©Exam Review Sessions and Active recall by E.

T OLADEJO

Introductory electricity & magnetism

S/N Questions Answers

1. A current is produced in a loop of wire that is stationary in a constant magnetic F
field. T/F

2. EM induction is __ A process in which a conductor is

placed in a particular position &
magnetic field keeps varying or
magnetic field is stationary and a
conductor is moving

3. State Faraday's law of induction The rate of change of magnetic

flux with time through the circuit
is equal to the magnitude of the
induced EMF in a circuit

4. Give the Faraday's law of induction formula £=-d¢B/dt = -N d¢B/dt

5. State Lenz law An induced current has a direction

such that the magnetic field due
to the current opposes the change
in the magnetic flux that induced
the current

6. The negative sign in the Faraday's law of induction formula indicates what? Indicates that the direction of £
and hence the direction of current
in a circuit

7. Induced EMF can be increased by ___ Increasing the no of loops 'N' of a

coil

8. Flux can be modified by ___ Changing the shape of a coil

either by shrinking it or stretching
it in a magnetic field

9. ___ induced EMF in the respective coils Rotating a coil in a magnetic field

10. Induced EMF has the same direction as induced current. T/F T

11. A 55- loop circular coil has a radius of 4cm. It's oriented so that the field lines of a £= NABf-Bi/t
magnetic field are normal to the area of the coil. The magnetic field is varied so 34.55V
that B increases from 0.20T to 0.45T in 2 milliseconds. Find the average induced
EMF in the coil

12. Define magnetic flux through an area The number of flux lines that pass
through the area
¢=B|A unit(wb)

13. State 4 applications of electromagnetic induction •Electric motors.

•Electric generators.
•Transformers
•credit/debit card readers

14. What principle does an electric motor work on? When a current carrying a
conductor is placed in an external
magnetic field , it experiences a
force
15. Calculate the induced EMF in a 150cm² circular coil having 100 turns when the field A=150cm²=0.015m²
strength B passing through the coil changes from 0.0 to 0.001T in 0.1s at a constant ∆¢=(B2-B1)A = 1.5x10-5Wb
rate £=-N∆¢/∆t = -0.015V
Note: if B is low to high , £ then is
negative

16. A rectangular 5000mm² in size is perpendicular to a magnetic field of 1x10-3 T (a) A=5000mm²=5x10-3m²
what is the flux through the loop (b) if the magnitude field drops to zero in 3s, what a. ¢=BA=BAcos(theta)
is the EMF induced between the ends of the loop during the period? =5x10-6Wb
b. £=-∆¢/∆t
∆¢=(B2-B1)A
=-5x10-6Wb
£=1.7μV

17. Give the formula for finding the torque on the coil of an electric motor T=NIABSin(Theta)

18. The theta in question 17 signifies _ The angle between the field lines
and the perpendicular to the
plane of the coil.

19. Give the formula for finding the net p.d that causes current through the armature (Line voltage)-(back EMF)

20. Give the formula for armature current [Line voltage-back

EMF]/armature resistance

21. Formula for power developed within the armature of a motor (Armature current)(back EMF)

22. In a motor, a conductor 120mm long carries a current of 2A. If it lies F=BILSin(theta)=1.4x2x(120/1000
)xSin90 = 0.336N
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 1.4T, what is the force on
T=NIABSin(theta)=FxSxSin(theta)
the conductor? What torque is produced if the conductor is 50mm from
the axis of the motion and parallel to it and the field points from the axis
to the wire?

23. A motor running at full load on a 118V line develops a back EMF of 107V Armature current=(line voltage
)-(back EMF)/armature resistance
and draws a current of 6A through the armature. What is the mechanical
Armature Resistance= (line
power output of the motor, disregarding frictional losses? What is the voltage)-(back EMF)/armature
armature resistance? current
=118-107/6= 1.833Ω
Power=(armature current)(back
EMF) =6x107

24. Formula for finding EMF induced between the terminals of the coil of an £=2πNABFCos2πft
electric generator

25. Rotation of rectangular coil in a magnetic field results in____ A voltage output whose polarity
reverses with each half cycle

26. Ends of coil of an electric generator are connected to an external circuit Slip rings & brushes
by means of ___

27. In an electric generator, for a current to be induced in a coil or wire loop, The magnetic flux through the
loop must vary with time
what must happen?

28. An ac generator produces an output voltage £=150Sin367t V where t is in £=2πNABfCos2πft

f=58.4Hz
seconds, what is the frequency of the ac voltage?

29. How fast must a 1000 loop coil(each with 29cm² area) turn in the Earth's N=1000Loops A=20/100m²
B= 0.7G=7.0x10-5T. £=0.5V
magnetic field of 0.70G to generate a voltage that has a maximum value
Because cos2πft has a Max value
if 1, the amplitude of the
 (i.e an amplitude) of 0.50V. (hint: we assume the coil's axis to be oriented voltage=2πNABf
f=0.5V/(2π)(1000)(29x10-4)(7.0x10-
in the field so as to give maximum flux change when rotated)
5) =392Hz

30. Electronic card swiping machine or card reader machine is based on __ The principle of electromagnetic
induction

31. Any credit/debit card has a magnetic strip on the reverse side of the Magstripe
card called __

32. The magstripe is made up of __ and they are aligned in ___ direction Very small magnetic particles
North-South direction

33. What is a transformer? A device that changes the voltage

supplied to it by means of
induction

34. Give the ideal relationship between transformer voltage and current Vs=[Ns/Np]Vp
Is=[Np/Ns]Ip
Ip/Is=Vs/Vp=Ns/Np

35. __ transformer has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary Step up
coil

36. __ transformer has more turns in the primary coil than in the secondary Step down
coil

37. A step up transformer is used on a 120V line to furnish 1800V. The Vs/Vp=Ns/No
1800/120= Ns/100
primary has 100 turns. How many turns are on the secondary?
Ns=1500turns

