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2020-01-1372 Published 14 Apr 2020

Research on Modeling Method of Conducted

Emissions Simulation for DC Brush Motors
Ji Zhang and Xiangjie Lv Tongji University

Citation: Zhang, J. and Lv, X., “Research on Modeling Method of Conducted Emissions Simulation for DC Brush Motors,” SAE Technical
Paper 2020-01-1372, 2020, doi:10.4271/2020-01-1372.

Abstract
the impedance of a certain type of windowed DC brush motor,

T
he conducted emissions of DC motors have been a very and the impedance spectrum of the coil winding is obtained.
important content when testing electromagnetic noise. A second-order LC circuit model is established in PSPICE and
It has certain practical guiding significance to optimize fitted with the measured coil winding impedance. Secondly,
and improve the motor in the design stage through the simula- the commutation time is calculated by the motor parameters,
tion of conducted emissions circuit level. The existing litera- and an accurate model of the motor commutation process is
ture research shows that the simulation results can not reflect established in PSPICE. Finally, the time domain variation of
the test results of the conducted emissions of the motor well the voltage across the 50 ohm resistor in the LISN is obtained
because it is difficult to accurately model the armature winding by the voltage probe, and the voltage data is subjected to
and the commutation process of the motor in the electromag- Fourier operation to obtain the conducted emissions spectrum
netic simulation of the conducted emissions circuit level of of the motor. By comparing the simulation with the test
the DC brush motor. In this paper, an electromagnetic simula- results, it can be considered that the electromagnetic simula-
tion modeling method for conducted emissions of DC motor tion model established by the modeling method used in this
is proposed. The circuit model established in the PSPICE can paper can simulate the actual test results of the conducted
simulate the actual conducted emissions values of DC motor emissions of the motor, which has a good practical reference
by the method. Firstly, an impedance analyzer is used to test value for the motor design stage.

1. Introduction
the winding first, and then equivalent it to a lumped parameter

I
n the process of using the motor, the motor will produce circuit, so that the impedance of the equivalent circuit in the
some electromagnetic interference to the surrounding elec- whole frequency band is consistent with the impedance of the
trical equipment. These electromagnetic interference will measured winding.
cause certain hidden dangers to the control and normal opera- In reference [1-2], a two-stage circuit model is used to
tion of the equipment. It can save time and money for the later determine the parameters by curve fitting, and some experi-
EMC test of DC motor by establishing simulation model of ence values in reference are adjusted to make the impedance
conducted emissions to predict conducted emissions in motor characteristics of the model consistent with that of the
design stage. When conducting conducted emissions test for measured winding. The disadvantage of this method is that
DC brush motor, the test environment can be roughly divided it depends on experience. In reference [3], an impedance
into three parts: 12V DC power supply, two LISN and the model is proposed to simulate the complex impedance of a
motor. Among them, the DC power supply and LISN have motor in the range of 1G Hz. In addition, the skin effect of
corresponding standard models. Therefore, we need to focus the winding and the eddy current effect of the laminated core
on the modeling of DC motor in the simulation. are considered. In order to improve the model, a parameter
Under the excitation of motor commutation, the identification method is proposed in this paper. In reference
frequency spectrum characteristics of armature winding [4], considering some physical characteristics and phenomena
impedance will have a certain impact on the magnitude of related to motor armature, a high frequency modeling
frequency spectrum of conducted emission, so the modeling method for low-voltage DC motor armature is proposed,
of motor coil winding and commutation is the key content of which can better fit the armature test results. In reference [5],
the whole motor simulation. DC brush motor is generally a RLC parallel circuit module is proposed. Through the
multi winding structure, the impedance characteristics of a combination of multiple circuit modules, the number of
single winding will change irregularly with the increase of impedance peaks and troughs is simulated. Through the
test frequency, and there will be a certain number of peaks quantitative calculation of parameters, the impedance
and troughs on the spectrum. At present, a large number of spectrum simulation results of the circuit are well matched
methods used in the literature are to test the impedance of with the measured results.
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2 RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS

