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infection control 1

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10 views

infection control 1

Uploaded by

Rana Rehan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 1

Submitted by: Rehan


Sap Id: 70143501
Discipline: Bs-OTT
Semester: 4th
Subject: Infection control
Topic: Classification and waste management
Submitted to: Mam Alia Naseer
Medical Waste/ Health care waste:
It can simply defined as an infectious or physically dangerous medical or biological waste
produce during healthcare activity that because of its characteristics may cause, or
significantly contribute to, an increase in mortality, or an increase in serious irreversible or
incapacitating reversible illness.
 It pose a potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
 Hospitals are responsible for the waste they produce. They must ensure that the handling,
treatment and disposal of that waste will not have harmful consequences for public health
or the environment.
It consists of:
 75-90% non-clinical/non-hazardous waste
 10-15% hazardous waste

Classification of medical waste:


It can be classified into these following categories according to the risks involved,
 Non clinical/General waste
 Genotoxic Waste
 Infectious Waste
 Pathological Waste
 Pharmaceutical Waste
 Chemical Waste
 Sharps waste
 Radioactive Waste
 Pressurized waste
 Waste with high heavy metal content

Associated risks:
 General, non-clinical, waste poses the same hazards as general solid waste.
 Medical or clinical waste poses significantly increased hazards.
 The most obvious of these is the transmission of infectious diseases (e.g. Hepatitis B and
HIV) through direct contact with infected waste items such as used needles, discarded
dressings and human tissues or fluids.

Transmission pathways:
 Direct contact
 Contact through vectors
 Airborne transmission
General waste Papers, wrappers, packing waste, kitchen waste ,general sweeping etc.

Infectious waste lab cultures, wastes from isolation wards, tissues, used dressings etc.

Pathological waste body parts, human fetuses, placentas, blood, other body fluids etc.

Pharmaceutical unwanted drugs, expired drugs etc.

Anatomical waste Body parts, tissue entailing a risk of contamination etc.

High heavy metal


batteries, broken thermometers, blood pressure gauges etc.
content

Chemical waste chemicals from diagnostic work, cleaning materials etc.

Sharps needles, blades and broken glass etc.

Radioactive waste radioactive substances from radiotherapy and lab work etc.

Pressurized
gas cylinders, cartridges and aerosol cans etc.
containers

Classification of medical waste:

Management of medical waste:


The proper management of medical waste depends on good organization, sufficient funding and
the active participation of informed and trained personnel.
 Setting up a working group in charge of drafting the waste management plan
 Appointing the local waste manager, who will supervise and coordinate the waste
management plan on a daily basis
 Assigning duties ,drawing up job descriptions
 Allocating financial and human resources
 Implementing the waste disposal plan
 Continuously updating and improving the waste management system.
Types of Waste Containers and Bags:

Red Bag - Syringes (without needles), soiled gloves,


catheters, IV tubes etc. should be all disposed of in a red
colored bag, which will later be incinerated
Yellow Bag - All dressings, bandages and cotton swabs
with body fluids, blood bags, human anatomical waste, and
body parts are to be discarded in yellow bags
Cardboard box with blue marking - Glass vials, ampules,
and other glass ware is to be discarded in a cardboard box
with a blue marking/ sticker.
White Puncture Proof Container (PPC) - Needles,
sharps, blades are disposed of in a white translucent
puncture proof container.
Chemotherapy Sharps Container - Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Waste include chemotherapy
needles, syringes, IV catheter, sutures, broken glasses & scalpels
Black Bags - These are to be used for non-biomedical waste. In a hospital setup, this includes
stationary, vegetable and fruit peels, leftovers, packaging including that from medicines,
disposable caps, disposable masks, disposable shoe-covers, disposable teacups, cartons,
sweeping dust, kitchen waste etc.

Treatment & Disposal:


Incineration:
 High temperature dry oxidation process that reduce organic and combustible waste into
inorganic incombustible matter. Resulting in significant reduction in waste volume and
weight.
 Process is selected to treat waste that cannot be recycled, reused or can be disposed in
land.

Autoclaving:
 Substantial heat and pressure generated by the autoclave.
 Heat from steam, hot liquids, and other materials (including containers, the autoclave
chamber and door).
 Falling items e.g., heavy containers of waste being put into/removed from autoclave.
 Possible explosion of the autoclave
Chemical disinfection:
 Commonly used for treatment of liquid infectious waste eg.blood, urine, stool and
hospital sewage
 Chemicals are added to waste to kill or inactivate the pathogen it contains.

Shredding:
Waste Shredder- This is a machine used to break large waste particles before disposal.

Healthcare waste disposal:


Open Dumps: risk for public health
Sanitary landfills: designed and constructed to prevent contamination of soil, surface, ground
water and direct contact with public.

Inertization:
Process of mixing waste with cement and other substances before disposal in order to minimize
the risk of toxic substance migrating into surface water or ground water and to prevent
scavenging.

Category Description Disposal methods


General waste wrappers, packing waste, Disposal in municipal
kitchen waste ,general
sweeping etc.
Human Anatomical Waste Human tissues, organs, body Incineration / deep burial
parts
Liquid Waste Waste generated from the Disinfecting by chemical
laboratory and washing, treatment and discharge into
cleaning, housekeeping and drains
disinfecting activities
Chemical Waste Chemicals used in production Chemical treatment and
of biological, chemicals used discharge into drains for
in disinfecting, as insecticides, liquids and secured landfill for
etc. solids.

The end!

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