38. What does it mean for a transformer to be 100% efficient? Power input=Power output [no
energy losses]

39. A well designed transformer will have an efficiency greater than _ 95%

40. An ideal 600-W transformer has 50 turns on its primary coil and 100 turns Step up transformer
Vs=[Ns/Np]Vp
on its secondary coil. (a) is this transformer I. A step up or II. Step down
=(2)(120)=240V
arrangement? (b) if the primary coil is connected to a 120V source, what If the transformer is ideal, then
is the output voltage and current of this transformer? the input Power equals the output
power. On the primary side, the
input Power Pp=IVp=600W, so the
input current must be
Ip=600W/Vp=600W/120V=5A
Because the voltage is stepped up
by a factor of 2, the output current
should be stepped down by a
factor of 2
Is=[Np/Ns]Ip= 2.50A

41. State 4 reasons why transformers are less than ideal •There is flux leakage (i.e not all of
the flux passes through the
secondary coil)
•By lenz's law, the self induced
EMF in the primary coil will
oppose the change in current and
thus limit the primary current
(similar to back EMF in a motor)
•Joule heating(I²R losses) due to
the resistance of the wire
•The effect of induction in the core
material
42. A coil having 50 turns of wire is removed in 0.020s from between the £=N|∆¢m|÷|∆t|
=[50(3.1-0.10)x10-4]/0.020
poles of a magnet, where its area intercepted a flux of 3.1x10-4Wb, to a
=0.75V
place where the intercepted flux is 0.10x10-4Wb. Determine the average
EMF induced in the coil

43. A copper bar 30cm long is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of £=BLV =0.12V
0.80 Wb/m² and moves at right angles to the field with a speed of
0.50m/s. Determine the EMF induced in the bar

44. A solenoid is 40cm long, has a cross- sectional area of 8.0cm², and is B0 =μ0NI/L =1.13mT
μ0= 4πx10-7T.m/A
wound with 300 turns of wire that carry a current of 1.2A. The relative
And so, B=Km B0=(600)(1.13x10-3T)
permeability of its iron core is 600. Compute (a)B for an interior point =0.68T
and (b) the flux through the solenoid
Because the field lines are
perpendicular to the cross section
of the solenoid, ¢m=BA=54μWb

45. The flux through a current- carrying toroidal coil changes from 0.65mWb The air core is essentially the
same as a vacuum Core
to 0.91m Wb when the air core is replaced by another material. What are
Since Km=B/B0. And ¢m=BA
the relative permeability and the permeability of the material? Relative permeability
(Km)=0.91mWb/0.65mWb =1.40
Magnetic permeability: μ=Kmμ0
(1.40)(4πx10-7)=5.6πx10-7T.m/A

46. A 5.0 ohms coil, of 100 turns and diameter 6.0cm, is placed between the As the coil is removed, the flux
changes from BA, where A istge
poles of a magnet so that the magnetic flux is maximum through the
coil's cross- sectional area to zero.
coil's cross- sectional area. When the coil is suddenly removed from the |£|=N|∆¢m|/|∆t| =NBA/∆t
field of the magnet, a charge of 1.0x10-4 C flows through a 595 ohms By ohms law
galvanometer connected to the coil. Compute B between the poles of the |£| =IR =∆qR/∆t
Where R=600Ω is the total
magnet resistance
B=R∆q/NA = 0.21T

47. A flux of 9.0x20-4Wb is produced in the iron core of a solenoid. When the Km=B/B0 = 9.0x10-4/ 5.0x10-7
=1800
core is removed, a flux(in air) of 5.0x10-7Wb is produced in the same
solenoid by the same current. What is the relative permeability of the B= filed with material
iron ? Bo= vacuum

48. A solenoid 60cm long has 5000 turns of wire and is wound on an iron rod B0 = μ0NI/L= 0.0314
Km= B/B0
having a 0.75cm radius. Find the flux inside the solenoid when the current
B=KmxB0 = 300x0.0314
through the wire is 3.0A. the relative permeability of the iron is 300. ¢=BA=1.7mWb

49. The flux through the solenoid of question 48 is reduced to a value of £=N∆¢/∆t
∆¢=1.7mWb-1.0mWb=0.7mWb
1.0mWb in a time of 0.050s. find the induced EMF in the solenoid
£=5000x0.7/0.050=70V

50. A room has its walls aligned accurately with respect to North, south, east 0.57mWb
56μWb
and west. The north wall has an area of 15m², the East wall has an area
1.6mWb
of 12m², and the floor's area is 35m². At the site the Earth's magnetic field
has a value of 0.60G and is directed 50° below the horizontal and 7.0°
east of North. Find the magnetic flux through the north wall, the east
wall, and the floor.

51. A train is moving directly south at a constant speed of 10m/s. If the £=BLV= 6.48X10-4v
Using Flemming's right hand rule :
downward vertical Component of the Earth's magnetic field is 0.54G,
Thumb(direction of motion)-N
compute the magnitude and direction of the emf induced in a rail car Fore finger(direction of magnetic
axle 1.2m long. field)- NW
Middle finger (direction of
induced current)-W
 In the question, the motion is
moving directly South, so the
angle changes. So the direction of
induced current will be from West
to East

52. State Fleming's right hand rule If the thumb, the forefinger and
the middle finger of the right hand
are held mutually at right angles
with the forefinger pointing in the
direction of the magnetic field and
the thumb in the direction of
motion, the middle finger points in
the direction of the induced
current

53. £=N|∆¢m|/|∆t| =(1) [B∆A]/[∆t]

T=1/f= 0.05. r=0.1m
A copper disk of 10-cm radius rotating at 20rev/s about its central
£=0.38V
symmetry axis. The plane of the disk is perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field B= 0.60T. What is the potential difference between the
center and rim of the disk?

54. How much charge will flow through a 200 ohm galvanometer connected q=BNA/R= 5.9x10-6C
to a 400 ohm circular coil of 1000 turns wound on a wooden stick 2.0cm
in diameter, if a uniform magnetic field B=0.0113T parallel to the axis of
the stick is decreased suddenly to zero?