During the normal operation of the motor, the brush FIGURE 1 Armature winding of DC motor
inside the motor and the commutator will have alternating
contact, which will cause part of the windings in the armature
to be regularly short circuited, so in the whole commutator
process, regular current and voltage fluctuations will occur
inside the motor. These fluctuations will be transmitted to
other devices through the power line or space, and then
generate electromagnetic interference to other devices. It is
very important for the final result to simulate the commuta-
tion process of the motor accurately through the circuit model.
In reference [6], by analyzing the commutation voltage
equation of the motor during commutation, the voltage at the
motor terminal in a commutation cycle is calculated by
MATLAB, and the data is imported into PSPICE software for
simulation. In reference [7], a contact resistance model which
changes with time is constructed to simulate the change of
impedance when the motor is reversing, and then the voltage
fluctuation when the motor is reversing is simulated. In refer-
ence [8], the process of winding short-circuit is simulated by
building some switch models above the winding, but the
commutation burr caused by contact problem is not fully
considered. In reference [9], a commutation mathematical
model based on ANSOFT MAXWELL finite element simula-
tion is established. The model is applicable to all types of DC
brush motor. While calculating commutation current data, it
provides a lot of information related to commutation, which
is convenient and fast. In reference [10], the short circuit of
each winding in the commutation of DC motor is analyzed,
and the commutation circuit schematic diagram of the motor
is established by using Maxwell, and the current fluctuation
in the commutation of the motor is obtained.

© SAE International.
This paper is based on the research of previous literature,
through the accurate modeling of motor armature winding,
using the motor parameters to calculate the motor commuta-
tion time. In PSPICE, the switching element is used to simulate
the voltage fluctuation and high frequency noise when the
motor changes direction. The simulation results can fit the
actual test results well. The winding mode of the motor used in this test is shown
in Figure 2. It can be seen from the figure that there is a
complete winding between the two adjacent commutators.
Before the test, disconnect the winding connection on
2. Motor Winding the adjacent commutating piece, then select two joints of a
winding, and test the impedance of the winding by using the
Modeling impedance analyzer of stabco. The test layout and test results
are shown in Figure 3.
As shown in Figure 1, the motor armature used in this simula- Through the impedance spectrum of the winding, it can
tion has 8 windings, and the winding mode of 8 windings is be seen that the impedance of the winding presents a trend
single winding.
When modeling the armature, the focus of modeling is FIGURE 2 Connection mode of motor winding
on the modeling of single armature winding. According to
the connection mode of the winding, the armature model of
the DC brush motor is constructed by a single winding model.

2.1. Winding Modeling

The connection rule of single winding is: all adjacent windings
© SAE International.

are connected in series in turn, and each winding in series

moves a commutation piece, and finally forms a closed circuit.
When modeling the winding of a motor, it is necessary to test
the impedance characteristics of one winding of the motor.
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RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS 3

FIGURE 3 Test experiment arrangement and test results FIGURE 4 LC series circuit model and impedance diagram

© SAE International.
1
f re = (1)
2π LC

In the above formula, fre is the resonance frequency, C is

the capacitance, and L is the inductance. By adjusting the
value of LC, the trend of LC series circuit is basically in line
with the test results. In the above formula, fre is the resonance
frequency, C is the capacitance, and l is the inductance. By
adjusting the value of LC, the trend of LC series circuit is
basically in line with the test results. In this paper, the initial
value of LC is chosen, L is 123nh, and C is 200nf.
In order to simulate the peak of the impedance spectrum
of the winding near 24MHz, the resonant element circuit as
shown in Figure 5 can be added on the basis of LC series circuit
to simulate the peak of the impedance spectrum.
Considering that the influence of the added resonant
element on the impedance of the circuit in series in the
high frequency range should be as small as possible. A
smaller inductor can be selected in the resonant element
© SAE International.

