy taught by Mr Rady is kind.
Example: The car which went fast is here.
The car going fast is here.
Present participles (which always end in –ing) are used to reduce adjective
clauses that contain active verbs.
Example: Sokha, who speaks English fluently, is my friend.
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Sokha, speaking English fluently, is my friend.

(Participial phrase with a present participle)
Past participles end in –ed, but there are also many irregular forms. Past
participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.
Example: Sovanna, who was accused of stealing a car, is a good man.
Sovanna, accused of stealing a car, is a good man.

(Participial phrase with a past participle)

Relative Pronouns + Verb(active) + Object  V-ing + object

Relative Pronouns + be + V3 or Noun +  V3/Noun + object

Exercise Practice

1) The book is on the table is mine.

A. which B. who C. whom D. whose
2) I thanked the woman helped me.
A. which B. who C. whose D. where
3) The girl I know is kind.
A. which B. when C. what D. whom
4) Algebra problems contain letters stand for unknown numbers.
A. who B. whom C. where D. that
5) He is a man brother studies English with me.
A. that B. who C. whose D. whom
6) It is a hotel I want to stay.
A. when B. why C. who D. where
7) It is at 5 o’clock I go to meet her.
A. when B. why C. which D. who
8) There are many reasons I study English.
A. when B. who C. why D. which
9) It is a university my teacher teaches English.
A. when B. where C. why D. who
10)The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good.
A. B. when C. which D. whose
II. Decide the function the following adjective clauses, Subject(S), object(O),
object of preposition(OP), Possessive(P)

1) A movie which I want to watch is interesting. ( )

2) Heng, who cries a lot, is naughty. ( )
3) She is a woman whose hair is scruffy. ( )
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4) The book which is interesting is cheap. ( )

5) The boy whom I love is kind. ( )
6) The car in which I’m interested is good. ( )
7) The car which is expensive is good. ( )
8) The girl that always plays a trick on her friends is cunning. ( )
9) The girl of whom I’m fond is there. ( )
10) The book I want to read is here. ( )

I. Join the following words to only one sentence by using relative pronouns
1) Heng is naughty. He cries a lot.

2) The book is cheap. It is interesting.

3) The car is good. It’s expensive.

4) The girl is cunning. She makes me crazy.

5) Sithoeun is a boy. He speaks English fluently.


6) The boy is kind. I love him.


7) The movie is interesting. I want to watch it.

8) The girl is pretty. I know her.

9) The man is handsome. Everyone likes him.

10) The book is expensive. Many students buy it.

11)The meeting was interesting. I went to it.

12)The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.

13)The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.

14)The people were friendly. I spoke to them.

15)He is an old man. His brother works in the office.

II. Join the following sentences to only one sentence by using relative
pronouns
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1) I wanted the book. The book had already been checked out.

2) The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought it.

3) This is a topic. It interests me.

4) That is the topic. I will write on it.


5) He met with two advisers. Both of them have worked here for years.

6) I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful.

7) John Shina is a handsome man. Chettra is waiting for him.



8) Batista is a lady killer. I am really disappointed with him.



9) Preap Sovath is a famous singer. His car is very modern.

10) Ronaldo is a fabulous footballer. His shoes are very expensive.

11) There are many teachers teaching in NUM. One of their cars is parked outside
the building.

12) My teacher is intelligent. His explanation is clear and easy to understand.

13) That is the place. The accident occurred there.

14) Summer is the time of year. The weather is the hottest then.

15) I have some reasons. I want to study it.

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III. Create a sentence by using the form given

 Subject + That/Which/Who + Verb + Verb
Example:
 Subject + (that/which/whom) + Subject + Verb
Example:
 Preposition + Whom/Which/that/who + subject + verb
Example:
 Whose + noun + verb + verb
Example:
 Subject + Verb + Object, quantity (some, any, all….) + which/whom/ that/who
whose+ noun + verb
Example:
Example:
 Preposition + Which/that
that
Example:
 After comma(,) + which/that
that
Example:
 After a mixed antecedent(different subjects)
Example:
 After a superlative word
Example:
 After the phrase “It is in 1999(years) + that”
Example:
 After these words: all, every, very, only, first, last, much, little, some, any,
every,…
Example:
 Where, when, and why
Example:
Example:
Example:

IV. Join the following sentences to only one sentence by using this form:
quantity (some, any, all….) + which/whom/ that/who
whose+ noun + verb
1. In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from Svay Rieng.

2. He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were acceptable.

3. The teacher discussed Seth. One of his problems was poor study habit.

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
4. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior colleges.

5. Last night I bought three books. One of them was expensive.

6. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked none of them.

7. In my village there are 100 people. The majority of them are farmers.

8. I have two roommates. Neither of them is friendly.

9. She has three brothers. All of them are clever.

10. I am taking four courses. One of them is difficult.

11. My house has four rooms. One of them is bathroom.

V. Write R or NR to indicate whether the clause is restrictive or non-
restrictive
1) The bus, which arrived late, was full. ( )
2) The bus which they sent didn’t have enough seats. ( )
3) The house which we wanted to buy was too expensive. ( )
4) The house, which we wanted to buy, was too expensive. ( )
5) I have two brothers who are working as architects at the moment. ( )
6) I have two brothers, who are working as architects at the moment. ( )
7) I never met the doctor, who lived next door for five years. ( )
8) Did I ever tell you about my uncle, who left school when he was 15? ( )
9) I didn’t agree with the man who said we should cancel the trip. ( )
10) She’s one of those people who will argue about anything. ( )
VI. Decide the following sentence correct(C) or incorrect(I)
1. Nara, who is a friend of mine , is clever. ( )
2. Naro who is a teacher is handsome. ( )
3. Narat kissed the dog which surprised his classmates. ( )
4. I met my old friend, which made me feel happy. ( )
5. I met my old friend which made me feel happy. ( )

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6. NUM, which is situated in front of City Hall, is a good university. (

)
7. CTN which is a famous TV channel in Cambodia has a lot of qualified staff. (
)
8. I know Preap Sovath, who is the most famous singer in Cambodia. (
)
9. Sithoeun kissed the wall which surprised Thary. ( )
10. The book is very expensive, which made me disappointed. ( )
VII. Join the following sentences to only one sentence by using relative
pronouns
1) The man was very happy. He came here yesterday.

2) The robber was his brother. He was arrested on his way home.

3) The woman is my cousin. She is walking with your friend.

4) Mr.Sok is my true friend. He is a professor at National University of
Management.

5) The car has been confiscated. It was parked outside the main building.

6) The book was stolen yesterday. It was very valuable.

7) He is a powerful man. I am fond of him.


8) Sovanna helps me do many things about assignment. Everyone keens on him.


9) Sithoeun was making a lot of mistakes. Chettra was angry with him very much.


VIII. Choose the best option, A, B, C, or D
1. Cable cars are moved by cables underground and are powered by a
stationary engine.
A.they run B. that they run C. run D. that run
2.The melting point is the temperature a solid changes to a liquid.
A.which B. at which C. which at D. at
3.There are six types of flamingos, all have long legs, long necks, and
beaks that curve sharply downward.

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A. of them B. that C. of which D. they

4.There are three types of students, many are studying English in my
class.
A.of which B. of that C. of who D. of whom
5.Dara is a student English with me.
A.who study B. which studies C. who studies D. whom
studies
6.My friend is borrowed by Backam leaves behind his wife.
A.who pen B. whose pen C. which pen D. pen
7.There are many books in the library, are very interesting.
A.some of which B. some of whom C. some of that D> some of
whom
8.Pich Sophea is a girl .
A.whom I am interested B. In whom I am interested in
C. in whom I am interested in it D. whom I am interested in
9.Kemarak Sereymon the wall praises my efforts.
A.kisses B. which kisses C. who kisses D. whom
kisses
10. An Elephant and ant story is a story .
A.that is very fascinating B. is very fascinating
C. in which is very fascinating D. is that very fascinating
IX. Combine the following sentences to Adjective Clauses
1) Nara is a boy. He lives with me.(who)

2) Piseth studies English at NUM. He is clever.(that)

3) The book is interesting. It is very well-known.(which)

4) I have two friends. One of their cars is luxurious.(whose)

5) His pen is broken. It is very useful for him.(which)

6) The tribes lived in the Great Plains. They used smoke signals.(who)

7) The woman was called Lightning Cloud. We met her last night.(whom)

8) He sent a message. We had agreed upon its meaning in advance.(Whose)

9) That is a tribe. It interests me.(which)

10) It is a superb place. Many people visit it.(where)

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11) There are many people waiting outside. Some of them are my friend.
(some of whom)

12) I have much money in my pocket. All of them will be spent on the school
fee.(some of which)

13) They are my classmates. One of their books is very interesting.(one of

whose)

14) It is a good place. I spend much time relaxing here.(where

15) My father is very strict. I am always afraid of him.(Prep + whom)

I. Change the following adjective clauses to reduced adjective

clause/adjective phrase
1) Dara, who knows me, is clever.

2) My teacher who teaches English at HOK is acceptable.

3) The boy who lives here is kind

4) The boy who is taught by Mr. Rady is kind.

5) The car which went fast is here.

6) Sokha, who speaks English fluently, is my friend.

7) Sovanna, who was accused of stealing a car, is a good man.

8) The woman who came to my house yesterday was a nurse.

9) Nara, who is a friend of mine, is clever.

10)I have two brothers who are working as architects at the moment.

11) The bus, which arrived late, was full.

12) I never met the doctor, who lived next door for five years.

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
13) Rady, who is a teacher of six students at NUM, is kind.

14) The man, who is interested in reading books, is my friend.

15) The book which was read by many people is very interesting.


X. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D

1. The thyroid gland is located in the neck.
A. where the hormone thyroxin is produced
B. where produced is the hormone thyroxin
C. the hormone thyroxin is produced there
D. at which is produced the hormone thyroxin
2. Dragonflies feed on a large variety of insects catch in flight.
A. in which they
B. which they
C. there are to
D. there are a
3. According to legend, Betsy Ross was the woman the first American
stars and stripes flag.
A. whom she made
B. made
C. who made
D. and she made
4. Pumpkin seeds protein and iron, are a popular snack.
A. that
B. provide
C. which
D. which provide
5. The spinal cord is a long, thick bundle of nerves from the brain to
the lower part of the back.
A. that runs
B. is running
C. it runs
D. whom it runs
6.George Pullman introduced a dining car its own kitchen in 1868.
A. it had
B. that had
C. that it had
D. having

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7.In 1898, pharmacologist, John H. Abel, isolated the hormone

adrenalin.
A. an American who
B. who, an American
C. an American
D. he was an American
8.Nitrogen gas, up about 78 percent of our atmosphere, is
constantly being used by plants and animals.
A. which it makes
B. it makes
C. makes
D. which makes
9.Paper is made from cellulose fibers, in all cells.
A. are
B. which are
C. they are
D. which they are
10. The pepper plant bears a small, green berry red as it ripens.
A. which turns
B. turns
C. it turns
D. that it turns
11. Quinine, once used to cure malaria, was taken from the bark of a
South American tree, the cinchona.
A. it is a famous drug
B. is a famous drug
C. a famous drug
D. is a famous drug whose
12. Billie Holiday, unique singing style made her famous, was also
known as Lady Day.
A. she is a
B. whom
C. who
D. whose
13. None of the pedestrians stopped to help or even inquire about the
elderly man who was slumped in the doorway of an apparently unoccupied
building.
A. who walking up and down the busy street
B. walked up and down the busy street
C. walking up and down the busy street
D. who are walking up and down the busy street
14. Food to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the
esophagus.
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A. that pass from the mouth

B. passes from the mouth
C. passing from the mouth
D. who passes from the mouth
15. Animals generally adjust to captivity better than those that are
captured in the wild.
A. that are born in a zoo
B. are born in a zoo
C. who are born in a zoo
D. being born in a zoo
16. Alexander Fleming, , received the Nobel prize in 1945.
A. who discovered penicillin
B. which discovered penicillin
C. he discovered pencillin
D. that discovered pencillin
17. John James Audubon, who was a naturalist and an artist, wrote a great work
called Birds of America.
A. which it is
B. which is
C. whom is
D. is
18. Immigrants after 1880 settled mainly in large cities.
A. which came to America
B. they came t oAmerica
C. came to America
D. who came to America
19. Hawaii, which is part of a group of islands, active volcanoes.
A. that has
B. which has
C. has
D. who has
20. In the ear, just above the cochlea, there are three small semi-circular canals
as an organ of balance.
A. that function together
B. function together
C. are functioning together
D. they function together
21. Amsterdam, Holland, which is sometimes called the Venice of Northern
Europe, .
A. which has many canals
B. it has many canals
C. with many canals
D. has many canals
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I. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D

1. As it cooled, much of the volcanic water vapor to fill the earliest
oceans.
A. condensed B. condensing C. which condensed D. which it
condensed
2. Later, some 400 million years ago, the atmosphere enough
oxygen for the
evolution of air-breathing land animals.
A. containing B. contained C. was contained D. which
contained
3. The water-vapor content of the air varies considerably, on the
temperature and relative humidity.
A. which depending B. depends C. depending D. which it
depending
4. Brazil one of the biggest and most populated countries in Europe.
A. is B. it is C. being D. which is
5. Cambodia, in southeast Asia, is also known as Kampuchea.
A. is a country B. a country C. which it is D. which
are a country
6. The area now as Belize was once part of the Maya civilization.
A. knowing B. which knows C. is known D. which is
known
7.In 1989 the country abandoned socialism, and in 1993 a new constitution
the monarchy.
A. restoring B. which restored C. restored D.
to restore
8. There are many kinds of music, are still popular today.
A. some of them B. some of whom C. some of that D. some of
which
9. now famous for his imagination.
A. Mr. Jame, whose behavior is strange, is
B. Mr. Jame whose behavior is strange is
C. Mr. Jame, whose behavior is strange is
D. Mr. James whose strange behavior, is
10. This player, , is the only player allowed to touch the ball.
A. whom is the goalkeeper
B. is the goalkeeper
C. whose the goalkeeper
D. the goalkeeper

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11. For the lectures at his university, it is important that they be on

time.
A. who works B. worked C. working D. they work
12. This article focuses on wireless communications systems primarily for
private
communications.
A. which is used B. are used C. that are used D. which they
used
13. The problem is serious.
A.about which are talked C. about that they talked
B.that we have talked. D. about which we have talked

I. Choose the option A, B, C, or D that needs to be changed in order to

correct.
1. Wireless communication is becoming increasingly popular because of the
convenience and
A B C
mobility it affords.
D
2. Devices are known as receivers decode or demodulate the radio waves and
reproduce the
A B C
original message over a speaker.
D
3. Fixed-base transceivers, such as those are used at police stations, can fit on a
desktop, and
A B
hand-held transceivers have shrunk in size as well.
C D
4. A device who functions as both a transmitter and a receiver is called a
transceiver.
A B C D
5. These gases mix with the moisture is always present in the air and form weak
acids.
A B C D
6. By the mid-1980s, acid rain had damage or killed almost half of the trees in
Germany’s
A B C D
Black Forest.
7. Today, people burn less coal, but there are many more fuel-burning power
stations, cars,
A B
trucks, buses, and aircraft, all of them pollute the air and contribute to acid rain.
C D
8. Without the Greeks, who would have given us science, technology, democracy,
politics, drama, and
A B
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history? All of these words, as well as the ideas they represent, originating in ancient
Greece.
C D
9. Greece is a mountainous peninsula that jutting into the Mediterranean Sea. It
includes hundreds of
A B C
rock islands off the coast.
D
10. The first Greek civilization which developed on the Mediterranean island of Crete
around 2200 BC.
A B C D
11. This civilization were called Minoan after a legendary ruler of Crete named
Minos.
A B C D
12. The Minoans lived by farming, fish, and seafaring. Their rulers built huge,
brightly painted palaces. A B C
D
13. A magnificent palace at Knossos may have belonged to King Minos. The Minoans
invented a way of
A B
C
writing, but no one today can read them.
D

Conjunctions

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 A conjunction is a word used to connect other words or groups of words, or

sentences and sentence.
Example: she is very beautiful, but no one loves her.
 My wife is not only beautiful but also kind.
 Although they are poor, they are kind and open-minded.
 She tries hard; therefore, she passes the exam.
 There are 4 kinds of conjunctions:
1) Coordinating conjunctions/Coordinators/Fanboys
2) Correlative conjunctions/Pair-words
3) Subordinating conjunctions/Subordinators
4) Conjunctive adverbs

1.Coordinating conjunctions/Coordinators/Fanboys
1) For 3) Nor 6) Yet
2) And 4) But 7) So
5) Or

 Subject + Verb, Faboys + subject + verb

Example: He studies English, but he is lazy.

 Study harder, or I will punish you.
 I have two pens, and she has two pencils

 Subject + verb(negative), nor + aux + subject

Example: She is not beautiful, nor is she generous.

 I can’t speak English, nor can I write.
 We don’t like him, nor do we hate him.
2. Correlative conjunctions/Pair-words/Pair-conjunctions
1) Both…and: Both the teacher and the students are friendly.
2) Either…or: Either the boys or their mother came to the wedding.
3) Neither…nor: Neither my friends nor my enemy wanted to attend
the meeting.
4) Not only…but also: They are not only calm but also polite.
5) Whether…or(not): I don’t know whether or not you will accept it.

3. Subordinating conjunctions/Subordinators
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After before when while until till

though although if since lest unless because
provided as whenever wherever as long as even though
once now that

Example: After I finished high school, I pursed my bachelor degree at NUM.

 Wherever you go, I will miss you.
 I still love you although you don’t love me.
Note:
Subordinators + subject + verb, subject + verb. (with a comma(,))
Subject + verb + subordinators + subject + verb. ( No comma(,))

Example: When she arrived home, her mother cried.

Her mother cried when she arrived home.

4. Conjunctive Adverbs

Accordingly finally nevertheless furthermore

otherwise
Also however likewise then besides
therefore consequently moreover thus nonetheless
in addition hence As a result on the other hand

Example: English is important for our studies. Therefore, we must study

hard.
She broke the window on purpose. Her mother was not angry, however.
He tried to study hard; finally, he passed the exam.
Note:
Sentence. Conjunctive Adverb, subject + verb.
Sentence; conjunctive Adverb, subject + verb.
Sentence. Subject, conjunctive adverb, verb.
Sentence. Subject + verb, + conjunctive adverb.

Example: They are very rich. However, they are not arrogant.
 They are very rich; however, they are not arrogant.
 They are very rich. They, however, are not arrogant.
 They are very rich. They are not arrogant, however.

Exercise Practice
I. Use the following Fanboys to create sentences
(For)

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(And)
(Nor)
(But)
(Or)
(Yet)
(So)
II. Use the following correlative conjunctions to create sentences
1.Both…and:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
2.Either…or:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
3.Neither…nor:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.Not only…but
also………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
5.Whether…or(not):
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

III. Use the following subordinators to create sentences

1.After
2.before
3.unless
4.once
5.because
6.since

IV. Use the following conjunctive adverbs to create sentences

1) Also
2) consequently

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3) however
4) furthermore
5) As a result

Exercise Practice
I. Combine the following sentences using the coordinating conjunctions in
each parenthesis
1.She is very rich. She is very stingly. (but)

2.She lives far away from her parents. She misses them very much. (so)

3.The test was easy. They could not do it well.(yet)

4.You must love me. I will kill you.(or)

5.We like her. She is a very good girl.(for)

6.They bought a book. She went back home.(and)

7.He is not rich. He is not generous.(nor)

II. Combine the following sentences using the correlative conjunctions

in each parenthesis
1) Rady is a good man. Dyra is a good man, too.(both…and)

2) They are kind students. They are clever students, too.(not only…but also)

3) The teacher can speak English. The students can speak English, too.
(either…or)

4) My mother doesn’t like eating breakfast. My father doesn’t like, too.

(neither…nor)

5) I am not sure. I don’t know if she is a student here.(whether…or)

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III. Combine the following sentences using the subordinating

conjunctions in each parenthesis
1) English is important. We want to study it.(Because)

2) It rains. I will not go to the movie tonight.(If)

3) We still have time to study. I am very happy.(Although)

4) I saw Dara, I was walking to my parents’ house.(While)

5) I stay at home. It snows heavily.(Whenever)

IV. Rewrite the following sentences by using different positions of each
conjunction adverbs.
1) My parents are very good. We respect and love them. (therefore)


2) My sister is kind. She is not arrogant. (moreover)





3) They didn’t study hard. They failed the test. (consequently)




4) There are many universities in Cambodia. Only a few of them are good. (however)




5) Cars must stop at red traffic lights. Motorbikes and bicycles should stop too.
(similarly)

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


V. Writing: write what you want by using Conjunctions

Exercise Practice
I. Fill in the blanks with one of the words from A, B, C, or D
1.It looked dark and heavy it was going to rain.
A.Although B. unless C. as if D. whereas
2. I get your call, I will leave.
A.As soon as B. As though C. By the time D. Now that
3. he had read the instructions several times, he knew what to do.
A.Whereas B. After C. Until D. While
4. he cannot afford a car, he rides a bicycle.
A.Unless B. Whereas C. Though D. Because
5. the cities don’t provide better and cheaper mass transportation,
the traffic problem will get worse.
A.So that B. Even though C. If D. Before
6. you go to Canada, you should visit Toronto.
A.When B. As C. Since D. Unless
7. riding a bicycle is good leg exercise, it does not use up a lot of
calories.
A. As B. Although C. Because D. So that
8. She turned off the cassette player she could study.
A. now that B. even if C. so that D. in case
9. They are very rich. They are not arrogant, .
A. because B. however C. if D. but
10. She is not beautiful, is she generous.
A. or B. but C. when D. nor

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11. I have two pens, she has two pencils.

A. But B. and C. as a result D. while

12. He is a good friend, he is lazy man.

A. But B. or C. nor D. therefore

13. Study harder, I will punish you.

A. after B. hence C. or D. but
14. They .
A. not only calm and also polite C. either calm nor polite
B. whether calm nor polite D. neither calm nor polite
15. She is .
A. neither a clever student or a kind girl
B. either a clever student nor a kind girl
C. neither a clever student nor she is a kind girl
D. either a clever student or a kind girl

Sentence Structure
 There are four types of sentence structures
1) Simple sentence
2) Compound sentence
3) Complex sentence
4) Compound-complex sentence

Discussion

1) I love you.
2) He and she love me.
3) They love and hate me.
4) We and you study and speak English.
5) They don’t listen to music.
6) Do they enjoy living here?
7) Why do you study English?

8) I love you, but I don’t love him.

9) She speaks English; she doesn’t speak Khmer.
10) I met him yesterday; on the other hand, I didn’t know him.

11) She tried hard because she wanted to pass the exam.
12) Rady, who is a clever man, is kind.
13) I don’t know that she is your friend.

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14) English is very important, so I try to study it because it will help me in

the future.
15) When Pich gets married, he will be happy, so he will buy me a new car.

I. Work in pair: ask and answer the following questions.

1) What are the Coordinating conjunctions/Coordinators/Fanboys?
2) What are the Correlative conjunctions/Pair-words?
3) What are the Subordinating conjunctions/Subordinators?
4) What are the Conjunctive adverbs?
II. Work in pair: ask and answer the following questions.
1.What do you think about a group of sentences in the first table? Why?
2.What do you think about a group of sentences in the second table? Why?
3.What do you think about a group of sentences in the third table? Why?
4.What do you think about a group of sentences in the fourth table? Why?

Sentence Structure

 There are four types of sentence structures:

1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound-complex sentence

1) Simple sentence

1.I love you. 6. Do they enjoy living here?

2.He and she love me. 7. Why do you study English?
3.They love and hate me. 8. Stand up!
4.We and you study and speak English. 9. How clever you are!
5.They don’t listen to music. 10. What a beautiful girl!

 Simple sentence is a sentence having only one sentence with a complete

meaning without
having any conjunctions to connect the sentences, and it sometimes can be a
positive, negative, question, imperative, and exclamatory sentence.
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2) Compound sentence

1) I love you, but I don’t love him.

2) She speaks English; she doesn’t speak Khmer.
3) I met him yesterday; on the other hand, I didn’t know him.

Form: Subject + verb, fanboys + subject + verb

Subject + verb; subject + verb.

Subject + verb; conjunctive adverbs, subject + verb

 Compound sentence is a sentence combined by using fanboys, semicolon(;), and

conjunctive adverbs.

3) Complex sentence
 Clauses
 There are two clauses:
1.Independent clause(simple sentence)
2.Dependent clause: There are three dependent clauses:
 Adjective clause(which, whom, whose, that, whom…)
 Adverb clause(subordinators, when, before, while, after…)
 Noun clause(if, whether, that, wh. words)

1) She tried hard because she wanted to pass the exam.

2) Rady, who is a clever man, is kind.

3) I don’t know that she is your friend.

Form:

Independent clause + dependent clause

Dependent clause + independent clause
Dependent clause, independent clause + dependent clause

 Complex sentence is a sentence combined by using one independent clause with

one or more dependent clauses(adj, adv, or noun clause)

 Remember: In a complex sentence, it has only one independent clause.

4) Compound-complex sentence

1. English is very important, so I try to study it because it will help me in the

future.
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2. When Pich gets married, he will be happy, so he will buy me a new car.

3. After I finish my work, I will go to supermarket with my girlfriend, but I will not
let her spend
much money on products which are not important for using in the daily life.

Form:
Dependent clause + independent clause, fanboys +
independent clause
Two independent clause + one/more dependent clause

 Compound-complex sentence is a sentence combined by using two

independent clauses with one or more dependent clause connected by
fanboys.

Exercise Practice
I. Create 5 simple sentences






II. Create 5 compound sentences






III. Create 5 complex sentences





IV. Create 5 compound-complex sentences



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


V. Writing: write what you want by using four kinds of sentences

Exercise Practice
I. Decide whether the following sentences are simple sentence(SC),
compound sentence(CPS), complex sentence(CPLS), or compound-
complex sentence(CCS).

( )Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879. (

)He grew up in Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. ( )Einstein taught
himself geometry when he was 12 years old. ( )School bored him
because it required endless memorizing and reciting. ( )He often skipped
classes to study on his own or to play his violin. ( )Yet he graduated from
college in 1900 and earned a Ph.D. degree in 1905. ( )From 1902 to 1907,
Einstein worked as a clerk in the patent office in Zürich, Switzerland. (
)His job left him plenty of time to think.

WHAT DID EINSTEIN THINK ABOUT?

( )Einstein thought about the rules that govern the way the world works.

( )For example, he explained why small particles in liquids wiggle around,

a movement called Brownian motion. ( )He said that the particles were
being bumped into by tiny bits of matter called atoms that are too small to see.

( )He also thought about light and electricity. ( )Einstein knew that
light shining on metal sometimes causes electricity to flow. ( )He explained
this result, called the photoelectric effect, by saying that light is made of tiny
bundles of energy called photons.

( )Photons hitting the metal knock particles called electrons away. (

)Since electricity is simply moving electrons, he had solved the mystery of the
photoelectric effect.
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( )In 1921, Einstein won the most famous prize in science, the Nobel Prize,
for this work.

( )Another thing Einstein thought about was time. ( )He said that
time does not always flow at the same rate. ( )He proposed that motion
affects time. ( )He called this idea the special theory of relativity.

( )Einstein then came up with his general theory of relativity. (

)This theory has a new explanation for gravity. ( )Einstein said that
gravity comes from curves or dents in the fabric of space. ( )Objects make
dents in space the way a bowling ball makes a dent in a mattress. ( )The
Moon falls into the dent made by Earth and rolls around the Earth.

( )Scientists later proved that the dent a star makes in space-time bends
light as the light passes by.

( )Einstein changed physics by showing that new ideas could come just
from thinking.

( )Before Einstein, most new ideas in physics had come from experiments
in the laboratory.

EINSTEIN AND ATOMIC ENERGY

( )Einstein also said that matter and energy are the same thing. (
)He expressed this relation in a famous equation: E=mc2. ( )This equation
says that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light squared (c2). (
)Energy can therefore be changed into matter, and matter into energy. (
)The ability to turn matter into energy led to the development of the atomic
bomb and nuclear power.
FAME AND LATER YEARS
( )Einstein’s theories made him famous, even though few people
understood them.

( )He became a university professor and director of a physics institute in

Berlin, Germany. ( )After the Nazis rose to power in Germany, Einstein
left. ( )In 1933, he came to the United States, where he lived the rest of
his life. ( )Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey, on April 18, 1955.

( )Einstein’s last great idea was that every force in nature is part of one
master force.

( )Physicists are still working on this idea, which they call the theory of
everything.

II. Decide whether the following sentences are simple sentence(SS),

compound sentence(CPS), complex sentence(CPLS), or compound-
complex sentence(CCS).
1) Do they enjoy living here? ( 2) Do you know that he loves you? (
) )

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3) English is very important, so I try 17)Vanna is a man who is always

to study it because it will help me friendly to everyone. ( )
in the future. ( ) 18)We and you study and speak
4) He and she love me. ( ) English. ( )
5) I don’t know that she is your 19)What a pretty girl! ( )
20)When I graduate from university, I
friend. ( )
will pursue my master degree at
6) I don’t know why she comes here. IFL. ( )
( ) 21)When Pich gets married, he will
7) I love you, but I don’t love him. (
be happy, so he will buy me a new
)
car. ( )
8) I love you. ( )
22)Why didn’t you call me yesterday?
9) I met him yesterday; on the other ( )
hand, I didn’t know him. ( 23)Why do you study English? (
) )
10) If my mother allows me to 24)Stand up! ( )
marry her, I will be happy, and I 25)If you love me, I will be happy
will quickly tell my honey. (
because I love you too. ( )
)
11) Looking at her, he felt 26)You are the woman I helped last
happy. ( ) year.( )
12) Rady, who is a clever man, 27) I know you are clever. ( )
is kind. ( ) 28)Accused of stealing the car, the
13) She speaks English; she old man was staying in jail. ( )
doesn’t speak Khmer. ( ) 29)Rady, a student at NUM, is kind. (
14) She tried hard because she )
wanted to pass the exam. ( 30)Whether you like me or not is ok. (
) )
15)They don’t listen to music. (
)
16)They love and hate me. (
)

Subject and Verb

Ex: The man lives with me is crazy.