55. When turning at 1500 rev/min, a certain generator produces 100.0V. £1/£2=f1/f2
f2=f1(£2/£1)
What must be its frequency in rev/min if it is to produce 120.0V?
1800rev/min

56 A certain generator has armature resistance 0.080 ohm and develops an The generator acts like a battery
with EMF=120V and internal
induced EMF of 120V when driven at it's rated speed. What is its terminal
resistance r=0.080π
voltage when 50.0A is being drawn from it? As with a battery,
Terminal p.d= emf- IR
=120v-(50x0.080) =116V

57. A motor has a back EMF of 110V and an armature current of 90A when Power=Armature x back EMF
=90*110= 9.9kw
running at 1500 rpm. Determine the power and the torque developed
Power =Tw. Where
within the armature w=2πf=2π(1500*1/60)rad/s
Torque = Power/angular
speed=9900/2π*25= 63N.m

58. A motor armature develops a torque of 100N.m when it draws 40A from The torque developed by the
armature of a give motor is
the line. Determine the torque developed if the armature current is
proportional to the armature
increased to 70A and the magnetic field strength is reduced to 80 current and to the field strength
percent of its initial value i.e the ratio of the torque equals
the ratio of the 2sets of value
|NIAB|
Tf/Ti=IfBf/IiBi
Tf= 100[70]/[40] (0.80) =0.14kN.m

59. Determine the separate effects on the induced EMF of a generator if (a) £=BLV= N∆¢m/∆t
a.doubled. b.doubled
the flux per pole is doubled , and (b) the speed of the armature is
doubled

60. The EMF induced in the armature of a shunt generator is 596V. The 550V
5A,455A,250kw
armature resistance is 0.100 ohm. (a) compute the terminal voltage when
the armature current is 460A. (b) The field resistance is 110 ohm.
Determine the field current,and the current and power delivered to the
external circuit
61. A Dynamo (generator) delivers 30.0A at 120V to an external circuit when 31.8N.m
operating at 1200rpm. What torque is required to drive the generator at
this speed if the total power losses are 400W?

62. A 75.0-kW, 230-V shunt generator has a generated emf of 243.5V. if the 0.0399Ω
field current is 12.5 A at rated output, what is the armature resistance?

63. A 120-V generator is run by a windmill that has blades 2.0m long. The 77A
wind , moving at 12m/s, is slowed to 7.0 m/s after passing the windmill.
The density of air is 1.29kg/m³. If the system has no losses, what is the
largest current the generator can produce?[Hint: How much energy does
the wind lose per second?]

64. A generator has an armature with 500 turns, which cut a flux of 8.00mWb 100V
during each rotation. Compute the back EMF it develops when run as a
motor at 1500rpm.

65. The active length of each armature conductor of a motor is 30cm, and 1.8N
the conductors are in a field of 0.40Wb/m². A current of 15A flows in each
conductor. Determine the force acting on each conductor.

66. A shunt motor with armature resistance 0.080 ohm is connected to 120 V 0.12kV, 5.8kW
mains. With 50A in the armature, what are the back EMF and the
mechanical power developed within the armature?

67. A shunt motor is connected to a 110-V line. When the armature generates 0.40Ω
a back EMF of 104V, the armature current is 15A. Compute the armature
resistance.

68. A shunt Dynamo has an armature resistance of 0.120 ohm. (a) if it is 214V
226V
connected across 220-V mains and is running as a motor, what is the
induced (back) EMF when the armature current is 50.0A? (b) if this
machine is running as a generator, what is the induced EMF when the
armature is delivering 50.0A at 220V to the shunt field and external
circuit?

69. A shunt motor has a frequency of 900rpm when it is connected to 120-V 10kw, 83A, 93N.m
mains and delivering 12hp. The total losses are 1048 W. Compute the
1hp=746W
power input,the line current, and the motor torque.

70. A shunt motor has armature resistance 0.20 ohm and field resistance 150 0.80A, 29A, 0.11kV, 3.3kW, 93%
ohm, and draws 30A when connected to a 120-V supply line. Determine
the field current, the armature current, the back EMF, the mechanical
power developed within the armature, and the electrical efficiency of the
machine.

71. A shunt motor develops 80N.m of torque when the flux density in the air 0.13 kN.m
gap is 1.0Wb/m² and the armature current is 15A. What is the torque
when the flux density is 1.3Wb/m² and the armature current is 18A?

72. A shunt motor has a field resistance of 200 ohm and an armature 28A
resistance of 0.50 ohm is connected to 120-V mains. The motor draws a
current of 4.6A when running at full speed. What current will be drawn by
the motor if the speed is reduced to 90 percent of full speed by
application of a load?
73. No. of magnetic field lines through loop depends on: •Its orientation relative to the field
•The strength of the field

74. State the various possible orientations relative to field by the no of

magnetic field lines through loop

75. A proton enters a magnetic field of flux density 1.5 Wb/m² with a velocity F=qvBsin(theta)
= 2.4x10-12N
of 2.0x107 m/s at an angle of 30° with the field. Compute the magnitude
of the force on the proton

76. A cathode Ray beam(i.e an electron beam; me=9.1x10-31kg, q=-e) is bent in v=rqB/m
= 1.6x10-4km/s
a circle of radius 2.0cm by a uniform field with B= 4.5 x10-3T. What is the
speed of the electrons?

77. Aplha particles (ma = 6.68x10-27kg, q=+2e) are accelerated from rest Their final KE is equal to the
electric potential energy they lose
through a p.d of 1.0KV. They then enter a magnetic field B= 0.20T
during acceleration, Vq: ½mv²=vq
perpendicular to their direction of motion. Calculate the radius of their Or v=(2Vq/m)½
path. They follow a circular path in
which r=mv/qB=m/qB[(2Vq/m)½]
=1/B [(2Vm/q)½] = 0.032m

78. At a certain place on the planet, the earth's magnetic field is 5.0x10-5T, Nearly everywhere, the Earth's
field is directed northward.( That
directed 40° below the horizontal. Find the force per meter of length on a
is the direction in which a
horizontal wire that carries a current of 30A northward compass needle points)
The force on the wire
=F=(30A)(L)(5.0x10-5T)sin40°
So that, F/L = 9.6x10-4N/m
The right hand rule indicates that
the force is into the page, which is
west

79. An ion(q=+2e) enters a magnetic field of 1.2Wb/m² at a speed of 9.6x10-14N

2.5x105m/s perpendicular to the field. Determine the force on the ion.