model, so that the influence of the inductance character-

istics of the resonant element on the winding model is rela-
tively small. Finally, the value of LC in the resonant element
circuit can be roughly determined. In this paper, l is 2.7nh,
C is 15nf.
In the above case, the resonance point in the impedance
of first decreasing and then rising, and the frequency point spectrum can be obtained by parametric calculation, but the
corresponding to the wave trough is near 1MHz. When magnitude of the impedance at the resonance point needs to
choosing the circuit model, we can use a circuit with induc-
tance and capacitance in series to roughly simulate the overall
impedance trend. FIGURE 5 Resonance element circuit and
For the LC series circuit as shown in Figure 4, its imped- impedance spectrum
ance always shows a trend of decreasing first and then
increasing. This is because in the low frequency, the main
reason is that the capacitance has a great influence on the
impedance of the circuit, so the impedance of the circuit
decreases with the increase of frequency. In the high frequency
range, the inductance has a great influence on the impedance
of the circuit, so the impedance of the circuit increases with
the increase of frequency. When the impedance trend changes,
© SAE International.

the corresponding frequency point is the resonance frequency

point f re. Different LC parameters can be selected to form
different resonance frequencies. The theoretical calculation
formula is as follows.
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4 RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS

be determined. Based on the parallel connection of L1 and FIGURE 7 Comparison between simulation results of circuit
C1, the value of R1 can be adjusted to ensure that the imped- model and test results
ance value of simulation calculation at the resonance point is
consistent with the actual test results. By calculating the
impedance of LC circuit in series at 24 MHz, the impedance
of resonant element structure at 24 MHz is determined, and
the value of R1 is determined to be about 8 Ω. The specific
calculation formula is as follows.

1 1
Z ( w ) = jwL + +R+ (2)
jwC 1 1
+ jwC1 +
R1 jwL1

2.2. Comparison of Winding

Simulation Results
The parameters of each component calculated above are
brought into the simulation software PSPICE. The model is
modified in order to adapt to the simulation of the simulation
software. The premise of modification is that the parameters
reflecting the impedance characteristics of the model are not
changed. Then the final winding model is shown in Figure 6.
The impedance of the winding model is analyzed in
PSPICE and the simulation frequency is set in 150
KHz-108MHz.
In order to facilitate the comparison of simulation results,
the simulation results and test results are imported into
MATLAB for drawing comparison. Adjust the value of each
electrical component in the winding circuit model according
to the contrast error. Finally, the values of various components
in the winding model are determined as shown in Table 1,
and the comparison between simulation results and experi-
mental results is shown in Figure 7.
Through the comparison figure, it can be concluded that
the simulation model of the motor armature winding imped-

© SAE International.
ance is basically consistent with the test results. In the whole
process of building the model, there is a theory for the value
of the components, and then it is compared with the actual
test results. Finally, the parameters of the electrical compo-
nents in the model are slightly adjusted. The advantage of this
method is that it can be used to model the windings of other
types of DC brush motors.
FIGURE 6 The coil winding model

2.3. Parasitic Capacitance

Modeling
© SAE International.

In this paper, the conducted emissions test of DC brush

motor is strictly in accordance with the standard CISPR 25,
and the test frequency range is 150KHz-108MHz. The metal
shell of the motor is in direct contact with the test platform
in the test of conducted emissions of the motor. In the simu-
lation, the outer casing of the motor can be regarded as
TABLE 1 Parameter values in circuit model “ground”, which is the zero potential point. In the high
frequency simulation, the parasitic capacitance caused by
© SAE International.

Parameters Values
the gap between the motor and the shell can not be ignored.
R, R1, R2 0.2Ω, 8Ω, 1gΩ
It is necessary to test the parasitic capacitance between the
L, L1, L2 105nH, 2.7nH, 100H
motor winding and the shell to determine the value of the
C, C1, C2 230nF, 15nF, 1e-20nF parasitic capacitance.
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RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS 5

FIGURE 8 High frequency winding model FIGURE 9 Parasitic capacitance test and test results
© SAE International.

