‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫ك مالم تكن تعلم و كان فضل الله عليك‬

‫صدق الله العظيم‬
Heat Pipe
 Under Supervision

• Ass.Proff.Dr
Ass.Proff.Dr // • Ass.Proff.Dr
Ass.Proff.Dr //
MOHAMED
MOHAMED H.SAKR
H.SAKR RAMADANABD
RAMADANABD EL-
EL-
AZIZ
AZIZ
Heat Pipe Group
(SAMAFN)
• Ahmed
Ahmed abd-Elmaaboud
abd-Elmaaboud Ali
Ali

• Amr
Amr Awad
Awad Attia
Attia

• Fatma
Fatma Reafat
Reafat Mahmoud
Mahmoud

• Mohmed
Mohmed Abd-Elhameed
Abd-Elhameed Eisa
Eisa

• Mohmed
Mohmed Hamdy
Hamdy Mohamed
Mohamed

• Mostfa
Mostfa Abd-Elnaaem
Abd-Elnaaem Mohamed
Mohamed

• Noha
Noha Adel
Adel Mohamed
Mohamed

• Sherif
Sherif Mohamed
Mohamed Shawki
Shawki
Content
 Chapter 1: Introduction to the heat pipe

Introduction
 Heat pipe construction
 Operation of heat pipe
 Factors affecting the performance of heat pipe
 Types of heat pipe
 Working fluid of the heat pipe
 heat pipe characteristics
 Advantages of heat pipe
 Limitations of heat pipe
 Applications of heat pipe
Chapter 1

Introduction to the heat pipe

Introduction

 heat pipe is: a device for transferring heat from a source to

sink by means of evaporation and condensation of a fluid in a
sealed system.
 Heat pipe construction

 Evaporation section
 Adiabatic section
 Condenser section
The heat pipe has three basic elements

 A hollow container: a metal tube made of stainless

steel, copper, aluminum or ceramic materials. It is
evacuated and back filled with just enough liquid

 Capillary wick structure: (glass, fiber or wire screen or

woven cloth)

 Working fluid: (water, NH3, refrigerant 134-a or liquid

metal like sodium)
Operation of heat pipe

 Heat is added to the evaporator region of the

container.

 The boiling point of the working fluid is a function of

the pressure surrounding it.

 Because of strong vacuum, the working fluid is

virtually in a state of liquid vapor equilibrium
consequently, a slight increase in temperature will
cause it to boil and vaporize.
Working fluid
 The rapid generation of vapor at the evaporator
creates a pressure gradient.
 that forces excess vapor to move to the cooler
condenser region.

 The lower temperature causes the vapor to

condense giving up its latent heat of vaporization.

 The condensate is returned to the evaporator end by

gravity and the cycle is then repeated.
Factors affecting the
performance of heat pipe

Gravity: The optimal performance is achieved when heat pipe is
vertical where the condenser section is directly above the
evaporator. In this position, the gravity aids the pumping action in
the wick.

 Axial power rating (transport capacity) (APR )

APR is directly proportional to the diameter on the other hand is
inversely proportional to the heat pipe length (optimal design: less
diameter large length)

 Physical properties of working fluid

 Configuration of wick structure

 Types of heat pipe

 Two phase closed

thermosyphon

 It is gravity assisted , the

condenser section is located
above the evaporator so that the
condensate is returned by gravity
 Flat plat heat pipe
 It has a rectangular shape
with a small aspect ratio as
shown in Fig, additional
wick blocks between the
evaporator and condenser
aid in condensate return,
especially when the
condensate lies below the
evaporator in gravity field.
 Capillary driven
heat pipe
 The capillary driven heat
pipe consists of a sealed
container, in which a wick is
lining the inner surface of
the pipe wall
 Annular heat pipe
 The annular heat pipe is
similar to the conventional
capillary driven heat pipe
except that the cross
section of the vapor space
is annular instead of circular
According to the structure, there are
two types

 Wickless heat pipe

 The condensate is returned
by gravity.

