Compiled By

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons)

076 810 49 36

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 1

capupd; njhlu;r;rp
,dg;ngUf;fk;
 capUld; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;F guk;giu xd;wpypUe;J Gjpa guk;giuia (re;jjpia)
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; capu;r;nrad;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 mq;fpfspd; njhlu;r;rpahd epyTiff;F ,dg;ngUf;fk; mtrpakhFk;.
 mq;fpfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,U Kiwfspy; eilngWk;.
 ,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
 ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 tpj;jpfs;, gjpagFjpfs; %yk; Gjpa mq;fpfis cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiw ,ypq;fkpy;Kiw
,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 ,ypq;f ,dg;ngUf;f fl;likg;Gfs; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Gzupfs; fUf;fl;Ltjd; %yk;
eilngWk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 $u;g;GuPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j mq;fpfspy; ,ypq;f ,dg;ngUf;f fl;likg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.
o jhtuk; - G+
o tpyq;F – Mz;,ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f njhFjp
,ypq;fkpy;Kiw, ,ypq;fKiw ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL
,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

o jdpj;J jha; mq;fp khj;jpuk; o jha; , je;ij vd ,U mq;fpfs;

gq;fspg;G nra;Ak;. gq;fspg;Gnra;Ak;.
o Gjpa mq;fp jha; je;ijapd;
o jha; mq;fpia xj;j ,ay;Gfis
,ay;Gfs; fye;j mq;fpahf
Gjpa mq;fp nfhz;bapUf;Fk;.
fhzg;gLk;.
o xLf;fw;gpupT eilngWtjpy;iy. o xLf;fw;gpupT eilngWk;.
o Gzupfs; Njhd;Wtjpy;iy o Gzupfs; Njhd;Wk;.
o Gjpa ,ay;Gfs; Njhd;whJ. o Gjpa ,ay;Gfs; Njhd;Wk;.
o FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf vr;rq;fs; o mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if nkJthf
Njhd;Wk;. mjpfupf;Fk;.

o jhtuq;fspYk;, $u;gG
; uPjpahf o jhtuq;fspYk; , $u;g;GuPjpahf
Kd;Ndw;wkilahj mq;fpfspy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j mq;fpfspy;
eilngWk;. eilngWk;.
jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
 jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,U Kiwfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
o ,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
o ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
jhtuq;fspy; ,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 ,ypq;f fl;likg;G, ,ypq;fnrad;Kiwapd;wp Gjpa jhtuq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;. (ck;):- gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 2
 gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 jhtuq;fspd; epyf;fpo;g;gFjpfs; my;yJ fhw;Wf;Fupa gFjpfs; %yk; Gjpa jhtuq;fis
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nrad;Kiw gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,U tifg;gLk;.
o ,aw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
o nraw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
 ,J ,ypq;fkpy;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdgjhy; jha; jhtuj;ij xj;j rpwg;gpay;Gila
jhtuq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.
,aw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 jhtuj;jpd; epyf;fo
P ;gg
; Fjpfs; my;yJ fhw;Wf;Fupa gFjpfshy; ,aw;ifahf Gjpa
jhtuq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jy; ,aw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
ntt;NtW gjpag; gFjpfSk; mg;gFjpfs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk; jhtq;fSk;
gjpag;gFjp cjhuzk;
fwpNtg;gpiy, <ug;gyh, tpy;tkuk;,
Ntu;
nfha;ah
Rijfiur;rhd; , ngNfhdpah,
,iy
ePNyhw;gyk;
cwpQ;rp ney; , thio, md;dhrp, fpwprhe;jpkk; ,
(epyf;foP ;j; jz;bd; mbg;gFjpapy; rha;thf Njhd;Wk; Nfhiug;Gy;
rpwpa jhtuq;fs; cwpQ;rpfs; vdg;gLk;.)
Xbfs; ty;yhiu, tw;whis, ,uhtzd; kPir
(,lk; khwpg; gpwe;j Ntu;fspdhy; jiuAld;
njhlu;Gw;wthW jiuf;Fr;rkhe;jukhf jiuapd; kPJ
glu;e;J tsUk; jhtuq;fs; xbfs; vdg;gLk;.)
Fkpok; md;dhrp, ,uhrts;sp
(gjpa mUk;G my;yJ G+tUk;G jpugile;J
cUthFk; tpNrl ,dg;ngUf;f fl;likg;G
FkpokhFk;)
epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfs;
(jhtuj;jpy; jiuf;F fPohf cUthFk; jz;Lfs;
epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.)
 Ntu;jz;L fpoq;F kQ;rs; ,Q;rp thio