For the parasitic capacitance between a winding and the

ground, the two ends of the winding can be regarded as having
a parasitic capacitance to the ground respectively. The above
winding model is modified to figure 8. In the simulation, the
impedance of the two terminals of the default winding to the
ground is not very different in numerical value. It can be consid-
ered that the parasitic capacitance of the two connectors of the
coil to the ground is basically the same. That is, Cgnd1 ≈ Cgnd2.
The parameters of parasitic capacitance between motor
shell and winding can be tested by impedance analyzer. The
value of parasitic capacitance is determined by fitting the
capacitance impedance formula with the test results. At the
test site, as shown in Figure 9(a), the two test probes of the
impedance analyzer are clamped with one winding joint and
the other motor housing. The test results are shown in
Figure 9(b) (the blue line is the impedance curve).
Through the observation of the test results, it can
be found that the impedance spectrum as a whole shows
relatively obvious capacitance characteristics, that is, the
impedance decreases significantly with the increase of
frequency. In the high frequency section, the winding between
the motor winding and the shell presents a small degree of
inductance characteristics. The test data is imported into
© SAE International.

Matlab and the impedance formula of capacitance is used to

calculate the impedance of capacitance and fit the test results.
1
Z= (3)
2π fjC
In the formula, Z is the complex form of impedance, f is
the frequency, and C is the capacitance. According to the
impedance calculation formula of the capacitance, it is finally fluctuation of commutation voltage and electromagnetic noise.
determined that the value of the capacitance is 100pF, and the The voltage fluctuation caused by the commutation of the
fitting effect is shown in Figure 10. motor is the excitation source of conducted noise in the opera-
From the impedance point of view, a capacitance model tion of the whole motor. Accurate modeling of the commuta-
has well simulated the test results. In the simulation model of tion process of DC brush motor is a key step to improve the
this paper, some small impedance fluctuations in the high simulation accuracy.
frequency band are ignored. At present, many literatures get the voltage fluctuation at
the motor terminal as the excitation source through the test,
and then put the test data into the simulation software for
simulation, or through the establishment of resistance compo-
3. Commutation Model nents that change with time. The former can not fully consider
the common mode interference in the motor, while the latter
of DC Motor needs to establish a very complex circuit model, which is not
practical enough.In this paper, the ideal time switch element
In the process of commutation, the alternating contact of PSPICE is used to simulate the on-off situation of each
between the brush and the commutator will lead to the winding in the motor commutation.
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6 RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS

FIGURE 10 Comparison of test and simulation results FIGURE 11 Relative position of electric brush
and commutators

© SAE International.
commutation cycle.In the actual commutation of motor, the
commutator is moving. In order to facilitate understanding,
the commutation process of the motor is simplified as brush

© SAE International.
movement in the picture, and the brush and the commutation
plate are simplified as rectangles. The numbers in the rectan-
gular box represent the angle of arc relative to the center of
the rotor shaft.
The four figures in the figure correspond to four states
when reversing:
3.1. Determination of Motor
Commutation Time 1. At the beginning, the brush did not enter the
commutation (0 °)
During the commutation of motor, the winding of motor will 2. The brush is ready to enter the commutation (7 °)
be short circuited regularly with the increase of time in a
3. The brush enters the commutation (34 °)
commutation cycle.
During the commutation of motor, the winding of motor 4. End of commutation (4 °)
will be short circuited regularly with the increase of time in
The motor is of 8-winding structure, and the time corre-
a commutation cycle.The motor is of 8-winding structure,
sponding to 45 ° brush movement in the above process is a
with a set of symmetrical brushes and 8 commutators in a
commutation cycle. In a commutation cycle, when the brush
ring.When the brush of the motor is between the adjacent
moves 34 °, the two windings are in a short-circuit state, and
commutators, the electric potential of the two adjacent
when the commutation plate moves 11 °, the corresponding
commutators is the same, and two windings will be short
time is not in a short-circuit state.At this time, the rotation
circuited. When the brush is completely on the commutator,
speed of the motor is 3957r / min. After calculation, the
the armature will not be short circuited.
commutation period is about 1.8ms, in which the short-circuit
The summary of relevant parameters used to calculate
time is 1.4ms and the non short-circuit time is 0.4ms.
the short-circuit time of motor reversing is shown in Table 2.
In the actual motor, both the commutator and the brush
are arc-shaped, and there is an arc angle corresponding to the
center of the rotor shaft.Considering that the arc angle of the
3.2. Motor Commutation
brush relative to the shaft center is smaller than the arc angle Circuit Model
of the commutator, there is a certain period of time in the For the DC brush motor used in this simulation, the power
operation of the motor when eight windings are energized. on of each winding in the motor in a commutation cycle is
When the brush is between two commutators, the armature shown in Figure 12.
winding will be short circuited. In order to calculate the short The signal winding in Figure 12 can be replaced by the
circuit time of the armature in the commutation process, the winding model above.According to the above figure, it can
following position diagram can be drawn for the relative be determined that the 8-winding model is adopted in the
position of the brush and the commutation plate. simulation.When the motor winding is in the non short circuit
In Figure 11, the top black is the electric brush, and the state, two 4-windings in series are connected in parallel;When
bottom is the commutator. Four pictures represent a a short circuit occurs, two series 3 windings are connected in
parallel.In this process, the short-circuit time of motor
winding is a very important data, which has a great impact on
TABLE 2 Parameters related to motor commutation the final simulation results.According to the above circuit
Parameters Values
model and the armature short circuit time calculated above,
the circuit model is established in PSpice, as shown in Figure 13.
Rotor speed (rad/min) 3957
In PSpice, by adding switch elements TCLOSE and
© SAE International.