 Wick structure heat pipe

 Wick structure is used in
pipe to return condensate to
the evaporating section and
also small pipes are needed
at liquid vapor interface to Wick
develop high capillary
pressure.
 Working fluid of the heat pipe

 Working fluids used to date

include water, ammonia,
mercury, glycerin, methanol
and range of Freon such as
(R134-a).
 The choice of thermodynamic working fluid is
determined by the desired temperature of operation,
the chemical compatibility of the fluid with the intended
vessel, wick materials and physical properties of fluid as
latent heat of vaporization, surface tension and viscosity.
The temperature range over which a given fluid is useful.

 In generally defined by vapor pressure condensation.

The working fluid should be

 Non-toxic.

 Non-corrosive.

 Having low viscosity.

 High surface tension.

 High latent heat and excellent heat transfer qualities.

heat pipe
characteristics
 High effective thermal conductivity

The heat pipe is a device of a very high

thermal conductivity of 90 times higher than that of a
copper rod of the same size.
 Power flatting

A heat pipe that provides power flatting

can be easily designed. A constant output heat flux
at the condenser can be maintained for variation in
input heat flux in the evaporator section.
 Temperature control
A heat pipe can be designed to keep a
nearly constant temperature at the evaporator even
though the rate of heat input to the evaporator varies.
freedom of design Since the basic mechanisms of a
heat pipe are the capillary pumping of a wick and the
evaporation and condensation of working fluid, heat
pipe design is only restricted by need to provide for
these mechanisms
Advantages of heat
pipe
 Large quantities of heat can be removed with a small
drop in temperature.

 Heat pipes are capable of transporting heat over

appreciable distances, thus permitting separation of
heat source and heat sink.

 Higher axial power rating capacity.

 Ability to accept heat non-uniformity. (Relatively light
in weight.)

 Simple and has no moving parts.

 It requires no power source.

 It can remove a temperature from a low temperature

heat source in a good
Limitations of heat pipe
 Capillary limit

 Sonic limit

 Boiling limit

 Entertainment limit

 Vapor pressure limit

Applications of heat pipe
Aerospace
Production tools
Manufacturing
Ovens and furnaces
Engines and automotive industry
Heat exchangers
Solar systems
Medicine and human body
temperature control
Chapter 2

Description of Experimental
Apparatus
Introduction

• The main route of the present project is to study

experimentally the effect of the magnetic field on the
performance characteristics of a wickless heat pipe
(Thermosyphon)
Also, the effect of operating pressure and heat flux
are studied. For that aspect, an experimental test rig
is designed and fabricated.
 Heat pipe
Starting to make &
assembly the heat pipe.
 Copper Pipe
45 cm Hard
copper 2”
hollow pipe

Cut the pipe into 2parts

each one 20 cm
cm 20
Copper plat
Assem
bly
Thermocouples
 Parts of
pipe
Heat Pipe

Evaporator
Jacket
Condenser
Jacket
Charging Valve

Pressure
gauge
 Pipe
insulation

Now the pipe is ready

to work in the cycle
Main parts of the test rig
Thermosyphon

• It is fabricated from a sealed cylindrical copper

container (pipe wall and caps). It is charged with a
known amount of refrigerant R-134a as a working
fluid (equals 0.7 of the total evaporator volume). The
internal diameter of the pipe is 15.2 cm and the total
length is 60 cm. The pipe is divided into three
regions; the evaporator section, the adiabatic section
and the condenser section. Each of which have 20
cm lengths.
• The temperature distribution along the longitudinal
length of each section is monitored by recalibrated
copper-constantan thermocouples (type-T) as
following; three at equal distances along the
evaporator section, two at the adiabatic section and
three at the condenser section.
Heated water circuit

• The evaporator section is surrounded by a hot water jacket. A

constant hot water temperature is maintained in a
thermostatically heated storage tank of 60 liter capacity.
•

• The hot water is supplied from the storage tank to the hot water
jacket through a piping system (including a circulating water

pump of 0.5 hp power and 28m head; values and pvc pipes).
• The hot water flow rate is monitored by a calibrated
orifice-meter and U-tube manometer.