The man is accused of stealing my money is a student.
 Subject + verb + verb

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Ex: My mother she is very clever.

 Subject + subject + verb

 To make the sentences above correct, we can use the following forms:

Ex: The man who/that lives with me is crazy.

The man who is accused of stealing my money is a student.
The book which/that is interesting is cheap. (1)

Form: Subject + who/which/that + verb + verb

Ex: The man living with me is crazy.

The man accused of stealing my money is a student. (2)

Form: Subject + Verb-ing/Verb-ed + verb

Ex: Chettra, a student at NUM, is clever.

CTN, a famous TV channel, is near my house. (3)
Form: Subject, noun/noun phrase, + verb

Ex: She is a girl who wants to help me.

It is a book which makes me want to buy.
He is a man who is accused of stealing my money. (4)

Form: Subject + verb + object + who/that/which + verb

Ex: she is a girl wanting to help me.

It is a book making me want to buy.
He is a man accused of stealing my money. (5)

Form: Subject + verb + object+ verb-ing/verb-ed

Ex: It is a famous school, IFL.

Dara is my friend, a clever student. (6)
Form: Subject+ verb + object, noun/noun phrase

Ex: Walking to school alone, Dara felt afraid of ghost.

Arrested by the policemen, Dara was a bad man. (7)
Form: Verb-ing/Verb-ed, subject + verb

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Ex: A student at NUM, Rady is a kind boy.

A good institute, IFL has many students. (8)
Form: Noun/Noun phrase, subject + verb

Ex: In the class, there are many students.

At night, I can see many stars. (9)
Form: Prepositional phrase, subject + verb

Ex: For Rady who studies English at NUM, he is a kind man.

For the book which was bought by some students, it is very interesting. (10)
Form: Preposition + object + who/that/which + verb, subject + verb

Ex: For Rady studying English at NUM, he is a kind man.

For the book bought by some students, it is very interesting. (11)
Form: Preposition + object + verb-ing/verb-ed, subject + verb

Exercise Practice

I. Create sentences by using the following forms

1) Subject + who/which/that + verb + verb


2) Subject + Verb-ing/Verb-ed + verb



3) Subject, noun/noun phrase, + verb




4) Subject + verb + object + who/that/which + verb


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
5) Subject + verb + object+ verb-ing/verb-ed



6) Subject+ verb + object, noun/noun phrase



7) Verb-ing/Verb-ed, subject + verb



8) Noun/Noun phrase, subject + verb



9) Prepositional phrase, subject + verb



10) Preposition + object + who/that/which + verb, subject + verb



11) Preposition + object + verb-ing/verb-ed, subject + verb


II. Change the following sentences into the correct sentences

1) The boy sits over there is my friend.

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2) The table is expensive is mine.

3) The forest is full of trees is attractive.
4) Dara is a teacher at NUM is my friend.
5) I study English at NUM is a famous school.
6) The man studies Korean listens to music.
7) The doctor cured the people is kind.
8) The books are studied by many students are good.

9) The man stole my money is now in prison.

10) The building which was constructed last year that was destroyed.

Exercise Practice

I. Choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D

1. ……………………………….….with me. A.The car went very fast hit the boy
A. the woman she works B.The car was going very fast hit the
B. the woman works cooperates boy
C. the woman lives here works C.The car which was going very fast
D. the woman works hitting the boy
2. …………………………………..…… D.The car that was going very fast hit
A. the boy studies English here likes to the boy
play football 7.…………………………..……….
B. the boy studies English here liking A. Management which is a very good
to play football major
C. the boy likes to play football B. Management it is a very good major
D. the boy studying English C. Management who is very good major
3………………………………..……… requires hard work
A. The professor he teaches chemistry D.Management is a very good major
B. The professor teaches chemistry 8. ………………………………………….
C. The professor teaches chemistry ……
earns much money A. The teacher who teaches me living
D. The professor teaching chemistry here
4.…………………………….…………. B. The teacher teaches me lives here
A. One of my brothers lives with me C. The teacher who teaches me who
B. One of my brothers he lives with me lives here
C. One of my brothers living with me D. The teacher teaching me lives here
D. One of my brother lives with me 9. …………………………….…………..
5.……………………………………….………. A. The building was constructed last
A.They helped build this house year has been destroyed
B.They helped built this house B. The bulding constructed last year
C.My parents they help build this has been destroyed
house C. The building constructing last year
D.They helped and build this house has been destroyed
6.……………………
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D.The building which was constructed B. works here

last year that was destroyed C. who works here
10. ………………………………….……… D. that works here
E. The man stole my money is now in 16.Toy and To study English at IFL,
prison ………………………
F. The man who stole my money he is A. is a prestigious school in Cambodia
now in prison B. a prestigious school I nCambodia
G. The man stolen my money is now in C. who is a prestigious school in
prison Cambodia
H. The man stealing my money is now D. It is a prestigious school in
in prison Cambodia
11. ………………………….. 17.Have you seen a man…………….?
A. Modern, is a small company in this A. lives with me
area, exports powder B. living with me
B. Modern, who is a small company in C. who living with me
this area, exports powder D. he lives with me
C. Modern, which is a small company 18.Have they found the
in this area, it exports powder painting………………………?
D. Modern, a small company in this A. stealing last year
area, exports powder B. was stolen last year
12. Cambodia,…………………………, is C. stolen last year
situated in Southeast Asia. D. that stole last year
A. It is a poor country
B. Is a poor country 19.They study with Mr. Rady,
C. A poor country …………………………
D. Which a poor country A. who is a teacher teaches English
13. Miss Meas Vannet, well
……………………., is my
B. is a teacher teaches English well
girlfriend.
A. Who she a student at IFL C. a teacher who teaches English well
B. She is a student at IFL D. who is a teacher he teaches English
C. Is a student at IFL 20.He works at PUC,………………..
D. A student at IFL
A. a university offers many different
14. My friends study English at
NUM,…………………………. fields
A. it is a very small university B. a university that it offers many
B. is a very small school different fields
C. a very small school C. a university which offers many
D. which a very small school different fields
15.I know Vanna, …………………… D. is a university that offers many
A. he works here
different fields

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Adverb Clause
A: Definition
 Adverb clause is used to modify a verb in an independent clause.

 Rady walked slowly.

 Rady walked as fast as Rada did.
 Mara cried when he left.
B: Types of Adverb Clause:
1)Time 5)Manner 8)Concession and
2)Place 6)Distance/frequency contrast
3)Purpose 7)Condition 9)Reason
4)Result 10) Strong contrast
I.) Adverb of time

when, as, as soon as, before, after, while, since, once,…

 Before I came here, I had met Net.

 The phone rang while Rada was defecating.
Form: Main Clause + Adverb clause
Adverb Clause + Main Clause

II. Adverb clause of Place(Don't Use with "Place")

Where, anywhere, everywhere, wherever
 Wherever I go, he always follows me.
 Put the pen wherever you can find it.
Compare the following sentences:
 I met my princess when I got home. (adverb clause)
 I'll never forget the day when we first met. (adjective clause)
 Do you remember when we first met? (noun clause)
III. Adverb clause of purpose

so that/in order that

 I study English so that I can win the scholarship.

 They went to Phnom Penh in order that they could work there.
IV. Adverb clause of result
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so/such

 so + adj/adv + that + s + v
 so + adj + a/an + n + that + s + v
 so + few/many/little/much + n + that + s + v
 such + a/an + adj + n + that + s + v
 She is so beautiful that everyone loves her.
 She walks so slowly that I start to feel bored with her.
 He is so good a student that his teacher praises him.
 There are so many books that I want to buy them.
 You are such a bad guy that they don't want to know you.
V. Adverb clause of manner(How)

 I speak Khmer as fluently as you do.

 She did everything as I told her.
 He speaks English as if he were the cleverest.

 as + adv + as + s + v
 as + s + v
 as if/as though + s + V2
 as if/as though + s + had + V3
VI. Adverb clause of distance and frequency
 He drove as far as I did. (adv of distance)
 They practice speaking English as frequently as she does. (adv of frequency)
 as + far + as + s + v
 as + adv of frequency + as + s + v
VII. Adverb clause of condition

if, unless, in case, provided(that), as long as, in the event that(in case)

 If you fart, your friends always smell it.

 As long as you are in Cambodia, I will visit you.
VIII. Adverb clause of concession and contrast

 Although, even though, though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that
 Although Vanmao is rich, he is stingy.

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 Despite the fact that she is ugly, a handsome man loves her.
 She has a lot of rich relatives even though she is poor.
 although/even though + s + v
 despite/in spite of + n/pron
 despite/in spite of + v-ing
 although + adj
 Although it is difficult, I still can do it.
 In spite of heavy rain, I still did it.
 Despite studying English well, rady is humble.
 Although rich, Dara is economical.
IX. Adverb clause of reason

Now that(because), because, since(because), as(because), in that(because) +

s+v

 Since English is important, everyone wants to study it.

 I try hard in that I want to win a scholarship.

 Due to/because of/on account of/ owing to + n/pro

 Because + s + v
 She loves me because I am rich.
 She loves me due to my money.
X. strong contrast

while/whereas

 while/whereas + s + v, s + v
 s + v + ,while/whereas + s + v
 Rady is poor, whereas Dyra is rich.
 While you are lazy, I am industrious.
 When/while + s + v
 When/while + V-ing
 During + n/n.phrase
Exercise
Part I:
1) What is an adverb clause?

2) How many kinds of the adverb clause are there? What are they?

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Part II:
Use the following words to construct sentences
1)After
2)As soon as
3)Anywhere
4)So that
5)So + adj/adv + that + s + v
6)So + adj + a/an + n + that + s + v
7)So + few/many/little/much + n + that + s + v
8)Such + a/an + adj + n + that + s + v
9)As + adv + as + s + v
10) As + s + v
11) As if/as though + s + V2
12) As if/as though + s + had + V3
13) as + far + as + s + v
14) As + adv of frequency + as + s + v
15) In case
16) As long as
17) Although/even though + s + v
18) Despite/in spite of + n/pron
19) Despite/in spite of + v-ing
20) Although + adj
21) Because
22) In that
23) Due to
24) Whereas
25) When/while + s + v
26) When/while + V-ing
27) During + n/n.phrase

What kinds of the adverb clause of the following sentences?

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1) Although Vanmao is rich, he is stingy.

2) As long as you are in Cambodia, I will visit you.
3) Before I came here, I had met Net.
4) Despite the fact that she is ugly, a handsome man loves her.
5) He drove as far as I did.
6) He is so good a student that his teacher praises him.
7) He speaks English as if he were the cleverest.
8) I speak Khmer as fluently as you do.
9) I study English so that I can win the scholarship.
10) I try hard in that I want to win a scholarship.
11) If you fart, your friends always smell it.
12) Put the pen wherever you can find it.
13) Rady is poor, whereas Dyra is rich.
14) She did everything as I told her.
15) She has a lot of rich relatives even though she is poor.

16) She is so beautiful that everyone loves her.

17) She walks so slowly that I start to feel bored with her.

18) Since English is important, everyone wants to study it.

19) The phone rang while Rada was defecating.

20) There are so many books that I want to buy them.
21) They practice speaking English as frequently as she does.
22) They went to Phnom Penh in order that they could work there.
23) Wherever I go, he always follows me.
24) While you are lazy, I am industrious.
25) You are such a bad guy that they don't want to know you.
26) You can call me whenever you meet me.
27) She will love me provided that I help her.

28) As English is very important, many people study it.

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29) They act as if they were rich.

30) She speaks English as often as she can.

Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences

1)This research is important it confirms the link between aggression

and alcohol.
A. in that B. such C. while D. provided
2)I was just getting into the bath the telephone rang.
A. whereas B. now that C. despite D. wherever
3) I saw her, I knew there was something wrong.
A. as far as B. as long as C. as soon as D. as much as
4) I go I always seem to bump into him.
A. as usually as B. so that C. as quickly as D. wherever
5)I deliberately didn't have lunch I would be hungry
tonight.
A. so that B. so C. such D. although
6)I'm I could sleep in this chair!
A. such tired that B. so tired which C. too tired that D. so tired that
7)You are that I will not believe in you.
A. such bad a man B. such a bad man C. so a bad man D. very bad
man
8)I can't run you can.
A. as fastly as B. as fast than C. as fast as D. as
faster than
9)She is walking she were a millionaire.
A. though B. during C. when D. as though
10) He asks money from his mother he wants.
A. as always than B. as always as C. as far as D. as usual as
11) You can't get a job you've got experience
A. if B. whenever C. unless D. on account of
12) I still enjoyed the week the weather.
A. despite of B. although C. in spite D. despite
13) She walked home by herself she knew that it was
dangerous.
A. despite B. due to C. whereas D. although
14) Amateur astronomers observe the sky as a hobby,
professional astronomers are paid for their research and usually work for large
institutions
A. while B. when C. during D. since

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15) I can pass this hard exam my effort.

A. because B. in spite of C. in case D. on account of

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Complete the following sentences with one of suitable ADVERB CLAUSE

MARKERS.

1) Vanmao is rich, he is stingy.

2) you are in Cambodia, I will visit you.
3) I came here, I had met Net.
4) she is ugly, a handsome man loves her.
5)He drove I did.
6)He is good a student his teacher praises him.
7)He speaks English he were the cleverest.
8)I speak Khmer you do.
9)I study English I can win the scholarship.
10) I try hard I want to win a scholarship.
11) you fart, your friends always smell it.
12) Put the pen you can find it.
13) Rady is poor, Dyra is rich.
14) She has a lot of rich relatives she is poor.
15) She did everything I told her.
16) She is beautiful everyone loves her.
17) She walks slowly I start to feel bored with her.
18) English is important, everyone wants to study it.
19) The phone rang Rada was defecating.
20) There are many books I want to buy them.
21) They practice speaking English she does.
22) They went to Phnom Penh they could work there.
23) They act they were rich.
24) you are lazy, I am industrious.

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25) You are a bad guy they don't want to

know you.
26) You can call me you meet me.
27) She will love me I help her.
28) English is very important, many people study it.
29) She speaks English she can.
30) I go, he always follows me.

Reduced Adverb Clause

After I passed the exam, I had a party.
After passing the exam, I had a party.

Before Rady was punished, he cried.

Before punished, Rady cried.

 Subordinators/Markers that can be used in reduced adverb clause are:

before, after, although, while, when, until, if, unless.

Subordinators/Markers + V-ing/V-ed/-Adj

Because Mao met me, she smiled happily.

Meeting me, Mao smiled happily.

Because she was busy with her work, she couldn't go home.
Busy with her work, she couldn't go home.

Because V-ing/V-ed/-Adj/-Being adj

1) Because I was unable to do it, I felt sad.
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Unable to do it, I felt sad.

Being unable to do it, I felt sad.

2) Because we finished our report, we went out.

Finishing our report, we went out.

3) Because she was blamed by her teacher, she cried.

Blamed by her teacher, she cried.

Exercise
Change the following sentences to REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE
1)While I was watching TV, the 5)Even though they were late, they
telephone rang. didn't hurry.

2)After he left school, he started 6)Because we are lazy, we cannot

working in a bank. complete our task on time.

3)Before she sleeps, she always reads 7)Because they try to study, they pass
books. the exam.

4)I still wait for you until I am bored. 8)If you help me, I will love you.

Noun Clause
A: Definition
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun.

 We think that you are so active and hard-working.

 What my teacher teaches me is important for my studies.
 I don't know whether you prefer to help me or not.
B: Types of Noun Clauses
There are three types of noun clauses:
1) That-clause
2) Wh-question clauses
3) Yes/No question clauses

1) That-clause(made from statements)

That + subject + verb

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"English is important," says Tevi.

Tevi says that English is important.

"She does not know what to do," he knows.

He knows that she does not know what to do.

"Cambodia is a very beautiful country," they believe.

They believe that Cambodia is a very beautiful country.

2) Wh-question clauses (made from wh-questions)

Question word + subject + verb

"What is her name?" he asks. Wh-questions

He asks what her name is.
Who, whom, when, why, how, how often,
"How often does your brother TV?" how many, how long, where, which, whose.
They want to know how often your brother watches TV.

When will she come to school?

Can you tell me when she will come to school?

3) Yes/No question clauses (made from yes/no questions)

If + subject + verb
Whether or not + subject + verb
Whether + subject + verb + or not
Whether + subject + verb
If + subject + verb + or not

"Do you study English?"

 He asks if you study English.

"Will they come to meet us?"

 Can you tell me whether they will come to meet us or not?
 Can you tell me whether or not they will come to meet me?
 Can you tell me if they will come to meet me?

C: Functions of a noun clause

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A noun clause can function as a subject, an object of a verb, an object of a

preposition and a subject complement.

1) Subject

That + subject + verb + complement + verb

Whether + subject + verb + complement + or not + verb
Question words + subject + verb + complement + verb

 That the earth is round is widely known.

 Whether they will come here or not does not affect me.
 What she needs is not here.
2) Object of a verb

Subject + verb + that + subject + verb

Subject + verb + question words + subject + verb
Subject + verb + if/whether or not + subject + verb
 She said that she would not come to join the party.
 Can you tell me what you want to buy?
 He does not know whether they will accept our ideas or not.
3) Object of a preposition

Preposition + question words + subject + verb

 He is interested in what she is studying.

 We are worried about when they will announce the result.
4) Complement

Be + question word + subject + verb

 This is how I have done my homework.

 That was what she had bought.
D) Subjunctive Noun Clauses
The subjunctive form is the same as the infinitive without "to". It does not
show any marking for tense and can be used to refer to events in the past,
present, or future.
General Forms:
Subject + verb + that + subject + verb (base form)
They recommended that she study hard.
Subject + verb + that + subject + not +verb
It is vital that we not waste our money.
Subject + verb + that + subject + be + adjective
I suggested that we be active.

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Subject + verb + that + subject + not + be + adjective

He proposed that we not be involved in the project.
Subject + verb + that + subject + be + V3(passive)
It is required that the brat be punished.
Subject + verb + that + subject + should + verb/be + adjective/be +
V3(informal)
She asked that they should be more careful.
 Subjunctives with verbs:
Advice Demand Propose Stipulate (state)
Ask (request) Insist Recommend Suggest
Command Move (suggest) Request Urge
Decree (state) Order Require Prefer

Form: Subject + verb + that + subjunctive

She recommended that we be diligent.
 Subjunctives with adjectives:
Advisable
Advised
Anxious
Willing
Desirable
Eager
Essential
Imperative
Important
Vital
Mandatory
Necessary
Obligatory
Preferable
Proposed
Recommended
Required
Urgent
Suggested

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Form: It + to be + + adjective + that + subjunctive

It is important that she respect others.
Exercise
Part I:
Answer the following questions:
1)What is a noun clause?

2)How many types of noun clauses are there? What are they?
3)How many functions of noun clauses are there? What are they?

Construct sentences:
1)That + subject + verb

2)Question word + subject + verb

3)If + subject + verb

4)Whether or not + subject + verb

5)Whether + subject + verb + or not

Construct sentences:
1)That + subject + verb + complement + verb

2)Whether + subject + verb + complement + or not + verb

3)Question words + subject + verb + complement + verb

4)Subject + verb + that + subject + verb

5)Subject + verb + question words + subject + verb

6)Subject + verb + if/whether or not + subject + verb

7)Preposition + question words + subject + verb

8)Be + question word + subject + verb

9)Subject + verb + that + subject + verb (base form)

10) Subject + verb + that + subject + not +verb

11) Subject + verb + that + subject + be + adjective

12) Subject + verb + that + subject + not + be + adjective

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13) Subject + verb + that + subject + be + V3(passive)

14) Subject + verb + that + subject + should + verb/be + adjective/be +

V3(informal)

15) It + to be + + adjective + that + subjunctive

16) Subject + verb + that + subjunctive

Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences

1) We think that . c) what does she do
a) you are so active and hard- d) that what to do
working.
6) They believe .
b) what you are so active and hard-
a) what Cambodia is very beautiful
working
country.
c) if you are so active and hard-
b) That Cambodia is a very beautiful
working or not.
country.
d) that you were so active and hard-
c) How Cambodia is a very beautiful
working.
country.
2) my teacher d) Whether Cambodia is a very
teaches me is important for my studies. beautiful country.
a) That 7) .
b) What a) He asks what is her name.
c) Whether b) He asks what her name is.
d) Is c) He asks that her name is.
3) I don't know . d) He asks whether her name is.
a) what you prefer to help me 8) They want to know .
b) whether you prefer to help me or a) how often does your brother
no watch TV.
c) if you prefer to help me or not b) how often your brother watches
d) whether you prefer to help me TV.
4) Tevi says . c) if your brother watches TV or
not.
a) that English is important
d) that your brother watches TV.
b) what English is important
c) if English is important 9) Do you know ?
d) which English is important a) that will play football
b) what will play football
5) He knows .
c) who will play football
a) that to do
d) whether will play football
b) what to do

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10) He asks . c) would no come to join the party.

a) if you study English or not. d) would not come to join the party.
b) whether or not you study English 16) Can you tell me ?
c) whether or not you study English a) what do you want to buy
or not b) that you want to buy
d) what you study English. c) what you want to buy
11) Can you tell me d) whether you want to buy
? 17) He does not know
a) If they will come to meet us or .
not a) whether they will accept our
b) That they will come to meet us or ideas or no
not b) if or not they will accept our
c) What they will come to meet us ideas
d) whether they will come to meet c) whether they will accept our
us or not ideas or not
12) . d) that they will accept our ideas
a) That the earth is round is widely 18) He is interested .
known. a) what she is studying
b) What the earth is round is widely b) in that she is studying
known. c) in what she is studyin
c) That the earth is widely known. d) for what she is studying
d) How the earth is widely known.
19) We are worried
13) . .
a) If they will come here or not a) for what they will announce the
does not affect me. result
b) What they will come here or not b) About what they will announce
does not affect me. the result
c) Whether they will come here or c) About when they will announce
not does not affect me. the result
d) How often they will come here d) Of that they will announce the
doesn't affect me. result
14) . 20) .
a) Whether she needs is not here. a) What is how I have done my
b) What she needs is not here. homework
c) That she needs is not here. b) This is how I have done my
d) What does she need is not here. homework
15) She said that she c) Whether how I have done my
. homework.
a) would not comes to join the d) How is how I have done my
party. homework
b) will not come to join the party. 21) .
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a) That was what she had bought. b) It is required that the brat is
b) What was what she had bought. punished.
c) How was what she had bought. c) There is required that the brat is
d) If that was what she had bought. punished.
d) It is required that the brat be not
22) .
punished.
a) They recommended that she
study hard. 27) .
b) They recommended that she a) She asked what they should be
studies hard. more careful.
c) They recommended that she b) She asked that they be more
studied hard. careful.
d) They recommended what she c) She asked that they were more
studied hard. careful.
d) She asked that they should be
23) .
more careful.
a) It is vital what we not waste our
money. 28) .
b) It is vital that we don't waste our a) She is important that she respect
money. others.
c) There is vital that we not waste b) It is important that she respects
our money. others.
d) It is vital that we not waste our c) It is important that she doesn't
money. respect others.
d) It is important that she respect
24) .
others.
a) I suggested that we were active.
b) I suggested that we be active. 29) .
c) I suggested how we be active. a) She recommended what we be
d) I suggest that we are active. diligent.
b) She recommended that we be not
25) . diligent.
a) He proposed that we did not be c) She recommended that we be
involved in the project. diligent.
b) He proposed that we be not d) She recommended that we were
involved in the project. diligent.
c) He proposed that we not be 30) .
involved in the project. a) Whether my father care about my
d) He proposed that we must not family or not is ok.
involve in the project. b) Whether or not my father cares
about my family is ok.
26) .
c) If my father cares about my
a) It is required that the brat be
family or not is ok.
punished.
d) That my father cares about my
family or not is ok.

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Word order and Inversion

1) Only in this room .

A. You can learn
B. Can you learn
C. Can learn you
D. You learn can
2) Only when .
A. Do you have a problem, you should call me
B. You have a problem you should call me
C. Do you have a problem should you call me
D. You have a problem should you call me
3) I thought, , that it was bad.
A. Like did many of my friends
B. As did of my friends
C. As many of my friends did
D. Like many of my friends did

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To inverse sentences, we follow two forms:

1) Dara comes here.
 Here comes Dara.

2) They never visit me.

 Never do they visit me.

 Verb + Subject
 Aux + subject + verb

 There are nine points to remember about word order/inversion.

1) Negative words at the beginning of a clause for emphasis

2) Only + pre/recently/once
3) Expressions of place or order
4) Only + conjunctions
5) Phrases No/Not
6) So/such
7) Conditionals
8) As
9) So/neither/nor

1) Negative words at the beginning of a clause for emphasis

 Never, rarely, seldom

Example:

They have never come here to visit me.

 Never have they come here to visit us.

She is rarely friendly to me.

 Rarely is she friendly to me.

He seldom comes to study on time.

 Seldom does he come to study on time.

Inverse the following sentences.

1.A minister can rarely have been faced with such a problem.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2.The team has seldom given a worse performance.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3.I never had so much responsibility.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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 Hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner (used to show that one thing

happens immediately after another thing)

 Hardly, Barely, Scarcely + Past Perfect.

 No sooner + Past Simple/Past Perfect

The party had hardly started when she left.

 Hardly had the party started when she left.

She had barely sat down when the phone rang.

 Barely has she sat down when the phone rang.

I had scarcely sat down to eat when my friends

arrived.
 Scarcely had I sat down to eat when my friends
arrived.

They had no sooner spoken to me than I knew

what happened.
 No sooner had they spoken to me than I knew
what happened.

My friend no sooner arrived home than it started

raining.
 No sooner did my friend arrive home than it
started raining.

Inverse the following sentences.

1. They had hardly farted after they had dinner.
________________________________________________________
_____
2. My friends had barely studied English before
I arrived.
________________________________________________________
_____
3. I had scarcely followed her when her father
came.
________________________________________________________
_____
4. You had no sooner told me than I went away.
________________________________________________________
_____
5. He no sooner hit me than I told my mother.
________________________________________________________
_____
2. Only + preposition/recently/once

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You can learn only by asking questions.

 Only by asking questions can you learn.
I have seen her only recently.
 Only recently have I seen her.
They can ask me only in this occasion.
 Only in this occasion can they ask me.
I met her only once.
 Only once did I meet her.
Inverse the following sentences.
1) You would be happy only by working here.
______________________________________________________________
2) I have studied here only recently.
______________________________________________________________
3) My teacher explains to me only in this occasion.
______________________________________________________________
4) I came here only once.
______________________________________________________________
3. Expressions of place or order(is/lie/come/go/stand/sit/exist)

A strange procession came along the street.

 Along the street came a strange procession.
A big mountain lies along the road.
 Along the road lies a big mountain.

A statue is in front of the museum.

 In front of the museum is a statue.

A police car came first, then an ambulance came.

 First came a police car, then came an ambulance.

Tevi comes here.

 Here comes Tevi.

They are here.

 Here they are.

She goes there.

 There she goes.

Thida goes there.

 There goes Thida.

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 Here/There + Verb + subject(noun)

 Here/There + subject(pronoun) + Verb

Inverse the following sentences.

An odd man came in front of my house.
______________________________________________________________
A big tree stands behind my yard.
______________________________________________________________
The dog comes first, then a cat comes.
______________________________________________________________
Rady sits there.
______________________________________________________________
They are here.
______________________________________________________________

4. Only + conjunctions

 Only + if/because/until/when/after/later/then/before

You should call Mr. Sok at home only if you have a serious problem.
 Only if you have a serious problem should you call Mr. Sok at home.

I will tell you only when she agrees.

 Only when she agrees will I tell you.

I’ll close the window only if it rains.

 Only if it rains will I close the window.

They told me only because I asked them.

 Only because I asked them did they tell me.
Inverse the following sentences.
She decided to love me only because I had tried the best.
______________________________________________________________
They had made an effort only later they could win the scholarship.
______________________________________________________________
I come here only then I can meet her.
______________________________________________________________
You will be waiting here only until your boss arrives.
______________________________________________________________
He will help me only if I give money to him.
______________________________________________________________

5. Phrases No/Not

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 Under no condition, on no account, in no way, on no condition, not until, not

only…(but also), under no circumstances
You are allowed to enter my room under no condition.
Under no condition are you allowed to enter my room.

You can do it in no way.

In no way can you do it.

Employees must on no account make personal telephone calls from the

office.
On no account must employees make personal telephone calls from the office.
Inverse the following sentences.
She is not only beautiful but she seems also friendly to everyone.
______________________________________________________________
She is forced to fart under no condition.
______________________________________________________________
We want to buy these books in no way.
______________________________________________________________

6. So/Such
 So + adjective
So interesting is the book that I want to buy it.

 Such + be(so much/so great)

Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted.
Inverse the following sentences.
The girl was so pretty that she was loved by many men.
So____________________________________________________________
The demand for ticket was so much that people queued day and night.
Such__________________________________________________________
The runners were so exhausted that none of them finished the race.
So____________________________________________________________
The response to our appeal was so great that we had to take on more staff.
Such__________________________________________________________

7. Conditionals
 Were/Had/Should
 If + subject + were/had/should……
 Were/Had/Should + subject……..
If I were here, I’d be happy.
 Were she here, I’d be happy.
If she had come here, I would have met her.
 Had she come here, I’d have met her.
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If you should hear anything, let me know.

