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100% found this document useful (4 votes)
152 views

Systematic Cloud Migration: A Hands-On Guide to Architecture, Design, and Technical Implementation Taras Gleb All Chapters Instant Download

Guide

Uploaded by

deidahyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Systematic
Cloud Migration
A Hands-On Guide to Architecture, Design,
and Technical Implementation

Taras Gleb
Systematic Cloud
Migration
A Hands-On Guide to Architecture,
Design, and Technical
Implementation

Taras Gleb
Systematic Cloud Migration: A Hands-On Guide to Architecture, Design, and
Technical Implementation

Taras Gleb
Thornhill, ON, Canada

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-7251-0   ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-7252-7 


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7252-7
Copyright © 2021 by Taras Gleb
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with
every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not
identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr
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Cover image designed by Pexels
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Printed on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to my wonderful children: to my son Nikita and
my daughter Ivanka, with much love who showed me the path to pure,
unclouded wisdom and boundless curiosity on all things around us.
Table of Contents
Conventions Used in This Book������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi

About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii


About the Technical Reviewer���������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Acknowledgments�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii

Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix

Part I: Introduction to Cloud Computing��������������������������������������������������������� 1


Chapter 1: Cloud Computing Primer������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
What Is Cloud Computing?������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4
Cloud Computing Characteristics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
The Cloud Deployment Model�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
The Cloud Services Model������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Cloud Advantages and Drawbacks������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
Cloud Paradigm Shifts���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Architecture (Arch)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Infrastructure (Infra)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Security (Sec)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
Software Development (Dev)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
Software Delivery (DevSecOps)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Software Operations (Ops)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18

Chapter 2: Cloud Migration Fundamentals������������������������������������������������������������� 19


Cloud Organizational Structure (People)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
Cloud Migration Framework (Technologies)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
Cloud Migration Design Principles���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22

v
Table of Contents

Maturity Models��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Migration Strategies�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Technologies�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
Cloud Migration Process������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 34

Part II: Software Development Migration����������������������������������������������������� 37


Chapter 3: Develop Target Architecture������������������������������������������������������������������ 41
Inputs������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42
Process and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Output and Deliverables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Review Current State Architecture���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
Select Cloud Provider������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 46
Select Migration Strategy������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 47
Propose Target State Architecture����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48
Analyze Components Change Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
Complete Risk Log���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
Conduct Cost Analysis����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 56

Chapter 4: Build Secure Cloud Environment����������������������������������������������������������� 57


Inputs������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 59
Process and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Prerequisites������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) Cluster���������������������������������������������������������������������� 61
Create Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62
Create Identity Access Management (IAM) Role�������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
Create AWS EKS Cluster�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Create PostgreSQL Database Service������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 68
Output and Deliverables�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72

vi
Table of Contents

Tools, Techniques and Best Practices����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73


Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74

Chapter 5: Migrate Software Application��������������������������������������������������������������� 75


Inputs������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 78
Processes and Activities������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Prerequisites������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Data Tier�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
Business Tier������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
User Interface Tier����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 105
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 106
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 108

Chapter 6: Add Monitoring, Logging and Alerting������������������������������������������������ 111


Inputs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Processes and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Prerequisites����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 116
Monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117
Logging with Elasticsearch and Kibana������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 121
Logging and Monitoring AWS RDS��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Alerting and Escalation via PagerDuty�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 133
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 135
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 138

Part III: Software Delivery Migration���������������������������������������������������������� 139


Chapter 7: Procure Software Delivery Environment��������������������������������������������� 143
Inputs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
Processes and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Prerequisites����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Atlassian JIRA Configuration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148

vii
Table of Contents

Atlassian Confluence Configuration������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149


GitLab Configuration������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 150
Sample Agile Development Workflow���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 152
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 156
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 160

Chapter 8: Build Automated Pipeline�������������������������������������������������������������������� 161


Inputs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165
Process and Activities��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 166
Prerequisites����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
GitLab Pipeline��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 173
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 177
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179

Part IV: Software Operations Migration������������������������������������������������������ 181


Chapter 9: Transition, Runbook and Disaster Recovery���������������������������������������� 183
Inputs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 185
Processes and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 186
Migration Readiness Checklist�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 186
Production Migration Plan��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 190
Disaster Recovery��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 192
Cloud Operations Runbook�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 198
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 200
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 201

Chapter 10: Cloud Native Operations�������������������������������������������������������������������� 203


Efficient Cloud Operations Process������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 205
Plan������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
Organize������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 207

viii
Table of Contents

Monitor�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Control��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 207
Optimize������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 208
Inputs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 208
Processes and Activities����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Organize and Tag for Visibility��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Report, Budget and Alert����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Optimize Cloud Deployment������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 218
Output and Deliverables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 219
Tools, Techniques and Best Practices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
Epilogue������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 222
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 223

ix
Conventions Used in This Book
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

• Italic – Used for new terms, URLs, directories, email addresses,


filenames, and file extensions.

• Constant width - Used for program listings, as well as within


paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable and
function names, databases, data types, environment variables,
statements, and keywords.

• Constant width bold – Used for commands or other text that should
be typed literally by the user.

• Constant width italic - Shows text that should be replaced with


user-supplied values or by values determined by context.

The following text blocks elements are used in this book:

• TIP - This element signifies a tip or suggestions.

