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The use of nanoparticles in medicine involves applications of nanoparticles
currently under development, as wellas longer range research that involves the
use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level
(sometimes referred to as nanomedicine).
Whatever you call it, the use of nanotechnology in the field of medicine could
revolutionize the way we detect and treat damage to the human body and
disease in the future, and many techniques only imagined a few years ago are
making remarkable progress towards becoming realities.
Applicationsof Nanotechnology in Medicine:
Drug Delivery
One application of nanoparticles in medicine currently being developed
involves employing nanoparticles todeliver drugs, heat, light or other
substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells). Particles are
engineered sothat they are attracted to diseased cells, which allows direct
treatment of those cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the
body and allows for earlier detection of disease.

For example researchers at North Carolina State University are developing a

method to deliver cardiac stem cells to damaged heart tissue. They attach
nanovesicles that are attracted to an injury to the stem cells to increase the
amount of stem cells delivered to an injured tissue.

Diagnostic Techniques
Researchers John Hopkins University are using nanoimprint lithography to
manufacture a sensor that can detect covid-19 and other viruses that can be used
with hand held testing device for quick results.
Atest for early detection of kidney damage is being developed. The method
uses gold nanorods functionalized to attach to the type of protein generated by
damaged kidneys. When protein accumulates on the nanorod the color of the
nanorod shifts. The test is designed to be done quickly and inexpensively for
early detection of a problem.
Treatment of Diseases

Nanotechnology is being used totreat various diseases

Cancer
Heart Disease
Diabetes
Kidney Disease

Nanoparticles in Antibacterial Treatments

Nanoparticle antibacterial treatments offers exciting possibilities, including the
ability for using nanoparticles to:
treat antibiotic resistant infections
treat staph infections
release antibiotics when a infection starts in a wound

Researchers at the University of Houston are developing atechnique to kill

bacteria using gold nanoparticles and infrared light. This method may lead to
improved cleaning of instruments in hospital settings.

Nanotechnology in Wound Healing

Nanotechnology based wound healing includes the ability to use:

Nanoparticles to induce clotting to reduce bleeding
Bandages that apply electric pulses to accelerate healing
Nanoparticles that can reduce internal bleeding
Because of its size, a nanoparticle exhibits unique optical, physical and
chemical properties such as excellent electrical and heat conductivity,
photoemission and excellent catalytic activity, among others.
In particular, nanoparticles with physical properties produced or driven
by electromagnetic fields are of special interest in biological sciences
because they can be used for imaging purposes, for curative purposes like
in drug delivery or for magnetic hyperthermia therapies.
Some of the uses of nanoparticles in biology and medicine include the
following:
Creating fluorescent biological labels, biological markers and molecules
for diagnosis of diseases
Gene delivery systems in gene therapy
 For biological detection of disease causing organisms and diagnosis
Detection of antibodies and proteins
Genetic and tissue engineering
Destruction of tumors with drugs or heat

Drug delivery systems

Probably the most prevalent use of nanoparticles in medicine today is in drug
delivery systems. The advantages are many over traditional delivery systems.
Some of these are:

Targeted drugs may be developed.

The characteristics of nanoparticles can be easily designed.
Nanoparticles can control and sustain the release of the drug during the
transportation as well as the location of the release.
Several routes of administration can be used, including oral,nasal,
injection, intra-ocular (within the eyes), etc.
There are many types of nanoparticles (or nanodevices) suitable to be used in
diseasecare. Without going intodetails, we will mention here the names and
applications of some of the most important nanoparticles used today. The
number in parenthesis is the approximate size of the particle:
Liposomes(Lipids)and micelles(molecular colloidalsuspension) (10
100 nm) used for drug delivery;
dendrimers (2- 10nm), used for drug delivery; nanocantilivers, used for
cancer detection and diagnosis;
quantum dots (less than 10 nm), used for sensing and detection of
biomarkers,diagnosis;
magnetic nanoparticles (10 - 100 nm), used for targeted cancer drug
delivery;
gold nanoparticles (less than 50 nm), used for attaching proteins and
antibodies for biological detection;
silver nanoparticles (1 - 100nm), used for molecular diagnostics and
therapeutics.
 Surface Science
Clear nanoscale filmns on eyeglasses, computer and camera displays, windows,
and other surfaces can make them water- and residue-repellent,
antireflective, self-cleaning, resistant to ultraviolet or infrared light,
antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive.

Surface nanotechnology uses advanced analysis and characterization of surfaces

and physical-chemical processes at the surfaces to obtain innovative surface
functionalities. With state of the art analytical methods and tools it enables an
in-depth understanding of surface processes and interactions from nano to
macro scale.

The use of nanoparticles, nanostructured materials and composites in modern

mechanical systems to reduce friction and wear.
Nanomechanical characterization of materials and boundary films.

The introduction of knowledge on nano scale into construction of modern

mechanical systems.
Effect of surface forces on nano scale and their impact on macro systems,
theoretical models.