 Should you hear anything, let me know.
Inverse the following sentences.
If they were to escape, there would be an outcry.
______________________________________________________________
If you should see her, call me right away.
______________________________________________________________
If I had known, I would have protested strongly.
______________________________________________________________

8. As

 As + auxiliary word + subject

I thought, as did my friends, that the recession would soon be over.

We were disappointed, as were some of them in our school.
Inverse the following sentences.
We were short of money. Most people in our neighborhood were too.(As)
______________________________________________________________
I agreed that the meeting would soon be over. My colleagues did too.(As)
______________________________________________________________

9. So/Neither/Nor
 So + auxiliary word + subject (positive)
 Neither + auxiliary word + subject (negative)
 Nor + auxiliary word + subject (negative)
 She studies English, and so do I.
 They don’t like it, nor does she.
 We can’t speak English, and neither can he.
Inverse the following sentences.
You knew him well. I knew him well too. (so)
______________________________________________________________
My friends don’t want to visit my house. She doesn’t want either. (neither)
______________________________________________________________
He cannot cook. She cannot cook either. (nor)
______________________________________________________________
Note:
I’m taller than John.
I’m taller than John is.
I’m taller than is John.

She studies English better than Dara.

She studies English better than Dara does.

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She studies English better than does Dara.

They knew little.

Little did they know.

Practice
Choose the correct option A, B, C or D
1) Not until the office phoned me .
A. did I found out about the meeting
B. did I find out about the meeting
C. do I find out about the meeting
D. did I find out about the meeting

2) , I wouldn’t have accepted the job.

A. Were I realizing
B. Have I realized
C. Had I realized
D. Should I realize

3) .
A. Not only did Harry break his leg, but did he also injure his shoulder.
B. Not only did Harry break his leg, but he also injured his shoulder.
C. Harry not only broke his leg, but he also injured his shoulder.
D. Not only does Harry break his leg, but he also injured his shoulder.

4) that the judge was the murderer.

A. Little did the police suspected
B. Little does the police suspect
C. Little did the police suspect
D. Little was the police suspected

5) , could you ask her to call me?

A. Should you see Helen
B. Were you see Helen
C. Had you seen Helen
D. If you see Helen

6) .
A. The bus driver can be blamed for the accident in no way.
B. In no way can the bus driver be blame for the accident.
C. In way no can the bus driver be blamed for the accident.
D. In not way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident.

7) .
A. So heavy was the snowfall which all the trains had to be cancelled.
B. Such heavy was the snowfall which all the trains had to be cancelled.
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C. The snowfall was such heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled.
D. So heavy was the snowfall that all the trains had to be cancelled.

8) they would lose the election.

A. If the government had raised interest rates
B. Were the government raise interest rates
C. Were the government to raise interest rates
D. Had the government raised interest rates

9) .
A. Under no circumstances are the money to be paid.
B. The money is to be paid under no circumstances.
C. Under no circumstances the money is to be paid.
D. Under no circumstances which is the money to be paid.

10) .
A. Not until three days had passed did we arrive at the first oasis.
B. Not until three days had passed we arrived at the first oasis.
C. Not until had three days passed we arrived at the first oasis.
D. Not until three days had passed did we arrived at the fist oasis.

11) .
A. Only when I stopped did I realized that something was wrong.
B. Only when did I stop I realized that something was wrong.
C. Only when I stopped did I realize that something was wrong.
D. Only when did I stop did I realized that something was wrong.

12) .
A. At no time did the accused express regret for what he had done.
B. At no time did the accused expressed regret for what he had done.
C. At no time does the accused express regret for what he had done.
D. At no time did the accused express regret for what he has done.

13) .
A. No sooner had I got into the bath then someone knocked on the door.
B. No sooner had I got into the bath than did someone knock on the door.
C. No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked on the door.
D. No sooner I got into the bath than did someone knock on the door.

14) .
A. So was the uncertainty that
B. Such was the uncertainty which
C. So the uncertainty was that
D. Such was the uncertainty that

15) .
A. Seldom there is so much
B. Seldom is there so many
C. Seldom does there so much

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D. Seldom is there so much

16) .
A. Only when your identity has been checked you will be allowed in.
B. Only when has your identity been checked you will be allowed in.
C. Only when has your identity been checked will you be allowed in.
D. Only when your identity been checked you will be allowed in.

17) .
A. Hardly the play had started when there was a power failure.
B. Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure.
C. Hardly the play had started when was there a power failure.
D. The play had hardly started when was there a power failure.

18) .
A. Rarely has the Prime Minister made so inept a speech.
B. Rarely did the Prime Minister made so inept a speech.
C. The Prime Minister had made rarely so inept a speech.
D. Rarely was the Prime Minister made so inept a speech.

19) .
A. Scarcely did we arrived home when the police called.
B. Scarcely we had arrived home when did the police call.
C. Scarcely had we arrived home when the police called.
D. Scarcely were we arrived home when the police called.

20) .
A. The press photographers are allowed to take photographs backstage on no
account.
B. On no account had press photographers allowed to take photographs
backstage.
C. On no account the press photographers are allowed to take photographs
backstage.
D. On no account are the press photographers allow to take photographs
backstage.

21) !
A. Never before has so much money spent to so little purpose
B. Never before has so much money been spent to so little purpose
C. Never before so much money has been spent to so little purpose
D. Never before was so much money been spent to so little purpose.

22) .
A. Barely had the trial proceedings begin when the judge was taken ill.
B. Barely the trial proceedings had begun when the judge was taken ill.
C. Barely the trial proceedings had begun when was the judge taken ill.
D. Barely had the trial proceedings begun when the judge was taken ill.

23) She studies English better .

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A. then Dara is.

B. then Dara does.
C. than Dara is.
D. than does Dara.

24) .
A. Here Dara comes.
B. There go they.
C. There goes Chanra.
D. Here my mother stands.

25) .
A. Here comes Tevi.
B. Here Tevi comes.
C. There my teacher sits.
D. There a big dog lies.

26) .
A. First came a police car, then an ambulance came.
B. First came a police car, then came an ambulance.
C. First a police came, then came an ambulance.
D. First a police came, then an ambulance came.

27) .
A. In front of the museum a statue is.
B. In front of the museum does a statue.
C. In front of the museum is a statue.
D. A statue in front of museum is a.

28) .
A. Along the street came strange a procession.
B. A strange procession along the street came.
C. Along the street a strange procession came.
D. Along the street came a strange procession.

29) .
A. Only once did I come here.
B. Only once came I here.
C. Only once did I came here.
D. Only once here I came.
30) .
A. I have see her only recently.
B. Only recently have I seen her.
C. Only recently am I seen her.
D. Only recently do I seen her.

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Sentences

 A sentence is a group of words which consists of a subject and a verb

and makes sense and expresses a complete thought/meaning.

Example:

The rooms in my house. (not a sentence)

 The rooms in my house are beautiful. (a complete sentence)
Lived in Phnom Penh. (not a sentence)
 She lived in Phnom Penh. (a complete sentence)

Note:
Incorrect: Dara he can speak English very well.
Correct: Dara can speak English very well.
 It cannot have two subjects in one sentence without any connection.

Incorrect: They speak English are very good.

Correct: They who can speak English are very good.
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 It cannot have two verbs in one sentence without any connection.

Kinds of Sentences

 There are four kinds of sentences: Declarative, Interrogative,

Imperative, and Exclamatory.
1) Declarative sentences(positive and negative)
 Declarative sentences are those which make statements.
 I want to help my country.
 She doesn’t want to help me.

2) Interrogative sentences(Question)
 An interrogative sentence is a kind of sentences that asks a question.
 Where is IFL located?
 Do you want to help your country?

3) Imperative sentences
 An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a command or an
entreaty.
 Listen to me carefully. (command)
 Have mercy upon us. (entreaty)
 Don’t speak!

 V+ object/adverb
 Don’t + Verb + object/adverb
 Do not + verb + object/adverb
4) Exclamatory Sentences
 Exclamatory sentences are those that express strong feelings or
surprised.
 How good Dara is!
 How beautiful!
 What a man!
 What a bad guy!
 What a bad guy he is!
 How fluently she speaks English!

 How + adj + subj + be!


 How + adj!

 How + adverb + subject + verb!

 What + a/an + n!
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
 What + a/an + adj + n!

 What + a/an + adj + n + subj + be!


Write CS for the correct sentences and write IS for the incorrect sentences.

1) A glass of strong sulphuric acid could do that.

2) Lemon juice and vinegar are familiar acids.
3) Some acids strong enough to burn your skin.
4) In many parts of the world today, rain is a weak acid.
5) This rain called acid rain.
6) Acid rain is a kind of air pollution is harmful.
7) When coal, oil, or gasoline are burned, they release harmful gases into
the air.
8) These gases mix with the moisture is always present in the air and form
weak acids.
9) Wind can carry the acidic droplets huge distances.
10) Eventually, these droplets return to the ground as acid rain or as
acid hail, snow, sleet, or even fog.
11) Acid rain looks, feels, tastes just like clean rain.
12) Acid rain it is extremely harmful to the environment.
13) My teacher he can teach very well.
14) There are many students speak English very well in my class.
15) Do you want to help our nation?

Decide the kinds of the following sentences. Write DS for declarative

sentences, IS for interrogative sentences, IPS for the imperative sentences,
ES for the exclamatory sentences.
1) The house will be built on a 11) Read this book for
hill. tomorrow.
2) What loud cries we heard! 12) Wash the windows,
3) How miserable he was! please.
4) Larry ate chocolate ice 13) What a fool he is!
cream covered with almonds. 14) What rubbish he
5) He is not an engineer. writes!
6) How fast it runs! 15) How beautiful this
7) How carefully this man river is!
work! 16) What a good time to
8) I do not know anybody enjoy!
here. 17) What a good hat he
9) Is salt necessary to life? has!
10) Open the door.

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18) What lovely weather 21) What an awful noise!

we have! 22) How cold it is today!
19) What a fool he is! 23) How clever you are!
20) What rubbish he
writes!

Identify the types of sentences listed.

1) Mr. Rady went to the store. 9) Turn that television off and go
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory to bed.
C) Declarative D) A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
Imperative C) Declarative D)
2) Where is the store? Imperative
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory 10) Are there any vegetables
C) Declarative D) left on the stove?
Imperative A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
3) Mr. Lopes bought some food C) Declarative D)
for dinner. Imperative
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory 11) Can you drive a car?
C) Declarative D) A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
Imperative C) Declarative D)
4) Why did she check her list? Imperative
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory 12) Josh can work on a truck
C) Declarative D) engine.
Imperative A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
5) It is close to her house. C) Declarative D)
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory Imperative
C) Declarative D) 13) She works hard for the
Imperative money.
6) Shut that door now. A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory C) Declarative D)
C) Declarative D) Imperative
Imperative 14) What a beautiful boy!
7) She wants to be sure she A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
didn’t forget anything. C) Declarative D)
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory Imperative
C) Declarative D) 15) Help me, please.
Imperative A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
8) Look in the oven at my pot C) Declarative D)
roast. Imperative
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory 16) How stupid he is!
C) Declarative D) A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
Imperative C) Declarative D)
Imperative
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17) She doesn’t like to help 19) What a man!

others. A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory C) Declarative D)
C) Declarative D) Imperative
Imperative 20) I would like to join your
18) Have you ever watched party.
that movie? A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory
A) Interrogative B) Exclamatory C) Declarative D)
C) Declarative D) Imperative
Imperative

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Academic Success School
Beyond Academic Achievement TOEFL GRAMMAR

Verb Problems
 Verbs:
1. Action verbs and State verbs
2. Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs
3. Finite verbs and non-finite verbs
Example:
1. Laugh(active verb) and Love(state verb)
2. Tell(Transitive verb) and Walk(intransitive verb)
3. I go to meet her.
 Go is a finite verb.
 To meet is a non-transitive verb.

4. She enjoyed playing football.

 Enjoyed is a finite verb.
 Playing is a non-finite verb.

 Active verb is the verb has action.

 State verb is the verb which has no action.

 Transitive verb is the verb that needs objects.

 Intransitive verb is the verb that doesn’t need objects.

 Finite verb is a verb that can be changed because of subject and tense.
 Non-finite verb is a verb that stays near finite verb and is not changed
because of subject or tense.
Write AC for active verbs and SV for state verbs.
Appear…… .. Feel…….. Obey…….. ……..
.. Dance……. Hate…….. Own…….. Resemble
Be…….. . Have…….. Permit……. ……..
Believe…… Destroy… Hear…….. . Rob……..
.. ….. Know…….. Plan…….. Seem……..
Belong…… Detest……. Like…….. Possess… Signify……
.. . Look…….. ….. ..
Carry…….. Doubt…….. Love…….. Prefer……. Sing……..
Catch…….. Envy…….. Marry…….. . Smell……..
Control…… Fear…….. Need…….. Represent Sound…….

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. Taste…….. Understan Want…….. Wish……..

Stop…….. Travel d…… Wash…….. Cry

Write IV for intransitive verbs and TV for transitive verbs

Agree……..
Arrive……..
Build……..
Buy……..
Change…….
.
Cry……..
Cut……..
Fly……..
Give……..
Kiss……..
Laugh……..
Lend……..
Like……..
Love……..
Offer……..
Pass……..
Swim……..
Send……..
Shine……..
Shout……..
Show……..
Run……..
Sing……..
Smile……..
Tell……..
Want……..
Write……..
Walk……..
Steal……..
Listen……..

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Beyond Academic Achievement TOEFL GRAMMAR

Gerund and Infinitives

 Infinitive: to do
 Bare infinitive: infinitive without “to”
 Infinitive Phrase: infinitive + object
 I want to love his sister.
 To love: infinitive
 His sister: object
 To hit his sister: infinitive Phrase
Infinitives are used:
1. A Subject of verb
 To study English is important for your studies.
 To read many books can enhance your knowledge.

2. An object of a verb
 I want to help you.
 She hopes to win the scholarship.

3. It + be + adjective + to do
 It is important to tell her the truth.
 It was easy to deceive him.

4. Be the only/first/second/…/last + noun + to do
 She was the first person to come here.
 He is the second student to pass the exam.
 They are the last people to be punished.

5. To show purpose(to/in order to/so as to)

 To study well, you must practice it a lot.

 In order to help your parents, you must study hard.
 She came here to meet you.
 She went there in order to buy this product.

6. An object of a preposition

 I had no choice but to tell a lie.

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 They are about to leave.


7. An object complement

 We heard Dara sing a song.

 We found Tevid close the door.
 I noticed my princess smile at me.

8. A subject complement

 My ambition is to marry her.

 Their plan is to open a company.
 His greatest pleasure is to visit Angkor Wat Temple.

9. To qualify an adjective

 We’re happy to meet you here.

 Khmer is easy to learn.

10. To qualify a noun

 I don’t have time to complete this report.

 She has a brother to look after.

11. To qualify a sentence

 To tell the truth, we don’t like it.

 To explain bluntly, this project is important for us.

Note:

1. Make/let/help/bid + bare infinitive(infinitive without To)

 Don’t make her cry.
 We bade him go.
 Please let me help you.
 She helped me cook this food.

2. Had better/had rather/would rather /would sooner/rather than + bare
infinitive
 I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than (instead of) go out.

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 You had better study harder.



3. Except/but + bare infinitive

 She does nothing except blames all the students.

 Gerunds
 Gerund: Verb-ing
 Playing, reading, speaking
 Gerund Phrase: Gerund + object
 Studying khmer, reading a handout, helping your country

 Gerunds are used:

1. An subject of a verb
 Studying economics can help you work in the government.
 Having many friends is important.

2. An object of a verb
 She enjoys watching khmer Brodal Serey boxing.
 They consider buying this newly-built house.

3. An object of a preposition
 She is interested in studying the history of Bayan temple.
 In addition to studying English, I also study Japanese.

4. A subject complement
 My aim in life is becoming a monk.
 His great desire is wanting to be an outstanding.

5. An object complement
 I heard someone calling me.
 I found the thief stealing your money.

6. To qualify an adjective
 She is busy doing her homework.
 I am fancy reading this book.

Note:
 Expressions + V-ing
 Have fun/have a good time + V-ing
 We had fun playing tennis.
 They had a good time swimming in the pool.

 Have trouble/have difficulty + V-ing
 Have a hard time/have a difficult time+ V-ing

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 I had trouble finding his house.

 They have difficulty getting to sleep.


 Spend time/waste+ V-ing

 She spends three hours reading books.
 Don’t waste your time watching TV every night.

 Sit/stand/lie + place + V-ing
 She sat at her desk writing a letter.
 I stood here wondering what to do next.
 He is lying in bed reading a novel.

 Find/catch + noun/pronoun+ V-ing
 When I walked into my office, I found Gorge using my telephone.
 When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looking through my desk
drawers.

 In addition to+ V-ing
 In addition to working as a teacher, I’m also a bank manger.
 In addition to helping me, she also wants to love me.


 It is worth+ V-ing
 This new document is worth reading.
 Is this bike worth buying?

 There is no use+ V-ing
 There is no use worrying about your exam.
 There was no use speaking English with him.

 There is no point in + V-ing
 There was no point in helping her.
 There is no point in buying another flat.

 Go+ V-ing
 I go swimming every week.
 When did you first go hiking?

 Object/confess/admit/look forward/get used to/resort/take + to+ V-ing
 When she didn't answer the telephone, I resorted to standing outside her
window and calling up to her.
 I would like to object to building a new school.
 We look forward to working in Phnom Penh.


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Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences

1) c) Building
. d) To building
a) There was no point helping her.
b) There was no point to help her. 7) We look forward in
c) There was no point to helping Phnom Penh.
her. a) To workking
d) There was no point in helping
b) To work
her.
c) To working
2) d) Working
.
a) There is no point in buying 8) There is no use
another flat. about your exam.
b) Is there no point for buying a) In worrying
another flat? b) Worrying
c) There is no use in buying another c) To worry
flat? d) Worry
d) There were no point in buying
another flat. 9)
.
3) a) There was not use speaking
. English with him.
a) I go to swim every week. b) There was no use in speaking
b) I go swimming every week. English with him.
c) I go to swimming every week. c) There was not use in speaking
d) I go swim every week. English with him.
d) There was no use speaking
4) When did you first go English with him.
?
a) Hiking 10) This new document is worth
b) Hike .
c) To hike a) To read
d) To hiking b) Reading
c) To reading
5) When she didn't answer the d) In reading
telephone, I resorted
outside her window and calling 11) Is this bike worth
up to her. ?
a) To standing a) Bought
b) Standing b) Buying
c) Stand c) Buy
d) To stand d) To buy

6) I would like to object 12) In addition as a

a new school. teacher, I’m also a bank manger.
a) To build a) To working
b) Build b) To work

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c) With Working a) Read

d) Of Work b) Reads
c) Reading
13) In addition to me, d) To read
she also wants to love me.
a) Help 20) Don’t waste your time
b) Helps TV every night.
c) Helping a) Watching
d) To helping b) Watch
c) Watched
14) When I walked into my office, I d) To watch
found Gorge my
telephone. 21) I had trouble his
a) Used house.
b) Using a) Found
c) To use b) Finding
d) Uses c) To find
d) Find
15) When I walked into my office, I
caught a thief through 22) They have difficulty
my desk drawers. to sleep.
a) Look a) Getting
b) Looking b) To get
c) To look c) Gets
d) To looking d) To getting

16) She sat at her desk 23) We had fun

a letter. tennis.
a) Wrote a) Play
b) Writing b) Plays
c) To write c) To play
d) To writing d) Playing

17) I stood here 24) They had a good time

what to do next. in the pool.
a) Wondering a) To swim
b) To wondering b) Swimming
c) Wondered c) Swim
d) Wonders d) To swimming

18) He is lying in bed 25) She is busy her

a novel. homework.
a) Read a) To do
b) Reads b) To doing
c) Reading c) Doing
d) To read d) Do

19) She spends three hours 26) I am fancy this book.

books. a) Read

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b) Reading c) To watch
c) To reading d) Watching
d) To read
34) They consider this
27) I heard someone me. newly-built house.
a) Called a) Bought
b) Calls b) Buying
c) Calling c) To buy
d) To call d) To buying

28) I found the thief 35) economics can

your money. help you work in the government.
a) Stealing a) Study
b) Steals b) To study
c) Stole c) Studying
d) Steal d) To studying

29) My aim in life is a 36) many friends is

monk. important.
a) Becomes a) Having many friends are
b) Becoming important.
c) To becoming b) Have many friend is important.
d) Became c) Hasing many friends is
important.
30) His great desire is d) Having many friends is
to be an outstanding. important.
a) Wanting
b) Want 37)She does nothing except
c) Wants all the students.
d) To wanting a) Blames
b) Blaming
31) She is interested in c) To blame
the history of Bayan temple. d) Blame
a) Of studying
b) In study 38)I think I'd like to stay at home this
c) In studying evening rather than (instead of)
d) With studying .
a) Go
32) In addition to b) Going
English, I also study Japanese. c) To go
a) To study d) To going
b) To studying
c) With studying 39)You had better
d) Of studying harder.
a) Study
33) She enjoys khmer b) Studying
Brodal Serey boxing. c) To study
a) Watch d) Studied
b) Watches

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40)Don’t make her . d) To completing

a) Cry
b) Cried 47)She has a brother
c) Cries after.
d) To cry a) To looking
b) To looks
41)We bade him . c) Looks
a) Go d) To look
b) Going
c) To go 48)We’re happy you here.
d) Goes a) To meet
b) To meeting
42)Please let me you. c) Meet
a) Helping d) Meeting
b) Helped
c) Help 49)Khmer is easy .
d) Helps a) To learning
b) Learning
43)She helped me this c) Learns
food. d) To learn
a) Cooked
b) Cooking 50)My ambition is her.
c) To cook a) To married
d) Cook b) To marry
c) Marrying
44) , we don’t like it. d) Married
a) Telling
b) To tell 51)Their plan is a
c) Tell company.
d) Told a) To opening
b) To open
45) , this project is c) Open
important for us. d) Opens
a) To explaining
b) To explains 52)His greatest pleasure is
c) To explain Angkor Wat Temple.
d) Explaining a) Is to visit
b) Are visiting
46)I don’t have time this c) Is to visiting
report. d) Is visit
a) Completing
b) Complete 53)We heard Dara a
c) To complete song.
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a) Sang c) To help
b) To sing d) Help
c) Sings
d) Sing 60)She came here you.
a) To meet
54)We found Tevid the b) Meet
door. c) Meeting
a) Closed d) Meets
b) Closes
c) To close 61)She went there in order
d) Close this product.
a) That buy
55)I noticed my princess b) To buy
at me. c) To buying
a) Smiled d) Buy
b) Smile
c) Smiles 62)She was the first person
d) To smile here.
a) To coming
56)I had no choice but a b) Comes
lie. c) To come
a) Tell d) Coming
b) Told
c) To tell 63)He is the second student
d) Tells the exam.
a) Who pass
57)They are about . b) To pass
a) Left c) To passing
b) Leave d) Pass
c) To leave
d) Leaves 64)They are the last people
.
58) , you must practice it a) To be punished
a lot. b) To punish
a) Studying c) To be punishing
b) To study d) To punished
c) Study
d) To studying 65)It is important her
the truth.
59)In order your a) To telling
parents, you must study hard. b) Tell
a) To helping c) Tells
b) Helping d) Telling
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a) To studying
66)It was easy him. b) Studying
a) To deceiving c) Study
b) To deceive d) Studies
c) Deceiving
d) Deceive 69) many books can
enhance your knowledge.
67)She hopes the a) To reading
scholarship. b) Read
a) To winning c) To read
b) Winning d) Reading
c) Win 70) After English with
d) To win him, I felt happy.
a) Speak
68) English is important b) I speak
for your studies. c) To speak
d) Speaking

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Compare the following sentences

A. I have some money. A. They read journals.

B. I have some books. B. They like air.
A. She has a pen. A. They teach two students.
B. There is sugar. B. They earn money.
A. We have a little pepper. A. He has many shirts.
B. We have a few friends. B. He has much water.

Write C for incorrect sentences and write I for incorrect sentences

1. She is teacher. ( 6. He has several pens.

) ( )
2. We have a little book. ( ) 7. Dara has much pencils.
3. They are my friends. ( ( )
) 8. I have a few money.
4. You are a student. ( ( )
) 9. Your English is good.
5. I want to drink a water. ( ( )
) 10. Your informations are
interesting. ( )

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

1. Can be used with: numbers( a/an, 1. Cannot be used with numbers:

one, two,…) a/an, one, two,…
Ex: there is a computer. Ex: She lost a money.

They have two pencils. She lost two money.

2. can be pluralized (adding -s/-es/- 2. cannot be pluralized
ies) Ex: I have waters.
Ex: I have fans.
She has chalks.
She has some watches.
3. Can stand alone.
3. Cannot stand alone. (a/an, some, Ex: I hate homework.
the, -s/es/ies,…)
Ex: I like teacher. She drinks coffee.
Ex: They drink .
 I like my teacher.
 I like a teacher. A. water B. a water C.
 I like the teacher. waters
 I like teachers.

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Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Both

 a/an  a little  some

 one/two, three…  little  any
 a few  much  the
 few  an amount of  a lot of
 many  a large amount of  plenty of
 a number of  a great deal of  more
 the number of  most
 several
 a larger number of
 a couple of

Some Common Non-count Nouns

This list is a sample of nouns that are commonly used as non-count nouns.
1. Whole groups made of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food,
fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail,
makeup, money, cash, change, postage, scenery, traffic, stuff, etc.
2. Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
3. Solids: ice,
bread,butter,cheese,meat,iron,silver,glass,paper,wood,cotton,wool,etc.
4. Gases: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
5. Particles: rice, chalk, corn, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand,
sugar, wheat, etc.
6. Abstractions:
 beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health,
help,
 honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter,
luck, music, patience, peace,
pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.

 advice, information, news, newspaper, evidence, proof, etc.

 time, space, energy, etc.
 homework, housework, work, etc.
 grammar, slang, vocabulary

7. Languages: Arabic, Khmer, Chinese, English, Spanish, German, Russian,

etc.

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8. Fields of Study: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics,

psychology, etc.
9. Recreation/sports: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, snooker,
squash, etc.
10. Activities: driving, studying, swimming, traveling, walking, etc.
11. Natural Phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain,
sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity, etc.
Note:

Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns

Housework/homework Assignment/task
Work Job
Knowledge Idea/feeling
Thunder/lighting Earthquake/storm
Bread/butter Sandwich/hamburger
Fruit Vegetable
Equipment Tool/instrument
Travel Journey/trip
Weather Climate
News newspaper
scenery view
 Painting/drawing can be countable nouns.

 Sometimes a noun is used uncountably when we are talking about the whole
substance or idea, but countably when we are talking about:

1) Containers:
 I prefer tea to coffee.
 Three teas(cups of tea), please.
2) A type, brand or make of thing:
 There is cheese in the fridge.
 There are dozens of cheeses ( kinds of cheese) to choose from.
3) A particular example of a physical or concrete thing.
 She has blond hair.
 There is a hair in my soup!
4) A particular or specific example of a physical or an idea.
 The statue was made of stone.
 I had a stone in my shoe.
 She was always good at sport.

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 Football is mainly a winter sport in Britain.

Discuss these words:

Coffee, water, chicken, life, glass, iron, room, paper, time, work, wood, food,
fruit, light, …

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

A: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

1. ______: furniture 2. ______: thing 3. ______: coffee 4. ______: house
5. ______: bike 6. ______: table 7. ______: student 8. ______: garbage
9. ______: car 10. ______: book 11. ______: rain 12. ______: walking
13. ______: spoon 14. ______: air 15. ______: thunder 16 ______: friend
17. ______: running 18. ______: door 19. ______: friend 20. ______: advice

B: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

1. ______:fish 2. ______: snow 3. ______: phone 4. ______: magazine
5. ______: food 6. ______: vegetable 7. ______: fruit 8. ______: radio
9. ______: fan 10. ______: silver 11. ______: thief 12. ______: listening
13. ______: skill 14. ______: enemy 15. ______: physics 16. ______: idea
17. ______: salt 18. ______: rice 19. ______: noun 20. ______: school
C: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

1. ______: love 2. ______: news 3. ______: hope 4. ______: crisis

5. ______: staff 6. ______: patience 7. ______: family 8. ______: Khmer
9. ______: shirt 10. ______: physics 11. ______: freedom 12. ______:
dancer
13. ______: committee 14. ______: fire 15. ______: wine 16. ______: teacher
17. ______: milk 18. ______: verb 19. ______: shopping 20. ______: measles
D: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

1. ______: joy 2. ______: group 3. ______: baby 4. ______: relief

5. ______: bread 6. ______: gold 7. ______: grass 8. ______: glass
9. ______: team 10. ______: bus 11. ______: life 12. ______: oil
13. ______: stimulus 14. ______: paper 15. ______: sand 16. ______: newspaper
17. ______: company 18. ______: time 19. ______: lesson 20. ______: information
E: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

1. ______: disease 2. ______: English 3. ______: event 4. ______: singing

5. ______: song 6. ______: wife 7. ______: child 8. ______:
intelligence
9. ______: eye 10. ______: feeling 11. ______: waiter 12. ______: father
13. ______: potato 14. ______: factory 15. ______: calf 16. ______: knife
17. ______: stair 18. ______: man 19. ______: cousin 20. ______: woman
F: Are the following nouns countable (C) or uncountable (U)?