80. Calculate the speed of ions that pass undeflected through crossed E and 55km/s
B fields for which E= 7.7kV/m and B= 0.14T

81. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 5.2cm

3750V. It enters a region where B=4.0x10-3T perpendicular to its velocity.
Calculate the radius of the path it will follow

82. A straight wire 15cm long, carrying a current of 6.0A, is in a uniform field 0.36N
0.18N
of 0.40T. What is the force on the word when it is (a) at right angles to the
field and (b) at 30° to the field?

83. What is the direction of the force, due to the Earth's magnetic field, on a Horizontally toward east
wire carrying Current vertically downward?

84. A flat rectangular coil of 25 loops is suspended In a uniform magnetic 60A

field of 0.20 Wb/m². The plane of the coil is parallel to the direction of the
field. The dimensions of the coil are 15cm perpendicular to the field lines
 and 12cm parallel to them. What is the current in the coil if there is a
torque of 5.4 N.m acting on it?

85. An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of

800V. It then moves perpendicularly to a magnetic field of 30G. Find the
radius of its orbit and its orbital Frequency.

86. Compute the value of B in air at a point 5 cm from a long straight wire B=μ0I/2πr
=[(4πx10-7T.m/A)(15A)]/2π.0.05m
carrying a current of 15A
= 6x10-5T

87. A flat circular coil with 40 loops of wire has a diameter of 32cm. What 1.9A
current must flow in its wires to produce a field in air of 3.0x10-4Wb/m² at
its center?

88. An air-core solenoid with 2000 Loops is 60cm long and has a diameter of 0.021T
2.0cm. If a current of 5.0A is sent through it, what will be the flux density
within it?

89. In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the electron travels with speed 13T
2.2x106m/s in a circle (r=5.3x10-11m) about the nucleus. Find the value of B
at the nucleus due to the electron's motion. Assume vacuum.

90. A long wire carries Current of 20A along the axis of a long solenoid in air. The field of the long straight wire
Bw= μ0I/2πr = 1.33mT
The field due to the solenoid is 4.0mT. Find the resultant field at a point
The field of the solenoid Bs is
3.0mm from the solenoid axis directed parallel to the wire. The
field of the long straight wire, Bw,
circles the wire and is
perpendicular to Bs. We have
Bs=4.0mT
Their resultant has magnitude
B= [(4.0mT)²+(1.33mT)²]½ = 4.2mT

91. A flat circular coil having 10 Loops of wire has a diameter of 2.0cm and Let the subscripts s and c refer to
the solenoid and coil, respectively.
carries a current of 0.50A. It is mounted inside a long solenoid immersed
Then
in air that has 200 Loops on its 25-cm length. The current in the solenoid T= NcIcAcBsSin90°
is 2.4A. Compute the torque required to hold the coil with its central axis But Bs= μonIs= μo(Ns/Ls)Is, which
perpendicular to that of the solenoid gives
T= μoNcNsIcIs(πr²)/Ls
=3.8x10-6N.m

92. Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field in air at a point 6.0cm 30μT
from a long straight wire carrying a current of 9.0A

93. A closely wound, flat , circular coil of 25 turns of wire has a diameter of 1.3x10-3Wb/m²
10cm and carries a current of 4.0A. Determine the value of B at its center
when immersed in air.

94. An air-core solenoid 50cm long has 4000 turns of wire wound on it. 2.5mT
Compute B in its interior when a current of 0.25A exists in the winding.

95. A uniformly wound air-core toroid has 750 loops on it. The radius of the 0.6A
circle through the center of its windings is 5cm. What current in the
winding will produce a field of 1.8mT on this central circle?

96. Two long parallel wires in vacuum are 4 cm apart and carry currents of 6x10-5N/m, attraction
2A and 6A in the same direction. Compute the force between the wires
per meter of wire length.
 97. Two long fixed parallel wires , A and B, are 10cm apart in air and carry 2.4xx10-4T
7.8x10-5T
40A and 20A, respectively, in opposite directions. Determine the resultant
1.2x10-3N/m, toward A
field (a) on a line midway between the wires and parallel to them and (b)
on a line 8.0cm from wire A and 18cm from wire B (c ) what is the force
per meter on a third long wire, midway between A and B and in their
plane, when it carries a current of 5.0A in the same direction as the
current in A?

98. A certain electromagnet consists of a solenoid (5.0cm Long with 200 0.20T
turns of wire) wound on a soft-iron core that intensifies the field 130
times. (We say that the relative permeability of the iron is 130). Find B
within the iron when the current in the solenoid is 0.30A.

99. A particular solenoid (50cm long with 2000 turns of wire) carries a 1.4x107m/s
14cm
current of 0.70A and is in vacuum. An electron is shit at an angle of 10° to
the solenoid axis from a point on the axis. (a) What must be the speed of
the electron of it is to just miss hitting the inside of the 1.6-cm diameter
solenoid? (b) what is then the pitch of the electron's helical path?

A.C Circuit

S/N Questions Answers

1. An a.c circuit contains ___ An a.c voltage source (e.g small generator)
and one or more elements

2. Formula for instantaneous voltage V=V0=sinwt =V0sin2πft

3. Formula for Root-mean-square voltage V=Vrms= V0/√2 = 0.707V0

4. Formula for the thermal energy generated or power lost by an rms I²R
current in a resistor

5. A sinusoidal, 60.0-Hz, ac voltage is read to be 120V by an ordinary ac •V=V0/√2 ,. V0= 170V

• V=V0Sin2πft = (170v) Sin120πt
voltmeter. (a) What is the maximum value the voltage takes on
during a cycle? (b) What is the equation for the voltage?

