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Thermodynamics

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10 views

Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

sam.ieeballester
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Third Law of Thermodynamics

-Introduced by the German Chemist Walther Nernst during his study on 1906-
1912.

-Also known as Nernst Heat Theorem.

-Was originally formulated as the principle stating that the change in entropy
or (Delta S) associated to any physical or chemical transformation
approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

-He believe that to get a perfect crystal you must reach absolute zero

-This study led him into winning a noble prize in 1920.

“An entropy of a perfect crystal can only be made when the temperature has
reached zero Kelvin or absolute zero is equal to zero”

This can be shown by Boltzmann’s equation:

(Entropy) S= K (kinetic energy) ln (log=0) W (number of possible orientation


of molecules which is 1)

Meaning, if K is kinetic energy and ln (log) is 0 there SHOULDN’T have any


energy left which leads to only one state of molecules which is the RESTING
STATE.

According to Nernst it is impossible to reach absolute zero in finite steps.

Why?
To have a perfect entropy kailangan mo ilagay yung molecules sa isang
isolated system but to keep it cool kailangan mag isang lumalamig yung
material which makes it FINITE because without outside interference the
object or molecule itself will never reach absolute zero.

HOWEVER, According to Merle Randall and Gilbert Lewis two American


chemist believed that each elements have their own respective crystalline
state which should be taken to absolute zero.

Later on, Walther Nernst and Francis Simon (Walther’s doctoral student)
stated that the 3rd law can be written as condensed and reversible
undergoing isothermal process (The temperature remains constant) meaning
at some point the temperature will reach an equilibrium as it require less and
less energy because the entropy (randomness) won’t be random anymore in
finite step (isolated system)

WHAT IS THE CONNECTION OF 3RD LAW TO GAS?

-Gas is ideally free moving with a very low density. Meaning in a given
circumstance, gases can contract indefinitely.

-So in ideal gas law the pressure which is (8.314) would be the most suitable
pressure. However, as the gases lowers the temperature and contracts their
gassy molecular state will condense back to liquid or solid state at some
higher than the absolute temperature (Liquid nitrogen, rain, steam
condensation)
Base on the image this is how futile 3rd law is. S would be the entropy and T
would be temperature as we continue to lower the temperature the
difference between X1 and X² gets bigger thus needing more steps just to
reach the absolute zero.

Example 1.

Cooling Salt with ice

When we add salt to ice the ions on the salt cools down below freezing
temperature which is the closest you can do using stuff at home. When the
ice freeze its solid form grows this crystal ice spikes along the original
crystals of salt.

Example 2

Liquid Nitrogen.
Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is nitrogen in a liquid state at low temperature. Liquid
nitrogen has a boiling point of about −196 °C (−321 °F; 77 K). It is produced
industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air.

Example 3

Like what we had study, gases can contract indefinitely however with a
container gases will soon stop shrinking. Thus, if you put a helium balloon in
a freezer you can shrink it down without popping it because all the gas will
stop moving with the loss od kinetic energy.

Funky Examples I didn't include but feel free to do so.

Instant Ice.

If you freeze a distilled water it won't create an ice inside the bottle due to
lacking impurities however, once it has something to latch on or any force
that will create air bubble ice will instantly form because the water is already
below freezing temperature

Any Diatomic gases

The diatomic gases has only one microstate which results to Zero Point
Energy

The Whole Ass Black Hole.

It is controversial but according to Science the black hole is the final state of
rest which is an entropy.

Magnetism

At 0K or lower temperatures magnetism cease to exist rendering all


magnetic materials to lose its magnetism because all of its molecules align.
However at higher temperature its magnetism will be back.

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