Pampanga State Agricultural University

Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

Math 2 - Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry

Lesson 2: Linear and Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

A. Linear Equations

A linear equation is an equation of the first degree, meaning it has no exponents

higher than 1.

General Form:
ax + b = 0
Where:
a and b are constants, and x is the variable.

Example:

3x + 5 = 0

3x + 5 − 5 = 0 − 5

3x −5
=
3 3

−5
x =
3
B. Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation is a second-degree equation, meaning it has a variable raised
to the power of 2.

General Form:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Where:
a, b, and c are constants, and x is the variable.

Example:

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
We can use different methods to solve a quadratic equation:

1. Factoring
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0

Factor the quadratic equation:

(x − 3) (x − 2) = 0

Apply the zero-product property, which states that if the product of two
factors is zero, then at least one of the factors must be zero:
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

x − 3 = 0; x − 2 = 0

Solve for x:
x1 = 3 ; x2 = 2

2. Quadratic Formula

Quadratic Formula:

−� ± �2 − 4��
�=
2�

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0

Determine values of constants:

a = 1; b = −5; c = 6

Substitute values to the formula:

−( − 5) ± ( − 5)2 − 4(1)(6)
�=
2(1)

Solve for discriminant:

Δ = b2 − 4ac
Δ = ( − 5)2 − 4(1)(6) = 25 − 24 = 1

Substitute discriminant to the formula:

−( − 5) ± 1
�=
2(1)
Solve for x:

−( − 5) + 1 5 + 1 6
�1 = = = = 3
2(1) 2 2
−( − 5) − 1 5 − 1 4
�2 = = = = 2
2(1) 2 2

x1 = 3 ; x2 = 2
3. Graphing
x2 − 5x + 6 = 0

Graph the equation:

y = x2 − 5x + 6

Let x be equal to any number:

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Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

y = x2 − 5x + 6
y = (0)2 − 5(0) + 6 = 6
y = (1)2 − 5(1) + 6 = 2
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 2 0 0 2

Find the value of x where it touched the X - axis:

x1 = 2 ; x2 = 3
C. Linear Inequalities

A linear inequality is a mathematical expression that compares two linear

expressions using inequality symbols. Unlike linear equations, which use an
equal sign ("="), linear inequalities use one of the following inequality
symbols:

∎ < ( less than)

∎ ≤ (less than or equal to)
∎ > ( greater than)
∎ ≥ (greater than or equal to)

General Form:
A linear inequality in one variable can be written in the general form:+
General Form:
ax + b > c or ax + b < c
Where:
a, b, and c are real numbers, and x is the variable.
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Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

Examples:

1. 3x − 4 > 8

3x − 4 + 4 > 8 + 4

3x 12
>
3 3

x > 4

2. − 2x + 5 ≤ 9

−2x + 5 − 5 ≤ 8 − 5

−2x 4
≤
−2 −2
Note:
Reverse the inequality when dividing by a negative.

x ≥ −2

1. Compound Inequality
−3 ≤ 2x − 1 < 7

Split the compound inequality into two parts:

1. − 3 ≤ 2x − 1

2. 2x − 1 < 7

Solve each part:

1. − 3 ≤ 2x − 1
−3 + 1 ≤ 2x − 1 + 1
−2 2x
≤
2 2
−1 ≤ x

2. 2x − 1 < 7
2x − 1 + 1 < 7 + 1
2x 8
<
2 2
x < 4
Combine the results:
−1 ≤ x < 4
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Magalang, Pampanga

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

D. Quadratic Inequalities

A quadratic inequality is an inequality that involves a quadratic expression,

which is an expression that contains a variable raised to the power of two.
Similar to quadratic equations, but instead of an equal sign, a quadratic inequality
uses inequality symbols.