6. A time varying voltage v=(60.0V) sin120πt is applied across a 20.0 V=0.707V0 = 0.707(60v) =42.4V
I=V/R = 2.12A
ohm resistor. What will an AC ammeter in series with the resistor
read?

7. A 120-V ac voltage source is connected across a 2.0-microF •Xc= 1/2πfC = 1.33kΩ

•Now Xc = 1.33Ω, so I=90A. Notice that the
capacitor. Fine the current to the capacitor if the frequency of the
impedance of a capacitor varies inversely
source is (a) 60Hz and (b)60kHz. (c ) What is the power loss in the with the frequency
capacitor? •Inasmuch as Cos(theta)= R/Z, and R= 0.
 Power loss =VICos(theta) =VICos(90°)=0

8. A 120-V ac voltage source is connected across a pure 0.700-H XL= 2πfL = 2π(60)(0.700)=264Ω
Then I=V/XL =120V/264Ω = 0.455A
inductor. Find the current through the inductor if the frequency of the
•XL = 264x10³Ω, so I= 0.455x10-3A
source is (a) 60.0Hz and (b) 60.0kHz (c ) What is the power loss in the •Inasmuch as Cos(theta)= R/Z, and R= 0.
inductor? Power loss =VICos(theta) =VICos(90°)=0

9. A coil having inductance 0.14H and resistance of 12 ohm is •XL= 22Ω

Z=[R²+(XL-Xc)²]½ =25.1Ω
connected across a 110-V, 25-Hz line. Compute (a) the current in the
So I= V/Z= 4.4A
coil (b) the phase angle between the current and the supply voltage, •tan(theta) = XL-Xc/R = 1.83, theta= 61.3°
( c) the power Factor, and (d) the power loss in the coil The voltage leads the current by 61°
•Power Factor= Cos(theta)= 0.48
•Power loss= VICos(theta) = 0.23kw
Or, since power loss Acura only because of
the resistance of the coil.
Power loss= I²R=0.23kw

10. A capacitor is in series with a resistance of 30 ohm and is connected Z=50Ω

I=V/Z= 4.4
to a 220-V ac line. The reactance of the capacitor is 40 ohm.
•tan(theta)= -1.33, theta=-53°
Determine (a) the current in the circuit. (b) the phase angle between The minus sign tells us that the voltage
the current and the supply voltage, and (c ) the power loss in the lags the current by 53°
circuit •power loss=
VICos(theta)=220(4.4)cos53°=0.58kw
Or
Because the power loss occurs only in the
resistor and not in the pure capacitor
Power loss=I²R= 0.58kw

11. A series circuit consisting of a 100 ohm non-inductive resistor, a coil XL= 37.7Ω
Xc= 132.7Ω
with a 0.10-H inductance and negligible resistance, and a 20 micro F
From which Z=138Ω
capacitor is connected across a 110-V, 60-Hz power source. Find (a) I=V/Z=0.79A
the current (b) the power loss ( c) the phase angle between the •The power loss all occurs in the resistor, so
current and the source voltage, and (d) the voltmeter readings Power loss= I²R= 63W
•tan(theta)= (XL-Xc)/R= -0.95 or
across the three elements theta=-44°
The voltage lags the current
•VR= IR=79V
Vc= IXc=0.11kv
VL= 30V

12. A 5.00- ohm resistance is in a series circuit with a 0.200-H pure XL= 2.24kΩ
Xc= 2.24kΩ
inductance and a 40.0-nF pure capacitance. The combination is
Z=[R²+(XL-Xc)²]½ = R = 5Ω
placed across a 30.0-V, 1780-Hz power supply. Find (a) the current in Then I=V/Z = 6A
the circuit (b) the phase angle between source voltage and current, ( •tan(theta) = XL-Xc/R = 0
c) the power loss in the circuit, and (d) the voltmeter reading across Or theta=0°
•Power loss= VICos(theta)= 180W
each element of the circuit Or Power loss =I²R= 180W
•VR=IR= 30V
VL= Vc= 13.4Kw
This circuit is in resonance because Xc=XL.
Notice how very large the voltages across
the inductor and capacitor becomes, even
though the source voltage is low

13. Calculate the resonant frequency of a circuit of negligible resistance f0= 1/2π√LC = 32.5KHz
containing an inductance of 40.0mH and a capacitance of 600 pF

14. A step up transformer is used on a 120-V line to furnish 1800V. The V1/V2=N1/N2
N2= 1.50x10³times
primary has 100 turns. How many turns are on the secondary?

15. A transformer used on a 120-V line delivers 2.0A at 900V. What Power in primary= power in Secondary
I(120v)=(2A)(900V)
current is drawn from the line? Assume 100 percent efficiency
I=15A
16. A step-down transformer operates on a 2.5-kV line and supplies a V2= [1/20] V1 = 0.13Kv
I1= [1/20]I2= 4.0A
load with 80A. The ratio of the primary winding to the secondary
P2= V2I2=10kw
winding is 20:1. Assuming 100 percent efficiency, determine the
secondary voltage V2, the primary current I1 , and the power output P
2

17. A voltmeter reads 80.0V when it is connected across the terminals of V=(113V)sin2000πt for t in seconds
a sinusoidal power source with f=1000Hz. Write the equation for the
instantaneous voltage provided by the source

18. An AC current in a 10-ohm resistance produces thermal energy at the 6.0A, 60V
rate of 360W. Determine the effective values of the current and
voltage

19. A 40.0-ohm resistor is connected across a 15.0-V variable-frequency 0.375A

0.375A
electronic oscillator. Find the current through the resistor when the
frequency is (a) 100Hz and (b) 100kHz

20. A coil had resistance 20 ohm and inductance 0.35H. compute its 55Ω, 59Ω
resistance and its impedance to an alternating current of 25 cycles/s.