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1. ______: daughter 2. ______: box 3. ______: church 4. ______: butter

5. ______: library 6. ______: parking 7. ______: subject 8. ______: politics
9. ______: mumps 10. ______: audience 11. ______: French 12. ______: gang
13. ______: artist 14. ______: hen 15. ______: deer 16. ______: loaf
17. ______: day 18. ______: safe 19. ______: beauty 20. ______: purity

MORE PRACTICE

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

A: Are the following sentences correct or incorrect?

1. _________: She has a lot of 10. _________: There are some

furnitures. groups.
2. _________: I have two friend. 11. _________: She has two
3. _________: I need pen. wifes.
4. _________: Oils have good 12. _________: We need some
advantages. rices.
5. _________: I have some ideas. 13. _________: It is fan.
6. _________: There are some 14. _________: It is a good
student. student.
7. _________: There is teacher. 15. _________: I want to buy a
8. _________: What about listening? newspaper.
9. _________: Is snow good? 16. _________: We drink many
water.

B: Choose the correct alternative.

1. I need some __________. ( )
A. money B. moneys C. a money

2. We bought __________. ( )
A. book B. a book C. a books

3. He is __________. ( )
A. staff B. my staff C. a staffs

4. We bought a __________. ( )
A. box B. grass C. patience

5. He is __________. ( )
A. famous singer B. famous singers C. a famous singer

6. I study __________. ( )
A. a physics B. physics C. knife
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7. I like __________. ( )
A. vegetable B. thief C. gold

8. Children need __________. ( )

A. love B. a love C. loves

9. We eat __________. ( )
A. bread B. a bread C. breads

10. __________ is far away from here. ( )

A. School B. The school C. Team

MULTIPLEC CHOICE QUESTIONS 1

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following
sentences.
1. I have ______________.
A. some book B. book
C. a books D. a book
2. She has a lot of ______________.
A. waters B. water
C. a water D. some water
3. She has one ______________.
A. food B. book
C. money D. tea
4. There is ______________.
A. a pens B. an information
C. informations D. a pen
5. I have some ______________.
A. coins B. computer
C. advices D. homeworks
6. The street is full of ______________.
A. car B. cars
C. peel D. river
7. Paul has ______________.
A. two fan B. fan
C. three fan D. a fan
8. I hate ______________.
A. a rain B. rain
C. some car D. two notebook

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9. Ann took three ______________.

A. air B. rice
C. magazines D. star
10. I drank two glasses of ______________.
A. water B. waters
C. a water D. a waters

MULTIPLEC CHOICE QUESTIONS 2

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following
sentences.
1. ____________ are Buddhists. Accordingly, they do not look on death as the end of
life.
A. Cambodians B. Cambodian
C. Cambodia D. Cambodias
2. When a person dies, their body is washed, dressed and put into ____________.
A. two coffin B. a coffin
C. a coffins D. coffin
3. Flowers and a photograph of the deceased are usually put on top of the coffin,
which is then carried to a special Buddhist ____________ to be cremated.
A. pagodas B. pagoda
C. two pagodas D. three pagodas
4. All ____________ walk with the coffin to the pagoda.
A. the family members B. the family member
C. the families members D. the families member
5. An estimated 1.7 million Cambodians perished during ____________- many died
from exhaustion or starvation, others were systematically tortured and
executed for being "enemies of the state".
A. the next three year B. the next three years
C. the three next years D. the three next year
6. Only now is Cambodia beginning to put the mechanism in place to bring those
responsible for the "____________" to justice.
A. killing fields B. killing field
C. two killing fields D. two killing field
7. Cambodia and the UN have agreed to set up ____________ to try the surviving
leaders of the genocide years.
A. two tribunal B. tribunal
C. a tribunals D. a tribunal
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8. Cambodia is one of the ____________ in the world and it relies heavily on aid.
A. poorest country B. poorest countries
C. country poorest D. countries poorest
9. ____________ have urged the government to clamp down on pervasive
corruption.
A. Foreign donors B. Foreign donor
C. A foreign donor D. A foreign donors
10. ____________ is important to the economy.
A. Tourisms B. Tourism
C. A tourism D. The tourisms
A: Complete the following sentences using some or any.
1) I have _____________ money. 8) Did they know _____________thing
2) They didn’t buy _____________books. about the exercise?
3) Did they read _____________ 9) Can I have _____________ sugar?
magazines? 10) She seldom drank _____________
4) She never played _____________ water.
games. 11) She doesn’t have _____________ food.
5) He went there without _____________ 12) Do they read _____________ journals?
money. 13) They don’t focus on _____________
6) Would you like _____________ coffee? mistakes.
7) She rarely tells me 14) He doesn’t know _____________
_____________thing. students.
15) Would you like _____________ water?
B: Complete the following sentences with a little or a few.

1) She knew _____________ friends. 9) They typed _____________

2) He had _____________ tables. documents.
3) They bought _____________ sugar. 10) He was doing _____________
4) We borrow _____________ hats. exercises.
5) She drank _____________ water. 11) She knew _____________ words.
6) We lost _____________ money. 12) We lent _____________ cards.
7) We studied with _____________ 13) We have only _____________ staff.
teachers. 14) They have _____________ houses.
8) She teaches _____________ students. 15) She wanted _____________
documents
C: Complete the following sentences using many or much.

1) She doesn’t have _____________ 9) _____________people say that it is

water. good.
2) Did they know _____________ 10) Do you know _____________ English
lecturers? words?
3) He doesn’t need _____________ cars. 11) Do they make _____________ coffee?
4) There is not _____________ rain. 12) Did he read _____________ books?
5) Did they play _____________ games? 13) Have they known _____________ film
6) They don’t say _____________ words. stars?
7) She doesn’t do _____________ tests. 14) She doesn’t teach _____________
8) Is there _____________ snow? friends.
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15) They don’t hit _____________ boys.

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that needs to be changed in order to be

grammatically correct.

1. I do not like many sugar in my coffee, but he does.

A B C D
2. They did not put much furniture in their new office because they need some
space.
A B C D
3. We did not have much knowledge about physics, so we need to read some more
book about it
A B C
D
4. John had so few news from his parents that he was worried about them.
A B C D
5. I usually have little money at the end of the month, didn’t I?
A B C D
6. Debby spent less time to study for the exam than Robin did.
A B C D
7. He predicts that few people would die of radiation poisoning.
A B C D
8. We wanted to go on vocation, but we had few money.
A B C D
9. Nowadays, many women are becoming lawyer, aren’t they?
A B C D
10. That party did not had much entertainment, so they were very bored with it.
A B C D
11. There are not much news available on that subject. How can we do?
A B C D
12. During the war, our government received fewer information about the
situation in that country.
A B C D

ERROR IDENTIFICATION

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that needs to be changed in order to be

correct.

1. Yesterday, I bought a lot of milks when we went to the shop.

A B C D

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2. The car is full of gasoline, so we don’t need to fill it with any more petrols.
A B C D
3. I have just had three information for you. Do you want to know it?
A B C D
4. I sometimes feel very sleepy because my teacher sets me a lot of homeworks.
A B C D
5. When I graduate from university, I hope to studying psychology.
A B C D
6. Do you have any advices to help him to solve such a difficult problem?
A B C D
7. I think the room should have more furnitures so that it looks more beautiful.
A B C D
8. I have a good husband and three gentle children, so I think I have happinesses in
my life.
A B C D
9. Have you got any salts left? If you have, can you give me some?
A B C D
10. I always go to swim in the river with my friends. We are very happy there.
A B C D
11. To acquire a knowledge, we must try to study hard.
A B C D
12. Does it need a lot of equipment? Yes, it has, but how can we get it?
A B C D
13. A patience can make us become very successful in our life.
A B C D
14. Don’t spend so much time to watch TV; you should try to study English a lot.
A B C D
15. I need some sugars to flavor our soup.
A B C D

Parallel Structures

1. Verbs/Tenses 3. Adverbs 4. Prepositional

Phrases
2. Nouns
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5. Gerunds 7. Clauses 9. Correlative

Conjunctions
6. Infinitives 8. That

A) Verbs and Tenses

 At weekends, we play football and watch TV at home.

 Yesterday morning, she went to school and bought some books at the
international book center.
 He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure, and filled the tank with gas.
 During the class, we listen to the teachers, take notes, and discuss with each
other.
 She is listening to music, and reading a book.

B) Nouns

 I like to read books, journals, and magazines.

 She’s planned to meet the rector, some professors, and many other
students at IFL.
 IFL is famous for its strict disciplines, quality of education and interesting
programs.
 Cambodia has rich soil, a pleasant climate and rich history.

C) Adverbs

 She walks to school slowly and carefully.

 Our teacher teaches English attentively and interestingly.
 They played football surprisingly and successfully.
 My princess smiled at me happily and brilliantly.
 She speaks English fluently and effectively.

D) Prepositional Phrases

 The book you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk.
 She will be studying near the living room or in this room.
 You can wait for me in the room or in your car.
 Do you want to keep your money with me or in a book?
 There is a lot of suffering in my heart and over my head.

E) Gerunds

 They had fun reading books, listening to music, and swimming in the sea.
 Going for a walk is not as good as doing meditation.

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 Every day, we spend some time reading books, watching TV, and playing
football.
 We have difficulty walking, standing, and running.
 Reading books is better than watching TV.
 She is used to staying, eating, and working here.

F) Infinitives

 We hope to have a job, save some money, and build a new house.
 To play football is more exciting than to watch TV.
 My main purpose is to have a job and to help my parents.
 To understand this concept is more useful than to memorize it.
 To achieve your goal and to develop our country, we must work hard.
 My aim in life is to practice the Dharma and to promote Buddhism.
 To love is better than to hate.

G) Clauses
 I know where she lives and what her job is.
 She is a person who has good characters and who likes to help others.
 Where you live and what you like are not the same.
 What you like and who you are have confused me so much.
 It’s a book which is important for your studies and which has been
published many times.
 The subject which is about Cambodia and in which I’m interested will
intrigue the professor.
 How you come here and when you call me are not what I care about.
 Although you are ugly or after you take a bath, you are still my beloved
guy.

H) That. Clauses
 He said that you were lazy and that you after played truant.
 They claimed that the culprits would be arrested and that all the goods
would be confiscated.
 They announced that the flight had been cancelled and that the ticket
fare would be refunded.
 That the earth is round and that the moon moves around the earth are
now widely accepted.
 They suggested that we work hard and that we help our parents.

I) Correlative Conjunctions

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(both….and, either…..or, neither……nor, not only……but also)

 I know both what you want and why you want it.
 You can study both in the class and on the first floor.
 You can study either economics or management.
 Either your brother or his sister can enter this toilet.
 They can neither study English literature nor major in Korean.
 You can neither go to school nor return home.
 She is not only beautiful but also friendly.
 They not only help me but also teach them.
 We understand both where you went and what you bought.
 Neither did they come here nor did they go there.

Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences

1) At weekends, we play football and c) To take

TV at home. d) Take
a) Watch
b) Watching 5) She is listening to music, and
c) Watched a book.
d) To watch a) Reads
b) Reading
2) Yesterday morning, she went to c) To read
school and some books at d) Read
the international book center.
a) Buys 6) I like to read books, , and
b) Buy magazines.
c) Bought a) Journal
d) To buy b) Journals
c) A journals
3) He changed the oil, checked the tire d) A few journal
pressure, and the tank with
gas. 7) She’s planned to meet the rector,
a) Fills some , and many
b) Filling other students at IFL.
c) Fill a) Professor
d) Filled b) A professor
c) Professor that
4) During the class, we listen to the d) Professors
teachers, notes, and
discuss with each other. 8) IFL is famous for its strict
a) Taking , quality of education and
b) Takes interesting programs.
a) Disciplines
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b) Disciplines that c) Fluently and effectively

c) It discipline d) Fluent and effectively
d) Much disciplines
15) The book you are looking for
9) Cambodia has rich soil, a pleasant could be in the file or .
climate and . a) The desk
a) Rich history b) On the desk
b) Rich history it c) Desk
c) Richly history d) On the desk that
d) Rich history is
16) She will be studying or
10) She walks to school in this room.
and carefully. a) The living room
a) Slow b) Near the living room it
b) Slowness c) Near the living room which
c) Slowly d) Near the living room
d) In a slow manner
17) You can wait for me or
11) Our teacher teaches English in your car.
and interestingly. a) On the room
a) Attentively b) In the room
b) Attentive c) In the room it
c) In an attentive way d) That in the room
d) Attend
18) Do you want to keep your money
12) They played football surprisingly or in a book?
and . a) With I
a) Succeedfully b) With my
b) Successfully c) In that with me
c) Successful d) With me
d) Success
19) There is a lot of suffering
13) My princess smiled at me happily and over my head.
and . a) In my heart
a) Brilliant b) In that my heart
b) Brilliantly c) In my heart that
c) In a brilliant way d) In my heart it
d) A brilliant
20) They had fun , listening
14) She speaks English to music, and swimming in the sea.
. a) Reading books and listening
a) Fluently and effective b) Reading books, listening
b) Fluent and effective c) Reading books, listen
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d) Read books, listening b) Built

c) Building
21) for a walk is not d) Builds
as good as
meditation. 27) football is more
a) Going/do exciting than to watch TV.
b) Going/to do a) Playing
c) Going/doing b) To playing
d) To go/done c) To play
d) Playing that
22) Every day, we spend some time
, watching TV, and 28) My main purpose is to have a job
football. and my parents.
a) Reading book/playing a) Helping
b) Reading books/play b) Helps
c) To read book/playing c) To help
d) Reading books/playing d) To help that

23) We have difficulty 29) concept is more

, standing, and running. useful than to memorize it.
a) To walk a) To understand this
b) Walking b) To understanding
c) Walks c) Understanding this
d) Walked d) Understand that

24) books is better 30) your goal and to

than watching TV. develop our country, we must work
a) To read hard.
b) Reading a) Achieving which
c) Read b) Achieving it
d) To reading c) To achieve
d) To achieve it
25) She is used ,
eating, and working here. 31) My aim in life is to practice the
a) To stay Dharma and
b) Stay Buddhism.
c) Staying a) To promote
d) To staying b) To promote which
c) Which promotes
26) We hope to have a job, save some d) Promoting
money, and a new
house. 32) is better than to
a) Build hate.
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a) To loving d) What you like and who are you

b) Loving have confused me so much.
c) To love
d) That love 37) It’s a book which is important for
33) I know . your studies and
a) Where she lives and her job is many times.
b) Where she lives and what her job a) Has been published
is b) Which have been published
c) Where she loves and what is her c) Which has been published
job d) Having been published
d) Where she love and what her job
is 38) The subject which is about
Cambodia and will
34) She is a person intrigue the professor.
. a) Which I am interested
a) Has good characters and who b) In which I am interested
likes to help others c) I am interested in
b) Who has good characters and d) In which I am interested in
who likes to help others
c) Whose has good characters and 39) and when you
who likes to help others call me are not what I care about.
d) Having good characters and who a) How do you come here
likes to help others b) You come here
c) How it you come here
35) d) How you come here
.
a) That you live and what you like 40) Although you are ugly or
are not the same , you are still my beloved
b) Where you live and what you like guy.
is not the same a) After you take a bath
c) Where do you live and you like is b) You take a bath
not the same. c) After taking a bath
d) Where you live and what you like d) After you taking a bath
are not the same.
41) He said that you were lazy and
36) .
. a) You often played truant
a) What you like and you are have b) Which you often played truant
confused me so much. c) That you often played truant
b) What you like and who you are d) That you often play truant
have confused me so much.
c) What you like and who you have 42) They claimed that the culprits
confused me so much. would be arrested and
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all the goods would be 47) You can study and

confiscated. on the first floor.
a) How a) Either in the class
b) Which b) Both the class
c) Who c) Both in the class that
d) That d) Both in the class

43) They announced that the flight 48) You can study either economics
had been cancelled and .
. a) Or to manage
a) That the ticket fare will be b) And management
refunded c) Or management
b) That the ticket fare would be d) Or management that
refund
c) How the ticket fare would be 49) Either your brother
refunded can enter this toilet.
d) How the ticket fare would be a) Nor his sister
refunding b) Or his sister
c) And his sister
44) and that the d) Or his sister she
moon moves around the earth are
now widely accepted. 50) They can nor
a) The earth is round that major in Korean.
b) That the earth is round a) Neither English literature
c) The earth that is round b) Neither studying English
d) How the earth is round literature
c) Either study English literature
45) They suggested d) Neither study English literature
hard and our parents.
a) That we worked/that we help 51) You can neither go to school
b) That we work/how we help .
c) How we work/that we help a) Nor return
d) That we work/that we help b) Nor returning
c) Or return
46) I know both . d) Or return that
a) What you want or why you want
it 52) She is not only beautiful
b) What you want and why you want .
it a) But also in a friendly way
c) What you want and you why do b) But also friendly that
you want it c) And friendly
d) You want and why you want it d) But also friendly

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53) They me but also b) Both where you went

teach them. c) Both you went
a) Either help d) Both where did you go
b) Not only help
c) No only help 55)
Neither did they come here
d) Not only helping .
a) Nor they went there
54) We understand b) Or did they go there
and what you bought. c) They went there
a) Both where you go d) Nor did they go there
Subject-Verb Agreement

1) Singular subject + singular verb

 IFL was founded long time ago.
 My house is far away from my school.


2) Plural subject + Plural Verb

 Many students were allowed to enter the conference room.
 People always want to live happily.

3) Singular subject + prepositional phrase + singular verb
 One of the books is very interesting.
 The girl in blue jeans has many friends.

4) Plural subject + prepositional phrase + plural verb
 The students at this school are hard-working.
 My classmates in this class have much knowledge.

5) Subject + and + subject + plural verb
 The boy and the girl are playing happily in the garden.
 The book and the pen belong to me.

6) Each/every + subject + singular verb
 Each book is good.
 Every dog, cat and pigeon has been found.

7) Gerund +(object) + singular verb
 Knowing many friends in Phnom Penh is useful.
 Helping our nation needs working hard.


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8) Expressions of quantify + singular noun/uncountable noun + singular

verb
 Some of the book is not worth reading.
 Some of the information is interesting.

9) Expressions of quantify + plural noun + plural verb
 Some of my relatives live in Phnom Penh.
 Many friends come to visit me.

10) One/each/every one of + plural noun + singular verb
 One of her cars has broken down.
 Each of the books is here.
 Every one of your students was absent.

11) Subject + be + one of + plural noun + who/which/that + plural
verb
 Dara is one of my best friends who are hard-working.
 Sophea is one of my teachers who help a lot of students.


12) None of + plural noun + singular verb(formal)

 None of the building has been pulled down.
 None of my friends helps me.


13) The number of + plural noun + singular verb

 The number of the students in each class is 25.
 The number of books in the library is 3000.


14) A number of + plural noun + plural verb

 A number of Cambodian students have won the scholarship this year.
 A number of female workers are working together in the factory.

15) Either/neither + subject + or/nor + singular subject + singular
verb
 Neither the students nor their teacher is in the class.
 Either the parents or their child has been allowed to leave.

16) Either/neither + subject + or/nor + plural subject + plural verb
 Either the child or his parents have been allowed to leave.
 Neither the teacher nor his students are in the class.

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17) Either of/neither of + plural noun + singular verb

 Either of the students was absent.
 Neither of the boys has been expelled.

18) Singular subject, as well as, in addition to, together with, along
with, plus, accompany by, + noun + singular verb
 The girl, as well as her friends, is waiting outside the class.
 The president, along with his bodyguards, has been giving a speech for half an
hour.

19) Plural subject, as well as, in addition to, together with, along with,
plus, accompanied by, + noun + plural verb
 The workers, accompanied by the journalist, are walking to the factory.
 The students, plus their teacher, work together to build a good environment in
the class.


20) The majority + singular verb

 The majority does not agree with us.
 The majority is working hard.


21) The majority of + plural noun + plural verb

 The majority of the students don’t like this canteen.
 The majority of teachers are industrious.


22) Singular noun + that/which/who + singular verb

 The boy who studies with me is friendly.
 It is the book that costs $5.

23) Plural noun + that/which/who + plural verb
 Those are students who study English at IFL.
 The houses which belong to Mr. Sopheak are expensive.

24) There + is/was + singular subject
 There is a book on the table.
 There was a new house in our village.

25) There + are/were + plural subject
 There are some good teachers.
 There were many people coming to our restaurant.

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
26) School subjects(ending in –s) + singular verb
 Mathematics is an important subject at school.
 Politics is a difficult subject.

27) Irregular plural noun(not add –s)) + plural verb
 The oxen are in the field.
 The police are handsome.
 The cattle were eating grass in the garden.

28) Illness + singular verb
 Rabies is a dangerous illness.


29) Language + singular verb

 Khmer is the official language in the kingdom of Cambodia.


30) Nationality + plural verb

 The Khmer are great.


31) Adjective used as a noun + plural verb

 The disabled need help from the government.


32) Expressions of time /money/distance + singular verb

 100 dollars is not enough to buy this computer.
 5 hours of sleep is not enough.
 1000 kilometers is too far to walk.
 Four liters is what I need.

33) Expression of time/money/distance/measurement(separate units)
+ plural verbs
 Ten weeks have gone almost unnoticed.
 Three quarters are needed for the washing machine.

34) Arithmetic expressions + singular verb
 Three and three is nine.
 Five times five is twenty-five.
 Two plus two equals four.


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35) Fractions + of + singular noun/uncountable noun + singular verb

 Three fourths of the land is arable.
 ½ of the food is edible.

36) Fractions of + plural nouns + plural verb
 Two thirds of the students at IFL are female.


37) Collective nouns(army, choir, public, audience, class, troop, mob,

group, team, jury, family, faculty, crowd, government,…)
 Collective noun(single unit/group) + singular verb
 The crowd is restless tonight.
 The choir is very good.
 The class is very quiet today.
 Our team is going to win.

 Collective noun(different units/individual/people) + plural verb
 The crowd are heading for their seats.
 The choir argue among themselves over the new song books.
 The class are taking the test.
 Our team are going to their own houses.

38) Plural subjects that function as a single unit take a singular verb.
 Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite dish.
 Bacon and eggs makes a great late night snack.
 Time and tide waits for no man.

39) If two or more singular and plural subjects are joined by or or nor,
the subject closest to the verb determines agreement.
 Margery or the twins are coming on the trip to Seattle.
 The twins or Margery is coming on the trip to Seattle.

40) Many + a/an + noun + and + noun + singular verb
 Many a book and pen is good.
 Many a horse and rider has fallen on this jump.

41) Prepositional Phrase + singular verb + singular noun
 Over your head lies a beautiful picture.

42) Preposition Phrase + plural verb + plural noun
 In the bottom of the lake are two old cars.


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43) Trousers/jeans/scissors/riches/thanks + plural verb

 His trousers are still at the cleaner’s.

 But: A pair of trousers is not as expensive as a pair of jeans.
44) Uncountable noun + singular verb
 Water is important for us.

45) Thousands/Millions/Hundreds(thousand/million/hundred + plural

noun) + plural verb
 Thousands were killed by monstrous creatures.

46) Indefinite pronouns +singular verb
 Anybody  Everyone  Nothing
 Anyone  Everything  Somebody
 Anything  Much  Someone
 Each  Nobody  something
 Everybody  No one

 Everybody was not satisfied with the result.

 No one has told the information about his scholarship.


Completion Questions
Select the word that best completes each sentence.
1. The pop you get when you crack your knuckles (are, is) actually a bubble of gas
bursting.
2. Polar bears (is, are) left-handed.
3. The name of all the continents (ends, end) with the same letter that they start
with.
4. No president of the United States (were, was) an only child.
5. Everyone (are, is) entitled to my opinion.
6. Here is some good advice: Don’t sneeze when someone (is, are) cutting your hair.
7. If a man (are, is) wearing a striped suit, it’s against the law to throw a knife at
him in Natoma, Kansas.
8. In 1659, Massachusetts (mades, made) Christmas illegal.
9. Unless you have a doctor’s note, it (are, is) illegal to buy ice cream after 6 P.M. in
Newark, New Jersey.
10. It is a misdemeanor to show movies that (depicts, depict) acts of felonious
crime in Montana.
11. I (drives, drive) way too fast to worry about cholesterol.
12. If Barbie (are, is) so popular, why do you have to (buys, buy) her friends?
13. Many people (quits, quit) looking for work when they find a job.
14. A Rolling Stone (play, plays) the guitar.
15. It’s always darkest just before I (open, opens) my eyes.
16. The squeaking wheel (get, gets) annoying.
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17. A journey of a thousand miles (begin, begins) with a blister.

18. Don’t count your chickens—it (take, takes) too long.
19. Donald Duck comics (was, were) banned from Finland because he doesn’t wear
pants.
20. Kemo Sabe (mean, means) “soggy shrub” in Navajo.
21. All porcupines (floats, float) in water.
22. The only nation whose name (begins, begin) with an A but doesn’t end in an A
is Afghanistan.
23. Emus cannot (walks, walk) backwards.
24. Most Americans’ car horns (beep, beeps) in the key of “F.”
25. No word in the English language (rhymes, rhyme) with month.
26. His trousers (are/is) still at the cleaner’s.
27. Water (are/is) important for us.
28. Thousands (were/was) killed by monstrous creatures.
29. Time and tide (wait/waits) for no man.
30. Many a horse and rider (have/has) fallen on this jump.

Circle the correct answer to complete the sentences.

1) 100 dollars (is/are) not enough to 13)Four liters (are/is) needed to fill
buy this computer. this motorbike.
2) 100 kilometers (are/is) too far to 14)IFL (was/were) founded for a long
walk. time ago.
3) 5 hours of sleep (are/is) not 15)It is the book that (costs/cost) $5.
enough. 16)Khmer (are/is) the kingdom of
4) A number of Cambodian students wonder.
(have/has) won the scholarship this 17)Knowing many friends in Phnom
year. Penh (is/are) useful.
5) Each book (is/are) good. 18)Many students (was/were) allowed
6) Each of the books (is/are) here. to enter the conference room.
7) Either the child or his parents 19)Mathematics (is/are) an important
(has/have) been allowed to enter the subject at school.
conference. 20)Neither the students nor their
8) Either the parents or their child teacher (are/is) in the class.
(have/has) been allowed to leave. 21)Neither the teacher nor his students
9) Every dog, cat and pigeon (are/is) in the class.
(has/have) been found. 22)No one (has/have) told the
10)Every one of your students ( information about the scholarship.
was/were) absent. 23)None of the buildings (have/has)
11)Everybody ( was/were) not been pulled down.
satisfied with the result. 24)One of her cars (has/have) broken
12)Five times five (are/is) twenty-five. down.

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25)One of the books (is/are) very 43)The Khmer ( are/is) great.

interesting. 44)The majority (do/does) not agree
26)One thirds of the food (are/is) with us.
edible. 45)The majority of the students
27)Rabies (are/is) a dangerous illness. (does/do) not like this canteen.
28)Rith is one of the students who 46)The number of the students in each
(speak/speaks) English very well. class (is/are) 25.
29)Some of my relatives (lives/live) in 47)The oxen (is/are) in the field.
Phnom Penh. 48)The president, along with his
30)Some of the book (is/are) not worth bodyguards, (has/have) been giving
reading. a speech for half an hour.
31)Some of the information (is/are) 49)The students at this school (are/is)
interesting. hard-working.
32)Ten weeks ( has/have) gone 50)The works, accompanied by the
almost unnoticed. journalist, (are/is) walking to the
33) The boy and the girl ( are/is) factory.
playing happily in the garden. 51)There (are/is) some good teachers.
34)The boy who studies with (is/are) 52)There (are/is) a book on the table.
friendly. 53)There (was/were) a new house in
35)The class (is/are) studying quietly. our village.
36)The class (is/are)interesting and 54)There (were/was) many people
comfortable. coming to our restaurant.
37)The crowd ( is/are) heading for 55)Those are students who
their seats. (studies/study) English at IFl.
38)The crowd (are/is) restless tonight. 56)Three and three (are/is) nine.
39)The disabled (needs/need) help 57)Three fourths of the land (is/are)
from the government. arable.
40)The girl in blue jeans (is/are) a 58)Through the streets(walk/walks)
friend of mine. my old friend.
41)The girl, as well as her friends, 59)Two plus two (equal/equals )
(is/are) waiting outside the class. four.
42)The houses which 60)Two thirds of the students at IFL
(belongs/belong) to Mr. Chanty are (are/is) female.
expensive.

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Misplaced Modifier

Jumping into the water, the shark ate him.

 Jumping into the water, he was eaten by the shark.

Beautiful and friendly, Vannet’s hair is long.

 Beautiful and friendly, Vannet has long hair.

 Types of misplaced modifier:

1) Present participles 4) Reduced adverb clauses

2) Past participles 5) Adjective phrase
3) Appositives 6) Like and unlike

1) Present participles
V-ing + obj, sub + verb
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 Walking along the road, I saw a big tree.


Opening the door, .
A. The girl saw her lovely picture
B. Her lovely picture was seen
2) Past participles

Verb3 + …………………., subject + Verb

 Arrested yesterday, the thief was speaking with the police.



Found in 2008, .
A. Many students study at DPSC.
B. DPSC has many students.

3) Appositives
A teacher at IFL, many students are taught by me.
 A teacher at IFL, I teach many students.


4) Adverb clause Phrases

While driving to school, a cow was hit.

 While driving to school, I hit a cow.


After beaten by my mother, a book was written by me.

 After beaten by my mother, I wrote a book.

5) Adjectives
Tall, big and beautiful, it is Dara who is proud of herself.
 Tall, big, and beautiful, Dara is proud of herself.

6) Like and unlike

Unlike Micheal, John’s hair is black.
 Unlike Micheal, John has black hair.


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Like a runner, shoes are worn by Shina.

 Like a runner, Shina wears shoes every day.