• NOTE - This element signifies a general note.

• WARNING - This element indicates warning or caution.

• IMPORTANT - This element indicates important information.

xi
About the Author
Taras Gleb is a pragmatic and hands-on cloud solutions
architect focused on software delivery, strategy, and
innovations. He has led software development and digital
transformation projects in the areas of business applications,
big data, reporting, machine learning, DevSecOps, and
automation. He has 25+ years of experience in design and
implementation of mission-critical, customer-oriented
software solutions for institutional investors, governments,
insurance companies, banks, capital markets, and power
utilities. While delivering these solutions, he applies advanced
software architecture and development methodologies.
His focus is on building cloud-native, secure, innovative, and cost-efficient solutions that
deliver business value in an agile manner. Taras is a life-long learner who holds a Degree
in Engineering, Master of Business Administration from Aspen University (Colorado, USA)
as well as various industry development, architecture and project management
certifications, including PMP from Project Management Institute. He is continuously
searching for novel, innovative and efficient ways to apply the latest technologies
and methodologies to software architecture, development, delivery and operations.
You can reach Taras via LinkedIn at www.linkedin.com/in/tgleb or via email at
[email protected].

xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Dwight Gunning lives in Toronto, Canada and works as a
data scientist building data analytics and machine learning
applications in the cloud for a US financial regulator.
He has prior direct experience in developing cloud
software while working for IBM SmartCloud.
When he isn’t coding side projects in Python, he spends
his free time exploring trails in the greater Toronto area.

xv
Acknowledgments
My first acknowledgements have to go to my wonderful children, Nikita and Ivanka, and
their dedicated mother, Polina, who are my endless source of energy and inspiration on
this fascinating journey.
This book couldn’t have happened without the support and guidance from Susan
McDermott, Laura Berendson, and Shrikant Vishwakarma, who provided me with the
resources necessary to see the book through.
Specifically, I would like to thank my colleague and friend Dwight Gunning, who
reviewed the book and provided insightful feedback that focused the content in some
cases and reduced ambiguities in others.

xvii
Introduction
The emergence of cloud computing within the last two decades has brought ground-­
breaking innovations and related transformations to the information technology
industry. It has revolutionized the way organizations develop, deliver, and operate
software applications, as well as brought profound changes to supporting infrastructure,
security, and enterprise services.
Well-implemented cloud computing strategy could be a competitive advantage and
has already become a differentiating factor in the marketplace for many companies.
Amazon, Microsoft, and Google are prime examples of such success. Conversely, cloud
computing has also introduced numerous challenges that could lead to higher costs,
increased complexity, and missed market opportunities. Hence, it is vital to understand
what cloud computing is, what opportunities and challenges it presents, and how to ride
the cloud computing wave to benefit your organization without drowning in it.
That’s where this book comes in. Its objective is to serve as a comprehensive, coherent,
and systematic cloud migration guide. Experiences shared in this book are drawn
from real-life migration projects and contain practical advice, as well as step-­by-­step
architecture, design, and technical implementation instructions using sample application
code from GitHub. Following this book will provide much needed support to your teams,
and help you successfully complete the application cloud migration journey.

Target Audience
This text is primarily designed with software developers, team leads, technical
development managers, DevSecOps engineers, production support technicians, and
software architects in mind. Their day-to-day activities include architecting, designing,
developing, delivering, and operating software in the cloud environment. In addition,
this book will benefit infrastructure, network, security, and operations engineers, who in
turn, can provide better support for the software development product teams.
The book provides structured and deep insights into cloud-related characteristics,
paradigm shifts, cloud-native tools, methodologies, and technologies, plus sound
engineering and cost-efficient design techniques. You will find valuable insights that will

xix
Introduction

help you identify cloud-related training requirements and help you develop the skillset
to successfully migrate. These newly acquired skills will future-proof your technology
career for years to come.
At the end of the day, this book aims to be your table-top reference guide. It provides
straight migration advice and guides you to a solution as well as points you to carefully
selected supplementary materials for additional research.

How This Book Is Structured


Organization of the book closely replicates the cloud migration process and is depicted
in Figure 1. It is a result-oriented book that answers the why, what, how, who, and when
of cloud migration. The text provides the teams with step-by-step instructions and
ensures successful migration to the public cloud provider’s infrastructure. The major
parts are as follows:

• Part I: Introduction to Cloud Computing

• Part II: Software Development Migration

• Part III: Software Delivery Migration

• Part IV: Software Operations Migration

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xx
Other documents randomly have
different content
Dead [1834]. A post captain and C.B. Black Sambo, you and I
never could agree; we hated one another most cordially: as a
midshipman you were tyrannical; as a captain, I know nothing
of you.—[Marshall, iv. 635.]
John Kiel, Midshipman.
Dead. A lieutenant. Poor Jack went mad and died.
William Pringle, first a scribe, and then a midshipman.
Dead. A lieutenant out-pension; nicknamed ‘Bull Rothery’ and
‘Ponderous and Huge.’ He got the name of ‘Ponderous and
Huge’ from the following circumstance. When we were
storming the poop (as I have mentioned before), I was looking
at John Macredie who had a boarding-pike for a spear, and
repeating the following lines from the Iliad:
And now he shakes his great paternal spear,
Ponderous and huge, which not a Greek could rear—

