AI: Hello, welcome to read the article titled "LORD BUDDHA PUBLIC SCHOOL 2020-21

Class – X WORKSHEET –I SUB - PHYSICS CH- 1 - ELECTRICITY". The document mainly

talks about various concepts in electricity, including calculations related to
charge and resistance, the arrangement of electrical components in circuits, and
the applications of electrical principles. You can start asking questions like:

1. What is the number of electrons constituting one Coulomb of charge?

2. How should voltmeters and ammeters be connected in an electric circuit?
3. Why can't a bulb be used in place of a resistor to verify Ohm’s law?

ME: Answer all questions and solve them

AI: Here are the answers and solutions to the questions provided in the worksheet:

### Section A: Conceptual Questions

1. **Calculate the number of electrons constituting one Coulomb of charge.**

- The charge of one electron is approximately \(1.6 \times 10^{-19}\) Coulombs.
Therefore, the number of electrons in one Coulomb is:
\[
\text{Number of electrons} = \frac{1 \text{ C}}{1.6 \times 10^{-19} \text{
C/electron}} \approx 6.25 \times 10^{18} \text{ electrons}
\]

2. **How do we connect voltmeter and ammeter in an electric circuit? What is likely

to happen if the positions of these instruments are interchanged?**
- A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the component whose voltage is to
be measured, while an ammeter is connected in series with the circuit to measure
current. If their positions are interchanged, the voltmeter may get damaged due to
the high current flowing through it, as it is not designed to handle current.

3. **A bulb cannot be used in place of a resistor to verify Ohm’s law. Justify this
statement with reason.**
- A bulb has a filament that heats up when current flows through it, causing its
resistance to change with temperature. Ohm's law states that the current through a
conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, provided the
temperature remains constant. Since the resistance of a bulb changes with
temperature, it does not obey Ohm's law.

4. **State the type of combination used for connecting different electric

appliances in a domestic circuit. Give reasons.**
- Appliances are connected in parallel in a domestic circuit. This allows each
appliance to operate independently; if one appliance fails, the others continue to
work. Additionally, each appliance receives the same voltage.

5. **Which of the two diagrams correctly represents the labels ‘series and
parallel’ on the plotted curves? Justify your answer.**
- In a series circuit, the total voltage is divided among the resistors, leading
to a linear V-I graph with a steeper slope. In a parallel circuit, the voltage
across each resistor is the same, resulting in a flatter V-I graph. The graph with
a steeper slope corresponds to the series combination.

6. **Explain the following:**

- (i) **Copper and Aluminum wires are employed for electricity transmission.**
- Copper has high conductivity and is resistant to corrosion, making it ideal
for electrical wiring. Aluminum is lighter and less expensive, making it suitable
for overhead power lines.
- (ii) **Heating devices are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal.**
 - Alloys have higher resistance and can withstand higher temperatures without
melting, making them more efficient for heating applications.
- (iii) **Tungsten is used for the filament of electric lamps.**
- Tungsten has a high melting point and excellent conductivity, allowing it to
glow brightly without melting when electric current passes through it.

7. **Calculate the ratio of their equivalent resistance in parallel combination and

the resistance of wire A.**
- Let the resistance of wire A be \(R_A\) and wire B be \(R_B\).
\[
R_A = \frac{\rho l}{A} \quad \text{and} \quad R_B = \frac{\rho (2l)}{\pi
(2r)^2} = \frac{\rho (2l)}{4\pi r^2} = \frac{1}{2} R_A
\]
- For parallel combination:
\[
\frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_A} + \frac{1}{R_B} = \frac{1}{R_A} + \frac{2}
{R_A} = \frac{3}{R_A}
\]
\[
R_{eq} = \frac{R_A}{3}
\]
- The ratio of equivalent resistance \(R_{eq}\) to \(R_A\) is:
\[
\frac{R_{eq}}{R_A} = \frac{1/3 R_A}{R_A} = \frac{1}{3}
\]

8. **Why are electric bulbs filled with chemically inactive nitrogen or argon?**
- These gases prevent the tungsten filament from oxidizing and burning out
quickly, thus prolonging the life of the bulb.