21. A current of 30mA is supplied to a 4.0-microF capacitor connected 80Ω, 2.4V

acrosss an alternating current line having a frequency of 500Hz.
Compute the reactance of the capacitor and the voltage across the
capacitor.

22. A coil has an inductance of 0.100H and a resistance of 12.0 ohm. It is 37.7Ω
39.6Ω
connected to a 110-V, 60.0-Hz line. Determine (a) the reactance of
2.68A
the coil, (b) the impedance of the coil (c ) the current through the coil, Voltage leads by 72.3°
(d) the phase angle between current and supply voltage (e) the 0.303
power Factor of the circuit and (f) the reading of a wattmeter 92.6W

connected in the circuit

23. A 100-microF capacitor is in series with a 40.0- ohm resistance, and 266Ω
269Ω
the combination is connected to a 110-V, 60.0-Hz line. Calculate (a)
0.409A
the capacitive reactance (b) the impedance of the circuit ( c) the Voltage lags by 81.4°
current in the circuit (d) the phase angle between current and supply 0.149
voltage and (e) the power Factor for the circuit

24. A circuit having a resistance, an inductance, and a capacitance in 15Ω

7.3A
series is connected to a 110-V ac line. For the circuit, R=9.0 ohm,
Voltage leads by 53°
XL=28 ohm, and Xc= 16ohm. Compute (a) the impedance of the circuit, 0.60
(b) the current, ( c) the phase angle between the current and the
supply voltage, and (d) the power Factor of the circuit.

25. An experiment has a coil of inductance 3.0mH and wishes to 8.4pF

construct a circuit whose resonant Frequency is 1.0MHz. What should
be the value of the capacitor used?

26. A circuit has a resistance of 11 ohm, a coil of inductive reactance 120 VR= 0.11kv VL=Vc= 1.2kV
ohm, and a capacitance with a 120-ohm reactance, all connected in
series with a 110-V, 60Hz power source. What is the potential
difference across each circuit element?
 27. A 120-V, 60Hz power source is connected across an 800-ohm
non-inductive resistance and an unknown capacitance in series. The
voltage drop across the resistor is 102V. (a) what is the voltage drop
across the capacitor? (b) what is the reactance of the capacitor?

28. A coil of negligible resistance is connected in series with a 90- ohm 63V
0.50kΩ
resistor across a 120V, 60Hz line. A voltmeter reads 36V across the
resistance. Find the voltage across the coil and the inductance of the
coil

29. A step-down transformer is used on a 2.2-KV line to deliver 110V. 0.11kV, 0.76H
How many turns are in the primary winding if the secondary has 25
turns?

30. A step-down transformer is used on a 1650-V line to deliver 45A at 3.0A

110V. What current is drawn from the line? Assume 100 percent
efficiency

31. A step-up transformer operates on a 110-V line and supplies a load 2.8kV, 50A, 5.5kW
with 2.0A. the ratio of the primary and secondary windings is 1:25.
Determine the secondary voltage, the primary current, and the
power output. Assume a resistive load and 100 percent efficiency.

Coulomb's Law and Electric Fields

Truth/False type question

1. Charge is unquantized
2. Charge is Conserved
3. Conduction is charging a relatively neutral object by a charged object without any physical contact between
the two objects
4. The value of the constant of proportionality of Coulomb's force is 8.988x109Nm²C-2
5. Lines of forces intersect
6. Potential gradient is the rate of change of potential with distance along a line of force
7. It is easier to add or remove protons from the aton of a particle than to add or remove an electron
8. Gravitational Forces have more strength than electromagnetic force
9. Charm quark has a charge of +2/3e
10. Baryons are composed of 2 quarks
11. The more easily the flow of charges the better the conductor
12. Charging by rubbing is more applicable to amorphous solids
13. Field forces act as contact forces
14. r^ is a displacement vector
15. Positive charges spread inward
16. Electric field lines closer together indicate higher electric strength
17. Electric potential near a positive charge is positive
18. Locations where electric field lines meet the surface of a conducting object, the lines are tangent to the surface
19. Lines of force usually start in midspace
 20. Electric field lines always start on positive charges, then to negative charges and end on positive charges
21. Electric charge is a physical property of matter

Answers
1. F. 2. T. 3. F, conduction involves contact of a charged object with a neutral object.
Induction involves charging a relatively neutral object by a charged object, without any physical
contact between the two objects. 4. T, or 9x10^9 Nm²c^-2
5. F properties of electric field lines ¶. Always start on +ve charges and end on -ve charges. It may
also start on +ve charge and extend to infinities , or start from infinity and extend to a -ve charge.
¶. Lines of force will never cross/intersect. ¶. The direction of the field at a point is along the tangent of the line
of force ¶. At locations when electric field lines meet the surface of a conducting object, the lines are perpendicular
to the surface.
6. T, while gradient is the space rate of change of a gravity in the direction of increase
7. F, it is easier to add/remove electrons from the atom than to add/remove a proton
8. F,. SF>EM>WF>GF. 9. T. 10. F, Baryons are composed of odd number of quarks i.e 3 while mesons
are composed of 2 , a quark and an antiquark. Baryons are Fermions while mesons are bosons
11. T. 12. T. 13. G, contact forces are not due to fields 14. F, r^ is a unit vector r—> is the
displacement vector 15. F. 16. T. 17. T. 18. F, perpendicular. 19. F. 20. F. 21. T

Type 2

S/N Questions Answers

1. Which instrument helps to determine the presence and Electroscope

nature of electrification?

2. What are the basic properties of: insulator , conductors, Insulators- allow little electrical charges and heat
semiconductors energy to flow
Conductors- allow free flow of electrical charges
and heat energy
Semi conductors- allow electrical charges to flow
better than insulators but less than conductors

3. Define Polarization Process of separating opposite charges within an

object

4. Which method of charging involves contact of a Conduction

charged object with a neutral object?

5. Which method of charging are materials involved forced Friction/ Rubbing

into close proximity?