Choose the best option A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences

1) Like a runner, c) It was I who wrote a book.

every day. d) I wrote a book that.
a) The shoes are worn by Shina
b) Shina wears shoes 8) Before having dinner,
c) It was Shina who wears the shoes .
d) The book is a best friend a) TV was watched by me
b) It was TV which was watched
2) Like her mother, . c) I watched TV
a) Thida is a good girl d) Having watched TV
b) It is Thida is a good girl
c) Thida who is a good girl 9) After speaking English with his
d) Where is Thida teacher, .
a) Home was gone
3) , John has black hair. b) It was Sopheak going home
a) Alike Micheal c) Sopheak going home
b) Alike Micheal he d) Sopeak went home
c) Unlike Micheal
d) Unlike Micheal who 10) Written by the author,
many times.
4) Unlike many students, a) I read the book
. b) The book published
a) The dog is calm and clever c) The book was published
b) Rady is calm and clever d) Reading the book
c) Who is Rady is calm and clever
d) Rady who is calm and clever 11) While driving to school,
5) Tall, big, and beautiful, .
is proud of herself. a) A cow hit me.
a) The tree b) I hit a cow.
b) It is the tree c) A cow was hit by me.
c) Dara d) I hit a cow that
d) Dara who
12) Before prepared, was
6) Black, thin and smooth, messy.
is useful. a) She
a) Dara and Rady b) The room
b) It is my pen c) It was the room which
c) It is my pen which d) She who
d) Shophea who
13) A teacher at IFL, .
7) After beaten by my mother, a) Many students study there
. b) IFL is good institute
a) I wrote a book. c) I teach many students
b) A book was written by me. d) Teaching my students
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a) That exercise is difficult

14) A good girl at IFL, b) That exercise which is difficult
. c) She cannot do that difficult
a) Siev Siev is a smart student exercise
b) It is Siev Siev who is a smart d) Tevi cannot do that difficult
student exercise that
c) IFL is a good institute
d) Siev Siev who is a good student 21) Called Pollution, or
sicken plants, animals, and people.
15) Arrested yesterday, a) Disposal waste can kill
. b) Disposal waste which can kill
a) The police was speaking with the c) People can kill
thief d) Many people who can kill
b) The thief speaking with the police
c) The thief who speaks with police 22) Things are called
d) The thief was speaking with the pollutants.
police a) That causes pollution
b) Causing pollution
16) Watched by many audiences, c) Caused pollution
. d) Cause pollution
a) He is very interested.
b) The movie is very interesting. 23) Water containing sulphuric and
c) It was the movie which is acidity, kills trees and
interesting harms fish in lakes.
d) The movie which is interesting a) Many people
b) It is acid rain
17) Walking along the road, c) I don’t know
. d) Acid rain
a) a big tree was seen by me
b) a big tree that was seen 24) Big animals,
c) I saw a big tree don’t eat the plants and eat the
d) I saw a big tree that damaged animals.
a) Tigers
18) Entering the class, b) Tigers that
. c) Which tigers
a) The room is messy d) Humans
b) He felt surprised
c) There are many students 25) Like other vehicles,
d) Being surprised by my teacher gasoline too.
a) Cars burning
19) Designed by a famous b) Cars which burning
architecture, . c) Trees burn
a) He is my classmate d) Cars burn
b) The clever person in the world
c) The school which 26) Unlike water pollution,
d) The school comes from chemicals used on
farms to kill insects and other pests.
20) Although intelligent, a) Soil pollution comes
. b) Soil pollution come

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c) Soil pollution which comes c) He is a famous scientist

d) Building and structures come d) A famous scientist

27) Poisonous chemicals, 29) A hard-working and famous

can cause acid rain. student, is the best
a) Human activities friend.
b) Sulpur dioxide and nitrogen a) My dog
oxides b) The classroom
c) Water pollution and air pollution c) Our teacher
d) Trees and animals d) Bopha

28) Albert Einstein, 30) as a sub-class

thought that pollution was monitor, Sohpea is a good boy.
changing Earth’s climate. a) Worked
a) A famous building b) Work
b) A famously scientist c) Working
d) To work

Past Modal

1) Should have done

You should have reviewed the lesson. You failed the test.

2) Must have done

You passed the test. You must have reviewed the lesson.

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3) Can’t have done

You can’t have stolen my money because you are rich.

4) Might/may/could + have done

They might have come to our party.

5) Didn’t need to do
She didn’t need to bring the umbrella.

6) Needn’t have done

She needn’t have brought her umbrella.

Comparison

1) Adjective
2) Adverb
3) Nouns

Adjective Comparison

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1) Positive Degree

 I am as old as Theara.
 I am as fat as him.
 I am as fat as he is.

Subject + be + adj + as + obj(informal)
Subject + be + as + adj + as + subj + be (formal)

 She is just as rich as I am.

 Chana is just as friendly as my dog.


S + be + just + as + adj + as + sub + verb

 I’m once poorer than he is.×

 I’m once as poor as he is.

S + be + once/twice/three times + as + adj + as + subj + verb

 Your car is twice as expensive as mine.



 I am as good a student as Dara is.

 I am as lazy a student as Tevi is.


Subject + be + as + adj + a + noun + as + subject + verb

 Theara is as clever.
 Mara is as handsome.

Subject + be + as + adj

B. Comparative Degree

Subj + be + adj.er/more.adj + than + s + v

 I’m happier than you.

 I’m more tired than she is.
 They are wealthier than I am.


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Subj + be + slightly/a bit/somewhat + adj.er/more.adj + than + s + v

 They are slightly wealthier than I am.

 She is a bit more clever than he is.

Subj + be + far/much/much far + adj.er/more.adj + than + s + v

 Roth is much taller than Rith.

 Sey is far more handsome than Sao is.
 Reach is much far fatter than Sok is.


 He is fatter.
 They are more handsome.

Subject + be + adj.er/more.adj

 Phalla is becoming fatter and fatter.

 The exercises are more and more difficult.
 It was getting darker and darker.


Adj.er and adj.er

More and more + adjective

 Double Comparatives

 The taller you are, the more handsome you will be.
 The more beautiful she is, the cleverer she seems.

 When should we live?
 The sooner, the better.

The + comparative, the comparative

 Logical comparison:

 Your car is cheaper than me. (wrong)

 Your car is cheaper than mine.
 Your car is cheaper than that of me.


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S + be + comparative + than + that/those + of + noun

Spelling:

 One-syllable--------er/est
 Two-syllable---------more/most
 Two-syllable----------Y----ier
 Slow slower the slowest
 Large larger the largest
 Fat fatter the fattest
 Expensive more expensive the most expensive
 Good better the best
 Bad worse the worst
 Far farther/further the farthest/furthest
 Little less the least
 Few fewer the fewest
 Much/many more the most
1) Usually(on syllable + er/est)

 Small smaller the smallest

 Tall taller the tallest


 E + r/st

 Wide wider the widest

 Fine finer the finest


2) C + V + C --------- C + er/est

 Hot hotter the hottest

 Big bigger the biggest


 X, W, Y ------------- no doubling

 Slow slower the slowest


3) Two or more syllables, we use “more” and “most”
 Tired more tired the most tired
 Handsome more handsome the most handsome
 Intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
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
Note:
Common, clever, pleasant, polite, gentle,
simple/friendly/able/cruel/handsome/narrow/sour--------er/more/est/most
 It is more expensive than mine.
 It is less expensive than mine.
 It is hotter.
 It is less hot.
 It is bigger.
 It is less big.

S + be + more.adj/adj.er
S + be + less + adj

 Dara is more intelligent.

Dara is less intelligent. = Dara is not as intelligent.

S + be + the + adj.er/more.adj + of + the two + noun

Of the two + noun, + s + be + the + adj.er/more.adj

 He is the cleverer of the two students.

 Of the two students, he is the cleverer.
 Panna is more beautiful of the two boys.
 Of the two boys, Panna is the more beautiful.

 Ever/Usual
 He is as stupid as ever.
 They are as industrious as ever.

As + adj + as + ever

 Today, it is hotter than ever.

 Tonight, she more attractive than ever.
 They are more handsome than ever.


Adj.er/more.adj + than + ever

 Rady is as kind as usual.

 She is as pretty as usual.


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As + adj + as + usual

 He is stronger than usual.

 Rady is more intelligent than usual in the final exam.


Adj.er/more.adj + than + usual

C. Superlative Degree

 I am as old as Sok is.

 I am older than Sok is.
 I am the oldest.
 Sok is as famous as Sao.
 Sok is more famous than Sao.
 Sok is the most famous singer.

S + be + the + adj.est/most.adj + noun

 She is the most famous woman.

 He is the least famous man.


S + be + by far + the superlative

S + be + the least + adj

 They are by far the most famous people.



 Positive…………………equal(2 people or things)

 Comparative ………………..2 people/things/groups
 Superlative……………….3 or more people/things/groups

Adverb Comparison
1. Positive
2. Comparative

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3. Superlative
 Sok walks as slowly as you do.

 She sang as beautifully as they did.
 I speak more fluently(than you do).

 I speak the most fluently.

 I run as quickly as you do.
 I run more quickly than you do.
 I run the most quickly.

S + v + as + adv + (as + s + aux)

S + v + more/less + adv + (than + s + v)
S + v + the most/least + adv
 I swim as constantly.

 I swim more constantly.

 She swims the most constantly.


Noun Comparison

I’m as tall as you.

I’m the same height as you.

I’m as heavy as she is.

I’m the same weight as her.

She is as old as he is.

She is the same age as him.

S + be + the + same + n + as + noun/pronoun

 Many/Much/few/little

 I have as much money as you do.



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 She wrote as many books as he did.


 Tom has as few books as Jane.

 My teacher eats as little food as my classmates.


S + v + as + much/little+ u.n + as + s + v
S + v + as + many/few + c.n + as + s + v

 Comparative

 Doramon is a better learner(than I am)


 It is a bigger house.

 They are more handsome men.

 My sister has more children than my friend.

 I have visited fewer countries than my friend has.

 I spend less time on homework than you do.

 This new dictionary gives more information than the old one.


S + v + more/fewer + n + than + s + v
S + v + more/less + noun + than + s + v

 Like/Alike

S + v + (obj) + alike

 We are alike.

Like/unlike + n/pro

 Like Do, Rady is a student.


 Rady, unlike Do, studies English at IFL.

 Like some animals, dogs are good pets.

 There weren’t as many people at the party as I’d expected.

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 Like/As

Like + n/pro

 Like me, you’re good.



As + s + v

 I study as hard as you do.



As + prep

 Cambodia, as in 2001, has attracted many tourists.



 The same/the same as

 Similar/similar to
 Different/different from

 Do and Dom are the same.

 Do is the same as Dom.

 The pen and the pencil are

similar.
 The pen is similar to the pencil.

 My mother and my father are

different.
 My mother is different from my
father.

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 The teacher's salary is higher than that of the doctor.

 Your books are more expensive that those of mine.

Practice
Choose the best option a, b, c or d to complete the following sentences
1) Cambodia, in 2001, a) Fatter
has attracted many tourists. b) Fattest
a) Like c) Fatter than
b) Alike d) The most fattest
c) Dislike
7) He is .
d) As
a) More stronger than
2) Do and Dom are . b) Stronger then
a) Same c) More strong than
b) The same d) Stronger than
c) The same as
8) He is of the two
d) Like students.
3) Do is Dom. a) The cleverest
a) Same as b) The more cleverer
b) Like as c) The cleverer
c) Differ as d) The cleverer than
d) The same as 9) He is famous man.
4) Doramon is than I a) Least
am. b) The least
a) A good learner c) The less
b) A better learner d) The more
c) A best learner
10) I am Dara is.
d) A more better learner
a) As good a student as
5) He is . b) As a good student as
a) More stupid as ever c) As good a student than
b) As stupid as never d) More good student than
c) The most stupid as ever
11) I am Tevi is.
d) As stupid as ever
a) As a lazy student as
6) He is . b) As lazy a student as
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c) As lazy a student then a) The most quickly

d) More lazy a student than b) The most quick
c) The more quick
12) I am .
d) As quickly as
a) As old as Sok is
b) As old as Sok does 20) I explain .
c) As old than Sok is a) More fluent than you are
d) More old than Sok is b) More fluently than you do
c) More fluent than you do
13) I am .
d) More fluently as you do
a) As older as Sok is
b) More old than Sok is 21) I speak .
c) As old as Sok is a) The fluentest
d) As old as Sok does b) The most fluent
c) The most fluently
14) I am .
d) The fluently most
a) The old
b) Oldest 22) I spend on
c) The older homework you do.
d) The oldest a) Fewer time/than
b) Less/time/than
c) More time/as
15) I have .
d) The least time/as
a) As many money as you do
b) As much money as you do 23) I study you do.
c) More much money as you do a) As hard as
d) As much money than you do b) As hardly than
c) As hardly as
16) I have visited my
d) More hard than
friend has.
a) Much countries than 24) I swim .
b) Fewer countries as a) As constant
c) Fewer countries than b) As constantly as
d) More countries as c) More constantly than
d) As constantly
17) I run .
a) As quickly than you do 25) They .
b) As quickly as you do a) Walk more slowly than
c) As quick as you do b) Walk more slowly as
d) More quickly as you do c) Walk as slowly as
d) Walk more slowly
18) I you do.
a) Speak more quickly as 26) I’m .
b) Speak more quickly than a) As heavily as she is
c) Speak as quickly than b) As heavy as she does
d) Speak as quick as c) As heavy as she is
d) More heavy than she is
19) I run .
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27) I’m . a) Less smaller

a) As taller as you b) Less small
b) As tall as you do c) More smaller
c) As tall as you. d) Less small than
d) More taller than you are 35) It is mine.
28) I’m you. a) Less expensive as
a) Happy than b) More expensive as
b) Happier as c) The least expensive as
c) Happy as d) Less expensive than
d) Happier than 36) It is yours.
29) I’m she is. a) More interesting than
a) As tired as b) Much more interesting as
b) More tired than c) As interesting than
c) More tired as d) Less interesting as
d) By far more tired as it
37) It was .
30) I’m . a) Getting dark and dark
a) The same high as you b) Get darker and darker
b) The same height as yours c) Getting more darker and darker
c) Same height than you d) Getting darker and darker
d) The same height as you 38) Do, Rady is a
31) I’m . student.
a) Same the weight as hers. a) Unlike him
b) The same weight as hers. b) Like
c) The same weight than her. c) Alike
d) The same weigh than her d) Dislike
32) It is . 39) Like some animals,
a) A bigger house .
b) A bigger house than a) I like pets very much
c) A bigger house as b) Dogs are good pets
d) A biger house c) It is dogs which are good pets
d) Are dogs good pets?
33) It is .
a) Bigger than 40) Mara is .
b) Bigger as a) As handsome as
c) Bigger b) As handsome than
d) More bigger c) As handsome as he does
d) As handsome
34) It is .

Choose the best option a, b, c or d to complete the following sentences

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1) My mother and my father 8) , unlike Sereymon, studies

. English at IFL.
a) Is different a) The dog
b) Are different than b) It is Rady
c) Are different from c) Rady who
d) Are different d) Rady
2) My mother is my 9) Reach is than Sok is.
father. a) Far much fatter
a) Differ from b) Much far fatter
b) Different from c) Much far more fatter
c) Different than d) Far much more fatter
d) Similar from
10) Roth is Rith.
3) My teacher eats my a) More taller than
classmates. b) Much taller as
a) As a little food as c) A lot tall than
b) As little food as d) Much taller than
c) As little food than
11) She is .
d) More little food than
a) A bit more clever than he is
4) , Panna is the more b) More cleverer than he is
beautiful. c) More clever than he does
a) Of the two boys d) Much far clever as he is
b) Among some boys
12) She is .
c) Of the five boys
a) The same old as him
d) There are two boys
b) The same age as him
5) Sok Raksa is . c) The same age than him
a) More handsome of the two men d) The similar age as him
b) The more handsome of the two man
13) She sang they did.
c) The less handsome of the two men
a) As beautiful as
d) The more handsome of the two men
b) As beautiful than
6) Rady is . c) More beautifully as
a) As kindness as usual d) As beautifully as
b) As kind as usual
14) She wrote he did.
c) As kind as usually
a) As much books as
d) More kinder than usual
b) As many books than
7) Rady is more intelligent c) As many books as
in the final exam. d) More many books as
a) Than usually
15) The exercises are .
b) Than usual
a) More and more difficult
c) As usual
b) Difficulter and difficulter
d) As usually
c) As and as difficult

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d) The most difficult as d) More handsome man than

16) The more beautiful she is, 23) They are more handsome
. .
a) The more cleverer she does a) As ever
b) The cleverer she seems b) As usual
c) The more cleverer she is c) Than ever
d) She seems the cleverer d) Than usually
17) The pen and the pencil 24) They are than I
. am.
a) Are similar to a) Slight wealthier
b) Are different from b) Slightly wealthier
c) Are similar c) More slightly wealthy
d) Are the same as d) More slight wealthier
18) The pen is the 25) Tom has .
pencil. a) As few books as Jane’s
a) Similar from b) As a few books as Jane
b) Similar to c) As few books as Jane
c) Similar than d) As few books than Jane
d) Similar as
26) Tonight, she is .
19) , the more handsome a) More attractive than ever
you will be. b) More attractively than ever
a) You are the taller c) More attractive than ever
b) You are the more taller d) More attractive as ever
c) The more taller you are
27) We are .
d) The taller you are
a) Alike
20) They are . b) Dislike
a) As industrious as ever c) Like
b) As industrious than usual d) Unlike
c) More industrious as ever
28) Your car is cheaper .
d) Industrious than
a) As mine
21) They are the most b) Than me
famous people. c) Than her
a) By far d) Than mine
b) Far much
29) Your car is cheaper than
c) A lot of
.
d) More
a) Me
22) They are . b) Those of mine
a) More handsome men c) That of mine
b) More handsome man d) That of me
c) More handsome men than
30) Your car is twice .
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a) More expensive than mine c) As expensive as that of mine

b) As expensive as mine d) As expensive as me

Articles
A/An/The

A/AN THE NO ARTICLES

1. For the first time 1. for the second time.
 I saw a pen  I saw a pen and a book. The
yesterday. pen is good while the book
 She ate an apple. isn’t.
2. One among many 2. When both the speaker
 He wants to buy a and the listener know things
book. they are talking about.
 They plan to build a  A: Where is Tevi?
house.  B: She is in the bathroom.
3. It means “one/per” 3. Only one thing  Nouns in
 A half, a quarter, a  The moon is beautiful today. general
third  The Prime Minister of  Children need
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 I sleep three hours a Cambodia wants to increase love and care.

day. the rice outputs.  I like apples.
 I eat an apple per
day.
4. With cardinal 4. with ordinal numbers
numbers.  She is the first student to
 She is in room 1. come here.
 She is in the first room.
5. with a person’s job. 5. with superlative degrees.
 You are a teacher.  She is the tallest student.
6. kind of 6. with comparative degree
thing/person/something/ when two things are
somebody is. compared.
 A dog is an animal.  Of the two students, Vichet is
 Dara is a professor. the better.
 The slimmer you are, the more
beautiful you will be.
7. in a general statement 7. The + singular noun
to represent a group of (representative of an entire
things class of names of animals,
 A child needs care. trees, inventions, musical
 An island is a body of instrument, and parts of the
land surrounded by body.)
water.  The tiger is the largest cat.
 My favorite tree is the oak.
 They invented the airplane.
 The oboe is a woodwind
instrument.
 The heart pumps blood.
8) With quantity. 8) With expressions of time  At night
A dozen A couple A and position.  I often study
hundred  In the morning, in the English at night.
A great many A great afternoon, in the evening,  At present
deal of A lot of A number  in the past, in the present, in  At present, I
of A few A large amount the future, live in
of A little  the front/the back/the Cambodia.
 She has a lot of center/the top/the bottom
money.  the beginning/the middle/the
end
 the north/the south/the
east/the west
 She wants to be a doctor in
the future.

9) with decades/centuries  With

 In the fifth century holidays
 In the 1990s  Where do
you often at
Christmas?
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10) With quantity + of  Quantity

 All of the students are without “of”
lazy.  Some
 A few of the pens are students are
mine. lazy.
 A few pens
are mine.
11) with Nationalities  With
 The Khmer are great. languages
 The Chinese drink tea.  I study
Chinese
every day.
 Can you
speak
Khmer?
12) with adjectives  With
 The poor need help. transportati
 We take pity on the ons
disabled.  She came
here by car.
 He goes to
school on
foot.
13) with fields of study + of  With fields
 I like the history of of study
Cambodia. without “of”
 My major is
history.
14) with names of countries,  Without
states, cities, universities, “of”, THE is
colleges, and schools + of not used.
 The state of Florida is  I live in
famous. Florida.
 The city of Boston is  They moved
popular. to Phnom
 The University of Penh.
Cambodia is good.  They study
marketing at
Mekong
University.
 She is a
teacher at
Success
School.
15) with names of countries  With
+ plural nouns singular
 The Netherlands names of
 The Philippines countries.
 THE +  Cambodia
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republic/kingdom/states  Australia
 The Dominican Republic  With
 The united Kingdom directions +
 The United States of name
America  She lives in
 The Soviet Union north Korea.
But we say: the north of  Where is
Thailand South
America?
 With Great
Britain
 She works in
Great
Britain.
 With names
of
continents.
 Cambodia is
in Asia.
Compare: 16) with names of oceans,  With
 It is a big ocean. rivers, seas, canals, gulfs, singular
and plural nouns of lakes and
mountains, islands, and mountains.
lakes, mountain ranges,  Yak Lom
deserts Lake
 The Pacific Ocean  Mount
 The Gulf of Mexico Everest
 The Appalachian
mountains
 The Suez Canal
 The Great Lakes
 The Tonle Sap River
 The Red Sea
 The Hawiian Islands
 The Alps
 The Rockies
 The Sahara Desert
 This morning, she 17) with Geographic Areas  With lunch,
had a big breakfast.  In the Middle East break,
 (a/an + adjective +  The Far East dinner,
meal) brunch,
supper
 What time
does she
have lunch?
18) with the names of War  With World
 The War of Independence I & II
 The Civil War  When did
 The Second World War World War II

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break out?
19) with names of ships,  With names
planes, trains, people’s of
family names. magazines
 The Browns and
 The Orient Express individual
people’s
names
 I like to read
Pop
Magazine.
 Where is
Rady?

Compare: 20) with names of hotels,  With names

 There is a hotel near restaurants, theatres, of stores,
here. movies, theaters, museums, restaurants,
 She wants to open a galleries, bridges, and other hotels,
restaurant. buildings. banks
 The Intercontinental Hotel named after
 The Bombay Restaurant the people
 The Shubert Theater who started
 The National Museum them, these
 The National Gallery names end
 The Empire State Building in –‘s or s
 The Golden Gate Bridge  Lloys bank
 The White house  McDonals
 The Royal Palace  Macy’s(depar
tment store)
 Harrah’s
(casino)
 With names
of
companies.
 United
Airlines
 Phnom Penh
Airport
 Sony
Company
 Is there a theater 21) with the radio, the  I watch TV
near here? movies, and the theater. every night.
 She bought a radio  We often go to the theater.
yesterday.  We haven’t been to go to
the movies for ages.
 How often do you listen to
the radio?
Compare: 22) with names of  With names
 I read a newspaper newspapers, organizations. of streets,
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every day.  The Cambodia Daily roads,

 The European Union squares,
parks
 Union street
 Wilshire
Boulevard
 Fifth Avenue
 Broadway
 Central Park
 Times
Square
23) the same as  With sports
 Your car is the same color  Do you play
as mine. football?
24) the +  Without
school/church/prison/jail/coll THE +
ege(specific purpose) school/
 I went to the school to church/
meet my child’s teacher. prison/ jail
 With most other places, College(general
we need THE. purpose)
 The hospital  My child
 The bank goes to
 The station school every
day.

Compare the following sentences:

1) What time do you have breakfast? She always has a big breakfast.
2) Our relatives are in prison. We go to the prison to visit our relatives.
3) The tiger is an animal. Water is necessary. A child needs love.
4) She goes to bed. I sat down on the bed. There is a bed in the room.
5) She goes to school by car. She goes to school in a car.
6) We live in North Korea. She lives in the Philippines. They live in the USA.
He lives in the north of Cambodia.
7) Do you know Lake Superior? Do you know the Great Lakes?
8) Where is the Happiness Bank? Where is Lloyds Bank?
9) Where is the fifth winner? Where is Fifth Avenue?
10) The unemployed have many problems. She is an unemployed woman.

ARTICLES

I. Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ø.

1. ________ jobs are hard to come by 2. I want to visit ________ New York.
these days. 3. I go to work by ________ car.

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4. I hope to stay at ________ Phnom Penh 8. I am a ________ student. I try to study

Hotel. very hard. I never go to ________
5. ________ water is very important for movie.
us. 9. Is ________ Suez Cannel very deep?
6. I found ________ pen on my way home. 10. I like ________ apples because they
7. They went to ________ Phnom Penh are delicious.
________ plane.

II. Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ø.

1. I don’t have much ________ money, 7. There are so many ________ books in
so can you lend me some? the library.
2. Have you got some ________ pens? If 8. Can you tell me about ________ River
you do, please lend me some. Thames?
3. I really feel sorry for ________ 9. I saw this ________ bookcase last
homeless. week.
4. Do you watch ________ TV every day? 10. Have you ever been to ________
5. Those ________ pens are mine. National Museum?
6. ________ English drink a lot of tea.

III. Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ø.

1. Do you like playing ________ tennis? 5. There is ________ boy and ________ girl.
No, I don’t, but I like playing ________ ________ boy is friendly, but ________
football. girl is not.
2. Who is ________ most talkative student 6. Who wants to visit ________
in ________ class? Philippines?
3. When I was young, I always play 7. Do they support ________ Arsenal?
________ volleyball. 8. I like looking at ________ moon at
4. Do you know where ________ Black night.
Cat Pub is?
IV. Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ø.
1. Have you had ________ dinner yet? 6. ________ President of England came
2. She can’t go now because she is here yesterday.
having ________ breakfast. 7. Had they ever read ________
3. Where is ________ National Gallery? Cambodia Daily?
4. Is there ________ bank near here? 8. How often do you have brunch?
5. How big is ________ Pacific?

V. Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ø.

1. How many countries are there in 5. I don’t know when ________ Cineplex
________ Asia? Odeon.
2. Why was ________ Red Cross set up? 6. I like ________ Bombay Restaurant.
3. Why are you going to ________ 7. The meeting will be held ________
Phnom Penh Airport? France.
4. Where is ________Lake Yak Louk?

VI. Complete each sentence with a, an, the, ø.

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1. Did they tell you about ________ Long 8. ________ young should respect
Island? ________ old.
2. ________sun rises in the east. 9. There is ________ car parked in front
3. What happened in ________ Middle of our house. ________ owner of ________
East? car is at ________ Rasmey Restaurant
4. Is ________ Arizona Desert very hot? now.
5. How beautiful ________ Sydney is! 10. Did N
6. ________ Lake Yak Loum is in ________ 11. Can you
Cambodia. can’t, I will buy ________ guitar for you.
7. What are you doing in ________ 12. Is
bathroom? country?

VII. Circle the correct articles to complete this paragraph.

Board games are popular all over a/an/the/ ø world. Mah Jong is an/a/ ø/the
example of a/an/the/ø very old one. I had a/the/an/ ø uncle who had an/ ø/a/the
old set from Singapore. Ke kept a/the/an/ ø set in the/a/ ø/a box and tell me
about ø/a/the/an pieces. They were made of bamboo, and each one had a/the/
ø/an on it. To me, they were ø/the/an/a most fascinating things in ø/an/the/a
world.
VII. Choose the correct alternative.

1. Steve likes to have ________ lunch in

________ restaurant. 4. Have you read ________ book I gave
A. a/the B. the/a C. ø/a you?
D. the/a A. an B. a
D. the
2. Earth goes round ________ sun.
A. a B. the C. an 5. It was ________ most interesting book
D. ø I’d ever read.
A. ø B. an
3. ________ (W)ater boils at 100 ˚c. C. a D. the
A. the B. an C. ø
D. a

Choose the best option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the

following sentences.

1. I saw _____________ girl yesterday 3. It is _____________ watch.

while I was going to school. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the 4. We have a pen and a book. The
pen is cheap, but _____________ book
2. I am _____________ student of English isn’t.
at Learning for Success Center. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the

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5. It is very dark here. Please turn on 15. I want to know about

_____________ light. _____________ Federal Republic of
A. an B. a C. Ө D. German.
the A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
6. Tonight _____________ moon is full. 16. Where is _____________ Philippines
A. an B. a C. Ө D. situated?
the A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
7. She is _____________ queen of
England. 17. Have you ever been to
A. an B. a C. Ө D. _____________ Japan?
the A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
8. She is very talkative. She is
_____________ noisiest student in the 18. _____________ United Kingdom is
class. very beautiful.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. A. The B. A C. Ө D.
the An

9. Can you play _____________ 19. She spends half _____________hour

guitar? For him, he can’t. reading books aday.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the the

10. _____________ sun is very hot. 20. I have seen _____________ Pacific
A. The B. A C. Ө D. Ocean.
An A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
11. _____________ rich should help the
poor. 21. I want to visit _____________ Red
A. The B. A C. Ө D. Sea.
An A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
12. _____________ English drink a lot
of tea. 22. _____________ Squel Canal is very
A. The B. A C. Ө D. big.
An A. The B. A C. Ө D.
An
13. They live in _____________ United
States. 23. _____________ Tonle Sap River is
A. an B. a C. Ө D. very important for Cambodians.
the A. The B. A C. Ө D.
An
14. She lives in _____________
Cambodia. 24. I want to know about
A. an B. a C. Ө D. _____________ history of Cambodia.
the A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the

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35. It is _____________ very good

25. He is _____________ king of university.
Cambodia. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the 36. We live in _____________.
26. _____________ National Museum is A. an B. a C. Ө D.
near here. the
A. The B. A C. Ө D.
An 37. _____________ reading books is
crucial.
27. I stay at _____________ hotel last A. The B. A C. Ө D.
night. An
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the 38. Where is _____________ Phnom
Penh Airport?
28. Did you see _____________ A. an B. a C. Ө D.
Intercontinental Hotel? the
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the 39. It is _____________ airport.
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
29. We had breakfast in the
_____________ café.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. 40. Sok likes going to _____________
the cinema.
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
30. She had dinner at _____________ the
Happy Café.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. 41. Where is _____________ Yak Loum
the Lake?
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
31. _____________ coffee on the table the
is mine.
A. The B. A C. Ө D. 42. When you leave, please close
An _____________ door.
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
32. There are some _____________ the
books on the table.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. 43. _____________ more you study, the
the more you know.
A. The B. A C. Ө D.
33. I go to school _____________ bus. An
A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the 44. I have always have _____________
supper.
34. They like _____________ tennis. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the
45. Do they have any _____________
pens?