9. **Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors \(R_1\),

\(R_2\), and \(R_3\) connected in series.**
- The equivalent resistance \(R_{eq}\) in series is given by:
\[
R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3
\]

10. **Match the correct range of resistivity with the materials given:**
- a) Conductor ---- iii) \(10^{-6} \, \Omega m\)
- b) Alloys ---- i) \(10^{-6} \, \Omega m\)
- c) Insulators ---- ii) \(10^{12} \text{ to } 10^{17} \, \Omega m\)

11. **Derive an expression for Joule’s law of heating. Give two examples for
applications of heating effect of electric current.**
- Joule's law states that the heat produced \(H\) in a resistor is given by:
\[
H = I^2Rt
\]
where \(I\) is the current, \(R\) is the resistance, and \(t\) is the time.
- Applications: Electric heaters, toasters.

12. **A wire of resistivity is stretched to double of its length. Find its new
resistance and resistivity.**
- When a wire is stretched to double its length, its resistance increases. The
new resistance \(R'\) can be calculated using:
\[
R' = \frac{\rho (2l)}{A'} = \frac{\rho (2l)}{\frac{A}{2}} = 4 \frac{\rho l}
{A} = 4R
\]
 - The resistivity remains unchanged as it is a material property.

### Section B: Numerical Problems

13. **100J of work is done in transferring 20C of charge between two points in a
conductor. Find the resistance offered by the conductor, if a current of 2A flows
through it.**
- Voltage \(V = \frac{W}{Q} = \frac{100J}{20C} = 5V\)
- Using Ohm's law \(V = IR\):
\[
R = \frac{V}{I} = \frac{5V}{2A} = 2.5 \, \Omega
\]

14. **Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2m and area of cross-
section \(1.55 \times 10^{-6} m^2\), if the resistivity of the metal is \(2.8 \
times 10^{-8} \, \Omega m\).**
- Using the formula \(R = \frac{\rho l}{A}\):
\[
R = \frac{2.8 \times 10^{-8} \times 2}{1.55 \times 10^{-6}} \approx 0.0361 \,
\Omega
\]

15. **A battery of 12V is connected to a series combination of resistors 3Ω, 4Ω,
5Ω, and 12Ω. How much current would flow through the 12Ω resistor?**
- Total resistance \(R_{total} = 3 + 4 + 5 + 12 = 24 \, \Omega\)
- Current \(I = \frac{V}{R_{total}} = \frac{12V}{24 \, \Omega} = 0.5A\)

16. **Nichrome wire of length l and radius ‘r’ has a resistance of 10Ω. How would
the resistance of the wire change when (i) only the diameter is doubled? (ii) only
the length of the wire is doubled?**
- (i) If the diameter is doubled, the radius becomes \(2r\), and the area
becomes \(4A\):
\[
R' = \frac{\rho (l)}{4A} = \frac{10 \, \Omega}{4} = 2.5 \, \Omega
\]
- (ii) If the length is doubled, \(R' = \frac{\rho (2l)}{A} = 2R = 20 \, \
Omega\).

17. **Two devices of rating 44W, 220V and 11W, 220V are connected in series. The
fuse of which of the two devices is likely to burn when the switch is ON? Justify
your answer.**
- The device with the lower power rating (11W) will have a higher resistance
and will draw more current when connected in series. Therefore, the fuse of the 11W
device is likely to burn first.