6. Define Grounding Process of removing the excess charge on an object

by means of the transfer of electrons between it and
another object of substantial size

7. Define Electricity A phenomenon due to stationary/moving charges;

static/current E, electrostatics or dynamics

8. List fundamental forces in order of decreasing strength SF, EM(10^-2SF), WF(10^-13SF), GF(10^-38SF)

9. What forces bind electrons? Electrons are bound by EM and weak forces

10. How many fundamental particles are available? Name 17

them with their charges Quarks - Up(+2/3e); Down(-1/3e); Charm(+2/3e);
Strange (-1/3e); Top/truth (+⅔e);
Bottom/beauty(-1/3e)
11. Any particle that has an odd half integer spin is called Fermion
___

12. Fundamental particles that have spin in integer values Bosons

are called __

13. A subatomic particle having the same mass as one of Antiparticle

the particles of ordinary matter but opposite electric
charge and magnetic moment is called __

14. The antiparticle of electron is _ Anti-Electron (positron)

15. What is the anti particle of a neutron? Which type of Anti neutron
quark does it consist of? U-, d-, d-

16. The antiparticle of proton is__ Anti proton

17. Arrange fundamental forces in decreasing range order GF>EM>SF>WF

18. __ is a composite subatomic particle made of two or Hadrons

more quarks held together by strong interaction

19. What are the sub divisions of Hadrons? Baryons and mesons

20. What force binds a proton? SF

21. What type of quarks make up a proton? 2 up quarks and 1 down quark

22. What binds a group of protons together? Residual SF between their quarks

23. What type of quarks is a neutron composed of? 2 down quarks and 1 up quark

24. List an example of exotic Baryons and it's composition Pentaquark, composed of 5 quarks

25. Define rubbing as a charging method Rubbing is a method by which charges are removed
from/added to neutral objects through friction
between them

26. When a plastic rod is rubbed with fur the plastic rod -ve
acquires_ charges while the fur acquires_ charge +Ve

27. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk it acquires_charges +Ve

while the silk acquires _ charges -ve

28. Define Transfer as a charging method Transfer is a method by which charges are
transferred or conducted for a charged object to an
uncharged one

29. Define Induction A method by which charges are induced and

retained in an uncharged object due to the
presence (proximity) ofba charges one

30. State the principle of charge conservation ¶. In any process of charging, charge is neither
created nor destroyed but only transferred from one
object/place to another.
¶. The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in
any closed system is constant
¶. The total sum of charges before the transfer is
the same as the total sum after the transfer

31. The repeating lattice of crystalline solids allow only the F, it remains fixed, only Electrons flow
positively charged ions to move about. T/F

32. __ are the only mobile charges in solids Electrons

33. Differentiate between the charge distribution in The charge distribution in the crystalline solid is
 crystalline solid and that of amorphous solid uniform and the solid is electrically neutral.
The charge distribution in an amorphous solid is non
uniform and it possesses charged regions Which
fluctuate

34. State 2 reasons why amorphous solids become charged ¶. Overall excess charges from addition/removal of
when rubbed electrons during the rubbing process
¶. Non uniform distribution of the excess charges

35. Charging by rubbing is more applicable to crystalline F

solids. T/F

36. What type of force do two like charges exert on each Push /repulsive force
other?

37. What type of force do two unlike charges exert on each Pull/attractive force
other?

38. A concept where by a force exerts a charge as a non- Action at a distance

contact force which acts from a distance, through
empty space on another charge without physical
contact is called__

39. What is the displacement vector; unit vector in the r^ is unit vector
formula: r^=r->/r r-> is displacement vector

40. A nearly uniform electric field is produced in a small gap A. a= 1.759x1015 m/s² towards the +ve plate
between two parallel conducting plates when the by the electric field
terminals (+ve &-ve) of a battery are connected to them. B. I. V= 5.929x106m/s
Suppose the gap is 1.0cm, the battery is 100v, and the II. 1.601x10-17J
field is vertically upward with E=1.00x10^4N/C. C. S= 3.371ns
Calculate: a- the acceleration of an electron released
from the upper (-vely charged) plate; b- its speed and
kinetic energy upon reaching the lower plate. C- time
taken move from upper to lower plate

41. A negative point charge moves along a straight line Direction

path directly toward a stationary positive point of
charge. Which aspect of the electric force on the
negative point charge will remain constant as it moves?
A. Magnitude. B. Direction.
C. Both magnitude and direction
D. Neither magnitude nor direction

42. A dipole is a pair of point charges with equal magnitude A. E1a= 29960r^1a
but opposite sign. Such a dipole consisting charges E1b= -67410r^1b
q1=+12nc and q2=-12nc which are 0.100m apart is E1c= 6382(r^1a cos ∆+j^Sin∆)
illustrated below. Calculate A. The electric field of q1. B. B. E2a= -67410r^2a= 67410i^
q2 and. C. The total electric field (i.e electric field of E2b= 5502.9i^
dipole) at E2c= -6382(-i^Cos∆+j^Sin∆)
I point a. II. Point C C. Ea= E1a + E2b = 97370i^
Eb = E1b + E2b = -61907.1i^
Ec= 4909.23i^

43. Define Dipole A pair of point charges with equal magnitude but
opposite sign

44. State the principle of superposition of electric Field E-> due to several charges is a vector sum of E->1 due
to each charge

45. Define an electric field line Is an imaginary line/curve drawn through a region
of space such that its tangent at any point is in the
direction of E-> at that point
Type 3

S/N Questions Answers

1. A process where by a plastic rod give another body a charge of
opposite sign without losing any of its own chsgtis called__

2. Define Induced Charges

3. Two equal positive charges q1=q2= 2.0μc are located at x=0,

y=0.30m, respectively. What are the magnitude and direction of the
total force that q1 and q2 exert on a third charge Q= 4.0μc at
x=0.40m, y=0?