when Pringle, who was standing by, asked me who Ponderous


and Huge were, and whether they were Greeks or Trojans.[68]
Titus Allardice, Midshipman.
Dead [1832]. A commander [1831]; died insane at Haslar.
Davis, Mate. Dead. A lieutenant. Poor fellow, was broke by
court martial.
John Bull Conolly, Midshipman.
A lieutenant, out-pension; a very good fellow.
Robert Yetts, son of the first lieutenant, midshipman.
Dead. A lieutenant; broke by court martial. Poor Bob with all
his faults was a worthy, generous fellow.
Henry Foularton, Midshipman.
Dead. Very religious, and remarkably neat in his dress; but at
last drank very hard, and died regretting that a keg of gin
(along side of him) should see him out, which was really the
case.
Henry Allen, Midshipman.
This unfortunate man was captain of the Rattler sloop of war in
the West Indies and was hanged at the yardarm by the
sentence of a court martial [April 22, 1797, under the 29th
Article of War].
Gregory Grant, Midshipman.
A commander [1810]; a very worthy fellow. Died 1839.—
[Marshall, x. 403.]
William Vosper, Midshipman.
A lieutenant, Royal Asylum, Greenwich Hospital. A very good
fellow and seaman; we were at three schools together, and also
in the Edgar and Berwick.
Richard Heycock, Midshipman.
Dead. A lieutenant. Old Dick was a good sailor, but
unfortunately, as deaf as a doornail.
Fras. Roskruge, Midshipman.
Lieutenant [of Britannia], killed [at Trafalgar] in battle. A very
worthy fellow; son of the master.
Frost, Midshipman.
Dead. A master; ‘Hard Frost,’ I have mentioned you before.
Millar, Midshipman.
Dead. A gunner; as worthy a fellow as ever lived; called ‘Tom
Pepper.’[69]
Richard Cole, Midshipman.
Dead. Dicky was an easy, simple fellow.
Emanuel Silva, Midshipman.
A magistrate for the county of Surrey; a gentleman; very much
respected.
Wm. Granger, Midshipman.
A vice-admiral of the blue. [Died 1848.—O’Byrne.]
Hugh Downman, Midshipman.
A vice-admiral; a very good officer. [Died, admiral, 1858—
O’Byrne.]
[John] Hollingsworth, Midshipman.
Killed in battle[70]; a lieutenant.
John Twisden, Midshipman.
A commander; a droll old guardo! [Died 1853.—O’Byrne.]
John Macredie, Midshipman.
Dead [1833]. A commander [1827]; a most worthy fellow whom
I have mentioned before.
Hugh Cook, Midshipman.
Dead [1834]. A post captain [1806]; called ‘Pot luck and what
not.’ Billy Lamb gave him this name, because one evening on
shore, when half seas over, he was asking every one in the
room to come and see him and take ‘pot luck and what not.’—
[Marshall, v. 160.]
Wm. Hugh Dobbie, Midshipman.
Dead [1830]. A post captain; an excellent character.—
[Marshall, v. 136.]
John Tresahar, Midshipman.
A commander; my worthy messmate. [Died 1844.—O’Byrne.]
J. S. Carden, Midshipman.
A post captain. He commanded the Macedonian when she was
captured by an American frigate of superior force. [Died, a
retired rear-admiral, 1858—O’Byrne.]
Edward Brace, Midshipman.
A rear-admiral and K.C.B. [Died, a vice-admiral, in 1843.—
Marshall, iii. 253.]
J. A. Gardner, Midshipman.
A commander.
David Spence 1st, Midshipman, lent.
Dead. A lieutenant; worthy fellow.
David Spence 2nd, Midshipman, lent.
Dead. A master; worthy fellow.
Robert Crosbie, Midshipman, lent.
Dead from drink; a lieutenant not worth his salt.
James Irwin, Midshipman, lent.
Dead. A commander; much respected.
Andrew Macbride, Schoolmaster.
Dead. Splendid abilities.
Crombey, Assistant Surgeon.
Dead. A surgeon; a man of prodigious strength.
John Liggatt, Assistant Surgeon.
Dead. A surgeon. Poor Jack lost his leg in action.
Geo. Gordon, Assistant Surgeon.
Dead. George was not very orthodox.
Duncan Campbell, Assistant Surgeon.
Uncertain. Much the gentleman.
Marsh, Assistant Surgeon.
Uncertain. Drank like a fish.
Lauchlin Maclean, Clerk.
Dead. A paymaster at Greenwich Hospital.
John Scott, Clerk.
Killed in battle [at Trafalgar]. Lord Nelson’s secretary.
Gardner, wrote in the office.
Dead. A very good little fellow; no relation of mine.
Geo. Gray, Gunner.
Dead. Much respected.
Johnny Bone, Boatswain.
Dead, from drink; Cap-a-bar.
Watson, Boatswain.
Uncertain. Broke by court martial. Said to have been boatswain
with the notorious John Paul Jones when he took Sir Richard
Pearson and my old captain (Piercy) in the American War.
Douglas, Carpenter.
Dead. Builder at Antigua; much respected.
BARFLEUR, 98