19. **A wire of resistance 10Ω is bent in the form of a closed circle. What is the
effective resistance between the two points at

ME: Answer Ques-from 19 -25

AI: Sure! Here are the answers to questions 19 to 25 based on the provided context:

### 19. A wire of resistance 10Ω is bent in the form of a closed circle. What is
the effective resistance between the two points at the ends of any diameter of the
circle?
When a wire is bent into a circle, the effective resistance between two points at
the ends of any diameter is half of the total resistance of the wire. Therefore,
the effective resistance \( R_{eff} \) is given by:
\[
R_{eff} = \frac{R}{2} = \frac{10 \, \Omega}{2} = 5 \, \Omega
\]

### 20. Two resistors with resistances 5Ω and 10Ω are to be connected to a battery
of 6V so as to obtain:
(i) **Minimum current:** To obtain minimum current, the resistors should be
connected in series. The total resistance \( R_{total} \) in series is:
\[
R_{total} = 5 \, \Omega + 10 \, \Omega = 15 \, \Omega
\]
The current \( I \) is given by Ohm's law:
\[
I = \frac{V}{R_{total}} = \frac{6V}{15 \, \Omega} = 0.4A
\]

(ii) **Maximum current:** To obtain maximum current, the resistors should be

connected in parallel. The total resistance \( R_{total} \) in parallel is given
by:
\[
\frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{5 \, \Omega} + \frac{1}{10 \, \Omega} = \frac{2 + 1}
{10} = \frac{3}{10} \Rightarrow R_{total} = \frac{10}{3} \, \Omega \approx
3.33 \, \Omega
\]
The current \( I \) is:
\[
I = \frac{V}{R_{total}} = \frac{6V}{\frac{10}{3} \, \Omega} = \frac{6 \times 3}{10}
= 1.8A
\]

### 21. Two identical resistors are first connected in series and then in parallel
to a source of supply. Find the ratio of heat produced in two cases.
Let the resistance of each resistor be \( R \).

- **In series:** The total resistance \( R_{series} = R + R = 2R \).

- **In parallel:** The total resistance \( R_{parallel} = \frac{R}{2} \).

Using Joule's law \( H = I^2Rt \), where \( I \) is the current and \( t \) is the
time:

1. For series:
\[
H_{series} = I^2 (2R)t
\]

2. For parallel:
\[
H_{parallel} = I^2 \left(\frac{R}{2}\right)t
\]

The ratio of heat produced:

\[
\frac{H_{series}}{H_{parallel}} = \frac{I^2 (2R)t}{I^2 \left(\frac{R}{2}\right)t} =
\frac{2R}{\frac{R}{2}} = 4
\]
Thus, the ratio of heat produced in series to parallel is \( 4:1 \).

### 22. A torch bulb is rated 5V and 500mA. Calculate its:

(i) **Power:**
\[
P = V \times I = 5V \times 0.5A = 2.5W
\]

(ii) **Resistance:**
Using Ohm's law \( R = \frac{V}{I} \):
\[
R = \frac{5V}{0.5A} = 10 \, \Omega
\]

(iii) **Energy consumed when it is lighted for 4 hours:**

Energy \( E = P \times t \), where \( t \) is in hours:
\[
E = 2.5W \times 4h = 10Wh
\]

### 23. An electric heater rated 880W operates 6h/day. Find the cost of energy to
operate it for 30 days at Rs 3.00 per unit.
First, calculate the total energy consumed in kilowatt-hours (kWh):
\[
\text{Daily energy} = 880W \times 6h = 5280Wh = 5.28kWh
\]
Total energy for 30 days:
\[
\text{Total energy} = 5.28kWh \times 30 = 158.4kWh
\]
Cost of energy:
\[
\text{Cost} = 158.4kWh \times 3 \text{ Rs/unit} = 475.2 \text{ Rs}
\]

### 24. Calculate the net resistance between the points a and b in the circuit
diagram shown.
*Note: The circuit diagram is not provided, so I cannot calculate the net
resistance without that information. Please provide the diagram or describe the
circuit for assistance.*

### 25. From the above diagram, determine:

i) **The equivalent resistance of the entire circuit:**
*Note: Again, without the circuit diagram, I cannot provide the equivalent
resistance.*

ii) **The current through each resistor:**

*Note: This requires the circuit diagram to determine the current distribution.*

iii) **The total current from the power supply:**

*Note: This also requires the circuit diagram for accurate calculations.*

iv) **The voltage drop across each resistor:**

*Note: This requires the circuit diagram to calculate the voltage drops.*

Please provide the circuit diagram for questions 24 and 25 for accurate
calculations.