 jz;Lf;fpoq;F Nrk;G fUizf;fpoq;F myf;Nfrpah

 jz;Lf;Fkpo ntq;fhak; yPf;];

;
 jz;L Kfpo; cUisf;fpoq;F ,d;dyf;fpoq;F

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 3

epyf;fPo;j;jz;bd; njhopy;fs;
 gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
 czit Nrkpj;jy;
 jfhj fhyq;fis fopj;jy;

nraw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

 kdpj Kaw;rpAld; jhtuq;fis gjpaKiwapy; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; eltbf;if nraw;ifahd
gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
nraw;ifahd gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs;
1. ntl;Lj; jz;Lfspy; Ntu;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
2. xl;Ljy;
3. gjpitj;jy;
4. ,ioa tsu;gG ;

1. ntl;Lj; jz;Lfspy; Ntu;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;

 jhtuj;jpd; mq;Fuj;njhFjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; ntl;Lj;jz;Lfis eLif nra;J Gjpa
jhtuq;fs; ngwg;gL;k;.
 ,jw;F ,sk; ,iyfs; , g+, fha; vd;gd mw;w ntl;Lj;jz;Lfs; ngwg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- Nuhrh, nrt;tuj;ij, myup, Nghfd;tpy;yh, ,f;Nuhrh

2. gjpaitj;jy;
 jha;j; jhtuj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;w epiyapYs;s fpisnahd;wpy; Ntu;tpliyj; J}z;Ljy;
gjpaitj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,J ,U Kiwfspy; eilngWfpwJ.
o jiu kPjhd gjpitj;jy;
o fhw;Wf;Fupa gjpitj;jy;

jiu kPjhd gjpitj;jy;

 jiuf;F mz;ikapYs;s fpisia njupT nra;jy;.
 fpisapd; fPo;g;Gwkhf rpwpa nky;ypa Mokw;w ntl;il ,l;L kz;zpDs; Gijj;j;y;
 rpy thuq;fspd; gpd;du; Ntu; Njhd;wpa gpwF mg;gFjpia jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ntwhf;fp
gpwpNjhu; ,lj;jpy; elg;gLk;.
fhw;Wf;Fupa gjpitj;jy;
 ,k;Kiw jiuapy; ,Ue;J caukhf cs;s fpisapy; Ntunfhs;sr; nra;a
gad;gfLfpwJ.
 ,jw;fhf jz;bd; gl;il nky;ypa tyakhf ntl;b mfw;wg;gLk;.
 gpd;du; $l;Lg;gris kw;Wk; njd;dk; Jk;ik itj;J nghypj;jpdhy; Rw;wg;gLk;.
M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 4
  rpy thuq;fspd; gpd; Ntu; Njhd;wpaJk; fpisia Ntwhf;fp gpwpNjhu; ,lj;jpy; elg;gLk;.
gjpitj;jypd; ed;ikfs;
 tpj;Jf;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fhj jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf; nfhss;syhk;.
 xU jlitapy; ngUksT Nra; jhtuq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fyhk;.