When the Edgar was paid off, Commissioner Martin[71] of the


dockyard at Portsmouth, recommended me to the Barfleur, Vice-
Admiral Roddam (red at the fore) port admiral, and Robert Calder,
Esq., captain. I had not been long on board when Captain Calder
took it into his head to recommend several of us to the Solebay, 32,
fitting at Spithead for the West Indies, and I was one of the number.
This did not suit my inclination, and I requested my mother to make
the circumstance known to the commissioner, who promised her
that I should not be sent out against my will. I waited with great
anxiety the result, and never shall I forget the manner Captain Calder
addressed me the moment he came on board. ‘Your mother is a fool,
sir; you shall not stay in my ship; take your hat off, sir’ (for we were
always obliged to stand with our hats off while speaking to him and I
was rather slack in doffing mine); ‘I will give you one month to
provide yourself with another ship, you are disgraced here;’ and then
turning on his heel went into his cabin. With rage and indignation at
such an unwarrantable attack, I sent in to say I would be glad to
speak to him if he was at leisure. This he immediately granted, and I
was told after by Jefferys, the clerk, who was in the cabin, that he
thought I had made up my mind to go, but he was mistaken. I told
him I came to return him thanks for his kindness in allowing me to
remain in his ship for a month until I could provide myself with
another, but if he pleased I would rather have my discharge
immediately. He looked at me for some time before he made an
answer; at last he roared out in fury, ‘You shall not go at all, sir; and
mind what you are about.’ I answered that I always did mind what I
was about. This increased his rage, and turning to the first lieutenant
(Dolling), who had just come into the cabin, ‘That’s a troublesome
chap, sir, take care of him.’ Now it happened that I had leave to go on
shore before Captain C. came on board and only waited till I saw
him, and was going into the boat, when Lieutenant Dolling came
waddling up to me with the intelligence that I was under arrest, and
to consider myself a prisoner at large; and so I was for upwards of
ten weeks, and the devil thank Bobby Calder for his kindness.
The Spanish armament taking place, we were ordered to
Spithead, and hoisted the flag (blue at the main) of the Honourable
Samuel Barrington, Sir John Jervis (rear-admiral of the blue) captain
of the fleet, and Captain Calder in command of the ship. Sailed for
Torbay, and took command of the fleet assembled there, until the
arrival of Lord Howe, which took place soon after, as admiral of the
fleet, the union jack being hoisted on board the Queen Charlotte, 110.
[72]
His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, admiral of the
white, attended by Prince William Henry, who commanded the
Valiant, 74, came on board to visit Admiral Barrington, who had
formerly sailed with the duke. Admiral Barrington having shifted his
flag to the Royal George, 110, we hoisted that of Rear-Admiral Sir
John Jervis, K.B., and sailed to the westward with the grand fleet,
and found the old Barfleur an excellent sea boat. After cruising
several weeks the fleet returned, and when off Plymouth we struck
the flag of Sir John Jervis, and proceeded to the Downs and hoisted
the flag (blue at the fore) of Vice-Admiral Elliot, and sailed with
thirteen sail of the line for Spithead, where we found Lord Howe with
the remainder of the fleet, Captain Calder having been appointed to
the Stately, 64. Captain Robert Carthew Reynolds took command of
the Barfleur as flag captain. The chief part of the midshipmen being
removed to the Stately, Captain Calder sent for me and introduced
me to Captain Reynolds, and spoke to him in the highest terms of my
conduct, and among other things said I was particularly active in
going aloft, and if I wished to leave the Barfleur he would keep a
vacancy open on his books; but that the Barfleur being a flagship and
my pay better, he thought it the most eligible of the two to remain.
This was a civil way of parting to outward appearance friends.
The Spanish business being settled we remained at Spithead but
struck our flag. Soon after a mutiny broke out in the ship, which was
soon put a stop to, and the crews of the ships at Spithead (as many as
liked) paid off. The Russian armament commencing, Lord Hood
hoisted his flag on board the Victory, 100, and took command of the
fleet, consisting of thirty-six sail of the line moored in two lines
abreast, the frigates between, which had a most beautiful
appearance, and thousands from all parts of the country came to
gaze, and went back as wise as ever. Rear-Admiral Jonathan
Faulknor[73] (red at the mizen) having hoisted his flag on board of us,
that excellent officer Captain Reynolds left the ship and was
succeeded by Captain John Bourmaster, one of the best men that
ever lived. We remained a considerable time at Spithead until the
business was settled, and then went into harbour to be paid off.
I shall now relate as well as I remember a few circumstances that
took place in the Barfleur during the time I belonged to her. When
we had the command in Torbay, before the arrival of Lord Howe, we
exercised great guns and small arms every day, with loosing and
furling sails, and it was remarked by the fleet that they never looked
at the Barfleur without seeing the men crawling up the rigging ready
for some manœuvre and keeping them constantly on the alert. I have
absolutely been midshipman in the foretop when the sail has been
loosed and furled nineteen times; and long Lloyd (one of our
lieutenants) calling out from the gratings on the bowsprit, ‘Mr.
Gardner, will you have your hammock sent up to you?’—a common
expression in the navy. I could not help answering, ‘I’ll thank you,
sir, for I’m damnation tired.’ He was a good fellow and only laughed.
Our ship’s company were never surpassed. We had the pickings
of the East India men, and our waisters could take helm and lead,
and certainly we could have beaten with ease any two ships of a
foreign power of our rate, and a braver officer never stepped between
stem and stern than Bobby Calder. I had great reason to dislike him,
but I will do him justice as well as my humble abilities will allow. An
error in judgment is what every man is liable to. Even Napoleon, the
greatest man the world ever produced, was guilty of three great
errors: the first in not entirely crushing the Russian army when he
had it in his power after defeating the Emperor Alexander at
Austerlitz; the second in not reinstating the Poles; and the third in
not marrying a Frenchwoman after his divorce from Josephine.
Another great general also made a few blunders; and his retreat from
a certain citadel was, I have been told, anything but superior to that
of the ten thousand under Xenophon.[74] But to return. Sir Robert
Calder was found guilty of an error in judgment by the sentence of a
court martial; but no man can deny that he was a brave and
meritorious officer, possessing the first-rate[75] abilities of a British
admiral.
To some the pow’rs of bloody war belong,
To some, sweet music and the charm of song;
To few, and wondrous few, has Jove assigned
A wise, extensive, all considering mind.