General Form:
ax2 + bx + c (inequality symbol) 0

Where:

a, b, and c are real numbers, and x is the variable, and the inequality
symbol can be one of the following:

∎ < ( less than)

∎ ≤ (less than or equal to)
∎ > ( greater than)
∎ ≥ (greater than or equal to)

Example:

x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0

We can use different methods to solve a quadratic equation:

1. Factoring
x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0

A. Solve for the related quadratic equation:

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0

Factor the quadratic equation:

(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0

Apply the zero-product property, which states that if the product of two
factors is zero, then at least one of the factors must be zero:

x − 1 = 0; x − 2 = 0

Solve for x:

x1 = 1 ; x2 = 2
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

1.1. Using Set Notation:

B. Determine the Intervals:

1. (x < 1)

2. (1 < x < 2)

3. (x > 2)

C. Test the Intervals

:
1. (x < 1): Choose, x = 0
(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(0 − 1) (0 − 2) = ( − 1)( − 2) = 2 (greater than 0)
∗ Inequality Holds

2. (1 < x < 2): Choose, x = 1.5

(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(1.5 − 1) (1.5 − 2) = (0.5)( − 0.5) =− 0.25 (less than 0)
∗ Inequality does not Hold

3. (x > 2): Choose, x = 3

(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(3 − 1) (3 − 2) = (2)(1) = 2 (greater than 0)
∗ Inequality Holds
D. Test the Boundary Points:

The quadratic expression equals zero at x = 1 and x

= 2, so these points are included in the solution.

E. Final Answer:

Set Notation:
{x∣condition}: Set notation to describe the solution set based on a condition.

{x∣ x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2 }
1.1. Using Interval Notation:

(a, b): Open interval between a and b (not including a and b)

[a, b]: Closed interval between a and b (including a and b)
(a, b]: Half - open interval (open at a, closed at b)
[a, b): Half - open interval (closed at a, open at b)
( − ∞, a): All values less than a
(a, ∞): All values greater than a
( − ∞, a]: All values less than or equal to a
[a, ∞): All values greater than or equal to a
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

B. Determine the Intervals:

1. ( − ∞, 1)
2. (1,2)
3. (2, ∞)

C. Test the Intervals:

1. ( − ∞, 1): Choose, x = 0
(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(0 − 1) (0 − 2) = ( − 1)( − 2) = 2 (greater than 0)
∗ Inequality Holds

2. (1,2): Choose, x = 1.5

(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(1.5 − 1) (1.5 − 2) = (0.5)( − 0.5) =− 0.25 (less than 0)
∗ Inequality does not Hold

3. (2, ∞): Choose, x = 3

(x − 1) (x − 2) = 0
(3 − 1) (3 − 2) = (2)(1) = 2 (greater than 0)
∗ Inequality Holds

D. Test the Boundary Points:

The quadratic expression equals zero at x = 1 and

x = 2, so these points are included in the solution.

E. Final Answer:
Set Notation:
∪ : Union of intervals (combining two or more intervals)

( − ∞, 1} ∪ [2, ∞)
4. Quadratic Formula

Quadratic Formula:

−� ± �2 − 4��
�=
2�

x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0

Solve for the related quadratic equation:

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0

Determine values of constants:

a = 1; b = −3; c = 2
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER STUDIES

Substitute values to the formula:

−( − 3) ± ( − 3)2 − 4(1)(2)
�=
2(1)

Solve for discriminant:

Δ = b2 − 4ac
Δ = ( − 3)2 − 4(1)(2) = 9 − 8 = 1

Substitute discriminant to the formula:

−( − 3) ± 1
�=
2(1)
Solve for x:

−( − 3) + 1 3 + 1 4
�1 = = = = 2
2(1) 2 2
−( − 3) − 1 3 − 1 2
�2 = = = = 1
2(1) 2 2

x1 = 1 ; x2 = 2

∗ Using the same method of Analyzing the Interval as to Factoring

Final Answer:

( − ∞, 1} ∪ [2, ∞) or {x∣ x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2 }

5. Graphing
x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0

Solve for the related quadratic equation:

x2 − 3x + 2 = 0

Graph the equation:

y = x2 − 3x + 2

Let x be equal to any number:

y = x2 − 3x + 2
y = (0)2 − 3(0) + 2 = 2
y = (1)2 − 3(1) + 2 = 0
x -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 2 0 0 2 6
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The roots are where y=0 :

x1 = 2 ; x2 = 3

The vertex of the parabola lies midway between the roots, at x=1.5:
y = x2 − 3x + 2
y = (1.5)2 − 3(1.5) + 2 =− 0.25

vertex is at (1.5, − 0.25)

Determine the location of Parabola:

Since the quadratic ineqaulity is given as:

x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
Values of y should be greater than and equal to zero.
Based from the Parabola,
the value of y is greater than or equal to zero when x is less than or equal to 1
or greater than or euqal to 2.

Final Answer:

( − ∞, 1} ∪ [2, ∞) or {x∣ x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2 }