TRACING THE HISTORY that is always used will be

AND THEORY OF strengthened; the part not

EVOLUTION BY JEAN always used deteriorates.
BAPTISTE DE ● Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
LAMARCK, HUGO DE Traits
VRIES, AND CHARLES ○ If an organism developed a
characteristic feature through
DARWIN adapting to a new way of life
STM 008 (SAS 17) during its lifetime, it would
pass this on to its offspring
JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK ○ Acquired Traits - Body
● A french naturalist. changes due to an
● Born on August 1, 1744 in Pacardy, organism’s behavior or
France. experience that occur within
● He is the youngest among 11 an organism’s life could
children. therefore be passed onto
● Became interested in collecting offspring
plants when he was a soldier in ○ Examples:
South France, an injury made him ■ Webbed foot of water
resign, but his interest in botany birds – the repeated
continued. So, he started his stretching of
scientific career as a Botanist. membrane between
● Best known for his idea that the toes was passed
acquired characters are inheritable, onto offspring.
an idea known as Lamarckism, ■ Organisms not using
which is controverted by modern tails would produce
genetics and evolutionary theory offspring with smaller
○ first presented in 1801. tails.
● He was the first biologist to suggest ■ Giraffes must stretch
that organisms undergo evolution. their necks to reach
● Observations by Lamarck were leaves on the tops of
based on two different facts: trees. This longer
○ Fossil records showed that neck then got passed
organisms in the past were to offspring.
different from those living
today. LAMARCKISM IN EVOLUTION TODAY
○ Each organism was well ● Behavior can be different
adapted to its environment. ● Some behavior patterns are innate
and will also evolve in by natural
3 THEORIES OF JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK selection
● Theory of Need ● Learned behavior patterns can be
○ Lamarck believed that changed within a generation
organisms change because ● Members of a social group who have
they need to. acquired the behavior in their
● Theory of Use and Disuse lifetimes will pass these learned
○ Lamarck further believed that skills onto others including their
organisms could change the children
size or shape of organs by ● This pattern of evolution resembles
using them or not using the Lamarckian pattern
them. The part of the body
 individual different from other
AUGUST WEISMANN
individuals
● A scientist who disproved Lamarck’s ● Survival of the fittest (adaptation)
theory of inheritance of acquired ○ Members of species that are
traits in the late 1800s. best adapted to the
● He made an experiment in which he environment survive. These
cut off the tails of mice and allowed survivors will live longer and
the mice to mate. He repeatedly did reproduce more successfully
it for 20 generations but the 22nd than those that are less
generation did not exhibit the cut-off adapted
trail of original parents. ● Natural Selection
○ The environment selects
organisms that survive to be
1809-1882 the parents of the
● all species of organisms arise and succeeding generations.
develop through the natural Favorable variations are
selection of small, inherited retained, while unfavorable
variations that increase the ones get eliminated.
individual's ability to compete, ○ Darwin's first book dealing
survive, and reproduce with Natural Selection was
published in 1859.
CHARLES DARWIN (DARWINISM) ● New species are formed
(speciation)
● An English Naturalist. ○ Favorable variations
● Born on February 12, 1809. accumulate in an isolated
● He was born in Shrewsbury, population. With every
England. generation, new variations
● He published the Origin of Species. come out and are passed on
● Before he came up with his Theory to the next generation. As a
of Evolution, his thinking was greatly result, new species appear
influenced by Thomas Malthus, a
minister, mathematician, and an However, Darwin’s theory failed to explain
economist in his Essay on the the source of variation; and, it failed to
Principle of Population. explain the sudden changes which occur
and are inheritable
6 MAIN POINTS OF DARWIN’S THEORY
(DARWINISM) From 1831-1836, he traveled and made the
● Overproduction following observations about nature and
○ Species have the ability to some evolutionary trends:
produce a large number of
offspring, much more than OBSERVATIONS OF DARWIN ABOUT NATURE
can survive. Organisms AND SOME EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
reproduce to excess ● Organisms vary in different traits,
● Struggle for existence like size, color, and behavior.
○ Results from competition ● Variations among organisms are
among organisms for significant in a given population. No
available necessities of life two individuals are exactly alike.
(food and living space) ● There was a gradual change in each
● Variations species as he traveled down the
○ Are differences within coast of South America.
populations that make every
 ● Fossils were different from the living ● In 1889, he hypothesized that the
animals he saw in the same region. characteristics were transmitted via
However, these fossils had many some sort of particle that was given
similarities to modern forms of life. to the offspring by the parents. This
● Species in Galapagos Islands particle was dubbed as pangene that
resembled species on the mainland is now known as genes and they
but they were different in certain carried the genetic information from
characteristics. one generation to the next.
● Some organisms became isolated ● In 1900, he saw that Mendel had
on many islands. discovered the same things he had
● Most organisms produce more seen in his plants as he wrote his
offspring that can survive. book
● In the Galapagos Islands, he ● He relied on writings by Charles
observed that different species of Darwin who hypothesized how traits
finches living on the islands were were passed down from parents to
alike, yet each species was slightly offspring generation after
different from those on the next generation. Even though his mentors
island or another part of the island. while he was at University and
worked in labs did not buy into the
Theory of Evolution as written by
HUGO MARIE DE VRIES Darwin, Hugo was still a big fan of
● As a young child, Hugo Marie de Darwin's Theory.
Varies, quickly found a love of plants ● His decision to incorporate the idea
and even won several awards for his of evolution and a change in species
botany projects while attending over time into his own thesis for his
school in Haarlem and The Hauge. doctorate was met with a lot of
● He decided to pursue a degree in resistance by his professors. He
botany from Leiden University. ignored their pleas to remove that
● While studying at the college, he part of his thesis and successfully
became intrigued by experimental defended his ideas.
botany and Charles Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution and Natural Selection. THEORY OF MUTATION OF HUGO MARIE DE
● He graduated in 1870 from Leiden VRIES
University with a doctorate in ● Explained that the species changed
Botany. over time mostly likely through
● Is best known for his work in the field changes, which he called mutations,
of genetics as the subject was in its in genes.
so called infancy stages. ● He saw these differences in his wild
● Gregor Mendel’s findings were not forms of evening primrose plant and
well known at the time, and de Vries used this as evidence to prove that
had come up with some very similar species did change as Darwin said.
data that could be put together with ● Mutation
Mendel’s laws to create a more fully ○ Is the cause of changes in
developed picture of genetics. the plant as well as in other
organisms.
DE VRIES CONTRIBUTION TO GENETICS ○ Brings about the
● Developed similar data to Gregor development of new species.
Mendel's findings, although Mendel's ○ Can be the cause of
work was not widely known at the evolutionary change.
time. ● Mutants
○ Are organisms that exhibit
changes or alterations in
their traits as a result of
mutations.
○ Examples:
■ two-headed snakes
■ four-legged ducks
■ cyclops kitten