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A. an B. a C. Ө D. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the the

46. Sao is _____________ thinnest. 54. There is a big sea in the district.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. We like _____________ sea very much.
the A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the
47. We study _____________ Khmer.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. 55. How often do you go to
the _____________ theatre?
48. I used to play _____________ piano. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the
56. She has killed a person. He is
49. Do you listen to _____________ now in _____________ prison.
radio? A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the
57. They want to see their children’s
50. I like listening to _____________ teacher at _____________ school.
music. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the
58. She is a student. She goes to
51. How many students are there in _____________ school every day.
_____________ the class? A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө D. the
the
59. He is going to _____________
52. They are not here; they are in church to repair the roof.
_____________ living room. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
A. an B. a C. Ө the
D. the
60. They hope to go to _____________
53. They have known _____________ prison to visit all the prisoners.
Phnom Penh since they were young. A. an B. a C. Ө D.
the

Article Quiz

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the following

sentences.

1. Reading ___________ books is good. 2. They like playing ___________ football.

(A) a (B) an (C) the
(A) a (B) an (C) the (D) Ø
(D) Ø
3. She has got ___________ new job.

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(A) a (B) an (C) the

(D) Ø 10. There had ___________ accident
yesterday.
4. It is dark. Can you turn on ___________ (A) a (B) an (C) the
light? (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø 11. Don’t sit ___________ floor.

5. Look at ___________ sky! It is very (A) a (B) an (C) the

dark. (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø 12. They have ___________ good
daughter.
6. Have you ever visited ___________ (A) a (B) an (C) the
National Museum? (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø 13. Cambodia is one of the poorest
7. Do you know ___________ Cambodia? countries in ___________ world.
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

8. Where is ___________ Philippines 14. They can play ___________ piano

located? very well.
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

9. ___________ water is good for our life. 15. She is ___________ youngest man
(A) a (B) an (C) the in the class.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø

Article Quiz

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the following

sentences.

1. We came here ___________ bus.

(A) a (B) an (C) the 4. We go to ___________ movies nearly
(D) Ø every day.
2. Do you listen to ___________ radio? (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø 5. I will go to ___________ school to meet
my daughter’s teacher.
3. How often do you watch (A) a (B) an (C) the
___________TV? (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø

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6. What are you doing? I am reading

___________ story book. 11. She is one of ___________ most
(A) a (B) an (C) the beautiful girl in my school.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
7. Don’t talk while you are studying in
___________ class. 12. She was ill and taken to
(A) a (B) an (C) the ___________ hospital.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
8. They go to ___________ church to pray
every weekend. 13. We have got ___________ few books.
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

9. Do you know where ___________ 14. Look at ___________ moon. It is

Intercontinental Hotel is? full.
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

10. I will go to ___________ prison to 15. Where is ___________ book you

visit my friend. bought yesterday?
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

Article Quiz

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the following

sentences.

1. She lives in ___________ Phnom Penh.

5. I have two ___________ books. They are
(A) a (B) an (C) the quite interesting.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
2. They know ___________ North Korea
very well. 6. We have bought some ___________
(A) a (B) an (C) the pens, one of which is here.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
3. Where is ___________ Red Sea?
(A) a (B) an (C) the 7. Most ___________ students tend to talk
(D) Ø in the class.
(A) a (B) an (C) the
4. Do you want to live in ___________ (D) Ø
United States?
(A) a (B) an (C) the 8. Most of ___________ teachers prefer
(D) Ø reading to writing.

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(A) a (B) an (C) the 12. She has written ___________ lot of
(D) Ø books.
(A) a (B) an (C) the
9. I likes ___________ apples. They are (D) Ø
good for my health.
(A) a (B) an (C) the 13. She was tired, so she went to
(D) Ø ___________ bed.
(A) a (B) an (C) the
10. Where are ___________ oranges I (D) Ø
have put on the table.
14. We went to Sihanouk Ville and
(A) a (B) an (C) the swam in ___________ sea.
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø
11. Look at ___________ table
together! 15. Have you ever visited ___________
(A) a (B) an (C) the New York?
(D) Ø (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø

Article Quiz

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the following

sentences.

1. I really want to go to ___________ 6. All ___________ furniture in my room is

United Kingdom. new.
(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

2. ___________ jealousy is bad. 7. ___________ English like tea.

(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø

3. She came here by ___________ car. 8. Do you study ___________ Khmer?

(A) a (B) an (C) the (A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø (D) Ø
9. I like ___________ Angkor Wat temple.
4. He went there on ___________ bus. (A) a (B) an (C) the
(A) a (B) an (C) the (D) Ø
(D) Ø
10. ___________ Riem Reap is far from
5. They want to come home ___________ Phnom Penh.
foot. (A) a (B) an (C) the
(A) a (B) an (C) the (D) Ø
(D) Ø
11. What is there on ___________
table?

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(A) a (B) an (C) the

(D) Ø 14. Could you play ___________ guitar
when you were young?
12. Look at your watch and tell me (A) a (B) an (C) the
___________ time. (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø 15. It is one of ___________ villages in
my province.
13. I bought ___________ guitar last (A) a (B) an (C) the
year. (D) Ø
(A) a (B) an (C) the
(D) Ø

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Passive Voice

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE

1) Subject + V1 Subject + am/is/are + V3
She learns Chinese. Chinese is learnt by her.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
2) Subject + am/is/are + V-ing Subject + am/is/are + being + V3
I am cooking the meal. The meal is being cooked by me.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
PASSIVE
3) Subject + have/has + v3 Subject + have/has + been + V3
Our teacher has blamed us. We have been blamed by our teacher.
Present Perfect Continuous
4) Subject + have/has + been + V-
ing
She has been waiting for him.
PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE
5) Subject + V2 Subject + was/were + V3
He spoke English. English was spoken by him.
PAST CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
6) Subject + was/were + V-ing
They were playing football. Football was being played by them.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE
7) Subject + had + V3 Subject + had + been + V3
We had met her. She had been met by us.
Past Perfect Continuous
8) Subject + had + been + V-ing
You had been reading a book.
FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE
9) Subject + will + V1 Subject + will + be + V3
She will help me. I will be helped by her.
Future Continuous
10) Subject + will + be + V-ing
Sovanmao will be writing a letter.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
11) Subject + will + have + V3 Subject + will + have + been + V3
The engineers will have built this This bridge will have been built by the
bridge. engineers.
Future Perfect Continuous
12) Subject + will + have +
been + V-ing
They will have been studying English.

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 Note: Only eight Passive Voices are USED except Present Perfect Continuous,
Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous.

 Modal Verbs: Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must,
ought to.

 Passive Form of Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs + be + Past Participle (V3)

They will invite Tom to the clinic.

 Tom will be invited to the clinic.


We can’t open the window.

 The window can’t be opened.


We should send this letter.

 This letter should be sent.


You must study English.

 English must be studied.


 Note: “going , have to, want to, would like to, be supposed, used to”

They are going to help him.

 He is going to be helped.


She is going to teach us.

 We are going to be taught.


She has to help me.

 I have to be helped.


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They want to kill him.

 He wants to be killed.
 He is wanted to kill.
 He is wanted to be killed. 


You would like to cook the meal.

 The meal would like to be cooked.


I am supposed to finish this writing this week.

 It is supposed to be finished this week.
 This writing is supposed to be finished this week.
 It is supposed to finish this week. 


My grandfather used to use this desk.

 This desk used to be used by my grandfather.
 This desk was used to use by my grandfather.

 Passive with “-ing”

VERBS+ V-ing

Like/remember/admit/avoid/deny/dislike/endure/escape/love/… + being + V3

 I don’t like being cheated.


 She remembers being hit by a ball.

 That famous singer avoids being recognized by the public.

 He denied being arrested some years ago.

 She always endures being exploited by her husband.

 They tried to escape being supervised.


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 Passive Forms of Two-Object Verbs

 Give, offer, tell, show, bring, give, lend, pass, pay, sell, send… + sb + sth

 Give, offer, tell, show, bring, give, lend, pass, pay, sell, send… + sth + to
sb

PRACTICE
1. She shows me a beautiful photo.
I will tell you a story.
 You’ll be told a story. 
 A story will be told to you. 
2. Dara sent his friend a letter.
I gave her a kiss.

 She was given a kiss.
 A kiss was given to her. 
3. The vendor sold a pair of shoes to the customer.
They lend me some money.

 Some money is lent to me.
 I am lent some money. 

 “Get” instead of “Be”

Subject + get + V3
 We were surprised that we did not get invited to the reception.
 Our house got burgled when we were on holiday.

 Remember: “Get” is used instead of “Be” to express action happening by
accident or unexpectedly and mostly in an informal style.

 Get/Have/Need/Allow

 I get my hair cut.

 When are you going to get that window mended?
 She gets her car cleaned.


Get sth + V3

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 I got my brother help me to do homework.

 My parents have got me to clean the toilet.
 She gets her husband to cook the meal.


Get sb + to do sth

 We are having the house painted.

 I had my arm broken in a football match. (My arm was broken.)
 They had their roof blown off in the storm. (Their roof was blown off in the storm.)
 She has her car cleaned.


Have sth + V3

 She has her brother do homework.

 We have our teacher explain to us again.
 Sopheak had her baby crawl on the floor.
 They have had their friends have a party.


Have sb + do

 This car needs cleaning. (This car needs to be cleaned.)

 The ceiling needs painting. (The ceiling needs to be painted.)
 My hair needed cutting. (My hair needs to be cut.)


Something + Need + V-ing

 The school doesn’t allow smoking. (It is not allowed to smoke in the school.)
 The laws don’t allow driving fast in the city. (It is not allowed to drive fast in the
city.)
 This restaurant did not allow smoking. (It was not allowed to smoke in this
restaurant.)


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Something + allow (negative) + V-ing

PRACTICE
 The Passive Form of Reporting Verbs
My mother knew that I had love.

“They say that Rady is really good at Chinese cooking”
 Rady is said to be really good at Chinese cooking. 
 It is said that Rady is really good at Chinese cooking.
The radio reports that there is a
heavy storm.
“My teacher thought that I was a good student” 
 I was thought to be a good student.

 It was said that I was a good student.

 Reporting Verbs: (say, think, believe, consider, understand, know, report,

expect, claim, acknowledge, tell, ask…)

 The Passive with BY or WITH

My girlfriend wrote that book.

 That book was written by my girlfriend.

His mother has blamed him for coming home late.

 He has been blamed for coming home late by his mother.

By + person

I was hit with an umbrella.

The room was filled with smoke.
The water is mixed with sugar.

With + instruments, materials or ingredients

Practi
Complete the sentences with BY or With

1.My desk was covered 4.The cake was made my

papers. aunt.
2.These photos were taken my 5.The garage was painted
sister. a new kind of paint.
3.The cake was made 6.The garage was painted
dried fruit. a friend of mine

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 Verbs not used in the passive include: become, fit, get, go, have, lack, let, like,
resemble, suit,…

 USING AND NOT MENTIONING THE AGENT

1) Change of focus
The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence.

 Dara won the prize. (focus on Dara)

 The prize was won by Dara. (focus on the prize)



2) Unknown agent
The agent is not mentioned if unknown.

 My wallet has been taken.

 My friend was killed last year.

(In this case, there is no point in adding an agent “by somebody”

3) Obvious agent
If the agent is obvious or has already been mentioned, it is not mentioned.

 Tevi has been arrested (by the police).

 My car was stolen (by the thief) last night.


4) Unimportant agent
If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence, it is not mentioned.

 I was advised to obtain a Visa in advance.

 She is told to clean the toilet.


5) Generalized agent
If the subject is “people in general” or “you”, the agent is not mentioned.

 Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport.

 Rice is grown all over the world.


6) Impersonality

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Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is
responsible for an action.

 It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%.

 The news is reported to all Cambodian people.


PRACTICE

Create the examples in the active voice and then change them to the passive
voice.

NB: Not all active voices can be changed into the passive voices.

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE

1) Subject + V1 Subject + am/is/are + V3

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE

2) Subject + am/is/are + V-ing Subject + am/is/are + being + V3

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

PASSIVE
3) Subject + have/has + V3 Subject + have/has + been + V3

Present Perfect Continuous

4) Subject + have/has + been + V-
ing

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE

5) Subject + V2 Subject + was/were + V3

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS PASSIVE

6) Subject + was/were + V-ing

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE

7) Subject + had + V3 Subject + had + been + V3

Past Perfect Continuous

8) Subject + had + been + V-ing

FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE

9) Subject + will + V1 Subject + will + be + V3

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Future Continuous
10) Subject + will + be + V-ing

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE

11) Subject + will + have + V3 Subject + will + have + been + V3

Future Perfect Continuous

12) Subject + will + have +
been + V-ing

Practice 1

Read what happens at the International Inventor’s Conference every year.

Fill in the gaps. Use the present simple passive.

A few months before the conference, the invitations _________________ (write)

Faxes and e-mails _________________ (send) to inventors all over the world. The date of
the conference _________________ (announce) in the newspapers. Then inventors
_________________ (ask) to send details of their inventions to the Inventor’s Society.
On the first day of the conference, all the inventions _________________ (exhibit)
in a big room. Potions _________________ (test) and each machine _________________
(check) to make sure it’s safe. During the week, a lot of ideas _________________
(discuss) by the inventors; speeches _________________ (give) and young inventors
_________________ (teach) how to improve their designs.

Practice 2

What happened at last year’s conference? Make sentences passive. Use the
past simple.

1. People swapped ideas. _________________________________

2. People tested Ruff’s Dog-Walking Machine. _________________________________
3. People gave some interesting speeches. _________________________________
4. Somebody broke the Star-Catcher Telescope. _________________________________
5. People discussed Physics and Chemistry. _________________________________
6. Somebody sold the Underwater Motorbike. _________________________________
7. People wrote cheques for thousands of pounds. _________________________________
8. Somebody exhibited and Electric Mouse-Catcher. _________________________________
9. People admired the Storytelling Machine. _________________________________
10. Somebody lit two Everlasting Candles. _________________________________
Practice 3
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Make the following sentences passive.

1. Mrs. Joy will give a lecture. _________________________________

2. Sokun invented the Unbreakable Egg. _________________________________
3. World-famous scientists teach the young inventors.
_________________________________
4. The company will film the inventors. _________________________________
5. An American physicist has bought the Clock. _________________________________
6. The Club buys a lot of new inventions. _________________________________
7. Ruff will test the Quick-Thinking Potion. _________________________________
8. Mr. RothRun has already sold three machines. _________________________________
9. Every year the inventors drink thousands of cups. _________________________________
10. The president will award a new prize next year. _________________________________

Practice 4

Rewrite the sentences. Use the past continuous passive.

1. Children were drawing pictures. _________________________________

2. Parents were dressing their children. _________________________________
3. People were pouring bubble bath. _________________________________
4. People were bringing the boxes. _________________________________
5. Somebody was blowing up balloons. _________________________________
6. A band was playing some jazz. _________________________________
7. The mayor was lighting the bonfire. _________________________________
8. People were cooking chicken on a barbecue. _________________________________
9. Children were wrapping presents. _________________________________
10. Somebody was making toffee apples. _________________________________
11. People were decorating Ruff’s cake. _________________________________
Practice 5
Change the active to passive.

1. Shakespeare wrote that play. _________________________________

2. Waitresses and waiters serve customers. _________________________________
3. The teacher is going to explain the lesson. _________________________________
4. Dareth has suggested a new idea. _________________________________
5. Lee will invite Sao to the party. _________________________________
6. Sokleng is preparing the report. _________________________________
7. Two horses were pulling the farmer’s wagon. _________________________________
8. Sros had returned the book to the library. _________________________________

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9. The president will have made the announcement. _________________________________

10. Pieve wrote the report. _________________________________
11. Kunthear made that cake. _________________________________
12. Kunthy Pork is kissing Dareth. _________________________________
13. Does Varsey teach that course? _________________________________
14. Shoe Meng is selling shoes. _________________________________
15. Is Chantha painting the house? _________________________________
16. Dareth is riding her bike. _________________________________
17. Sugar Cane Juice cleaned the house. _________________________________

TOEFL
ERROR IDENTIFICATION 19

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that needs to be changed in order to

GRAMMATICALLY correct.

1. Its polar diameter, is measured from the North Pole to the South Pole, is
somewhat less than the
A B
C
equatorial diameter because of this flattening.
D

2. A famous atmospheric feature on Jupiter, the Great Red Spot, is such large that
three Earths would
A B
C D
fit inside it.

3. Earth has one natural satellite, the Moon. The Moon orbits the Earth, completes
one revolution in
A B C
an elliptical path in 27 days 7 hr 43 min 11.5 sec.
D

4. The Moon which orbits the Earth because of the force of Earth’s gravity.
A B C D

5. Evidence for the Moon’s gravitational influence can seen in the ocean tides.
A B C D

6. A popular theory suggests that the Moon splits off from Earth more than 4 billion
years ago when a
A B
C
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large meteorite or small planet struck the Earth.

D

7. Because The period of one complete rotation is defined as a day and takes 23 hr
56 min 4.1 sec.
A B C D

8. The atmosphere is a layer of different gases extends from Earth’s surface to the
exosphere.
A B C D

9. The bank grants loans only to member nations in the purpose of financing specific
projects.
A B C
D

10. Before a nation can secure a loan, advisers and experts represent the bank must
determine that
A B C
the prospective borrower can meet conditions stipulated by the bank.
D

VOICE PRACTICE 5

A: Write the passive voice of the following sentences.

1. I have done the homework.

__________________________________________________________________________
2. She is writing the book.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. I have Mr. A cook our food.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. She made me cry.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. My parents will allow us to go to Phnom Penh.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. He could tell everyone.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. We got Mr. C to clean our house.
__________________________________________________________________________
8. We had painted the house.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. The police will arrest the thief.
__________________________________________________________________________
10. I want her to love me.
__________________________________________________________________________
11. I hope that everyone will love me.
__________________________________________________________________________

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12. I don’t like people who blame me.

__________________________________________________________________________
13. I want them to praise me.
__________________________________________________________________________
14. We will have sent the letter.
__________________________________________________________________________
15. She might be writing a book.
__________________________________________________________________________
16. We sent him some money.
__________________________________________________________________________
18. I will give you a pen.
__________________________________________________________________________
19. They cannot lend you their car.
__________________________________________________________________________
20. She might sell you her house.
__________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE 6
Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following
sentences.

1. She might _____________.

A) be kill B) been killed
C) being killed D) be killed

2. She was _____________.

A) made to cry B) made cry
C) make to cry D) making to cry

3. It will _____________.
A) be stole B) stolen
C) be stolen D) steal

4. The house _____________.

A) built B) was build
C) was building D) was built

5. The bridge _____________.

A) were being repaired B) is being repair
C) was be repaired D) was being repaired

6. The book _____________.

A) had written B) wrote
C) written D) had been written

7. He _____________.
A) has awarded B) has been awarded
C) has awarded been D) has be awarded

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8. We have him _____________ our children.

A) looked after B) looking after
C) looks after D) look after

9. We have our clothes _____________.

A) to be washed B) wash
C) washing D) washed

10. Where did you get your hair _____________?

A) to cut B) to cut
C) cut D) cutting

11. She _____________to go out.

A) was allow B) was allowing
C) was allowed D) were allowed

12. While she was walking home, someone hit her. She was hit _____________.
A) with a branch B) by a branch
C) in a branch D) on a branch

Change the following sentences into Passive

1) I wrote this short story.



2) We planted this flower last year.



3) The bill includes service.



4) People don’t use this road very often.



5) They canceled all flights because of fog.



6) Somebody accused me of stealing the money.



7) They are building a new shopping center downtown.



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8) I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.



9) They have changed the date of the meeting.



10) We want to cut our hair.



11) They told me a ghost story.



12) My sister helps me clean the toilet.

Tick () the best way to change the sentences into passive voice.

1) One of the cleaners found my 4) My teacher will praise me for

purse. doing this homework.
a)My purse is found by one of the a) I am praised by my teacher
cleaners. for doing this homework.
b) My purse was found by one of b) I will praise my teacher for
the cleaners. doing this homework.
c)My purse was finding by one of c) I will be praised by my
the cleaners. teacher for doing this
d) One of the cleaners was homework.
found my purse. d) My teacher will be praised
me for doing this homework.
2) A hammer hit me on the head.
a)He is hit on the head with a 5) They considered he was a
hammer. failure.
b) He was hit on the head with a a)He was considered a failure.
hammer. b) He considered a failure.
c)He was hit on the head by a c)They were considered a failure
hammer. d) He is considered a failure.
d) He hit on the head by a 6) The thief has stolen my
hammer. jewellery.
a)My jewellery has stolen.
3) You handed a note to me. b) My jewellery has been stolen.
a)I was handed a note. c)The thief has been stolen my
b) A note was handed me. jewellery.
c)I handed a note. d) My jewellery was stolen.
d) I am handed a note.

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7) My classmate has said we will

have no class on Wednesday.
a) It was said that we will have
no class on Wednesday.
b) We have been said to will no
class on Wednesday.
c) My classmate has been said to
have no class on Wednesday.
d) It has been said that we will
have no class on Wednesday.

8) We are still preparing your

food.
a)You food are still being prepared.
b) You food is still being
preparing.
c)Your food is still being prepared.
d) You food is still prepared.

9) I haven’t packed the boxed

yet.
a)The boxes has not been packed
yet.
b) The boxes have not been
packed yet.
c)The boxes have not packed yet.
d) I have not been packed the
boxes yet.

10) People built the cathedral in

the fourteenth century.

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a)The cathedral built in the

fourteenth century.
b) The cathedral was built in the
fourteenth century.
c)The cathedral is built in the
fourteenth century.
d) The cathedral was building in
the fourteen century.

Choose the best option a, b, c or d to complete the following sentences.

1) . 7) He wants .
a) A kiss was given to her. a) To kill
b) I gave to her a kiss. b) To be killed
c) A kiss was given her. c) To be killing
d) She was given to a kiss. d) Killed

2) A story . 8) My house when we were

a) Will tell to you on holiday.
b) Will be tell to you a) Got burgled
c) Will be told to you b) Is burgled
d) Will be told you c) Get burgled
d) Was burgle
3) English .
a) Must study
b) Must studied 9) I some money.
c) Must be studied a) Am lending
d) Must have been studied today b) Am lent
c) Have been being lent
4) He denied some d) Lent
years ago.
a) To be arrested 10) I don’t like being .
b) Being arrest a) Cheating
c) Arrested b) Cheat
d) Being arrested c) Cheats
d) Cheated
5) for coming home late by his
mother. 11) .
a) He has blamed a) I get my hair cut
b) He has been blamed b) I get the barber to cut my hair
c) He has been blaming c) I have the barber to cut my hair
d) He should have been blaming d) I have my hair to cut

6) He . 12) I got my brother me

a) Is went to help homework.
b) Is going to help a) Helped/do
c) Is going to be helped b) Helped/done
d) Is going to be helping c) Help/done
d) Help/do

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b) Cutting
13) I in a football c) Cut
match. d) To be cutting
a) Had my arm to break
b) Get my arm to break 21) My parents have got me
c) Had my arm broken the toilet.
d) Got my arm breaking a) To clean
b) Clean
14) I have . c) Cleaned
a) To be helped d) Cleaning
b) To be helping
c) To be help 22) to be really good at
d) To help Chinese cooking.
a) Rady is said
15) I was hit an umbrella. b) It is said
a) With c) Rady is said that
b) By d) It said that
c) In
d) Of 23) She always endures by
her husband.
16) I to be a good a) Being exploited
student last term. b) To be exploited
a) Am thought c) To exploit
b) Am thinking d) Exploiting
c) Was thought
d) Was thinking 24) She her car
cleaned.
17) It that Rady is really a) Has
good at Chinese cooking. b) Gets
a) Was said c) Needs
b) Is said d) Allows
c) Is saying
d) Has been saying 25) She gets her husband
the meal.
18) this week. a) To cook
a) It supposed to be finished b) Cook
b) It was supposed to be finished c) Cooked
c) It supposed to be finished d) Cooks
d) It is supposed to be finished
26) She .
19) that I was a a) Has her homework to do
good student. b) Has her brother do homework
a) He was said c) Gets her brother do homework
b) It was said d) Gets her homework to do
c) It has been said
d) Saying 27) She now.
a) Has her car clean
20) My hair needed . b) Gets her car clean
a) To cut c) Had her car cleaned

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d) Has her car cleaned

35) The laws don’t allow
28) She remembers by a ball. fast in the city.
a) Being hitted a) To drive
b) Being hit b) Driving
c) To be hit c) Driven
d) To hit d) To be driven

29) She a kiss. 36) The meal would like

a) Was give .
b) Is giving a) Being cooked
c) Was given b) To be cooked
d) Gives c) To cook
d) To have been cooking

37) The room smoke.

30) Some money a) Fills with
. b) Was filled by
a) Lent to me c) Is fill with
b) Is lent me d) Was filled with
c) Is lending me
d) Is lent to me 38) The school smoking.
a) Doesn’t need
31) Sopheak her baby b) Doesn’t allow
crawl on the floor. c) Doesn’t let
a) Got d) Isn’t allow
b) Needed
c) Allowed 39) The water is mixed
d) Had sugar.
a) In
32) That book by my b) With
girlfriend. c) By
a) Wrote d) From
b) Was written
c) Written 40) The window .
d) Was wrote a) Isn’t could be opened
b) Can’t open
33) That famous singer avoids c) Can’t be opened
by the public. d) Can’t be opening
a) To recognized
b) To recognize 41) They had their roof
c) Being recognize off in the storm.
d) Being recognized a) Blow
b) Blown
34) The ceiling . c) Blew
a) Needs to paint d) To blow
b) Needs to be painting
c) Needs painting 42) They have had their friends
d) Is needed to paint a party.

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a) To have c) TV was watching

b) Have d) TV watched
c) Has
d) Had 50) I would like ice
cream.
43) They tried to escape a) Being eaten
. b) To be eaten
a) Being supervise c) To eat
b) Being to supervise d) Eaten
c) To supervise
d) Being supervised

44) This car . 51) Tom to the clinic.

a) Needs to be cleaned a) Will be invited
b) Needs cleaned b) Will be inviting
c) Needs being cleaned c) Will to be invited
d) Needs to clean d) Will invite

45) This desk by my 52) We are going .

grandfather. a) To teach
a) Used to be used b) To be taught
b) Was used to be used c) To be teaching
c) Was used to be using d) Being taught
d) Used to be using
53) We are the house
46) This letter should painted.
. a) Having
a) Send b) Needing
b) Be sending c) Allowing
c) Sent d) Gotting
d) Be sent
54) My friends like
47) It in this English with a toilet.
restaurant. a) Being spoken
a) Doesn’t allow to smoke b) Speaking
b) Isn’t allow to smoke c) To be spoken
c) Isn’t allowed smoking d) Spoken
d) Doesn’t need smoking
55) We have our teacher
48) He me to know to us again.
that pretty girl. a) Explained
a) Was introduce b) To explain
b) Was introduced c) Explaining
c) Introduced d) Explain
d) Was being introduced
56) We were surprised that we did
49) every day. not to the reception.
a) I was watched TV a) Got invited
b) I watch TV b) Are invited

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c) Get invited d) To get that window mended

d) Were invited
59) .
57) One of my best friends just a) A story will be tell
. b) You will be told a story
a) Got marry c) You will be told to story
b) Got married d) A story will be told you
c) Was to marry
d) Was marrying 60) She has her brother
.
58) When are you going a) Look after
? b) Looked after
a) To be got that window mended c) To look after
b) To get that window mend d) Looking after
c) To have that window mend

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

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12 Tense Uses

Discuss the differences of the following sentences in meanings.

1) She works in the office every day.

2) She is working in the office now.
3) She has worked in the office since she was 16.
4) She has been working in the office for 2 years.
5) She worked in the office yesterday.
6) She was working in the office at eight o’clock yesterday.
7) She had worked in the office before I arrived.
8) She had been working in the office for 2 hours before I arrived.
9) She will work in the office next year.
10)She will be working in the office at eight o’clock tomorrow.
11)She will have worked in the office by the time she graduates.
12)She will have been working in the office for two years by the time she
graduates.

Complete the following sentences by using the appropriate tense with the
word “learn”
1) They English every day.

2) They English now.

3) They English since they were 10.

4) They English for 2 years.

5) They English with me yesterday.

6) They English at 9 o’clock yesterday.

7) They English with me before the teacher arrived.

8) They English with me at 8 o’clock by the time the teacher

arrived.

9) They English when they have money.

10) They at this time tomorrow.

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11) They English before I arrive.

