humi Public S

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physics project

self & mutual inductance

projecT by....

name tarang suryawanshi

class 12th ‘b’

submitted to... principal...

mr. h, raghuwanshi mr. a.srinivas rao
 CERTIFICATE

THIS CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION

IS AWARDED TO
MASTER/MISS………..…………………………………….……………
FOR HAVING SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED THE PHYSICS PROJECT
FILE FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF PHYSICS PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
2024-25.

MR. H. . RAGHUWANSHI MR. A.S RAO

NAME & SIGN OF INTERNAL SIGN OF PRINCIPAL NAME & SIGN OF EXTERNAL
EXAMINER EXAMINER
ACKNOWEDGEMENT

Every successful task has some support behind it. I

will not call my success, but the support & guidance
given by Mr. H.RAGHUWANDHI is really worth to be
mentioned
. Paying all my gratitude to him for invaluabl e
guidance, encouragement & suggestions throughou t
the completion of this PHYSICS project File. He
generously shared his knowledge with me. I owe very
much to him. Also, last but not the least I am
indebted to our Principal MR. A.SRINIVAS RAO and
other senior teachers for their invaluable advices &
support.

NAME OF STUDENT

SIGNATURE
 BIBLOGRAPHY

1.... WWW.NCERT.PDF.COM

2.... WWW.SCRIBD.COM

3.... SL ARORA CLASS 12

 INTRODUCTION

 What is INDUCTION?

Induction simply means generation or

production. In physics, it is the process
of generating electric current in the
conductor by placing the conductor
in the changing magnetic field. It is
called because current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the
magnetic field. When induction occurs
in an electrical circuit and affects the
flow of electricity it is called
inductance.
Joseph Henry, an American physicist
discovered Induction & investigated
how current in one
circuit induces current in the another.
 FARADAY &
HENRY
EXPERIMENT

When the N-pole of the bar magnet was

pushed towards the coil, the
galvanometer showed a deflection
indicating the presence of electric
current in the coil. The deflection
continued as long as the bar magnet
was in the motion. The galvanometer
showed no deflection when the bar
magnet was held stationary.
Similarly, when the bar magnet was
moved away from the coil, the
galvanometer showed a deflection but
in the opposite direction.
Indicating the reversal of the current’s
direction. Thus, it was proved by the
experiment that it was the relative
motion
between the magnet and the coil
responsible for the generation
(production) of electric current.
 (fig 1) [1] (fig 2) [2]

Experiment 2

In the second experiment, bar magnet

was replaced by another coil & was
connected to a battery producing a
steady current and a steady magnetic
field.
When the second coil was moved
towards the first coil, there was a
deflection seen in the galvanometer.
When the coil was moved
away, the deflection was observed in
the opposite direction. Thus it proved
that, it was the relative motion
between the coils that
induced the electric
field.
 (fig 3) [3]
Experiment 3
•

In the third experiment, first coil was connected to a

sensitive galvanometer and the second one through a
battery through a tapping key.
When the key is pressed, galvanometer shoed a deflection
& then
returned to zero. When it is released, it again showed a
deflection
but in the opposite direction.

(fig 4) [4]

Thus all the experiments performed by these genius

minded scientists brought a conclusion that
electric current can be induced in a coil by flux
change in another coil or in itself. Induced emf
 appears in the coil whenever the
amount of magnetic flux linked with
the coil changes.
In both the cases , ΦB is proportional to
I.
ΦB αI

Where ΦB is the magnetic flux associated

with the coil.
For a closely wound coil of N turns,

NΦBα I

is the magnetic
where NΦB
flux linkage.
 NΦB α I

 NΦB = L I

 L = NΦB/I
Here L is called the Inductance.
Thus inductance is the measure of
the flux linkage produced by the
inductor per unit of current.
Its SI unit is Henry & it depends upon

 Geometry of the Coil

 Intrinsic material
properties.
 3. SELF INDUCTION & MUTUAL INDUCTION

Cinzel

opposes any change in the strength of

current flowing through it by inducing an
e.m.f in itself. In other words, it is the
production of the emf on changing the
current in a coil in itself.
The property of the self inductance is a
particular form of the electromagnetic
induction. In the case of self induction, the
magnetic field created by a changing
current in the circuit itself induces a
voltage in the same circuit. Therefore, the
voltage is self induced.

SELF INDUCTION: It is the property of the coil due to which the coil
 [5]
(fig 5)

 Coefficient of Self Induction

Let I is the current flowing through the coil at any time.