3. xl;Ljy;
 jhtunkhd;wpd; mq;Fug;gFjpnahd;iw my;yJ mUk;nghd;iw mNj ,dj;ij Nru;e;j
my;yJ mt;tpdj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l jhtuj;Jld; ,ioaj; njhlu;G Vw;gLk; tifapy;
nghUj;jpf;nfhs;Sjy; xl;Ljy; vdg;gLk;.
 xl;Ljypd; NghJ epyj;Jld; njhlu;ghd gFjp xl;Lf; fl;il vdTk; mjDld;
,izf;fg;gLk; kw;wa jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; mUk;G my;yJ mq;Fug;gFjp xl;L
Kis vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
xl;Lf; fl;il nfhz;bapUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;
 cWjpahd Ntuj;njhFjp
 rPuhd tsu;r;rp
 Neha;fs; gPilj;jhf;fq;fs; #oy;khw;wq;fis jhq;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
xl;L Kis nfhz;bapUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;
 tpUk;gf;$ba ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l Ngjq;fshf ,Uj;jy;.
 Neha;fs; gPilj;jhf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;glhJ ,Uj;jy;.
Fwpg;G:- xl;Ljypd; NghJ xl;Lf; fl;il kw;Wk; xl;LKis vd;gtw;wpd; fyd;khwpioaq;fs;
xd;Wlndhd;W ,iza Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fyd;khwpioaq;fis nfhz;l ,Utpj;jpiy
jhtuq;fspNyNa ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
xl;Ljypd; tiffs;
 mUk;nghl;Ljy;
 fpisnahl;Ljy;.
mUk;nghl;Ljy;
 xl;LKisahf njupT nra;ag;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; mUk;ig xl;Lf; fl;ilAld; nghUj;Jjy;
mUk;nghl;Ljy; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gbKiw
 capu;g;Gs;s mUk;nghd;iw fj;jpahy; ntl;b vLj;jy;.
 xl;Lf;fl;ilapd; jz;by; ntl;bid Vw;gLj;jp mJDs; mUk;ig nghUj;Jjy;.
 gpd;du; nghypj;jd
P ; ehlhtpdhy; fPopUe;J Nkyhf Rw;Wjy;.
 rpy ehl;fspd; gpd;du mUk;G gr;ir epwkhf tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ ehlhit mfw;wp
mUk;ig ntspapy; njupAk;gb itj;jy;.
 3 thuq;fspd; gpd;du mUk;G tsu;r;rpaile;jJk; xl;Ljy; nra;ag;gl;l ,lj;jpy ,Ue;J
15cm Nkyhf xl;Lf; fl;ilaod; jz;il ntl;b mfw;Wjy;.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 5

Fwpg;G:- xl;Lf; fl;ilapy; jz;bd; kuTup ntl;lg;gLk; tbtj;jpw;F Vw;g mUg;nghl;L ngauplg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- T xl;L, H xl;L, V xl;L
fpisnahl;Ljy;
 xl;lg;gl Ntz;ba jhtuj;jpd; fpisia xl;LKisahf njupT nra;J xl;lf;fl;ilAld;
nghUj;Jjy; fpisnahl;L vdg;gL;fpwJ.
gbKiw
 jhtj;jz;L xl;LKisahf njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
 ntl;Lk; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhaq;fs; Vw;glhjthW xl;LKisia ntl;Ljy;.
 khwpioaq;fs; njhlu;GWkhW xl;Lf;fl;ilAld; nghUj;Jy;.
 nghypj;jPd; ehlhtpdhy; fPopUe;J Nkyhf Rw;Wjy;.
 xl;LKisapy; ,Ue;J mUk;Gfs; tsu Muk;gpj;jJk; nghypj;jPd; ehlhit mfw;Wjy;.

Fwpg;G:- xl;LKis kw;Wk; xl;Lf;fl;ilapd; Kidfs; ntl;lg;gLk; tbtj;jpw;F Vw;g fpisnahl;L

gy Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cjhuzk;:- Mg;nghl;L, gRiknahl;L
xl;Ljypd; mD$yq;fs;
o xl;LKisia xj;j ,ay;Gila vr;rq;fis ngwyhk;.
o tYthd Ntuj;njhFjp ngwg;gLfpwJ.
o Neha; vjpu;g;Gjd;ik nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
o tskhd tpj;Jf;fis NJhw;Wtpf;fhj jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
xl;Ljypd; gpujp$yq;fs;
o vy;yhj;jhtu;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ.
o mupkuq;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ.
o Fiwthd tpisr;ry; ngwg;gly;
o Mal;fhyk; FWfpaJ.