• The inlet and exit hot water to the jacket are

monitored by two type T thermocouples. The
operating pressure of the thermosyphon is changed
by controlling the temperature of hot water inside the
evaporator jacket
Pump & motor
Cooled water circuit

• The condenser section is surrounded by a cooling

water jacket. The function of the cooling water jacket
is to reject the heat added at the evaporator section
so as to keep the operating pressure of the
thermosyphon constant during the data collection.
• A cooling water tank of 80 liter capacity is used to
supply cooling water to the condenser section jacket
through a piping system. The piping system includes
PVC pipes, values, bypass and circulating pump
having the same specification of that of hot water
circuit. The cooling water flow rate is measured by a
calibrated orifice-meter and U-tube manometer. The
inlet and exit cooling water temperatures are
measured by two type-T thermocouples.
Permanent magnet yoke

• A calibrated permanent magnet is used in the present

study. A calibration test is performed before all test
runs and a calibration equation is prepared for
different .
• positions of the magnet. These positions are N-N, S-
S and N-S. Each magnet position has a specific
calibration equation. A wooden yoke is fabricated to
utilize the two poles of the permanent magnet so as
to change the magnetic field intensity. Fig.2.2 shows
the wooden yoke
Instrumentation

• A compensated temperature indicator is used to

receive the thermocouples outputs. Two recalibrated
orifice-meters are used to monitor the cooling water
and hot water flow rates.
∆h
Chapter 3

Performance Measurement and

result
 Preliminary work

 Preliminary work is performed for the calibration of

the copper-constantan thermocouples with the same
lengths of extension cables and the same selector
switches that are used in the experimental work.

 Also the bourdon tube pressure gauge is calibrated

and the test p late specimens (aluminum alloy
6061)are treated and prepared to achieve the
investigated conditions.
 Thermocouple calibration

 For the calibration of copper-constantan

thermocouples, two thermostats, with certificated
mercury thermometers are used simultaneously in
series and using its hot water bathes
 Y=1.035 X - 3.3227

Thrmocouple No1

90

80

70

60

50
Thermometer

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-10
Device
Calibration of the pressure gauge

 The pressure gauge used in the

present work is calibrated by the
dead weight tester using known
weights for changing applied
pressure on the tested gauge.
Calibration of the orifice-meter

 It is performed by getting
a relation between the
volume flow rate (ύ) for a
stream of water passing
through the orifice and
the pressure difference
between the inlet and
outlet of the orifice.
∆h
 Y = 0.0203 X^0.4897

Cold Orifice

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05
ύ (lit/s)

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

∆h (cm Hg)
 Cleaning of the heat pipe

 Cleaning the material used in the heat pipe achieved

two objectives.

 It insures that the working fluid will wet the material

and that no foreign matter is Present (which could
create incompatibilities).
 Evacuation of the heat pipe

 As soon as cleaning of the heat pipe and parts are

completed, the upper and end cap is fixed to the
heat pipe .As the same time care mistaken to be
sure that the end cap valve is closed. The pressure
gauge is fixed and evacuation of the heat pipe is
carried out up to the pressure 15hg.
 Leak detection tests

 The pipe is pressurized with high-pressure nitrogen

and the pressure is monitored decreasing pressure
indicates leakage and the bubble teat is carried out
to locate the leak. Finally, the pipe is kept under
vacuum for 24 hours. During test procedure halogen
leak detector was used to monitor leakage.
Checking
pipe
 Fluid charging of the heat pipe

 charged with a known

amount of (R-134a). It
should be mentioned that
the proper fill quality of
the heat pipe is about
(70%) of the evaporator
inner volume
Charging pipe
 Procedure of experiments