The newspapers at the time were teeming with abuse; but the
braying of those asses soon sunk, and had no other effect than to
shew the malignity of their leading articles. One of the blackguard
papers was particularly vindictive. It was edited
by wicked Daniel,
Who snaps like a cur, and fawns like a spaniel.

From the number of flag officers and captains that were in the
Barfleur, we had so many of their followers of every description that
it is difficult to remember the whole, and we had six or seven
different first lieutenants. However, I shall give as correct a list as
possible, but not exactly in rotation. But first I must relate a few
anecdotes; and with heart-felt respect for your memory, come
forward my old friend Billy Culmer. This gentleman was one of the
mates and is or was so well known in the navy that it would be
superfluous to say anything respecting him, but for a few anecdotes
not generally known which may be interesting.[76]
Billy in person was about five feet eight or nine, and stooped;
hard features marked with the smallpox; blind in an eye, and a wen
nearly the size of an egg under his cheek bone. His dress on a Sunday
was a mate’s uniform coat, with brown velvet waistcoat and
breeches; boots with black tops; a gold-laced hat, and a large hanger
by his side like the sword of John-a-Gaunt. He was proud of being
the oldest midshipman in the navy (for he had been in that capacity
with Lord Hood since 1757[77]), and looked upon young captains and
lieutenants with contempt. Being on shore at Gosport on a Sunday in
the above costume, he tried to get into a tavern when the people were
at church, and was thundering at the door to no purpose, when the
late Captain N. H. Eastwood of the Royal Navy happened to be
passing at the time in plain clothes, made some observations on his
conduct, and said, ‘Mr. Culmer, you are a disgrace to the service.’
Billy at this jumped off the steps, and with his usual oath ‘Damn my
two eyes,’—though he had but one—‘but I’ll slit your gullet, you wa
wa——,’ and with two or three desperate efforts to draw his sword, he
at last succeeded, like Hudibras, in getting it out, and then gave
chase to Eastwood, whose lean figure, moving like a ghost, had got
the start and was fortunate enough to get into his own house just as
Billy came up puffing and blowing and bellowing out, ‘Stop that
lanky son of a —— till I make a razee of him.’
In the American War Billy belonged to the Buffalo, 60. I am not
certain that he was on board at the time the Dogger Bank action was
fought; however, he used to celebrate the praises of his old ship,
which bore a distinguished part in that well-fought battle. The Dutch
fleet commanded by Admiral Zoutman had a convoy under charge,
when our fleet under Vice-Admiral Hyde Parker fell in with them on
the Dogger Bank and bore down immediately to give battle. The
Dutch admiral formed his line to windward of his convoy, and waited
for our fleet, and to his honour be it said that he never fired a gun
until our admiral had formed his line within pistol shot, when up
went the colours of both nations and then the action began. After
several hours’ desperate fighting the Dutch bore away with their
convoy for the Texel, and we were so crippled that it was impossible
to follow them.
Billy would upon all occasions when sea fights were spoken of
sing the following song in honour of his old ship. It was made by a
seaman of the Princess Amelia.
’Twas on the fifth of August by dawning of the day,
We spied some lofty sail, my boys, who to leeward of us lay;
They proved to be Dutchmen, with eight sail neat and fine,
We soon bore down upon them, and then we formed the line.

Bold Admiral Hyde Parker commanded us that day,


Who in the noble Fortitude to the windward of us lay;
To engage the Dutchmen closely the signal then he made,
And at his fore topgallant mast the bloody flag displayed.

And when our ships they did engage with seven sail neat and fine,
The Buffalo being one of them, her valour it did shine;
For she engaged six glasses, her shot did on them play,
Though she had three upon her she made them bear away.
There were the noble Berwick, Preston and Dolphin too,
Likewise the Bienfaisant, my boys, who made the Dutch to rue;
The old Princess Amelia was not backward on that day,
She lost her valiant captain all in the bloody fray.

Then our ship being so disabled and our rigging shot away,
And twenty of our brave fellows killed in the bloody fray;
And sixty-four were wounded, a dreadful sight to see,
But yet the rest were willing to engage the enemy, &c.

Billy was once singing the above ditty with a voice as melodious
as that of the raven, when old Bob Perkins (a droll old guardo
midshipman) began another that annoyed him sadly; but taking
great care to be in a place where Billy could not easily get at him, says
he, ‘Mr. Culmer, you never were a midshipman before you joined the
Barfleur, and it’s well authenticated that you were cook of the
celebrated Huffey so well known in days of yore.’ He then began
singing the following sonnet:—
Billy the cook got drunk,
Fell down the fore ladder,
And broke his gin bladder,
Then lived upon swipes and salt junk.

