Definition of Science 2. Applied Science?

: Some people
think technology is just applied
1. Systematic Knowledge: Science is a science, but many technologies
structured way of understanding the existed before science as we know it
world. It relies on methods like today.
observation, experimentation, and o Note: Think of technology as
analysis, which makes it different something broader. Even
from casual or intuitive ways of trial-and-error methods used
knowing things. by ancient people to develop
o Note: Science is evidence- tools are considered
based and often requires technology.
proof through repeated 3. Broader Definition: Technology is
experiments. This not just about machines or devices;
distinguishes it from beliefs it’s a collection of knowledge, skills,
or traditions. and processes that help us modify the
2. Theory and Evidence: Theories in world to meet human needs.
science are ideas that help explain o Note: In modern life,
why things happen, based on the technology influences nearly
evidence collected. every aspect of society—
o Note: A theory is not a guess; from medicine and
it’s based on observed facts transportation to
but is not fully proven, so communication and
scientists continue to test it entertainment.
with new evidence.

Research and Development (R&D)

Definition of Technology
1. What is R&D?: Research and
1. Application of Knowledge: Development is the process of
Technology is the practical use of creating new scientific knowledge
scientific knowledge to solve real- and using that knowledge to develop
world problems, like building tools new products, methods, or
or machines. technologies.
o Note: Technology doesn't o Note: R&D is important
always require formal because it drives innovation.
science. Ancient civilizations Without it, industries like
used technology without medicine, electronics, and
modern scientific methods energy wouldn’t progress as
(e.g., building pyramids or quickly.
roads).
 2. Importance of R&D: Countries that how science and society
invest in R&D tend to lead in influence each other.
technological advancement and 3. The Industrial Revolution: The
economic growth. 19th century saw major advances in
o Note: The U.S. has steam power, machinery, and global
consistently led in R&D, with transportation. These technologies
major investments in areas made the world more interconnected.
like aerospace, medicine, and o Note: This era marked the
computing. start of modern globalization,
as goods and people could
travel across continents more
easily, shaping today's
interconnected economies.

History of Science, Technology, and

Society
Modern Views on Science and
1. Francis Bacon's Vision: In the 16th Technology
century, Bacon imagined a world
where science and technology would 1. J.D. Bernal’s View: Bernal believed
drive society forward. His ideas science’s main purpose was to
influenced how we think about the improve human life, not just explore
connection between science and knowledge for its own sake.
societal progress. o Note: After World War II,
o Note: Bacon's idea of governments began to see
“Solomon’s House” is seen science as critical to national
as one of the earliest concepts strength and invested heavily
of research institutions, in scientific research to
where scientists would remain competitive.
collaborate to solve society’s 2. Post-War Technology Boom:
problems. Following World War II,
2. Boris Hessen's Argument: Hessen governments, especially in the U.S.,
argued that science wasn’t just realized the power of science in
driven by curiosity but by the needs warfare (like the atomic bomb) and
of society, like improving technology peacetime (like medicine and
for navigation and warfare. industry).
o Note: Newton's work on o Note: This led to the
motion laws had a direct establishment of agencies
impact on practical like the National Science
technologies like ships and Foundation in the U.S.,
mining equipment, showing
 which supports scientific new technologies, we must carefully
research across fields. consider their impacts to avoid
unintended consequences while
maximizing their positive effects on
humanity.
Technology Assessment and Society

1. Assessing Technology: As
technology becomes more complex The Nature of Science, Technology,
(like nuclear power), it’s important and Society, Scope and Limitation
to assess the risks and benefits before
implementing it on a large scale. 1. Technology and Technics:
o Note: Without proper o Technology can sometimes refer
evaluation, technologies can to things made by people. These
lead to disasters, as seen in things are called technics.
the nuclear accidents at  Technics: Things like
Chernobyl and Fukushima. tools, machines, and
2. The Interaction Between Science, devices made by
humans.
Technology, and Society: Science
 Note: Technics is a
and technology shape society (e.g.,
more formal word for
medical advancements), but society tools and objects we use
also influences the direction of every day. For example,
scientific research (e.g., funding for a computer, a
renewable energy). hammer, or a
o Note: The study of how microscope are all
science, technology, and technics.
society interact helps us
understand the broader 2. Examples of Technics:
impacts of technological o Computers, contact lenses,
hammers, guns, microscopes,
advancements on daily life,
and pianos are all technics.
politics, and the economy.
These items are made by
humans and serve a purpose.
o Note: Technics doesn't mean
personal items. We don’t say
Conclusion "my computer" or "your gun."
Instead, we talk about them
 Final Thoughts: The study of generally, like "the computer"
science and technology is essential or "the gun."
for understanding both the potential
benefits and risks they bring to 3. Technology Refers to a Process,
society. As we continue to develop Not Just an Object:
 o Technology is not just the
object itself (like a bicycle). It
also includes the knowledge, Extra Notes:
methods, and materials needed
to create that object.  Fabrication: This means making or
 Note: For example, building something.
bicycle technology has  Artifacts: Things made by humans,
improved since World usually studied by anthropologists
War II. This doesn’t just (people who study human history and
mean making more culture).
bicycles; it means  Hardware: Physical parts of a device,
finding new ways to like the parts inside a computer.
make bicycles faster,
lighter, and better.