 The heat load is supplied to the evaporator section

using hot water jacket mounted around it.
 Cooling is accomplished by circulating water at
specific temperature and rate through a cooling
jacket mounted around the condenser section
 The present project aims to investigate the effect of
magnetic field on the Performance characteristics of
the wickless heat pipe. A quantity of the working fluid
of about 0.7 of its evaporator section Inner volume is
charged.
 The series of experiments is started by supplying a
hot water to the evaporator jacket with an inactive
condenser. As soon as the maximum operating
pressure has reached a desired value the cooling is
brought into action. At each hot water flow rate,
temperature, pressure and water flow rate are
recorded.
 The pressure is kept constant by controlling the heat
added to the evaporator section relative to the heat
rejected from the condenser section
Discussion
Discussion of
of
results
results
Results
Results of
of No
No field
field
• the effect of heat pipe operating pressure on the
relationship between he and qe at the case of no
magnetic field. It's noticed that increasing of qe,
increases he. This is attributed due to the effect that
increasing qe, Increases the bubbles formation .Also,
at constant qe, increasing the operating pressure,
increases he.
relation between he and qe
NO Field

4000 p=9.08 bar

3500 p=11.22 bar
h e , w/m 2 . o c

3000
2500
2000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
q e , w/m
the relation between hc and
qc
No Field

p=9.08 bar
700 p=11.22 bar
h c , w/m 2 . o c

600
500
400
300
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
q c , w/m 2
the relation between C and
qe.

No Field

p=9.08 bar
20 p=11.22 bar
C , w/ c
o

15
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
q e , w/m
Effect of magnetic field
on the heat pipe
performance
Results
Results obtained
obtained from
from position
position
(S-S)
(S-S)
the relation between he and
qe

P = 9.08 bar
B=0 gauss
3500
B=175.3 gauss
3000
he , w/m . c

2500 B=94.4 gauss

2 o

2000 B=64.8 gauss

1500
1000
500
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
qe ,W/m
the relation between hc and
qc
P = 9.08 bar

B =0 gauss
B=175.3 gauss
500
B =94.4 gauss
400
B =64.8 gauss
hc ,W/m . c
2 o

300
200
100
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
qc , W/m
the relation between C and
qe

P = 9.08 bar

B =0 gauss
20
B=175.3 gauss
15 B=94.4 gauss
C ,W/ c
o

10 B =64.8 gauss

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
qe , W/m
Variation of he with B

P = 9.08 bar
2
qe = 1000 w/m
he , w/m . c

1000
2 o

500
0
0 50 100 150 200
B , gauss
Variation of C with B

P = 9.08 bar
2.5
2
C , W/ c
o

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200

B , gauss
Results
Results obtained
obtained from
from position
position
(N-N)
(N-N)
the relation between he and
qe
P = 9.08 bar
B=0 gauss
B=425.148 gauss
B=231.558 gauss
3000 B=103.055 gauss
B=47.232 gauss
2500

2000
he , W/m . c
2 o

1500

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
2
qe , W/m
the relation between hc and
qc
P= 9.08 bar B=0 gauss
B=425.148 gauss
B=231.558 gauss
B=103.055 gauss
800
B=47.232 gauss
700

600
hc , W/m . c

500
2o

400

300

200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

2
qc , W/m
the relation between C and
qe
p = 9.08 bar

20
B=0 gauss
18
16 B=425.148 gauss
14 B=231.558 gauss
B=103.055 gauss
C,W/ c

12
o

10 B=47.232 gauss
8
6
4
2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
2
q e , W/m
Variation of he with B

2
q e = 1000 w/m
p = 9.08 bar
3000
he , w/m . c
2 o

2000
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
B , gauss
Variation of C with B

P = 9.08 bar
2.5
2
C , W/ o c

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200
B , gauss
Results
Results obtained
obtained from
from position
position
(N-S)
(N-S)
the relation between he and
qe
P = 9.08 bar