Billy the cook got drunk,


Fell into a sty,
And knocked out his eye,
Then into the sick bay he slunk.

As [Billy] had the meanest opinion of any one that would lay by
for sickness, the last line of the above threw him into such a rage that
Perkins, not finding his situation tenable, was obliged to make a
hasty retreat; but not before
he got a switch
As quick as lightning on the breech,

which hastened his way down the cockpit ladder. [Billy] was once
sitting in the gunroom cleaning a pair of huge yellow buckles, when
the same Perkins chalked on a board in large letters, ‘To be seen alive
—The old blind sea monster, cleaning buckles as large as the main
hatchway.’ The moment he got sight of the inscription, [Billy] caught
hold of a cutlass from the stand and cleared the gunroom in an
instant, and had very near given it to Perkins, whom he suspected.
He had a custom, when half seas over, of sounding a horn like a
huntsman and calling the hounds, and used to swear he would be in
at the death.
When he went to pass for lieutenant, one of the midshipmen and
Marr the boatswain went up to London with him. They found it no
easy matter to keep him in order, and he once swore to have them
taken up as runaway soldiers. When he went to the navy board to
undergo his examination he asked the commissioners the meaning of
the word ‘azimuth’ and told them he could never find any wa wa that
knew a word about it. Some of the board had been shipmates with
him and were well acquainted with his ways; and when putting him
right when answering a question, he would say, ‘Go on, go on, my
boy, that’s the way; you are very right,’ as if he was passing them;
and when they told him they had no more questions to ask, he said
he was glad of it and would go back to his ship like a lark.
One night soon after his return, when he had the first watch,
some of the midshipmen reefed his blankets—this is done by making
the ends fast and forming by numerous turns the blanket into the
shape of a ring very difficult to undo. As soon as he was relieved he
went to his hammock and groping about (for he never would take a
light into the tier), he was heard to mutter, ‘What the hell have they
done with the ends?’ and at last roared out, ‘A horse’s collar, by God.’
After several fruitless attempts to shake the reef out, he went upon
deck and brought down the ship’s corporal and quartermaster with a
light, and ordered them to clear his blankets; but they were as unable
as himself, while the midshipmen in the tier were convulsed with
laughter, and Billy, foaming with rage, drove away the corporal and
quartermaster, calling them lubberly wa wa ——s. At this time a cry
was heard from a remote part of the tier, ‘Lay out, you lubberly
rascal, and shake the reef out.’ At this Billy lost all patience, and after
damning his two eyes he unshipped the orlop gratings and got some
billets of wood out of the hold, and in less than a minute the tier was
cleared. Soon after some of the watch came down and put his
bedding to rights and all was quiet. The same compliment that
Cicero paid to Cæsar may also be paid to Billy, “that he remembered
everything but an injury.” The next morning he thought nothing of
the matter.
Speaking about the Roman history respecting the battle of
Actium between Augustus and Antony, he said he was in the battle
and remembered all about it. The fact was he mistook the name and
thought it was some place where he had been in the American war.
He never heard the last of this, and when speaking of any battle
where he had been present, was always asked if it took place thirty
years before Christ. Captain Calder once sent for him to go in the
launch for beer to Weevil.[78] ‘Go back,’ says he to the quartermaster,
‘and tell Captain C. that Mr. Wood’ (meaning Lord Hood, who he
never called by his right name) ‘never sent me away at seven bells
and I shan’t go now without my dinner. As soon as I have got that I
will go like a lark—damn my two eyes.’ Of course this was not told
the captain.
While we had Admiral Roddam’s flag in the harbour, a Dutch
ship of the line anchored at Spithead and used to fire the morning
and evening gun, without our taking notice of the circumstance.
However, Bobby Calder soon found it out and came on board in a
terrible rage, and gave the commanding officer (Prowse) a severe
lecture, and told us all to prepare for a court martial for neglect in
not reporting the transaction; at the same time sending a message to
the Dutchman that if he persisted in such conduct a ship of the line
would be sent alongside of him. This the Dutchman did not relish
and took himself off as quick as possible.
Captain Calder was a man that had the service at heart and was
a very strict disciplinarian. We dared not appear on deck without our
full uniform, and a round hat was never allowed; our side arms
always on the quarter deck ready for duty, and when exercising sails
the midshipmen in the tops were to be in full dress. I remember
when the signal was made for all lieutenants while lying in Torbay,
that several came on board not exactly in uniform. He, without
hearing a word they had to say, turned them out of the ship with a
severe reprimand—old Lieutenant Noah Webb (with his crossjack
brace[79] eye), who commanded a cutter at the head of them; and
when the late Sir Joseph Yorke (then a lieutenant) came on board at
Spithead with strings in his shoes, Captain Calder came running out
of his cabin and desired him to quit the ship immediately; and
though Sir Joseph told him he was not on duty, it was all to no
purpose; he kept following him to the gangway saying, ‘My hat’s off,
sir; you must go out of the ship,’ which the other was obliged to do in
high dudgeon.
In working the ship no one was allowed to speak but himself,
and I have seen the Barfleur brought to an anchor and the sails
furled like magic, without a voice being heard except his own.[80]
Sedate and silent move the numerous bands;
No sound, no whisper but their chiefs commands;
These only heard, with awe the rest obey,
As if some god had snatched their voice away.—Iliad.