12) They English for 1 hour before the teacher arrives.

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple Present Continuous

1) Habit 1. Happening now
 I always get up at 6:30 in the  She is speaking right now.
morning.  Dara and Rada are farting now.
 I usually take a bath before I go to  My students are studying English
school. with me today.
 She watches TV every day.

2) Truth 2. Activity happening around now

 The sun rises at the east.  Don’t take this book. My father is
 She closes her eyes when she is reading it.
asleep.  She is preparing for the final this
week.

3) True for a long time(permanent) 3. Temporary Activity

 They work in the office.  I don’t have a job so now I am
 She lives in Phnom Penh. looking for a job.
 Now I am living in Phnom Penh.

4) Time tables/Calendars/programs, 4. Future arrangement

schedules
 She is flying to Cambodia
 The plane starts at 8 o’clock in the tomorrow.
morning.  Are you playing football next week?
 Christmas is on a Tuesday next  They are visiting Takeo province
year. next year.
 Our meeting ends promptly at 4:30
P.M.

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5) State verbs 5. Annoying/Irritating Habits

know, realize, understand, recognize, (always, constantly, continually,

believe, feel, suppose, need, want, repeatedly, forever)
desire, love, like, appreciate, hate,
dislike, invite, envy, mind, care, astonish,  The boy is always asking me for
amaze, surprise, possess, own, belong, candies.
hear, seem, sound, resemble, look like,  He is continually telling other
owe, equal, exist, matter, consist of,
people what to do.
contain.
 When he leaves from school, he is
repeatedly throwing his bag on the
 Do you hear anything? bed.
 He doesn’t understand Japanese.
 She hates classical music.
 He will come to the party if you
invite him.

6) Adverbs of Frequency 6. A Gradual Change

 Always, usually, often, sometimes,  It is getting colder and colder.

rarely, seldom, never,  The test’s difficulty is increasing.
 Occasionally, once/twice a week,  My grandfather is getting older and
regularly, older.
 Every + day/ night/ week/year…

7. Time Expressions

 This/These +
week/day/year/weekend,
 Now, right now, look, at the
moment.

SPELLING:

Double
1) Forget 5) Refer 9) Forbid
forgetting referring forbidding
2) Admit 6) Permit 10) Control
admitting permitting controlling
3) Begin 7) Occur 11) Infer
beginning occurring inferred
4) Embed 8) Regret
embedding regretting

Not double

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1) Offer 4) Suffer 7) Answer

offering suffering answering
2) Gossip 5) Exit
gossiping exiting
3) Visit 6) Listen
visiting listening

Both double and Not Double

1. Travel travelling/traveling
2. Cancel cancelling/canceling
3. Worship worshipping /worshiping

 TASTE/THINK/HAVE/SMELL/SEE/LOOK/APPEAR/BE

“Be”
Are you hungry? Are/is/am
You are being foolish. Be = act

“Think”
I think you’re right. Think = believe(opinion)
I am thinking about this grammar. Think = consider

“Have”
He has a car. Have = own(possession)
He is having a good time. Have = spend(activity)
He is having a bath. Have a bath = take a bath
He is having breakfast. Have = eat

“Taste”
This soup tastes delicious. Taste = have a particular flavor
My mother is tasting the soup she has Taste = eat
made.

“Smell”
This room smells bad. Smell = have a particular smell
My friend is smelling the aroma of the Smell = notice
flower.

“See”
He sees those pictures clearly. See = catch sight of; understand
He is seeing the zoo. See = visit; meet

“Look”
You look about twenty. Look = have a particular appearance;
seem
She is looking at herself in the mirror. Look = direct one’s eyes; see

“Appear”

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My parents appear unhappy. Appear = seem

The most famous singer is appearing on Appear = begin to be seen; perform
the stage.
Past Simple and Past Continuous
Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple
1) To express an action 1) To express an action 1) To express an
which happened and which was happening at a action which had
finish at a specific time in specific time in the past happened before
the past  I was watching TV at eight another action or
 I watched TV last night. o’clock yesterday. time in the past
 Rady dreamt about a ghost  She was dancing with me  I was happy because
yesterday. this time last year. I had met her.
 When I got home,
2) To express a past habit 2) To be interrupted by she had gone to
 When I was young, I past simple sleep.
always played football.  While I was sleeping, she
 She used to swim in the laughed. 2) By the
toilet when she was 6.  He farted loudly while we time/before/by
were studying in the class. -By/before + time, past
3) To interrupt past perfect
continuous 3) To express an action -By the time /before+
 While I was studying which was happening at past simple, + past
English, she arrived. the same time in the past perfect
 They called him while he  While I was sleeping, my  I had arrived home
was taking a bath. mother was cooking. by 10 o’clock.
 She was taking a bath  By the time she
while her brother was arrived home, she
typing his computer. had already left.
 He had already left
by the time she
arrived home.

 When we tell a story, we often use the Past Continuous to describe a

background scene and the Past Simple for events and actions.
I was standing outside the bus station. It was getting late and I was feeling tired.
I was waiting for a man called Tom. Suddenly, a woman came round the corner and
walked right up to me. Then, she asked me whether I was Mr. Tom.

Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple

Present Perfect Simple Past Simple
1) To express an action which 1.To express an action which
happened in the past to the present happened and finished in the past
and can continue to the future  I was ill.
 He broke his arm.
 I have been ill for 3 days.
 I have lived here since I was 7. 2.To talk about an action which has a
specific time in the past

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2) To express an action which  He arrived at 5 minutes ago.

just/recently happened  She talked with me yesterday.
 Rady has just written it.
3.To describe an action which has
 There has been an accident.
recently happened by telling in
details(how and when)
3) To express an action which  There has been an accident. At
happened at an unspecific time in about 1 pm, one man was killed
the past while he was crossing…
 He has arrived.
 They have loved me. 4.To talk about past habit
 I always got up at 5:300 when I was
4) To express results a child.
 Who has stolen my money?  She used to help me when I had
(Result-----lost) problems.
 They have killed him. (Result----die)
 I am sad because he has died.

5) To talk about experience in our

life
 I have been to Siem Reap twice.
 She has won Oscar Prize once.

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

1) Focus on good results 1) Focus on bad results
 My car is clean because I have washed it.  Her clothes are wet. She
 I have done my homework so I am very has been cleaning her dog.
happy.  He is tired. He has been
running.
2) Focus on completion(how much/how
often/how many times/things) 2) Focus on activity
 I have read three books this morning.  I have been doing my
 She has won the game three times. accounts all day.
 She has been working in the
3) Focus on permanent situations office all morning.
 People have eaten less meat for the last
over 20 years. 3) Focus on
 I have lived here since I was young. continuation/duration(ho
w long)
4) Short action verbs  I have been reading for 3
Start, find, lose, begin, stop, break, die, hours this morning.
decide, cut, arrive, kill…  She has been teaching
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 I have found this good movie since 4 English for 2 years.

o’clock.
 She has killed her husband. 4) Focus on temporary
situations
5) Other verbs(being, possessing,  People have been eating
feeling) less meat recently because
Be, consist of, contain, exist, belong to, of the crisis.
have, own, include, lack, possess, adore,  My students have been
desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, sleeping since 7 o’clock.
like, love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want,
wish. 5) Duration verbs
 She has been a student for 4 years. Wait, stay, learn, sit, lie,
 He has adored his brother very much. snow…
 This book has included 3 pivotal points.  They have been waiting for
her.
6) Time Expressions  I have been staying with my
 For the past/last three weeks/years… aunt since I was a child.
 In the previous week/month…
 Already/yet/never/always/ever/just 6) Other verbs
Learn, study, live, work,
smoke…can be used both Present
Perfect Simple and Present
Perfect Continuous
 I have been living here for 3
years.
 I have lived here for 3
years.

7) Time Expressions
 All morning, all day, all
night…

Compare the following sentences

A. I have washed my car. (Now my car is clean)---good results

B. I have been washing my car. (Now I am wet)---bad results

A. I have written a book. (completion)

B. I have been writing a book. (continuation)

A. I have drunk coffee. (empty)

B. I have been drinking coffee. (little)

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Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

1) To show clearly that one past event 1) To express the action which was
happened before another past event extended or repeated, taking place
before a particular point in the past
2) After/before
 After + subject + had + Verb3,  He had been driving without a break
subject + Verb2 for several hours when the accident
 After + subject + verb2, subject + happened.
verb2  The family had been living in the house
for years before they noticed the bulge
 Before + subject + verb2, subject + in the wall.
had + verb3
 Before + subject + verb2, subject +
verb2

3) Verbs of thinking: think, know, be

sure, realize, remember, suspect,
understand…

 I thought I’d seen the film before, but I

hadn’t.
 David knew he’d seen her somewhere
before.
 Ellen was sure she hadn’t locked the
door.
 When I got home I realized I’d lost my
wallet.
 The inspector suspected that the thief
had used a special key.

Future Simple
Will Going to
1) To express an assumption 1) Plans and intentions(have already
Who knocks the door? That will be Tom decided to do something)
at the door.  I’m going to do lots of work this
evening.
2) To express immediate decision  After I finish University, I’m going
The phone is ringing. I will answer it. to travel all over Europe.

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3) To express future beliefs, opinions, 2) To express prediction(have present

hopes and prediction(no present evidence)
evidence/based on thinking/feeling)  Look out! Those books are going to
I think it will rain tomorrow. fall.
 Can you see that black cloud? It is
4) Note: perhaps, probably, definitely, going to rain.
hope, think, I’m not sure-----will

5) Note:
She will probably come with us tonight.
She probably won’t come with us
tonight.

Future Continuous

Uses:
1. Sure to happen (habits)
I will be meeting her at 2 p.m.

2. Plan (polite)
Where will you be going tonight?

3. Happening in the future at a specific time

I will be watching TV at 8 p.m. tonight.

Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Continuous
1) To express the action which will 1) To express the action which will be
happen and complete before another happening before another action in
action in the future the future.
By 10 tonight, I will have slept in the bed. By she arrives home, I will have been
reading a book for 2 hours.

 Time Expression
 By + time
 By the time + present simple future perfect simple and future perfect
continuous
 In two years’ time---Future Perfect Simple

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 Note:
 Future Perfect Simple------------ Complete action
 Future Perfect Continuous-------How long(Duration)
Practice

Choose the option A, B, C or D that best complete each sentence below.

1. Why are you late? He __________ for you in the living room.
A. waits B. is waiting C. was waiting D.
waited

2. They __________ in Cambodia for 25 years. They are now 25 years old.
A. live B. lived C. have been living D. had
been living

3. I __________ here last night because I was tired.

A. don’t come B. hadn’t come C. haven’t come D. didn’t come

4. While I was riding home, I __________ a very big dog.

A. had seen B. saw C. have saw D.
see

5. We __________ a house in Phnom Penh. We love it very much.

A. have had B. have C. had D. was
having

6. When I was young, I __________ football every day.

A. was playing B. played C. play D. had played

7. He was sad because he __________ all his money.

A. had lost B. lost C. has lost D. loses

8. She is unhappy because he __________ his motorbike.

A. loses B. lost C. had lost D. has lost

9. A Joy __________ (married) by the time she goes to live in Australia.

A. will gets B. will be getting C. has got D. will have
got

10. A Meng __________ English for 2 years.

A. studies B. is studying C. has been studying D.
was studying

11. Chhay __________ (be) lazy since he was born.

A. was B. has been C. is D. had been

12. We __________ the robber by 12 tonight.

A. have arrested B. will arrest C. will be arresting D. will
have arrested
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13. She is a good cooks. She __________ very well.

A. cooks B. is cooking C. was cooking D. cooked

14. She was upset because her dog __________.

A. has died B. had died C. died D. dies

15. Teacher, I __________ harder.

A. will work B. will be working C. will have worked D. will have
been working

16. Sros is a good girl. Everybody __________ her.

A. likes B. is liking C. has liked D. liked

17. Her eyes are red. She __________.

A. cries B. was crying C. has been crying D. has
cried

18. His eyes were red. He __________.

A. had cried B. was crying C. cried D. had
been crying

19. Kimleng is a good person. She __________ the truth.

A. is always telling B. always tells C. always told D.
was always telling

20. If you don’t work harder, you __________ the test.

A. will pass B. will have passed C. will be passing D. will have
been passing

21. The ground is wet. It __________.

A. has been raining B. rains C. had been raining D. has
rained

22. She is not in the class. She __________ absent for three days.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had
been

23. They __________ football for 2 hours by the time it started to rain.
A. had been playing B. had played C. played D. was playing

24. While we __________ football, it started to rain.

A. were playing B. played C. play D. will
have played

25. “I don’t understand this exercise. Can you explain to me?” “That’s OK. I
__________you.”
A. will be helping B. help C. will have helped D.
will help

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26. We are happy. We __________ a good family.

A. have B. have had C. are having D. had

27. My hands are dirty. I __________ my car.

A. have painted B. have been painting C. paint D.
painted

28. Their hands were dirty. They __________ my motorbike.

A. have repaired B. had repaired C. had been repairing D. have
been repairing

29. I am busy. I __________ to finish my homework.

A. want B. am wanting C. wanted D. had wanted

30. By the time she __________ home, I __________ some food for her.
A. arrived/will have cooked B. arrives/will have been cooking
C. arrives/will be cooking D. arrives/will have cooked

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Tense Practice

Choose the option A, B, C or D that best complete each sentence below.

1) The band live in B. Have been working

Paris this summer. C. Had been working
A. Will form D. Will have been working
B. Will be forming
C. Will have been forming 4) She the beautiful
D. Form girl for the past few years.
A. Had been
2) In two years’ time I this B. Has been
boo. C. Was
A. Will have finished D. Will be
B. Will have been finishing
C. Have finished 5) I with you for the last
D. Had finished twenty three years.
A. Have been suffering
3) By the end of the month, I B. Had suffered
for this firm for a year. C. Am suffering
A. Have worked D. Have suffered
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11) He was not fortunate enough to

6) I think you and live see her who behind
to see many more rich young men. the curtains.
A. Are going to recover A. Hides
B. Will recover B. Was hiding
C. Had cover C. Has hid
D. Will have recovered D. Is hiding

7) When he was young, Mr. Dara 12) I was sitting near her while her
the mistake of falling in parents in the hall.
love with a pretty but foolish young A. Danced
woman. B. Were dancing
A. Had made C. Dance
B. Will make D. Are dancing
C. Will have made
D. Was making 13) You know how I
dancing with a partner I don’t know.
A. Hated
8) During the long years of their B. Hate
marriage, he time to C. Am hating
regret his mistake. D. Had hated
A. Have had
B. Will have 14) I this book all
C. Was going to have morning. Therefore, I am very tired.
D. Had had A. Have read
B. Had read
9) His experience him C. Am reading
rather bitter before he knew her. D. Have been reading
A. Have made
B. Have been making 15) They with us next
C. Had made week.
D. Will make A. Will live
B. Will be lived
10) As politeness required, Mr. C. Will be living
Sophea to visit me a D. Have lived
few days later.
A. Was coming 16) She this with her
B. Will come good friend when I entered the room.
C. Had come A. Discussed
D. Came B. Was discussing
C. Has discussed
D. Has been discussing

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17) They for the news

anxiously before we arrived. 19) Look! The car hit
A. Have been waiting the tree.
B. Had waited A. Is going to
C. Had been waiting B. Will
D. Will have been waiting C. Will be hitting
D. Has been hitting
18) I would never have agreed to
marry her unless he a 20) I this interesting
considerable amount of money movie for an hour by the time you
immediately. arrive.
A. Have been paid A. Will have watched
B. Had been paid B. Will have been watching
C. Is paid C. Will be watching
D. Was paid D. Will watch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Gerunds and Infinitives

There are two kinds of infinities: bare infinitive and to-infinitive.

A. Bare infinitive

1) After let and make (be made to do)

Don’t let them come here.
She made her brother study hard.

2) After modal verbs

She can speak English fluently.
They will help you.

3) After would rather, had better

I would rather work on the land than in a factory.
We had better leave now.
They would rather not go there.
She had better not come here.
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4) After why? /Why not?

Why come here tomorrow?
Why not play football at the Royal University of Phnom Penh this weekend?

5) After have sb
I had Dara cook dinner.

6) After except/but
She does nothing except blame all the students.

B. Bare infinitive or To-infinitive

a) After help and know + bare infinitive or to-infinitive Forms

 HELP  Help sb do/to do
She helped me to fill in this form.  Help do/to do
She helped me fill in this form.  Help sb not to do
Be helped to do
She helped children not to worry about their finaltest.
 Help sb be done
They helped build the house.
 Help sb to be done
They helped to build the house.
 I helped me to be cured.
It helped me to be cured.  Help + (obj) + do/to do
They were helped to overcome their fear of flying.
This treatment will help him to be cured.

 KNOW
 Know sb to do
 Have known sb to do/do
 Be known to do
 Know + obj + infinitive

They knew me to be late.

 Know (perfect) + obj + (to) infinitive
I have never known her (to) be late before.
We've never known her not (to) be late before.
 In passive, "to" is obligatory
He was known to have/to have had a big house.

b) Infinitive joined by AND, BUT, EXCEPT, OR and THAN

("To" is usually dropped before the second infinitive)

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Which would you prefer: to win a million pound or get married to a beautiful wife?
I'd like to be flying over the Alps and (to be) looking down at the mountain.
She'd like to have been offered the job and (to have been) given the opportunity
to prove myself?

C) The Bare Infinitive or the Gerund

a) Verbs of perception (watch, hear, smell) + V-ing

I heard crying.
I watch playing football.
We could hear shouting in the distance.
People can stand on this platform and watch building in progress.

b) Verbs + obj + bare infinitive/gerund (feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice,
observe, perceive, see, smell, watch)

I hear you laugh.(complete)

I hear you laughing.(in the middle)
She saw him run across the street.(complete)
She saw him running across the street.(in the middle)

 In the passive, Verbs + obj + past participle/being + past participle

I saw him being taken away by the police.
See sb + Verb3
I saw him taken away by the police.
See + sb + being + Verb3
I saw her being beaten.
I saw her beaten.
C) Have + obj + bare infinitive/gerund
I have Sok paint my house.(causing another person to do sth)
I will have you speaking English in six months. (the results we are aiming at)
The film soon had us crying .

Have + obj + believe/know

I can't imagine what he'll have you believe next.
I'll have you know that I'm a qualified engineer.

Won't/can't + have + obj + gerund(circumstances we are not prepared to

tolerate)
I can't have you speaking like that about your father.
D) To-infinitive
To do
I come here to meet my princess.

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In order to do
She plays tennis in order to be healthy.

So as to do
They wrote a letter so as to ask for some money.
He is so hard-working as to win a scholarship.
She walks so quickly as to reach the class on time.

In order that + sub + can/might/will/would + verb

I bought a second car in order that my wife might learn to drive.

So that + subj + can/could/might/will/would + verb

We study English so that we can find a good job.

 NEGATIVE

Not to do, so as not to do, in order not to do

I shut the window not to let the air in.

I shut the door quietly so as not to wake the baby.
She studies hard so as not to fail the final exam.
They help me in order not to make me hopeless.

 Use of "to"
a) as the complement of verb to be
Your mistake was to write that letter.

b) be active in form but passive in meaning

Who is to blame?(who is to be blamed?)
This house is to let.(this house is to be let)
c) have no choice but to do sth
I have no choice but to accept it.

d) "not to" can be used to refer to alternatives

I went to France not to study French, but to study architecture.
I buy a car not to boast, but to drive to work.

e) only/never + to do/to be done

He returned after the war,(only) to be told that his wife had left him.(and was told)
She left home, never to return.
He left home, never to be seen again.

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f) To-infinitive refers to the future/an imaginary past

I would like to see that film.
I would like to have seen that film.
I would have liked to see that film.
I would have liked to have seen that film.

E) Split infinitive
I want you to read clearly that last sentence. (wrong)
I want you to read that last sentence clearly. (right)

To do obj + adv

F) Infinitives
a) Verb + to-infinitive
afford, hesitate, aim, apply, decline, fail, hasten, hurry, long, manage, offer, prepare,
refuse, seek, shudder(to think), strive, struggle, agree, appear, arrange, beg, care,
claim, consent, decide, demand, deserve, expect, hope, learn, plan, pretend, promise,
seem, swear, tend, threaten, volunteer, want, wait, wish, know how, intend

She refuses to help me.

I shudder to think what my parents will say when I tell them I've failed my exams.

b) Verb + optional object + to-infinitive

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help, intend, like, love, need, prefer, prepare,
promise, want, wish.

 I want to speak to the manager.

 I want you to speak to the manager.

c) Verb + compulsory object + to-infinitive

advise, allow, assist, bribe, cause, caution, challenge, dare(ask), charge, command,
compel, condemn, defy, drive(compel), enable, encourage, entitle, forbid, force,
impel, implore, incite, induce, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade,
press/urge, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, warn.

 I advised you to leave.(active)

 You are advised to leave.(passive)

 It takes + object + to-infinitive

It took me 20 minutes to arrive here.

d) Verb + object + to be

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acknowledge, assume, believe, calculate, consider, declare, discover, estimate, fancy,

feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, maintain, proclaim, prove, reckon, see, show,
suppose, take(presume), think, understand.

I consider him to be one of the best authorities in the country.

e) Verbs (passive)
He is thought to be kind.
He is thought to have been killed in an air crash.
He is believed to have raped the victim.
He is said to love a girl.
He is said to have loved a girl.

f) Verbs + there to be
(believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, understand, want and wish)
I expect there to be a big response to our advertisement.

G) Gerunds
a) Verbs + gerunds
admit, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest,
discontinue, dislike, dispute, endure, enjoy, entail, escape, excuse, explain, fancy,
feel like, finish, forgive, can't help, hinder, imagine, involve, keep, loathe, pardon,
postpone, practice, prevent, recall, report, resent, resist, risk, suggest, understand.

I don't fancy going for a walk in the rain.

Imagine not knowing the answer to such an easy question.

b) want, need, require + gerund(= to be done)

He needs encouraging.(= he needs to be encouraged)

c) verb + (possessive) + v-ing

appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, enjoy, postpone, risk and suggest.
I really appreciate your helping us.
I avoid my blaming you.
I denied Dara's suggesting for suspension.

e) Expression + V-ing

 Have fun/have a good time + V-ing

We had fun playing tennis.
They have a good time swimming the sea.

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 Have trouble/have difficulty/have a hard time/have a difficult time + V-

ing
I had trouble finding his house.
They have difficulty getting to sleep.

 Spend time/waste time + v-ing

She wasted much time thinking about her irresponsible husband.
My parents spend a long hour discussing my marrying him.

Practice
Choose the option A, B, C or D that best complete each sentence below.

1) Don’t let them here

a) comes 6) Why here tomorrow?
b) coming a) coming
c) come b) to come
d) to come c) came
d) come
2) She can English
fluently. 7) football at the Royal
a) speak University of Phnom Penh this
b) speaking weekend?
c) to speak a) why no play
d) speaks b) why don't play
c) why not play
3) I would rather on the d) why not playing
land than in a factory.
a) not working 8) I had Dara dinner.
b) work a) had Dara cooked
c) to work b) had Dara to cook
d) worked c) had Dara cooking
d) had Dara cook
4) They there.
a) don't would rather go 9) She does nothing except
b) would rather not go all the students.
c) would rather no go a) blame
d) would not rather go b) blames
c) blaming
5) She here. d) to blame
a) didn't have better come
b) hadn't better come 10) She helped me in
c) had better not to come this form.
d) had better not come a) fills

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b) fill
c) to filling 17) I hear you .
d) filled a) laughed
b) laugh
11) She helped me in c) to laugh
this form. d) being laugh
a) to fill
b) filling 18) She saw him
c) to fills across the street.
d) fills a) runs
b) running
12) They helped the c) to run
house. d) ran
a) building
b) builds 19) I have Sok my
c) build house.
d) to build a) painted
b) painting
13) They knew me . c) to paint
a) late d) paint
b) to be late
c) being late 20) The film soon had us
d) to being late .
a) cry
b) crying
14) He a big house.
c) to cry
a) was known to have had d) being cry
b) was knowing to have had
c) was knew to have 21) I come here my
d) knows to have had princess.
a) meeting
15) Which would you prefer: to b) to meet
win a million pound or c) met
married to a beautiful wife? d) having met
a) getting
b) get 22) He is win a
c) to getting scholarship.
d) gets a) so hard-working as to
b) hard-working as to
16) I watch football. c) so hard-working to
a) play d) as hard-working as to
b) to play
c) playing 23) They help me
d) played make me hopeless.
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a) in order no to c) to clearly read that last sentence

b) as so not to d) clearly to read that last sentence
c) in order not to
d) in order that to 30) She refuses
24) Your mistake was me.
that letter. a) helping
a) writing b) help
b) to write c) being helped
c) write d) to help
d) being write
31) I what my
25) Who is ?(who is parents will say when I tell them
to be blamed?) I've failed my exams.
a) to blame a) shudder to thinking
b) to blaming b) shudder thinking
c) blame c) shudder of thinking
d) being blame d) shudder to think

26) I have no choice but 32) I want you to the

it. manager.
a) accept a) spoken
b) to accepting b) speak
c) accepting c) to speak
d) to accept d) speaking

27) I buy a car not to boast, but 33) You to leave.

to work. a) advised
a) driving b) are advised
b) to drive c) are advise
c) being driven d) advising
d) drive
34) It took me 20 minutes
28) He left home, here.
again. a) arriving
a) no to see b) which arrived
b) never to be seen c) to arrive
c) never to see d) arrive
d) not to see
35) I consider him one
29) I want you of the best authorities in the
. country.
a) to read clearly that last sentence a) to be
b) to read that last sentence clearly b) be
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c) being b) encouraged
d) as being c) encouraging
d) to be encourage
36) He a girl.
a) said to love 41) I really appreciate
b) is said to love .
c) is saying to love a) you help me
d) is said to being loved b) your help me
c) your helping I
37) He is thought d) your helping me
in an air crash.
a) to have been killed 42) We had fun
b) to have killed tennis.
c) to being killed a) playing
d) to having been kill b) to play
c) to playing
38) I expect a big d) being played
response to our advertisement.
a) there to is 43) I had trouble his
b) there to be house.
c) there be a) found
d) there being b) find
c) to find
39) I don't fancy for d) finding
a walk in the rain.
a) to go 44) She wasted much time
b) going about her irresponsible
c) to going husband.
d) go a) on thought
b) thinking
40) He needs . c) to be thought
a) being encouragement d) to think

Write Your Answers Here:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

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Gerund and Present Participle

Most students cannot distinguish the differences between gerund and present
participle. Their differences are discussed as follows.

GERUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

1. Subject of a verb 1. To form the continuous tense.
Swimming is good for health. She is swimming.
2. Object of a verb 2. As an adjective
She loves listening to the music. Your boring speech made me tired.
3. Object of a preposition 3. After have/catch/find/leave + obj
I'm keen on reading books. We caught him stealing the wallet.
I find Rady sleeping.
4. Predicate nominative 4. After verbs of
Seeing is believing. sensation(notice/hear/see)
 S + linking verb + We heard him talking to her.
v-ing/noun/pro/adj(subject
complement)
5. In short prohibitions 5. After go/come/be busy/waste
No urinating! time/spend time
 No + v-ing They went skilling last year.
She was busy doing her homework.
6. In compound nouns 6. Reduced adjective clause
It's a reading book. The man who blamed you is here.
 The man blaming you is here.
You've arrived at the drop of a hat,
making me surprised.
7. In appositive 7. Reduced adverb clause
I want to develop my skill, reading. After I met my princess for the first time,
I decided to marry her.
 After meeting my princess for the
first time, I decided to marry her.
8. After possessive case 8. Nominative absolutes(to express
We're waiting for your answering the causes and effects)
question. The day being cloudy, I decided to stay
at home.
Because the weather is good, I feel
happy.
 The weather being good, I feel
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happy.
Because your dog barked every night, I
couldn't sleep.
 Your dog barking every night, I
couldn't sleep
9. After it's no good/use/it's worth
It's no good talking with him.

 Time for Analyzing

1. Boring speech: the speech which 4. Interesting books: the books which
makes sb bored make sb interested
2. Reading books: the books which are 5. Frightening movies: the movies which
used for reading make sb frightened
3. Parking lot: the lot is used for parking 6. Swimming pool: the pool which is
used for swimming
Practice
Decide whether the following sentences are GERUND (G) or PRESENT
PARTICIPLE (P)
1. After meeting my princess for the first time, I decided to marry her.
2. I find Rady sleeping.
3. I want to develop my skill, reading.
4. I'm keen on reading books.
5. It's a reading book.
6. It's no good talking with him.
7. No urinating!
8. Seeing is believing.
9. She is swimming.
10. She loves listening to the music.
11. She was busy doing her homework.
12. Swimming is good for health.
13. The day being cloudy, I decided to stay at home.
14. The man blaming you is here.
15. The weather being good, I feel happy.
16. They went skilling last year.
17. We caught him stealing the wallet.
18. We heard him talking to her.
19. We're waiting for your answering the question.
20. Your boring speech made me tired.
21. Your dog barking every night, I couldn't sleep
22. You've arrived at the drop of a hat, making me surprised.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

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Decide whether the following sentences are GERUND (G) or PRESENT

PARTICIPLE (P)
1. My friend has made a boring speech at the party.
2. There are many reading books at the library.
3. It is a parking lot in my school.
4. I want to buy that interesting book.
5. Do you like watching frightening movies?
6. Let's go to the swimming pool.
7. A car driving in rain can cause us to have an accident.
8. He has a tiring face.
9. I am very thirty. Do you have drinking water?
10. It is a beautiful sitting room.
11. I have trouble dealing with that mathematics.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1
0 1

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Parts of Speech

There are 8 kinds of parts of speech:

1. Noun 5. Preposition
2. Verb 6. Pronoun
3. Adjective (determiner) 7. Conjunction
4. Adverb 8. Interjection
Noun: is a word used as the name of person, place, animal or thing.
 A cow, tom, New York City, a book…

Verb: is a word used to say Sth about person, place or thing or to show action of
them.
 Cook, think, learn, sleep, anticipate, stroll…

Adjective: is a word used to modify a noun.