4. ,ioatsu;g;G
 fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;;l epge;jidfspd; fPo; tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; jhtuj;jpd; gjpaj;jpw;Fwpa
,ioaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpwg;Gupik uPjpahf jha;jhtuj;ij xj;j kfl; jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;jy; ,ioa tsu;gG ; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;thW ngw;wf;nfhs;sg;Lk; jhtuq;fs; Kis tiffs; (Clones) vdg;gLk;.
 ,ioa tsu;g;ig Nkw;nfhs;s fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l epiy, rpwg;G ntg;gepiy, xsp vd;gd
Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,ioa tsu;g;gpw;F KidaUk;G, ff;ftUk;G, gf;ftUk;G Nghd;w gpupapioag;gFjpfspy;
,Ue;J ,ioaq;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 6

  ,ioa tsu;g;ig Nkw;nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tsu;g;G+lfj;jpy; Rf;FNuhR, fdpAg;Gf;fs;
tpw;wkPd;fs; jhtu tsu;r;rpg; gjhu;jjq;fs; Vfhu; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.
 ,ioa tsu;gg ; pD}lhf md;dhrp, cUisf;fpoq;F, ,wg;gu; , thio Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,ioa tsu;g;gpd; gbKiwfs;

o jha;j;jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l Ez;zpa gjpa,ioag;gFjpia tsu;g;G+lfj;jpy;

gjpj;jy;.
o %Lgil vd;Dk; cUthtJld; mg;gilapy; Ntu;fs; mq;Fug;gFjpfs; tsu;tjw;F
trjpaspj;jy;.
o rpW jhtuq;fis Ntwhf;fp Nrhjidf;Foha; my;yJ $k;Gf; FLitapy; tsu;tjw;F
,lkspj;jy;.
o gb;gbahf ,sk; jhtuq;fis tskhd kz;zpy; eLif nra;J ,aw;if #oYf;F
,irthf;fk; nra;j gpd;du; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; eLiff;F gad;gLj;jy;.
,ioa tsu;g;gpd; mD$yq;fs;
o jha;j; jhtuj;ij vy;yh tpjj;jpYk; xj;j kfl; jhtuq;fis ngwyhk;.
o xNu jlitapy; ngUksthd jhtuq;fis ngwyhk;.
o FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ngUksthd jhtuq;fis ngwyhk;.
o rpwpa ,lj;jpy; MNuhf;fpakhd jhtuq;fis ngwyhk;.
o tpUk;gpa guk;giu ,ay;Gila jhtu ,ioag;gFjpay; ,Ue;J mjpfsT jhtuq;fis
ngwyhk;.
jhtuq;fspy; gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
 tpj;Jfis cUthf;fhj jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
 jha;jhtuj;ij xj;j ,ay;Gila Gjpa jhtuq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 tpiuthf tpisr;riy juf;$ba jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 jfhj #oy;epyikfis jhf;Fgpbf;f$ba jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 Neha; gPilj;jhf;fq;fSf;F vjpu;g;Gjd;ik nfhz;l jhtuq;fis ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
jhtuq;fspy; gjpaKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; gpujp$yq;fs;
 Gjpa Ngjq;fs; my;yJ tu;ff
; q;fs; Njhd;whik.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 7

jhtuq;fspd; ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 jhtuj;jpd; ,ypq;f fl;likg;gpDs; cUthFk; Gzupfs; fUf;fl;Ltjd; %yk; Njhd;Wk;
tpj;Jf;fspdhy; Gjpa jhtuq;fs; Njhd;Wk; nrad;KiwahFk;.
 jhtuq;fspd; ,ypq;f ,dg;ngUf;f myf G+thFk;.
G+f;fs;