No ship in the navy was in such high order. The midshipmen’s


berths were fitted up in great style (the beginning of luxury which the
war soon after put a stop to), with rules and regulations. If a candle
was taken off the table a fine of sixpence must be paid; and a shilling,
if a hat was hung up in the berth or left on the chairs. This was all
very well for the dandy aristocracy, but did not suit some of us that
formerly belonged to the old Edgar; and Dick Heycock was the first
to kick, and refused to abide by the regulations laid down by a proud
and usurping few; and we carried our point, and things went on
much better when the petty tyranny was abolished. Captain Calder
would always bring the nobility that visited the ship to see the
midshipmen’s berths, and used to say: ‘This is the place where all the
admirals and captains in the service are tried every day, and where
no one escapes being hauled over the coals.’
No man could be more attentive at his table, and he would
particularly address himself to the midshipmen, and even ask their
opinion upon different subjects, to give them confidence. Mrs. Calder
was very fond of boat-sailing, and we had a large double banked
cutter in which she would go to Spithead when blowing very fresh,
and carrying sail as if in chase until the boat’s gunwale was under, so
that everyone thought she was mad; and very few liked the trip
except in fine weather, as she would always feel offended if any
attempt was made to take in sail.
Among the many first lieutenants, we had one that was very
pedantic. I shall not mention his name, but his nickname was Soap-
Suds. The signal being made for all midshipmen, the order[81] was
that a preparative flag would be hoisted before any manœuvre began,
but when hauled down it was immediately to take place. Now not
content with what was written in the order book, he addressed the
midshipmen as follows: ‘The idea strikes me thus, that when the
preparative is hauled down, the evo-lu-ti-on will most certainly
commence, and this pennant is your signal.’
We had another strange first lieutenant—this was Billy
Chantrell, well known in the service. In giving his orders at night he
used to say, ‘Call me at six, and don’t come bothering me about
blowing and raining and all that damned nonsense.’ I was with him
in three ships and never met with so droll and strange a fellow. In
passing Fairlight, near Hastings, on our way from the Downs to
Spithead, Chantrell, pointing out to me the cliff near the church on
Fairlight Down, said, ‘Jemmy, how would you like to be perched up
there in the winter?’ Little did he imagine that in some years after,
when the war broke out and signal stations were erected along the
coast, he should be the first officer appointed to this very spot, and I,
the last; which was the fact.
We led a very lazy life at Spithead for several months, and it was
expected we should strike upon our beef bones, as we never shifted
our berth. We had nothing to do but row guard and go for fresh beef.
Captain Bourmaster lived at Tichfield, and if anything particular
happened a boat was sent with a midshipman to Hellhead or near it
with the orders. On one occasion Mr. S——s, a midshipman, was
dispatched in the cutter and took some of the boat’s crew with him to
Tichfield. On their return, passing by a farmyard, a flock of ducks
and geese began to quack and hiss at them. The midshipman
considered this as a declaration of war, and ordered his party to
prepare for battle and to engage close, which was instantly obeyed,
and after a short contest the enemy took to flight and several of the
ducks were captured. Now the midshipman had read a little of
British history, and particularly remembered that part where
Richard the First in Palestine, and Henry the Fifth at Agincourt, put
their prisoners to death. He immediately followed their example, and
ordered the ducks to be slaughtered. Now the difference between
those great men was this, that Richard and Henry buried their
prisoners or got somebody else to do it, but the midshipman carried
his off; and seeing in an orchard near the farmyard a number of fruit
trees heavily laden, he thought it just that those who began the war
should pay the expenses, which was no new thing in modern warfare,
and gave orders to his party to fill their jackets with pears and
apples, observing that it would ease the trees of their burthen and the
boughs would be in less danger of breaking down. Now all this was
very fair; and peace being restored, the midshipman addressed the
farmer (who had come up with the reserve, but too late to assist the
main body after their defeat): ‘I say, old Hodge, I wish you joy to see
your nose and chin come together after being separated for so many
years. But harkee, old chap, if I should come this way again, and your
feather-bed sons of —— begin their capers, I’m damned if I don’t
stop the grog of every mother’s son belonging to you.’ So saying, he
returned with his dead prisoners, and the war was considered at an
end. But the farmer, being bloody-minded, was of a different
opinion, and breathing revenge, went and made his report to Captain
Bourmaster. The captain, after coolly and deliberately weighing and
investigating the transaction, came to the following conclusion: That
Mr. S——s and his party, instead of going direct to their boat, did go
this way and that way, and every way but the right way; and on a
