53 Passage 3 - Migrants and Refugees Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia Q27-40

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53 Passage 3 - Migrants and Refugees Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia Q27-40

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

SECTION 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

Today, one in every 50 human being is a migrant worker, a refugee or asylum seeker, or
an immigrant living in a foreign country. Current estimates by the United Nations and
the International Organisation for Migration indicate that some 150 million people live
temporarily or permanently outside their countries of origin (2.5% of the world
population). Many of these, 80-97 million, are estimated to be migrant workers with
members of their families. Another 12 million are refugees outside their country of
origin. These figures do not include the estimated 20 million Internally Displaced
Persons forcibly displaced with their own country, nor the tens of millions more of
internal migrants, mainly rural to urban, in countries around the world.
Increasing ethnic and racial diversity of societies is the inevitable consequence of
migration. Increasing migration means that a growing number of states have become or
are becoming more multi-ethnic, and are confronted with the challenge of
accommodating peoples of different cultures, races, religions and languages. Addressing
the reality of increased diversity means finding political, legal, social and economic
mechanisms to ensure mutual respect and to mediate relations across differences. But
xenophobia and racism have become manifest in some societies which have received
substantial numbers of immigrants, as workers or as asylum-seekers. In those countries,
the migrants have become the targets in internal disputes about national identity. In the
last few decades, the emergence of new nation-states has often been accompanied by
ethnic exclusion.
As governments grapple with the new realities of their multi-ethnic societies, there has
been a marked increase in discrimination and violence directed against migrants,
refugees and other non-national by extremist groups in many parts of the world. The
lack of any systematic documentation or research over time makes it unclear whether
there is a real increase in the level of abuse or in the level of exposure and reporting.
Unfortunately, there is more than enough anecdotal evidence to show that violations of
the human rights of migrants, refugees and other non-nationals are so generalized,
widespread and commonplace that they are a defining feature of international
migration today.

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

The extent of racial discrimination and xenophobia is often played down and sometimes
denied by authorities. Racial discrimination is defined in international law as being: any
distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent or national
or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition,
enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.
Racism and xenophobia are distinct phenomena, although they often overlap. While
racism generally implies distinction based on a difference in physical characteristics,
such as skin colour, hair type, facial features, etc, xenophobia denotes behaviour
specifically based on the perception that ‘the other’ is foreign to or originates from
outside the community or nation. By the standard dictionary definition, xenophobia is
the intense dislike or fear of stranger or people from other countries. As a sociologist
puts it, ‘xenophobia is an attitudinal orientation of hostility against non-natives in a
given population.’
The definition of xenophobia and its differentiation from racism and racial
discrimination is a still-evolving concept. One of the regional Preparatory Meetings for a
recent World Conference suggested that:
- Racism is an ideological construct that assigns a certain race and/or ethnic group to a
position of power over others on the basis of physical and cultural attributes, as well as
economic wealth, involving hierarchical relations where the superior race exercises
domination and control over others.
- Xenophobia describes attitudes, prejudices and behaviour that reject, exclude and
often vilify persons, based on the perception that they are outsiders or foreigners in the
community, society or with respect to national identity.
In many cases, it is difficult to distinguish between racism and xenophobia as
motivations for behaviour, since differences in physical characteristics are often
assumed to distinguish a person from the common identity. However, manifestations of
xenophobia occur against people of identical physical characteristics, even of shared
ancestry, when such people arrive, return or migrate to states or areas where occupants
consider them outsiders.

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

Questions 27-30
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 An upward trend in violence perpetrated against non-national minority groups by
radical nationals
28 Where racism occurs, the dominant group promotes a hierarchical system in which
it
29 Persons not considered to be culturally or physically distinct from the majority
30 Racism differs from xenophobia in that victims of the former
A are always culturally or physically distinct from the perpetrators of the acts
of wrongdoing.
B tend to share a likeness with the perpetrators of the crime.
C may still find themselves the victims of xenophobic behaviour.
D has been observed in many different parts of the world.
E will eventually reach a position of total submission.
F has a controlling hand in the affairs of one or more of the other sections of
society.

Questions 31-34
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
31 Which of the following migrants are there more of?
A internally displaced persons
B refugees
C internal migrants
D immigrant workers

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

32 The author of the text believes that

A racism is inevitable when people emigrate.
B governments are finding it difficult to stop racism and xenophobia.
C the exploitation of minority groups deters others from migrating.
D xenophobia does not exist within minority groups.

33 There is no real way of knowing how many migrants are discriminated against
because
A not all racial abuse cases are documented or looked into.
B the number of migrants is increasing at an alarming rate.
C migrants don’t complain about being abused.
D only serious cases are documented.

34 People in authority sometimes

A exaggerate the seriousness of the problem.
B create the problem.
C deny there is a problem.
D are eager to solve the problem.

Questions 35-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

35 Most migrants flee their country of origin because of political or social disorder.
36 Most internal migrants leave the countryside for the cities.
37 Governments are often reluctant to acknowledge that racial discrimination and
xenophobia exist.
38 Migrants are exploited and abused because they create a sense of insecurity for
extremist groups.
39 People who are racist or xenophobic are uneducated and hostile.
40 People returning to their country of ancestry do not face xenophobia.

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Passage 3 Migrants and Refugees: Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia

ANSWER

27. D
28. F
29. C
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. A
34. C
35. NOT GIVEN
36. TRUE
37. TRUE
38. NOT GIVEN
39. NOT GIVEN
40. FALSE