Commutators radian(°) 40.98

TOPEN to the armature, the short-circuit effect of an armature
Brush radian(°) 37.93 in the commutation process is simulated. The time interval
Radian between the 4 between the two switches is the short-circuit time
commutators(°) calculated above.
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RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS 7

FIGURE 12 Four phases in DC motor commutation take a very short time and are easy to produce high-frequency
noise in the circuit.
There are many reasons for these burrs.On the one hand,
when the brush contacts the next commutator, the release of
electromagnetic energy in the circuit will lead to commutator
sparks, which will show irregular voltage fluctuations on the
commutator voltage, and the time interval is very small.On
the other hand, it may also be due to poor contact between
the brush and the reversing plate, mechanical friction and
other factors.From the reasons mentioned above, it is very
difficult to model the circuit of the burrs produced in the
course of commutation.
Refer to the armature short circuit model above, and add
some switches to simulate these burrs. To simulate the genera-
tion of voltage sudden change burrs in the whole commutation
process. In the simulation model, different short-circuit time
intervals can be set for the other three groups of windings.
© SAE International.

The selection of short-circuit time can be determined

according to the coverage of the final simulation
frequency band.
When analyzing the excitation noise of a circuit, if the
analysis frequency of the circuit reaches 100MHz, the noise
frequency generated by the excitation source should also reach
FIGURE 13 Short circuit model of winding in PSPICE 100MHz at least. In order to simulate these subtle burrs as
much as possible, that is, to simulate the voltage fluctuation
burrs with rich spectrum, the switching time intervals can
be taken as 1e-5ms (corresponding to 100MHz), 1e-4ms
(corresponding to 10MHz), 1e-3ms (corresponding to 1MHz).
In Pspice simulation model, the final determined commu-
tation circuit model is shown in Figure 14.
© SAE International.

4. Circuit Model
Simulation Results
The conducted emissions results of the motor are obtained by
3.3. High Frequency CISPR25 voltage method. Figure 15 is the layout of conducted
Excitation in the emissions test for DC brush motor.
In Figure 15, the voltage source is a 12V battery, and the
Commutation positive and negative lines of the battery are connected with
In the process of DC motor commutation, there will be a lot two lisns respectively.During the operation of the motor, the
of high-frequency noise in the voltage waveform of its voltage fluctuation caused by commutation and other factors
harness, except the f luctuation of commutation voltage is transmitted to LISN through the harness.The receiver is
obtained by theoretical calculation.There are many tiny connected with LISN output terminal through coaxial
voltage burrs in the voltage time domain. These burrs usually shielded cable. Figure 16 shows the actual test result report.

FIGURE 14 Commutation model of PSPICE motor

© SAE International.
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8 RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS

FIGURE 15 Test diagram of conducted emissions FIGURE 18 Impedance simulation spectrum of LISN
equivalent circuit model

© SAE International.