 Good student, expensive book, cute girl, strict teacher, many people, a pen…

Adverb: is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, participles, prepositions, or an

adverb.
 She pronounced the word quite correctly.
 They walked slowly to the toilet.
 He is very handsome.
 We arrived at the airport shortly before noon.
 It was a rapidly changing situation.
 She wore a brightly colored scarf.

 Sometimes adverbs are used at the beginning of sentences, usually followed by

a comma. These adverbs sometimes modify the entire sentence rather than one
word in the sentence.
 Generally, I like my classes.
 Usually, my teacher's explanation is interesting.
 Yesterday, I went to my grandparents' hometown.

Preposition: is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show a relation from one
word to another.
 I am waiting for her.

Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.

 Dara is a student. He studies English at IFL. It is located in Phnom Penh city.

Conjunction: is a word used to join words or sentences.

 You should try to study, or you will fail the exam.
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Interjection: is a word which expresses some sudden feelings.

 Harrah! We have won the game.
 Alas! She is dead.
REPORTED SPEECH
STATEMENTS

TENSES

Present simple  Past Simple

Ex. “I live in Phnom Penh.”  He said he lived in Phnom Penh.

Present Continuous  Past Continuous

Ex. “I’m learning to drive.”  She said she was learning to drive.

Present Perfect  Past Perfect

Ex. “We have finished work.”  They said they had finished work.

Past Simple  Past Perfect

Ex. “I arrived home at 3 pm.” He said he had arrived home at 3 pm.

Past Continuous  Past Perfect Continuous

Ex. “I was walking home.”  He said he had been walking home.

Past Perfect  Past Perfect

Ex. “I had done it.”  She said she had done it.

will  would

Ex. “The doctor will come.”  She said the doctor would come.

must  had to

Ex. “You must do it now.”  She said I had to do it.

can  could

Ex. “We can do it.”  They said they could do it.

may  might

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Ex. “I may not feel like it.”  She said she might not feel like it.

might/ought to/should/would  might/ought to/should/would

Ex. “I ought to prepare it.”  She said she ought to prepare it.

PRONOUNS

I  he or she

Ex. “I feel tired.”  She said she felt tired.

we  they

Ex. “We’re going soon.”  They said they were going soon.

you  I

Ex. “You don’t look very well.”  He said I didn’t look very well.

you  me/us.

Ex. “I’ll give you a ring.”  She said she would give me/us a ring.

me  her/him

Ex. “They’re coming to see me soon.” He/She said they were coming to
see him/her soon.

TIME REFERENCES

next week/year  the following week/year/the week/year after

last month/year  the previous month/year/the month/year before

tomorrow  the next/following day

yesterday  the day before/the previous day

now  then/at that time

a week ago  a week earlier/before

today  that day

tonight  that night

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the day after tomorrow  in two days’ time

this/that/these/those  the

here  there

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE

A: Write the reported speech of the following statements.

1. “They live in Cambodia,” he said.

__________________________________________________________________
2. “We studied English at DPSC,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
3. “It is raining,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
4. “They have done the homework,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
5. “They were talking about the problem,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
6. “She went to visit Angkor Wat temple,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
7. “It was snowing heavily,” they said.
_________________________________________________________________
8. “I had done the assignment,” they said.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “The doctor will come,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
10. “They must submit it,” the director said.
__________________________________________________________________
11. “She can speak Khmer very well,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
12. “They may tell the tourists,” the guide said.
_________________________________________________________________
13. “She should inform the police,” he said.

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_________________________________________________________________
14. “They might win,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
15. “I would incriminate the thief,” the witness confirmed.
_________________________________________________________________

B: Write the reported speech of the following statements.

1. “I feel happy,” she said.

__________________________________________________________________
2. “We will arrive soon,” they said.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “You are very happy,” He said.
_________________________________________________________________
4. “I will give you a ring,” she said.
_________________________________________________________________
5. “They are coming to see me soon,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________

A: Write the reported speech of the following statements.

1. “I am going to get married next year,” she said.

___________________________________________________________________
2. “We met Mr. A last month,” they said.
_________________________________________________________________
3. “I will talk to her tomorrow,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
4. “She is talking on the phone now,” said Dara.
_________________________________________________________________
5. “They got married a week ago,” said Tevi.
_________________________________________________________________
6. “We might finish the assignment today,” said the students.

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_________________________________________________________________
7. “I am seeing her tonight,” said Dara.
_________________________________________________________________
8. “We will sit here,” they said.
_________________________________________________________________
9. “She didn’t phone the police yesterday,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
10. “She graduated last week,” he said.
_________________________________________________________________
REPORTED SPEECH

A. Write the indirect speech of the following sentences.

1. “I am leaving you,” he said.

__________________________________________________________________________
2. “Where will you go?” he asked.”
__________________________________________________________________________
3. “Do you love me?” he asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. “Do it now,” he said.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. “I spend three hours reading books a day,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. “I may not feel well,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. “Can they swim?” she asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
8. “Please read the following sentences carefully,” he said to Dara.
__________________________________________________________________________
9. “I must see you again,” she asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
10. “Could you lend me ten dollars?” she asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
11. “Don’t read this magazine,” she said her brother.
__________________________________________________________________________
12. “I saw her yesterday,” he said.
__________________________________________________________________________
13. “Stay here until tomorrow,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
14. “When are you coming back?” they asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
15. “What did she buy?” she asked me.
__________________________________________________________________________
16. “I will go now,” said Dara.
__________________________________________________________________________

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17. “She arrived two minutes ago,” he said.

__________________________________________________________________________
18. “I have studied English for three days,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
19. “I read it last night,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
20. “Please try to study,” she said to me.
__________________________________________________________________________
21. “Do you know him?” she asked.
__________________________________________________________________________
22. “What had you bought?” they asked me.
__________________________________________________________________________
23. “Who’s this letter from?” he asked Sok.
__________________________________________________________________________
24. “She was reading a book,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________________
B. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D to complete the sentences below.

1. I asked her _____________.

A. what is the answer B. what the answer
C. what was the answer D. what the answer was

2. Can you tell me _____________?

A. what that is B. what it is that C. what that be D. what is that

3. Do you remember _____________?

A. when is her birthday B. when her birthday is
C. when her birthday D. when be her birthday

4. I told them _____________.

A. did not go there B. to not to go there C. they not go there D. not to
go there

5. He asked me _____________.
A. what is my name B. what was my name C. what my name was D. what
my name be

6. I warned him _____________.

A. to be not late B. don’t be late C. not to be late D. he is not late

7. I asked her _____________.

A. was she sure B. if she sure C. she was sure or not D. if she was sure

8. He said _____________.
A. he will study for the exam B. he would study for the exam
C. he had study for the exam D. he study for the exam

9. Joan asked _____________.

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A. if there was coffee B. there was coffee C. was there coffee D. where
was the coffee

10. Do you know _____________?

A. where did he gone B. where he went C. where he goneD. where did he go

11. He said, “I bring my book every day.”

A. he said that I brought my book every day.
B. He told that he brought my book every day.
C. He said to me to bring my book every day.
D. He said that he brought his book every day.

12. Jean said, “I’ll do it tomorrow.”

A. Jean said she would do it the next day.
B. Jean said she would it the day follows.
C. Jean said she would do it the day follows next.
D. Jean said she would do it tomorrow.

13. She said, “I am hungry.”

A. She said that she was hungry.
B. She said she hungry.
C She said she be hungry.
D. She said her was hungry.

14. She asked me, “What did you do last night?”

A. She asked me what I did last night.
B. She asked me what had I done last night.
C. She asked me what I had done the previous night.
D. She asked you what you had done the previous night.
C. Write the indirect speech of the following sentences.

1. “She is a good student,” he said.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. “I have done the homework,” she said.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. “They did the homework last night,” he said.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. “I was taking a bath,” he said.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. “We came here three minutes ago,” they said.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. “I will meet you next week,” she said.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. “I was tired, so I went to bed early last night,” he said.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. “Are you a teacher,” she asked.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. “How many books did you read last night,” he asked me.
_____________________________________________________________________

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10. “Please come here, Dara,” she said.

_____________________________________________________________________
11. “Could you tell me your name?” she said to me.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. “I am reading a book now,” she said.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. “Where have you been” asked Sok.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. “I am going to visit them today,” Sao said.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. “They have been watching TV for 2 hours,” she said.
_____________________________________________________________________
16. “Don’t do it again, Dara,” she said.
_____________________________________________________________________
17. “How long have you been waiting for me?” she asked.
_____________________________________________________________________
18. “Don’t blame her,” she said to Dara.
_____________________________________________________________________
19. “Did you play football yesterday?”
_____________________________________________________________________
20. “Could you tell me what your name is?” She asked me.
_____________________________________________________________________

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE

A: TENSE PRACTICE

1. “It is very hot,” he said.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
2. “Dara is reading a book,” she said.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
3. “Tevi went there alone,” they said.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
4. “They were having dinner,” said Dara.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
5. “Sok has done it already,” said Tevi.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
6. “The police had arrested the thief,” said the inspector.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
7. “Sao will write the letter,” said Tevi.

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_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
8. “She should tell them in advance,” said Sok.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
9. “It might rain,” they said.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
10. “They can type the computer,” said Sovan.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__

B: QUESTIONS

1. “What is your name,” he asked.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
2. “Are you tired?” she asked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
3. “Do you study English at DPSC?” he asked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
4. “Where do you live?” she asked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
5. “Were they lazy?” she asked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
6. “Why do you study English?” she asked me.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
7. “How did you finish your assignment last night?” asked Dara.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
8. “Is she late for school?” she asked.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__

C: COMMNAD, REQUEST

1. “ Please open the door please,” she talked to me.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
2. “Could you open the door, please?” she asked me.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
3. “Do not talk in the class?” she said to all the students.

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_______________________________________________________________________________________
__
4. “Tell me,” Dara talked to me.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE 1

Reported Speech Statement

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1.“Where do you live?” she asked.

A) She asked where I live. B) She asked where you lived.
B) She asked where I lived. D) She asked where did I live.

2. “Sok told me two minutes ago,” said Tevi.

A) Tevi said Sok had told me two minutes ago. B) Tevi said Sok had told her
two minutes earlier.
C) Tevi said Sok had told me two minutes before. D) Tevi said Sok told her two
minutes before.

3. “I will do it tonight,” he said.

A) He said he would do it tonight. B) He said he would do it that
night.
C) He said he will do it tonight. D) He said she would do it that night.

4. “They have bought you two rings,” they said.

A) They said they have bought me two rings. B) They said they had bought us
two rings.
C) They said they bought me two rings. D) They said they had bought us
rings earlier.

5. “She will meet me tomorrow,” said Sok.

A) Sok said she would meet me tomorrow.
B) Sok said she would meet him the previous day.
C) Sok said she would have met him the next day .
D) Sok said she would meet him the following day.

6. “They might buy this book for you,” he said.

A) He said they might have bought this book for me. B) He said they might buy
this book for me.
C) He said they might buy the book for me. D) He said they might buy the
book for her.

7. “We are talking about the problem now,” they said.

A) They said they were talking about the problem now.
B) They said we were talking about the problem at that time.

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C) They said they had been talking about the problem then.
D) They said they were talking about the problem at that time.

8. “They may inform the manager next month,” said Tevi.

A) Tevi said they may inform the manager the following month.
B) Tevi said they might inform the manager the month before.
C) Tevi said they might inform the manager the next month.
D) Tevi said they might inform the manager the month after.

9. “They had threatened us,” said the victims.

A) the victims said they had threatened us B) The victims said they
threatened us.
C) The victims said they had threatened them. D) The victims said they
threatened them.

10. “He was taking a bath,” she said.

A) She said he was taking a bath. B) She said she had been taking
a bath.
C) She said he had been taking a bath. D) She said he is taking a bath.

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE 2

Reported Speech Questions

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. “How are you?” She asks.

A) She asks how am I. B) She asks how was I.
B) She asks how I was. D) She asks how am I.

2. “How are you?” she asked.

A) She asked how I am. B) She asked how am I.
B) She asked how I was. D) She asked how I am.

3. “Where did you go last night?” Tevi asked me.

A) Tevi asked me where did I go last night.
B) Tevi asked me where I went last night.
B) Tevi asked me where had I gone the previous night.
D) Tevi asked me where I had gone the night before.

4. “What has he bought?” she asked.

A) She asked what he had bought. B) She asked what had he
bought.
B) She asked what has he bought. D) She asked what he had
bought.

5. “Are you tired?” he asked.

A) He asked I was tired. B) He asked if I was tired.

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C) He asked whether I was tired. D) He asked if I am tired.

6. “Do you study English at DPSC?” she asked.

A) She asked if I studied English at DPSC.
B) She asked if I studied English at DPSC or not.
B) She asked whether I had studied English at DPSC.
D) She asked whether I study English at DPSC or not.

7. “Did he arrive home after you had left school?” she asked.
A) She asked did he arrive home after you had left school.
B) She asked he had arrived home after I had left school.
C) She asked whether he had arrived home after I had left school.
D) She asked whether he had arrived home after I left school.

8. “Why are you late?” asked the teacher.

A) The teacher asked why I am late. B) The teacher asked why I was late.
C) The teacher asked if why I was late. D) The teacher asked whether I
was late.

9. “Were they angry with Tevi?” he asked.

A) He asked if they were angry with Tevi. B) He asked whether they were
angry with Tevi.
C) He asked if they had been angry with Tevi. D) He asked if had they been
angry with Tevi.

10. “Who told you?” she asked.

A) she asked who told me. B) She asked who had told me.
C) She asked who had told me. D) She asked whether you had told
who.

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE 3

Reported Command, Requests, Offer

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. “Sit down,” Said the lecturer.

A) The lecturer said sit down.
B) The lecturer told me to sit down.
B) The lecturer told sit down.
D) The lecturer said me to sit down.

2. “Could you close the door, Dara?” she asked.

A) She asked me to close the door.
B) She asked Dara could you close the door.
C) She asked Dara to close the door.
D) She told to Dara to close the door.

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3. “Shall we go to the riverside?” she suggested.

A) She suggested we shall go to the riverside.
B) She suggested to go to the riverside.
C) She suggested going to the riverside.
D) She suggested they shall go to the riverside.

4. “Don’t do it again,” he said to me.

A) He told to me not to do it again.
B) He said me not to do it again.
C) He told me to not do it again.
D) He told me not to do it again.

5. “Can you swim?” he asked me.

A) He asked me to swim.
B) He asked me if I can swim.
C) He told me to swim.
D) He asked if whether I could swim or not.

6. “Would you like some coffee?” She asked Dara.

A) She asked Dara if you would like some coffee.
B) She asked Dara some coffee.
C) She offered to give some coffee to Dara.
D) She told to Dara to give him some coffee.

7. “I will buy a new car for you,” she said to me.

A) She told to me she would buy a car for me.
B) She said me to buy a new car for me.
C) She promised to buy a new car for you.
D) She promised to buy a new car for me.

PHRASAL VERBS
 Uses of phrasal verbs

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We use phrasal verbs in three ways:

1. to describe an action literally. For example:

He went out of the room.
The neighbours have gone away on holiday.
Sit down and have some tea.
She walked past him without saying a word.
The majority of phrasal verbs are used in this way. All you need to know is what the
two words mean when considered separately. You shouldn't really have any problems
here. Or not many.

2. to intensify or emphasise an action. For example:

You're not going out until you've eaten up your dinner.
It's been pouring down with rain all day.
Don't fill it up completely! I only want a little.
He can add up easily but he can't subtract, multiply or divide.
This way of using phrasal verbs is less common. Sometimes the meaning is literal -
the rain pours down - and sometimes it isn't - you eat up your dinner. Obviously rain
pours down because of gravity. Eating up your dinner gives us the idea of finishing it
completely.

3. The non-literal uses are a bit difficult to explain and understand. However,
because verbs are used in this way to intensify or emphasize, the general
meaning is the same if you just use the verb alone (eat your dinner, pour
with rain, etc).
In other words, you'll have no problem understanding the verbs when you hear them.
as verbs with a special meaning. For example:
I'll look after the children if you want to go out.
I've applied for hundreds of jobs, but they always turn me down.
I had plans to go to university, but they fell through.
Her daughter was run over while playing in the street.
With these verbs, knowing what the individual parts mean doesn't help you to
understand. You need to learn the meanings of each verb as a whole.

 Verb types
There are four types of phrasal verbs. It might help you to know this, but equally it
might not. If you find it confusing, don't worry too much. There are various ways of
learning phrasal verbs, and knowing the specific type is not necessary.
However, knowing what type a verb is can be useful for two reasons. Firstly, it shows
you the grammatical construction, and secondly, some verbs can be more than one
type and change meaning accordingly.
The four types do not correspond to the uses I mentioned above. Each particular type
can include verbs with literal and non-literal meanings.

Type 1 verbs
These verbs don't have an object.
Examples:
The plane took off two hours late.
He left his wife and children and went away.

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There was a horrible smell in the fridge because the chicken had gone off.
All right, I don't know. I give up.
Because there's no object, you don't have to worry about where to put it!
The main difficulty is when a verb can be more than one type. For example, a plane
can take off (no object), but a person can take off a coat (with object). This second
example would not be a 'Type 1' verb.
Another problem is when a verb can have more than one meaning but remain the
same type. A chicken can go off, for example, which means it's old and bad and can't
be eaten. But a person can go off, too, which means the same as go away.

Type 2 verbs
These verbs have an object, and this object can go after the verb or between the two
parts of the verb.
Examples:
I must put up those shelves this weekend.
I must put those shelves up this weekend.
I must put them up this weekend.
I must put up them this weekend.
He turned off the TV and went to bed.
He turned the TV off and went to bed.
He turned it off and went to bed.
He turned off it and went to bed.
The council wants to knock down lots of old buildings.
The council wants to knock lots of old buildings down.
The council wants to knock them down.
The council wants to knock down them.
When you don't use a pronoun, it doesn't really matter where you put the object. We
generally put the object where it sounds better.
If the object is very long - it could include a relative clause, for example - it will
probably sound better after the verb.
If you use a pronoun, you have to put it between the two words of the verb.

Type 3 verbs
These verbs have an object, but the object must go after the verb. It doesn't matter
whether it's a pronoun or not.
Examples:
My sister takes after my mother.
My sister takes after her.
My sister takes my mother after.
My sister takes her after.
I'm looking for my credit card. Have you seen it?
I'm looking for it. Have you seen it?
I'm looking my credit card for. Have you seen it?
I'm looking it for. Have you seen it?

Type 4 verbs
These are the same as Type 3 verbs, but they have three words instead of two. The
object must go after the verb.
Examples:

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I'm looking forward to the holidays. Get on with your work!

I'm looking forward to them. Get on with it!
Do you get on with your neighbours?
Do you get on with them?

REQUESTS, PERMISSION, OFFERS, INVITATIONS

AND SUGGESTIONS

A: REQUESTS
To ask somebody to do something, we can you:

1. Can you……?
2. Could you……?
3. Could you possibly ……?
4. Do you think you could……?
5. Will you ……?
6. Would you ……?
7. I’d be grateful if you could ……?
8. I wonder if you could……

Ex. Can you wait a moment, please?

Ex. Could you tell me, please?
Ex. Do you think you could open the door?
Ex. I wonder if you could open the door.
Ex. I’d be grateful if you could open the door.

We can reply by agreeing to or refusing a request.

Agreeing:
1. Sure.
2. No problem.
3. Yes, of course.
4. Yes, certainly.
Refusing:
1. Actually, ……
2. I’m sorry but ……

We can also use requests with MIND.

Would you mind doing?

Ex. Would you mind closing the door?
To agree, we use:
1. No, of course not.
To refuse, we use:
1. Actually, ……
2. Well, ……
3. To be honest……
Ex. A: Would you mind opening the window?
B: Actually, I’m feeling quite cold.

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B: PERMISSION
To ask if we can do something we use, can, could, or may.

1. Can/Could/May I ……?
2. Is it all right if I ……?
3. I wonder if I could ……?

Ex. Could I change my ticket? Yes, of course.

May I help you?
Is it all right if I change my ticket?
I wonder if I could change my ticket?

To ask for permission, we can use:

1. Do you mind if I do sth?

2. Would you mind if I did sth?

Ex. A: Do you mind if I smoke?

B: No, of course not.

A: Would you mind if I smoked?

B: actually, I’d rather you didn’t.

To reply, we often repeat the modal in the reply, but notice that when we reply to
Could I….? we say can not could.

Ex. A: Can/Could I speak to you for a moment?

B: Yes, of course you can.

C: To ask for things, we use:

1. Can I ……?
2. Could I ……?
3. May ……?

Ex. Can I have those pictures, please?

Ex. Could you have some pepper, please?
Ex. May I have those books, please?

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D: OFFERS
To offer help, we use:
1. Can I ……?
2. Could I ……?
3. Shall I……?
4. Would you like me to ……?
5. I’ll ……
6. Let me ……
Ex. Shall I make a copy for you?
Would you like me to give you a lift?
I’ll give them a ring if you like.
Let me give you a hand.

To offer things, we use:

1. Would you like……?
2. Short phrases with choice.

Ex. Would you like some tea?

A: Anything to drink? Tea or coffee?
B: I’ll have coffee, please.

E: INVITATIONS
To invite somebody to do something, we use Would you like to……?

Ex. Would you like to come with us to the restaurant tonight?

To accept the invitation, we can use:

1. Thank you very much.
2. Thanks.
3. I’d appreciate that.
4. That’s very kind of you.

To Reject it, we can use:

1. That’s very kind of you, but ……

2. Thanks, but I can manage.

Ex. A: Would you like some milk?

B: Thank you very much.

F: SUGGESTIONS
To make a suggestion, we use:

1. We could……
2. Could we ……?

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3. I think we/you should ……

4. Shall we ……?
5. What about ……?
6. How about ……?
7. Couldn’t we ……?
8. Why don’t we ……?
9. Why not ……?
10. Why don’t you ……?

Ex. We could have a short break now.

I think we should have a short break now.
Let’s have a short break now.
What about having a short break now?
How about having a short break now?
Why don’t we try to renegotiate this part of the contract?
Why don’t you buy this business?

To accept any suggestion, we can use:

1. Yes, I think we should do that.
2. That’s a good idea.
3. Yes, let’s do that.

To reject it, we can use:

1. I’m not really sure about that.
2. That sounds like a good idea, but ……

Note:

1. What/How about doing ……?

2. Why don’t we do ……?
3. Why not do ……?
4. Let’s do ……

PRACTICE 1

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. Do you think you _____________a moment?

A. can wait B. could wait
C. can be waited D. could to wait

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2. I’d be grateful if you _____________on the air-conditioner.

A. can turn B. may turn
C. might turn D. could turn

3. I _____________ be grateful if you could turn down the volume.

A. will B. would
C. might D. could

4. _____________you tell me, please?

A. Can B. Might
C. May D. Why

5. Could you _____________ turn on the TV?

A. possibly B. feasibly
C. achievably D. reachably

6. I wonder if you _____________pass the salt.

A. can B. could
C. might D. may

7. Would you _____________ down the computer?

A. to shut B. shut
C. shutting D. to shutting

8. Would you mind _____________ the door?

A. to close B. closing
C. close D. to closing

9. A: Could you turn off the air-conditioner?

B: ____________
A: No, of course not. B. Actually
C. Yes, of course. D. Well.

10. A: Would you mind writing the letter?

B: ____________
A: No, of course not. B. Yes, of course.
C. No problem. D. Actually
PRACTICE 2

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. ____________I change my ticket?

A. Will B. Would
C. Could D. Can to

2. I wonder if I ____________ change my ticket.

A. can B. would
C. might D. could

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3. Is it all right I ____________ my ticket?

A. changed B. to change
C. changing D. change

4. ____________I help you?

A. Will B. Would
C. May D. Might

5. Do you mind if I ____________ here?

A. to smoke B. smoking
C. smoke D. smoked

6. Would you mind if I ____________ here?

A. smoked B. smoke
C. smoking D. to smoking

7. A: Could I speak to you for a moment?

B: ____________
A. Yes of course you could. B. Yes, of course you can.
C. Yes, of course you might. D. Yes, of course can you

8. A: Do you mind if I sit here?

B: ____________.
A. No problem B. No, of course not.
C. Actually D. Certainly

9. A: Would you mind if watched TV?

B: ____________.
A. No, of course not B. Actually, I’d rather you didn’t
C. Yes, please D. No, you wouldn’t

10. ____________I have some pepper, please?

A. Will B. Would
C. Might D. Could

PRACTICE 3

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. Shall I ____________a copy for you?

A. to make B. make
C. making D. to making

2. Would you like me ____________you a lift?

A. to give B. giving
C. give D. to gave

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3. Let me ____________you a hand.

A. to give B. give
C. giving D. to giving

4. I ____________ them a ring if you like.

A. will B. would
C. could D. might

5. ____________ you like some coffee?

A. Would B. Could
C. Will D. May

6. Would you like ____________out with us?

A. to go B. going
C. go D. to going

7. A: Would you like to do it with us?

B: ____________.
A. I’d appreciate that B. No, I wouldn’t
C. Yes, I would D. No, OK.

8. ____________make a cup of tea for you?

A. Shall B. May
C. Might D. Would

9. ____________ I cook some food for them?

A. Could B. Might
C. Would D. Will

10. ____________pour some water into the glass.

A. Shall I B. Can I
C. Could I D. Let me

PRACTICE 4

Choose the option A, B, C, or D that BEST completes each of the following

sentences.

1. We ____________ have a short break now.

A. might B. ought
C. could D. would
2. I think we ____________go fishing now.
A. should B. could
C. might D. would
3. What about ____________the countryside this weekend?
A. to visit B. visit
C. to visiting D. visiting
4. How about ____________with me tomorrow?
A. playing B. play

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C. to playing D. play
5. Why don’t we ____________now?
A. go B. going
C. went D. to go
6. Why not ____________this book?
A. to buying B. bought
C. buy D. buying
7. Let’s ____________the present together.
A. to wrap B. wrapping
C. wrap D. wrapped
8. Why don’t we ____________them now?
B: meet B. to meet
C. meeting D. to meeting
9. Why don’t you ____________ them?
A. tell B. telling
C. to telling D. told
10. ____________ watching this film now?
A. Let’s B. Shall we
C. How about D. Why

A) Misplaced Modifiers

A misplaced modifier seems to modify the wrong word in the sentence.

Misplaced Modifiers

The boy heard the telephone while taking a bath.

My princess saw a goose while driving along the river.
The campers slipped on the mossy rocks crossing the river.
Untended and overgrown since last summer, Marlene helped Keshia in her
garden.
Sarah won the jumping contest with her mother’s horse, wearing western riding
gear. Designed by Mr. Vanny, everyone liked the building.

To correct a misplaced modifier, place the modifying phrase as close as

possible to the word or words it modifies.

While taking a bath, the boy heard the telephone.

While driving along the river, my princess saw a goose.
The campers crossing the river slipped on the mossy rocks.
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Marlene helped Keshia in her garden, untended and overgrown since last
summer.
Wearing western riding gear, Sarah won the jumping contest with her mother’s
horse. Designed by Mr. Vanny, the building was liked by everyone.

Squinting Modifiers
A squinting modifier is a phrase or clause that appears to modify two words at
once.

Phaly heard upon her arrival that Vannet had been ill. (Squinting Modifier)
Upon her arrival, Phaly heard that Vannet had been ill. (Corrected Sentence)
Phaly heard that Vannet had been ill upon her arrival. (Correct Sentence)

Misplacing the adverb ONLY.

Virak only plays football in the garden. (Unclear)

Virak plays only football in the garden. (Clear)
Virak plays football only in the garden. (Clear)
Only Virak plays football in the garden. (Clear)

B) Dangling Modifiers

A dangling modifier does not modify any word in the sentence because the
word it should modify has been omitted from the sentence.

Trying out the new exercise equipment, the new gym is a great improvement
over the old one. Trying out the new exercise equipment, Mary said that the new
gym is a great improvement over the old one.

Playing football all afternoon, my homework remained unfinished.

Playing football all afternoon, I left my homework unfinished.

Canoeing all day, a break was needed.

Canoeing all day, the campers needed a break.

While entering a Buddhist temple, shoes must be taken off.

While entering a Buddhist temple, visitors must take off their shoes.

A dangling adverb clause

A dangling adverb clause may occur when a pronoun in the clause does not have a
clear antecedent.

When she was 18 years old, my princess’s mother bought her a diamond
ring. When my princess was 18 years old, her mother bought her a
diamond ring.
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PRACTICE

Identify each underlined word, phrase or phrase as misplaced (M) or

dangling (D).

1) Hoping to succeed in the interview, long hours were spent in preparation.

______
2) She flew in a small aircraft trembling with fear. ______
3) Jumping out of his seat, a cup was broken. ______
4) Reading the directions carefully, the test was quite easy.
______
5) Eating in the restaurant, his manners were deplorable.
______
6) The book won a prize with many color photos. ______
7) Theara only watched TV at night. ______
8) Old but healthy, the baby was looked after by her grandmother.
______
9) Studying TOEFL at ASS, my English has been improved.
______
10) Teaching the English Preparation Course, many students study with the teacher.
______
11) I read the books while watching TV. ______
12) When he was a student, Deourn’s father bought him an apple laptop.
______
13) Cheating in the exam, the teacher punished Sitha.
______

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