4. The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the electric field

created by other charged bodies. T/F

5. Differentiate between source point and field point

6. Define unit vector as regard to source and field point

7. Differentiate between test and point charge

8. Electric field experienced by a point charge depends on the value

of that point charge. T/F

9. If the field E-> at point P is due to two or more point charges, E-> is
the vector sum of the fields due to the individual charges. T/F

10. State the principle of Superposition of electric field

11. Charge Q is uniformly distributed around a conducting ring of

radius a, find the electric field at a point P on the ring axis at a
distance x from its center

12. Positive charge Q is distributed uniformly along the y-axis between

y=-a and y=+a. Find the electric field at point P on the x-axis at a
distance x from the origin

13. A non conducting disk of Radius R has a uniform positive surface

charge density . Find the electric field at a point along the axis of
the disk a distance x from its center. Assume the x is positive

14. What is a stream line?

15. In a uniform field, the field lines are ___,___&___

16. What's an electric dipole?

17. The net Force on an electric Dipole in a uniform external electric

field is zero. T/F

18. The torque of an electric dipole is less than or equal to one

 19. Give the expression to find the magnitude of torque on an electric
Dipole

20. Give an expression showing the work done by a torque during an

infinitesimal displacement

21. Give the expression to find the potential energy of an electric

Dipole

22. The diagram below shows an electric Dipole in a uniform electric

field of magnitude 5.0x105N/C that is directed parallel to the plane
of the figure. The charges are ±1.6x10-19C; both lie in the plane and
are separated by 0.125nm=0.125x10-9m. Find (a) the net force
exerted by the field on the Dipole. (b) the magnitude and direction
of the electric Dipole moment. ( C) the magnitude and direction of
the torque. (d) the potential energy of the system in the position
shown

23. Electrically charged objects are accelerated by electric forces. T/F

24. The negatively charged Electrons are held within the atom by the
attractive electric forces exerted on them by the positively charged
nucleus. T/F

25. The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a natural unit

of charge T/F

Type 4

S/N Questions Answers

1. State 3 properties of Coulomb's Force ¶. Obeys Superposition Principle
¶. Is a conservative force
¶. Is a central force I.e it acts along the lines joining the two
point charges

2. A qualitative and quantitative Electric Field Lines

understanding of the electric Field
strength can be obtained via___

3. State 6 properties of electric field lines ¶. Always start on +ve charges and end on -ve charges. It
may also start from a positive charge and extend to infinities
or start from infinity and extend to a-ve charge
¶. Lines of force will never cross/intersect.
¶. The direction of the field at a point is along the tangent of
the line of force
¶. At locations when electric field lines meet the surface of a
conducting object, the lines are perpendicular to the surface.
¶. Field strength is proportional to the density of the lines
¶. Lines of force will never start/end in mid space

4. __ is simply the magnitude of the electric Electric Field intensity

field vector

5. When is a group of charges said to be When the distance between the charges are much smaller
continous? than the distance from the group to a point where the
electric field to be calculated
 6. Define Electric potential Amount of work done that is done on a unit charge (or by a
unit charge) to move from infinity to the said point

7. Define absolute potential Amount of work per unit charge to move the test charge from
infinity to the point

8. Define potential gradient Space rate of charge of a quantity in the direction of

increase

9. Two protons in a nucleus are separated by 67.5J

6x10-15m. What is their mutual electric
potential energy?

Type 5

S/N Questions Answers

1. What's a capacitor?

2. A capacitor consists of_

3. Separation between the conductors that makes up a capacitor must

be larger relative to their dimension. T/F

4. The higher the capacitance, the higher the energy stored. T/F

5. _ is a measure of energy storage ability of a capacitor

6. Give the expression of field magnitude and p.d in relation to surface

charge density

7. Give an expression for finding capacitance of a parallel plate

capacitor in vacuum

8. The parallel plates of a 1.0-F capacitor are 1.0mm apart. What is

their area?

9. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor in Vacuum are 5.0mm apart

and 2.00m² in area. A 10.0kV potential difference is applied across
the capacitor. Compute (a) the capacitance. (B) the charge on each
plate and (c ) the magnitude of the electric field between the plates

10. Two concentric spherical conducting shells are separated by

vacuum. The inner shell has total charge +W and outer radius ra and
the outer shell has charge -Q and inner radius rb, find the
capacitance of this spherical conductor

11. Give the expression for finding the P.E stored in a capacitor

12. Give the expression to find energy density In a parallel plate

capacitor

13. Give the expression to find the electric energy density in a vacuum
 14. We connect a capacitor c1= 8.0μF to a power supply, charge it to a
potential difference Vo= 120V, and disconnect the power supply.
Switch S is open. (A) what's the charge Qo on C1? (B) what is the
energy stored in C1? (C ) Capacitor C2=4.0μF is initially uncharged.
We close switch S. After charge no longer flows, what is the potential
difference across each capacitor and what is the charge on each
capacitor? (D) what is the final energy of the system?

15. (A) What's the magnitude of the electric field required to store
1.00J of electric potential energy in a volume of 1.0mm³ in
vacuum?
(B) If the field magnitude is 10 times larger than that, how
much energy is stored per cubic meter?

16. Give an expression for dielectric constant

17. Give an expression to find electric energy density in a dielectric

18. What's a dielectric?

19. Using a dielectric increases_& prevents_

20. What is dielectric breakdown?

21. _ is a flow of charge from region to region

22. The current per unit cross sectional area is called the __

23. Give the formula for current density

24. An 18- gauge copper wire (the size usually used for lamp cords) with
a diameter if 1.02mm, carries a constant current of 1.67A to a 200W
lamp. The free electron density in the wire is 8.5x1028 per cubic meter.
Find (a) the current density and (b) the drift speed

25. The current density J-> In a conductor depends on __

26. Give an expression to define the resistivity of a material

27. A material that obeys ohm's law reasonably well is called_

28. Give the expression to find the resistivity of a metal dependence on

temperature

29. You maintain a constant electric field inside a piece of

semiconductor while lowering the semiconductors temperature. What
happens to the current density in the semiconductor? I. It increases
II. It decreases. III. It remains the same

30. Give the expression to find the resistance of a conductor

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.
38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.