Application in Environment
membranes in
Today, nanotechnology is used to produce ceramic and polymer
membranes
water treatment. These nanoscale membranes include ceramic
coated with catalytic and zeolite nanoparticles,organic-inorganic hybrid
nanocomposite membranes, and biomimetic membranes.
Bio-mimic membranes include biopolymer membranes containing protein
with
molecules, carbon nanotube membranes, and block copolymer membranes
equivalent porosity.
The performance of these membranes is improved based on water permeability,
selectivity of contaminant molecules and mechanical strength. In general,
biomimetic membranes have very little çommercialization potential despite
excellent performance.
While nanocomposite membranes, in addition to high efficiency in water
treatment, are now mass-produced.
Zeolite and catalytic membranes, in addition to low to moderate improvements
in the performance of conventional membranes, have very little use in water
treatment.

Another important application of nanotechnology in the environment is the

use of nanofilters in water and wastewater treatment.
The membrane used in the nanofiltration process usually repels large
molecules and, compared to other methods, is able to purify well water or
surface water well with less energy. This process is able to remove a variety of
bacteria, viruses, pesticides, pollutants of organic origin and calcium and
magnesium salts from the water
Nanostructured particles are used for the immediate treatment of soil,
sediments, solid waste, water treatment and liquid waste.
Research shows that nanostructured bimetallic particles such as iron-palladium,
iron-silver and zinc-palladium have found many applications in the treatment
and purification of environmental pollutants, such as chlorinated pesticides of
organic origin and halogenated organic solvents.
Experience has shown that the use of bimetallic nanostructured particles
converts allhydrocarbons containing chlorinated compounds that are highly
toxic to environmentally safe hydrocarbons.

Application in consumer products

Nanoparticles are now being used in the manufacture of scratchproof
eyeglasses, crack- resistant paints, anti-graffiti coatings for walls, transparent
sunscreens, stain-repellent fabrics, self-cleaning windows and ceramic coatings
for solar cells.
There are several safety concerns in the automotive sector relating to
nanotechnology. Nanoparticles as fillers in tyres can improve adhesion to the
road, reducing the stopping distance in wet conditions.
The stiffiness of the car body can be
strengthened steels. improved by use of nanoparticle
New sol-gel deposition methods make it possible to
apply, economically,
nanometre thick antireflection layers of silicon dioxide or other materials onto
displays or panes.
Ultra-thin transparent layers on a silver base can be used for heatable, and
therefore mist and ice-free, window panes. Transparent and light materials
could substitute car body parts that reduce all-round vision at the moment.
Nanotechnology in Textiles
Nanoparticles are already commonly used to create consumer products in the
fashion industry, including waterproof and windproof jackets,fabrics and
clothes with stain resistance (thanks to silica coatings), odor-resistance clothing
(by leveraging microbe-killing silver nanoparticles), and even garments with
sun protection properties.
Currently, consumer products such as clothes with extra electronic
functionalities, such as "smart clothes" and wearable electronics" are under
development. Sports brand Under Armour, for example, has a range of
consumer products already available that are classed as "smart clothes", such as
their sleepwear that helps muscles repair faster with the use of nanotechnology
and infrared light.

Nanotechnology has also been developed to create wrinkle-resistant

nanotechnology fabrics. Nano-Tex, for example, is a company that makes stain
repellent and wrinkle-resistant fabrics by attaching molecular structures to
cotton fibers.Textiles with a nanotechnology finish must be washed at lower
temperatures and less frequently.
High-performance functional clothing isa highly important aspect of the
workplace. For instance, Gore-Tex has created a weather-protective,
antistatic, outerwear fabric. Nanotechnology has been applied to
incorporate minute carbon particles membrane and ensure full-surface
protection from electrostatic charges for the wearer.

Sensors to Monitor Body Functions

Nanotechnology has helped forge the huge sector of wearable technology,
which boasts a range of consumer products that can help with almost all fields
of life.
Advanced nanotechnology sensors are already used in consumer products that
many of us use daily, such as smartwatches, smartphones.
products to monitor our
In addition,many of us use more specialized consumer
health.
nanotechnology to accurately and
Sensors used in these consumer products use
rate, sweat, and even analyze
precisely measure body functions, such as heart
components of blood non-invasively.
being used to monitor general health, as
This application of nanotechnology is
well as to monitor disease progression and recovery.

Nanotechnology in Sports Equipment

also been impacted by advances
Consumer products in the sports vertical have which offers a hard and fast
high-performance ski wax,
in nanotechnology. A ultrathin coating lasts considerably longer
gliding surface, is used today. The
compared to conventional waxing systems.
launched a racket with carbon
Babolat, a French tennis racket manufacturer,
nanotubes, delivering better torsion and flex resistance.
andpack more power.
The rackets are sturdier than present-day carbon rackets polymer
Tennis balls are manufactured by coating the inner core with clay
manufactured by
nanocomposites to make them last longer. These tennis balls,balls.
conventional
the company InMat, have twice the lifetime of
Nanotechnology in Electronics
Nanotechnology is used in a vast range of electrical consumer products. Some
modern smartphones have incorporated nanoparticle coatings to make them
waterproof. Some smart TVs have also leveraged nanotechnology to produce
displays with richer colors. Nanotechnology has also been leveraged to produce
self-cleaning surfaces, transparent electronics, and flexible screens.