 G+f;fs; ehd;F gpujhd gFjpfshy; MdJ.

o Gy;yp
o my;yp
o Mzfk; / Nfruk;
o ngz;zfk; / Nahdp
1. Gy;yp (Gy;yp tl;lk;)
 gr;ir epwkhdJ.
 gy Gy;ypfs; Rw;whf mikAk; NghJ Gy;yp tl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,J ntspg;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; G+tpd; gFjpahFk;..
njhopy;
o G+tUk;G epiyapy; (nkhl;L) G+tpd; cl;Gw gFjpfis ghJfhj;jy;.
o xspj;njhFg;G nra;jy;.

2. my;yp / ,jo; (my;yp tl;lk;)

 nts;is my;yJ NtW epwq;fis nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.
 Gy;ypf;F cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk;.
 gy my;ypfs; xUq;Nf Nru;j;j Rw;W my;yp tl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
njhopy;
o kfue;j Nru;f;iffhf tpyq;Ffis ftUjy;.(epwk; kw;Wk; tbtk;)
o G+tUk;G epiyapy; G+tpd; cl;Gw gFjpfis ghJfhj;jy;.

3. Mzfk; (Nfruk;)
 G+tpd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f fl;likg;ghFk;.
 ,J ,io, kfue;j$L vd ,U gFjpfis cilaJ.
 jhtuj;jpd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f fykhd kfue;jkzp kfue;j$l;bDs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
 kfue;j$L ntbj;J Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzpfs; ntspNaWk;.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 8

njhopy;
o kfue;jkzpfis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

4. ngz;zfk;
o G+tpd; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f fl;likg;ghFk;.
o ,J Fwp, jk;gk;, #yfk; vd ,U gFjpfis cilaJ.
o #yfj;jpDs; #y;tpj;J fhzg;gLk;.
o jhtuj;jpd; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f fyk; Kl;il / #yhFk;.
njhopy;
o Kl;il my;yJ #iy cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

<upypq;f G+f;fs;
 Mzfj;ijAk; ngz;zfj;ijAk; nfhz;l G+f;fs; <upypq;f G+f;fs; vdg;gLk;
cjhuzk;:- nrt;tuj;ij, nfhbj;Njhil, kpsfha; , mfj;jp
Vfypq;fg; G+f;fs;
 Mzfj;ij my;yJ ngz;zfj;ij khj;jpuk; nfhz;l G+f;fs; Vfypq;fg; G+f;fs; vdg;gLk;.
o Mz; G+f;fs; :- Mzfj;ij my;yJ Nfruj;ij kl;Lk; nfhz;l G+f;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;:- kyl;Lg; G+rdpg;G+, Nrhsj;jpd; cr;rpf;Fupa G+
o ngz; G+ :- Nahdp my;yJ ngz;zfj;ij kl;Lk; nfhz;l G+f;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;:- g+rdpg;G+( fha; Njhd;Wk; G+), Nrhsj;jpd; gok; Njhd;Wk; G+
Xupy;yj; jhtuq;fs;
 Mz; G+Tk; ngz; G+Tk; xNu jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLkhapd; mj;jhtuq;fs; xupy;yj; jhtuq;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- njd;id, G+rdp, Nrhsk; , ghfy;
<upy;yj; jhtuq;fs;
 Mz; G+Tk; , ngz; G+Tk; ntt;NtW jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLkhapd; mj;jhtuq;fs; <upy;yj;
jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- gg;ghrp, typ];Ndupah, gid
kfue;j Nru;f;if
 G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzpfs; mNj ,dj;ij Nru;e;j G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j Fwpia milAk;
nrad;Kiw kfue;j Nru;fi; f vdg;gLk;.
 kfue;jr; Nru;f;if ,U tifg;gLk;
o jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if
o mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if
jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 9