certain day, and in a certain lane, did kill, or did slay, or did murder
or put to death several ducks, and did keep, and did hold, and did
maintain the same, without any right law or title; and for such
conduct Mr. S——s was sentenced to be dismissed from the Barfleur,
and his party to have slops served out to them at the gangway.[82] The
midshipman thought this extremely hard, and on leaving observed
that had the case been tried before a jury he was sure they would
have brought in a verdict of justifiable duckicide.
A curious bet took place between our chaplain and one of the
officers. The wager was that the latter would bring a man who would
eat eight penny rolls and drink a gallon of beer before the parson
could walk a mile. Now the reverend gentleman was a great
pedestrian, and could walk a mile in less than a quarter of an hour.
The ground being chosen, one began to eat and the other to walk at
the same moment, a gentleman being placed at each end with
watches that corresponded to a second, when the parson to his utter
amazement, after he had walked three-quarters of his mile, met the
other, who had with ease finished his rolls and beer, and was
unwilling that his reverence should have the trouble of walking the
whole mile and therefore came to meet him. The reverend
gentleman, like most clergymen, played well at whist, and once
sitting at his favourite game, our signal was made, and the order was
for the chaplain to attend a man that was to be hanged next morning.
This broke up the game, when one of the officers observed: ‘Doctor,
you have lost the odd trick; but never mind, the fellow you are going
to attend has got nothing by honours.’
OFFICERS’ NAMES
[Robert] Roddam, Vice-Admiral, Port Admiral.
Dead [1808]. An admiral. Had his flag on board the old
Conquistador, 60, in the American war, as port admiral at the
Nore, at the time Mr. Fegan [post, p. 214] was sent onboard.—
[D.N.B.]
Hon. Samuel Barrington, Admiral of the blue.
Dead [1800]. A great officer. See his masterly manœuvre in the
West Indies.—[D.N.B.]
[John] Elliot, Vice-Admiral.
Dead [1808]. This first-rate officer captured after a severe
action the French squadron off the Irish coast commanded by
Thurot, who fell in the contest. He also commanded the Edgar,
74, in the action when Don Langara was defeated and taken by
Admiral Rodney. He commanded at Newfoundland as
Governor of that island; a great astronomer and an able sailor.
—[D.N.B.]
Sir John Jervis, K.B., Rear-Admiral.
Dead [1823]. Earl St. Vincent, admiral of the fleet; needs no
comment here.—[D.N.B.]
Jonathan Faulknor, Senr., Rear-Admiral.
Dead [1795]. A most able officer who had seen a great deal of
service, and no man understood it better.
Robert Calder, Esq., Captain.
Dead [1818]. An admiral, a baronet, and K.C.B. I have already
spoken of him.—[D.N.B.]
Robert Carthew Reynolds, Captain.
Dead [1811]. A rear-admiral; unfortunately lost on the coast of
Denmark, in the St. George, 98; a brave and meritorious
officer. [D.N.B.]
John Bourmaster, Esq., Captain.
Dead [1807]. A vice-admiral; one of the best men that ever did
honour to the British navy. [Admiral.]
John Dolling [or Doling], 1st Lieutenant.
Dead [1795]. A post captain with Admiral Rainier in the East
Indies.
Paddy Lee, 2nd and then 1st Lieutenant.
Dead. A commander; a strange, droll hand.
[John] Mathews, 3rd Lieutenant.
Dead [1798]. A post captain [1793]; a first-rate seaman.
Benjamin Hallowell [afterwards Carew], 4th Lieutenant.
Dead [1834]. An admiral and G.C.B.; a brave and skilful officer.
—[D.N.B.]
Robert Savage Daniel, 5th Lieutenant.
Killed on board the Bellerophon, 74, at the battle of the Nile; a
loss to the service.
Wm. Prowse, 2nd and then 1st Lieutenant.
Dead [1826]. A rear-admiral [1821], C.B.; a worthy man.
Ross, Lieutenant; I forget how he stood.
Dead. A satirical gentleman and would be thought a poet
because he wrote a play that was damned, and some poems in
doggerel rhymes of scurrilous merit.
James Nicholl Morris, 1st Lieutenant.
Dead [1830]. A vice-admiral, K.C.B.; a very brave and
meritorious officer. He commanded the Colossus, 74, at
Trafalgar.—[D.N.B.]
Geo. Grey, 2nd Lieutenant.
Dead [1828]. Hon. Sir Geo. Grey, Bart. [1814], K.C.B.; late
commissioner at Portsmouth yard.
Wm. Chantrell, 2nd, 3rd, and 1st Lieutenant.
Dead. A very droll and strange fellow.
[Robert] Lloyd, Lieutenant.
I believe a vice-admiral of the blue [1837. Died, vice-admiral of
the white, 1846.—O’Byrne].
Richard Simmonds, Lieutenant.
Dead. Was an agent of transports and lieutenant at Haslar
Hospital. Nicknamed Gentleman Jack, because he came to see
us in our berth in the cockpit, and said he was the gentleman
below, but the officer on deck.
James Carpenter, Lieutenant.
Vice-admiral of the red; since promoted to be admiral of the
blue [Jan. 10, 1837. Died, admiral of the white, 1845.—
O’Byrne.]
Daniel Dobree, Lieutenant.
Dead. A post captain [1802]. See Blonde.
[Thomas] Bowen, Lieutenant.
Uncertain. I believe a post captain [1798]; fiery Welshman.
[Griffith Bowen, his servant. Died 1809.]
Andrew Bracey Taylor, Lieutenant.
Dead. A good officer.
[William] Elliot, 1st Lieutenant.
Dead. A commander. See Salisbury.
Philip Charles Durham, 2nd Lieutenant.
Admiral of the white, G.C.B.; port admiral at Portsmouth.
[Died 1845.—D.N.B.]
Nicholas Kemp, Lieutenant.
Dead. A commander [1797]; a most worthy fellow.
Jackson Dowsing, Lieutenant.

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