Φ be the magnetic flux linked with all the turns of the coil at that
time.
We also know that,

ΦαI

 Φ =LI

Here L is a constant of proportionality & is called coefficient of self-

induction or self inductance of the coil. L varies with number of
turns of the coil, area of cross-section of the coil & nature of
material of the coil.
If I =1A

Then Φ =L or, L= Φ

hence, the coefficient of self induction of the coil can be

numerically
defined as the amount of magnetic flux linked with the
coil when 1
ampere of current flows through the coil. Now, by

faraday’s law:
(self induced emf)

E= -d Φ/dt

E= -d(LI)/dt

or, E= -LdI/dt
 Self Induction of a
Long Solenoid

Cinzel

(fig 6) [6]

left The magnetic field around a long

solenoid is given by
B = μNI/l
Where μ is magnetic permeability of free
space, N is the total number of turns in the
solenoid. Therefore, magnetic flux
through each turn of the solenoid is B X
Area of each turn

= (μNI/l) A

Therefore
ϕ = (μNI/l) A N
,
 But ϕ = LI

Therefore, LI = (μNNA)/l

I. MUTUAL INDUCTION: When one circuit induces current

flow in a nearby circuit, it is known as Mutual Induction.
It is the property of two coils due to which each opposes
any changes in the strength of current flowing through
the other by developing an induced emf.

(fig 7) [5]

(fig 8) [6]

On pressing the key, current in A increases from zero to

maximum value. It takes some time to reach to the maximum
value. During this time (rise of current) current
 is continuously increasing hence the magnetic flux
associated with the A also increases. Since B is nearby to A,
magnetic flux associated with it also increases. Thus an
emf is induced in the coil and according to the Lenz’s Law,
the induced current in B would oppose increase in current
in A by flowing in a direction opposite to the cell current
in A.
Similarly, on releasing the key, the current in the coil A
decreases hence the
magnetic flux associated with it decreases. As B is nearby,
so magnetic flux
associated with B also decreases and hence an induced emf
is developed. The
direction of the induced current would be in the
direction of the cell current so as to
oppose the decrease in the current.

[7]

(fig
9)
 14

(fig 10) [8]

Coefficient of
 Mutual
Induction

Let Φ be the magnetic flux linked with

all the turns of the
neighbouring coil.
I be the current in the coil. We know
that,

ΦαI

=> Φ =MI
left kerna hai M is a constant of proportionality & is
Here
called coefficient of mutual- induction or
mutual inductance of the two coils.
 15

APPLICATIONS & USE OF SELF and

MUTUAL INDUCTION

4. The applications of this Induction are everywhere. In transformers,

AC’s, eddy currents etc. It is only this induction which is basis even
for electric guitars which completely changed the face of the
whole music world. In details, the applications are discussed below.
space uper kerna hai

Inductive Transducers :
The inductive pick-up
I.
transducers

are mainly used for displacement or position

measurement. Example
of inductive pick-up based transducer is LVDT (
Linear Variable
Differential Transducers) .
left

LVDT is similar to transformer sharing a

common core & a primary winding.

(fig 11) [9]

The two secondary coils are connected

opposite to each other. The connection is in
such a way that the outputs of the two coils
are added together simply by connection. The
secondary coils are connected in the center of
the primary coils. From an Oscillator, an AC
current or voltage is applied in the primary
coil.
The two secondary coils are connected in such
a way that when the
core is at the centre position, equal voltage
signal is induced in both
the coils. When the core is displaced right or
left, the no. of turns in
 the secondary coil exposed to the primary coil
17
changes. Thus any movement in the core causes
the Mutual Inductance of each secondary coil
to vary relative to the primary coil. The
variations of mutual inductance of each coil,
in effect, induce varied relative voltage in the
secondary coils. Since the two secondary coil
windings are connected in opposite, as the core
moves, the output of one increase and other
decrease.

(fig 11)

(fig 12)

[10]
 CONCLUSIONS

The observations led by Michael Faraday and

other scientists revealed another face of our
universe how it works. Applications of this
Induction is almost everywhere. It is the basis
of the many basic amenities required in day-
to-day life. For example electric generators
that power cities and transportation lines.
Induction furnace which is used in industries
to melt metals at large scale also makes use of
this induction.
How about a life without machine or without
electricity or even without entertainment?
Simply
horrible! It’s simply tough for we machine
aligned & dependent human to compromise
with life
without these things. Imagine a life without
electricity. Ironically, earth would be Black
Hole.
Make your head turn around and you
will see Induction around you.

****************