 xU G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzp mNj G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j Fwpia milAk; nrad;Kiw jd;
kfue;jr; Nru;f;if vdg;gLk;.
mad; kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; f
 xU G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzp mNj jhtuj;jpd; NtnwhU G+tpd; my;yJ mNj ,dj;ij
Nru;e;j NtnwhU jhtuj;jpd; G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j Fwpia milAk; nrad;Kiw mad; kfue;jr;
Nru;fi; f vdg;gLk;.
 mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if %yk; ,uz;L jhtuq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; fyg;gjhy; Gjpa
,ay;gfisAila guk;giuia Njhw;Wtpf;fKbfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; rpy jhtuq;fs; jd; kfue;jr; Nru;fi ; fia jtpu;j;J mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifia
Nkw;nfhs;s ,irthf;fk; mile;Js;sd.

mad; kfue;jr; Nru;fi

; ffhd ,irthf;fq;fs;
o xUghw; G+f;fs; cUthjy;:- Mz; G+f;fs; , ngz; G+f;fs; vd ntt;Ntwhf fhzg;gly;.
cjhuzk; :- njd;id, Nrhsk;
o jd;kyl;Lj; jd;ik:- xU G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzp mNj G+tpd; Kjpu;e;j Fwpia
mile;jhy; kfue;jkzp Kisf;fhjpUj;jy;.
cjhuzk;; :- nfhbj;Njhil
o rkdpy;yhj; jk;gTz;ik:- kfue;j$L, Fwp vd;gd G+tpd; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gly;
cjhuzk;:- xf;fpl;L, gl;bg; G+, ky;ypif
o Fwp, Nfruk; tise;J fhzg;gly;:- Fwp epkpu;e;Js;s NghJ Nfruk; tise;Jk; Nfruk;
epkpu;e;Js;s NghJ Fwp tise;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:- ky;ypif fpspNuhnld;ud;
o ,Ufhy Kjpu;T :- ngz;zfj;jpw;F Kd;djhf MzfKk; Mzfj;jpw;F Kd;djhf
ngz;zfKk; Kjpu;r;rp miljy;.
cjhuzk;:- Nrhsk;, %f;Fj;jpg;G+z;L, MLjpd;dhg;ghiy
kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; ff;fhd fhuzpfs;
o tpyq;Ffs;
o ePu;
o fhw;W
tpyq;Ffs;
 tpyq;Ffspdhy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if milAk; G+f;fs; G+r;rp ehl;lKs;s G+f;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 G+r;rpfis ftu;tjd; %yk; mad; kfue;jr; Nru;fi ; f mila G+f;fs; nfhz;Ls;s
,irthf;fq;fs;
 g+f;fs; kzKs;sjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ngupa g+f;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 ntt;NtW epwk; nfhz;l g+f;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 10

 
mKj Rug;gpiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

xl;Lk; jd;ikahd kfue;jkzpiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

xl;Lk; jd;ikAila Fwp fhzg;gLjy;.

tpyq;Ffspd; clypd; kfue;jkzp jltg;glf;$ba Kiwapy; G+f;fspy; gFjpfs;
xOq;fike;jpUj;jy;.
 g+r;rpfis Vkhw;Wk; tbtj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
 tpyq;FfspD}lhf kfue;jr; Nru;f;if milAk; G+f;fs;:- nfhbj;Njhil, rpwftiu, mfj;jp,
jk;gu;Ipah
fhw;W
 fhw;wpdhy; kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; f milAk; G+f;fs; fhw;W ehl;lKs;s G+f;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;tifahd g+f;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Mz; G+, ngz; G+ vd ntt;Ntwhf fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: ney;, Nrhsk;, Gy;, njd;id
ePu;
 ePupdhy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if milAk; G+f;fs; ePu; ehl;lKs;s G+f;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;tifahd g+f;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; Mz; G+, ngz; G+ vd jdpj;jdpahf fhzg;gLk;.
 Kjpu;r;rpaile;j gpd; Mz; G+f;fs; jhtuj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L ePupy; kpjf;Fk;.
 ,J ngz; G+tpd; Fwpia Nehf;fp kpje;J tUk; NghJ kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngWfpwJ.
cjhuzk;: typ];Ndupah
fUf;fl;ly;
 kfue;jkzpapy; fhzg;gLk; Mz;GzupahdJ #y;tpj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kl;ilf; fyj;Jld;
Nru;fi
; failAk; nrad;Kiw fUf;fl;ly; vdg;gLk;.