© SAE International.
FIGURE 16 Motor conducted emissions test results

impedance under high-frequency noise. According to the

LISN circuit model, the impedance characteristics of the
LISN are simulated and analyzed in PSPICE. It can be found
that the impedance of the LISN is nearly 50 ohms after
10MHz. The impedance of LISN will not change with the
increase of simulation frequency, which ensures the accuracy
of test results.
For the power line between LISN and motor, a 15cm
© SAE International.

conductor is used in the test. In the simulation, its resistance

is very small, which can be ignored in the model building. The
conducted interference model is shown in Figure 19. The simu-
lation model is built according to the experimental layout of
conducted emissions, mainly divided into power model, LISN
model and motor model.
The three test lines in the figure represent the peak value,
quasi peak value and average value of conducted interference,
and the corresponding horizontal line of the same color is the 4.2. Comparison Between
noise limit value.The simulation of this paper is mainly Simulation Results and
compared with the peak value of the experimental results.
Test Results
When conducting the conducted interference experiment of
4.1. Conducted Emissions the motor, it can be connected with LISN output interface
Model through the receiver in the laboratory.The voltage spectrum
data of LISN output is taken as the conducted interference
The power model can be simulated in PSPICE with 12V voltage test result of the motor.In the simulation software PSpice,
source. For LISN modeling, you can refer to the relevant stan- we can get the voltage change data of both ends of the 50 Ω
dards, extract the circuit parameters in LISN, and determine resistor in LISN circuit model by transient simulation using
the circuit model of LISN as follows. the voltage probe of the software.The following simulation
LISN’s function in the whole experiment process is to settings can be made in the software:
isolate the noise of electric wave in the test, and to provide
stable test impedance, so as to ensure that the accuracy of 1. in order to accurately get the size of conducted
test results will not be affected by the change of its interference in the range of 108MHz, the simulation
time interval is set to 2ns.
2. the commutation period of the motor is 1.8ms, which
FIGURE 17 LISN circuit model
is simulated as a period, and the simulation time is set
as 1.8ms.
3. the abscissa is set as 150khz-108mhz in the frequency
band of interest of conducted interference, and it is
logarithmic display.

The FFT operation function of PSPICE is used to convert

© SAE International.

the time-domain data into frequency-domain data. The test

results of conducted emissions are shown in Figure 20.
In order to compare the simulation results with the actual
test results, it is necessary to use formula (4) to convert the
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RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS 9

FIGURE 19 Conducted emissions model of DC motor

© SAE International.

FIGURE 20 Simulation results of conducted emissions FIGURE 21 Comparison of simulation and test
© SAE International.

© SAE International.

unit of conducted interference from V to DB μ V, and compare

the frequency-domain data with the test results.
U ( dBµ V ) = 20 × log10 U ( V ) + 120 (4) the circuit model is built by PSPICE to simulate the situation
In order to facilitate the comparison with the simulation that the winding is short circuited in the commutation process.
results, the noise of each frequency band in the test report is Through the accurate modeling of the motor winding and
taken as the corresponding value and plotted in MATLAB. commutation time, and considering the high-frequency noise
Finally, the test results and simulation results are compared and other factors during the commutation, the commutation
as shown in Figure 21.Through the comparison, it can be found process of the motor is accurately modeled.The parameter
that the simulation results of the conducted interference of selection of the simulation model is mainly based on the motor
the motor can be well matched with the actual test results, test data and relevant size parameters. When the circuit is
and the accuracy of the simulation model is high. built in PSpice, the selection of each parameter has corre-
sponding theoretical basis, so the simulation modeling method
can also be extended to other DC brush motors.
By comparing the simulation results with the test results,
Conclusions it can be concluded that the simulation modeling process has
a better simulation effect for the conducted interference of
In this paper, through the study of the mechanism of the DC brush motor. At the same time, this method can also
conducted interference of the DC brush motor, a set of simula- be used to simulate the conducted interference of the motor
tion modeling method for the measurement of the conducted before the conducted interference test, which has a certain
interference of the motor is proposed.In this modeling method, guiding role for the EMC design of the DC brush motor.
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10 RESEARCH ON MODELING METHOD OF CONDUCTED EMISSIONS SIMULATION FOR DC BRUSH MOTORS

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Permanent Magnet DC Motor,” Harbin University of
Technology, 2010. See Figures 14 and 19.

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