B=0 gauss
B=792.736 gauss
4000 B=706.1213 gauss
B=609.674 gauss
3000
B=446.353 gauss
he , w/m . c
2 o

2000

1000

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
qe , W/m
the relation between hc and
qc

P=9.08bar
B=0 gauss
800 B=792.736 gauss

600 B=706.1213 gauss

hc , W / m . c
2o

B=609.674 gauss
400 B=446.353 gauss

200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
2
qc , W / m
the relation between c and
qe
p = 9.08 bar
B=0 gauss
B=792.736 gauss
40 B=706.1213 gauss
B=609.674 gauss
30 B=446.353 gauss
C,w/ c
o

20

10

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000

2
qe , w / m
Variation of he with B

qe = 1000 w/ m2
p = 9.08 bar
4000
he , w / m 2 . o c

3000
2000
1000
0
400 500 600 700 800 900
B , gauss
Variation of C with B

2
qe = 1000 w / m
40 p = 9.08 bar
30
c,w/ c
o

20
10
0
400 500 600 700 800 900
B , gauss
Medium
Medium Best Worth
Best Worth
New charging fluid

 Acetone
 The heat load is supplied to the evaporator outer
surface using anickal-chrome electrical
resistance(1.7Ω/m). The tested heat pipe is thermally
insulated by 30 mm thick polyurethane tube of 65
Kg/m3 density .A voltage regulator is used to control
the input power which is measured by 3.5 digital
multimeter .
 The evaporator wall temperature are monitored by 5
precalibrated copper -constantan thermocouples,
while the adiabatic section wall temperatures are
monitored by two thermocouples of the same type.
Each thermocouple is embedded in a 0.5mm deep
notch drilled on the outside surface of each section.
To improve the accuracy of measurements, each
thermocouple wounded once around the pipe.
 Cooling is accomplished by circulating water at specific

temperature and rate through a cooling jacket mounted

around the condenser section. The condenser wall

temperatures are monitored by three pre-calibrated

copper-constantan thermocouples .The heating water

flow rate is monitored by pre-calibrated orifice-meter.

 Two pre-calibrated copper-constantan thermocouples

are burred into 1mm deep holes located at the water

inlet and outlet of the heating jacket

 The outlet of whole thermocouples is received by a
4.5-compensated digital temperature indicator with
±0.5 oC accuracy. A hand valve is connected to the
upper end cap of the heat pipe to provide a
connection for the vacuum pump, charging line and

pre-calibrated pressure gauge (-1:25)bar

 The present project aims to investigate the effect of

magnetic field on the Performance characteristics of

the wickless heat pipe. A quantity of the working fluid

(acetone) of about 0.7 of its evaporator section Inner

volume is charged.
 The series of experiments is started by supplying a
hot water to the evaporator jacket with an inactive
condenser. As soon as the maximum operating
pressure has reached a desired value the cooling is
brought into action. At each hot water flow rate,
temperature, pressure and water flow rate are
recorded.
 The pressure is kept constant by controlling the heat
added to the evaporator section relative to the heat
rejected from the condenser section
 1200 P = 1.82 bar
1000 B=0gauss
B=781 gauss
h e , W /m 2 . o c

800
600 B=739 gauss
B=578 gauss
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
2
N-S qe ,W/m
 p = 1.82 bar

800 B=0
B=781 gauss
600
h c , W /m 2 .o c

B=739 gauss
400 B=578 gauss

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
N-S qc , W/m
2
 p = 1.82 bar
B=0gauss
12
B=781 gauss
10
B=739 gauss
8
C , W/ o c

B=446 gauss
6
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
N-S 2
qe , W/m
 p = 1.82 bar
qe = 200 W/m2
he ,W/m . c

1500
2o

1000
500
0
0 500 1000
N-S B , gauss
 p = 1.82 bar
qe = 200 W/m2
10
C, W/ c
o

5
0
0 500 1000
N-S B , gauss
THE END
 Thanks for attention

Heat pipe group (SMAFN)