fUf;fl;lypd; gbKiwfs;
 kfue;jr;Nru;fi
; fapd; NghJ xU G+tpYs;s Kjpu;e;j kfue;jkzp Fwpia milAk;.
 gpd; mq;F fhzg;gLk; nty;yf;fiurypdhy; J}z;lg;gl;L kfue;jkzp Kisf;f Muk;gpf;Fk;.
 kfue;jkzp Kisj;J kfue;jf;Fohia cUthf;Fk;.
 ,J jk;gj;jpD}lhf tsu;e;J #yfj;jpYs;s #iy milAk;.

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 11

tpj;Jf;fSk; goq;fSk; cUthjy;
 fUf;fl;lypd; NghJ Efk; cUthfp gpd; mJ Kisakhf khWk;.
fUf;fl;lypd; gpd; G+tpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 #yfk; - gokhf khWk;.
 #yfr;Rtu; - Rw;Wf;fdpakhf khWk;.
 #y;tpj;J - tpj;jhf khWk;.
 #y;tpj;Jr;Rtu; - tpj;Jiwahf khWk;.
 Gy;yp, my;yp, Fwp, Nfruk; - cyu;e;J tpOe;J tpLk;.
Note: rpy jhtuq;fspy; Gy;ypfs; fUf;fl;lypd; gpd; epiyNgwhdjhf fhzg;gLtJld; rpytw;wpy;
jirg;gw;Ws;sjhf khw;wkile;J Rw;Wf;fdpaj;JlDk; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;.
fd;dpf;fdpakhjy;
 fUf;fl;lypd;wp goq;fs; cUthFk; nrad;Kiw fd;dpf;fdpakhjy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; goq;fspy; tpj;Jf;fs; fhzg;glhJ.
 nraw;if tsu;r;rpg; gjhu;j;jq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fd;dpf;fdpakhjiy
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzk;:- jpuhl;ir, Njhil, mg;gps;
tpj;Jf;fspdJk; goq;fspdJk; gukgy;
 tpj;Jf;fSk; goq;fSk; jha;j;jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J J}u ,lq;fSf;F vLj;J nry;tg;gLjy;
tpj;Jf;fspdJk; goq;fspdJk; gukgy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; VwgLk; ed;ikfs;
 Gjpa thoplq;fis miljy;
 mbg;gil NjitfSf;fhd Nghl;b Fiwtiljy;
 gy;tifikia mjpfupj;Jf;nfhss;sy;
 gPilfs; , Neha;fhuzpfspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
tpj;Jf;fs; , goq;fs; guk;gyilAk; Kiwfs;
 tpyq;Ffs;
 fhw;W
 ePu;
 ntbj;J guk;Gk; nghwpKiw
tpyq;Ffspdhy; guk;gyila tpj;Jf;fs; , goq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fs;
 ftu;r;rpahd epwq;fis nfhz;bapUj;jy;. (kuKe;jpupif(Nghypg;gok;), thio)
 cz;zf$ba rijg;gw;whd gFjpfs; fhzg;gly; (khk;gok; , gg;ghrpg;gok;)
 Nghypj; Njhw;wj;ij nfhz;bapUj;jy; (tpyq;Ffis Vkhw;w) (ghfy; , Mkzf;F, Fd;Wkzp)
 xl;Lk; jd;ikAila Kl;fs; nfhOf;fpfs; fhzg;gly; (ehAUtp, Gypefk; , Jj;jpup,
Milnahll;b
fhw;wpdhy; guk;gyila tpj;Jf;fs; , goq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fs;
 tpj;Jf;fs; ghukw;wjhf fhzg;gly; (xf;fpl;L)
 rpwFfs; Nghd;w fl;likg;G fhzg;gly; (vz;nza; ,KUq;if, Ntq;if)
 kapu; gQ;R ehu; Nghd;w mikg;ig nfhz;bapUj;jy;.(gUj;jp, FwpQ;rh, vUf;fiy)

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 12

  ngUksthd vz;zpf;ifapy; goq;fisAk; tpj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;bapUj;jy;.(Gy; ,
kNfhfdp, vz;nza; , ,ytk; gQ;R)
 jhtuj;jpd; cr;rpg;gFjpay; goq;fSk; tpj;Jf;fSk; fhzg;gly;.(kNfhfdp, vz;nza;)
ePupdhy; guk;gyila tpj;Jf;fs; , goq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fs;
 kpjg;gjw;F Vw;w Kiwapy; fhw;iw cs;slf;fpa Rw;Wf;fdpaj;ij
nfhz;bapUj;jy;.(jhkiu)
 tsp epuk;gpa tpj;J Xl;ilia nfhz;bapUj;jy;.(ePuy;yp)
 kpjg;gjw;F Vw;wthW ehu;j;jd;ikahd Rw;Wf;fdpaj;ij nfhz;bapUj;jy;.(Njq;fha; ; ,
fj;jhg;G; , fly; khq;fha; ; , rKj;jpuq;fha; ,; jhkiu)
ntbj;jw; nghwpKiw %yk; guk;gyilAk; tpj;Jf;fs; / goq;fs;
 rpy jhtuq;fspdy; goq;fspd; Rw;Wf;fdpak; ntbg;gjdhy; tpj;Jf;fSk; goq;fSk;
guk;gyilAk;.
 ,r;nrad;Kiwf;F njhLif, <uk; , cyu;#oy; epyik ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
cjhuzk;:- NghQ;rp, ntz;b, wg;gu,; fhrpJk;ig

tpj;J Kisj;jy;
 tpj;jpYs;s Kisak; capu;g;gile;J ehw;whf tpUj;jpailjy; tpj;J Kisj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 tpj;JKisj;jypd; NghJ cl;nfhs;Sif nghwpKiwapdhy; ePuhdJ tpj;jpDs;
cs;nsLf;fg;gL;k;.
 ,jdhy; nehjpaq;fs; capug;gile;J rpf;fyhd czTfs; vspa czTfshf khw;wg;gLk;.
 ,t;Tzit gad;gLj;jp Kisj;jz;L, KisNtu; vd;gd cUthFk;.
tpj;J Jisj;jYf;F mtrpakhd fhuzpfs;
 tpj;jpd; tho;jfT
 xl;rprd; (tsp)
 <uopg;G (ePu;)
 rpwg;G ntg;gepiy
tpj;jpd; cwq;Fepiy
 tpj;J Kisj;jYf;fhd #ow;fhuzpfs; fpilj;j NghjpYk; tpj;J Kisf;fhjpUj;jy;
tpj;jpd; cwq;Fepiy vdg;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; jfhj #oy;epyikfis vjpu;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 tpj;jpd; cwq;Fepiyf;fhd fhuzpfs;
o Kisak; tpUj;jpailahik.
o tpj;Jiw ePiuAk; tspiaAk; cl;Gftplhik.
tpj;jpd; cwq;Fepyikia ePf;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
 tpj;Jfis Kisg;gjw;F Kd;du; RLePupy; ,ly; - ,g;gpy; ,g;gpy;
 tpj;Jiwia mfw;wp Kisf;ftpLjy; - Njhil
 tpj;Jfis ntg;gNkw;wp Nkw;gl;ilia mfw;Wjy; - Njf;F
 tpj;Jf;fis rpwpJ fhyk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jy;.
 tpj;Jiuia jfu;j;jy; - ney;yp

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 13

M.R.M.Ramsith BSc (Hons) 14