4. Singular or Plural:
o We can use "technology" in
both singular and plural forms. Technology as a Form of Human Cultural
For example: Activity
 Singular: "Brake
technology" (the system 1. Technology as a Human Practice:
for brakes). o In this section, technology is
 Plural: "Technologies" described as a kind of human
(all the different cultural activity.
systems like brakes,  Note: Just like art,
engine, etc.). law, medicine, sport,
and religion,
technology is
something humans
practice and develop
Simpler Version: over time. It is part of
culture, just like how
 Technology can mean things humans artists create art or
make (called technics), like tools and doctors practice
machines. medicine.
 Technics are not personal items but 2. Engineering as a Branch of
general categories of things (like "the Technology:
hammer" or "the computer"). o Engineering is one branch of
 Technology is also the process of technology. It is a type of
creating those things, not just the things human activity.
themselves.  Note: Engineers use
 You can say "a technology" (one technology to build
system) or "many technologies" (several and design things. For
systems together). example, they create
 machines, buildings,  Note: These examples
or even spaceships. show how advanced
3. Engineering is Professionalized: space technology has
o Engineering is a become. They are not
professionalized field. This just important for
means it is a serious job that America or China but
requires training and for all of humanity
education. because they show
 Note: Not everyone what humans can
can be an engineer; achieve with
you need special technology.
skills and knowledge.
Engineers organize 2. Technology as a Complex System:
the design, o Technology is not just about
production, and individual tools or devices
operation of tools and (like the rover or the moon
systems (technics). mission). It is a complex
4. Technology as a Job: system that includes:
o Just like artists work with art,  Knowledge (what
technologists and engineers people know)
work with technology. They  People's skills (what
are practitioners of people can do)
technology.  Organizations
 Note: A practitioner (groups that work
is someone who is together)
skilled in a certain  Facilities (places
field, like an artist where work is done,
(art) or a physician like labs or factories)
(medicine). In this  Technics (tools or
case, technologists machines)
and engineers are  Physical resources
practitioners of (materials like metal
technology. or energy)
 Methods (how things
are done)

Technology as a Total Societal Enterprise All of these parts work

together to make technology
1. Big Achievements in Technology: successful.
o In 2011, the Curiosity Rover
landed on Mars, and in 2019, 3. Technology as the Most General
China's Chang'e Mission and Encompassing:
landed on the far side of the o When we talk about
moon. These were big technology in this big way, it
achievements in American is a "societal enterprise." This
and Chinese technology. means that technology is part
 of society as a whole, and  Societal Enterprise: A system that
many people, groups, and involves many parts of society
things work together to working together.
develop it.
 Note: Technology
affects everyone and
every part of society, Science and Technology in the Philippines
not just a few people.
It is the most general DOST : Located at Taguig metro manila
and all-encompassing
because it touches 1. Historical Periods:
everything—from the o The history of science and
tools we use to the technology in the Philippines
knowledge and skills is divided into three stages:
needed to make them. 1. Spanish Colonial
Period (1521–1898)
2. American Colonial
Period (1898–1946)
Simplified Summary: 3. The Republic of the
Philippines (1946 to
1. Technology is not just tools and present)
machines, but a cultural activity—
just like art, law, or medicine.
Engineers and technologists are the
people who make and use The Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)
technology to solve problems.
2. Technology is also a societal 1. Before the Spanish Arrival PRE
enterprise. This means it involves COLONIAL PERIOD:
many things working together, o Before Magellan and the
including people’s skills, knowledge, Spaniards came, Filipinos
organizations, and materials. Big already had a simple level of
achievements like landing on Mars technological development:
are part of this system. o
 Tools: According to
archeological sources,
homo sapiens from
Extra Notes: the asian mainland
first came overland
 Distinctive: Something that makes it and across channels to
different from others. live in palawan and
 Professionalized: A field of work vatangas Around
that requires special skills and 50,000 years ago.
training. These stone age
 Practitioner: Someone who is inhabitants made their
skilled in a certain field (e.g., own tools, simple
doctors, artists, engineers).
 weapons and tools of
stone flakes
Rice was cultivated in mountain regions
such as in the cordillera, they made terraced
fields which utilized spring water. At these
times filipino people already saw the
importance of sustainability in terms of
water.

 An alphabet: A system of writing.

 Methods of counting: They knew
how to count and do basic math.
 Systems of weights and
By about 3000 BC, they were producing measurements: They used these
adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of systems for trade.
various designs, these pots were used to
store dry foods and valued posessions.

 Boats and ships: In the 10th Century

AD they built boats for coastal trade
They traded with countries like
Borneo, China, Japan, and Indonesia.
And they also had warships called
caracoa.

By the first Century A.D filipinos were

weaving cotton, smelting iron, making
pottery and glass ornaments and they were
also engaged in agriculture.

 Medicinal plants: Filipinos used

plants to treat wounds and diseases.
 Note: This shows that Filipinos
already had knowledge and skills in
agriculture, medicine, and trade
before the Spanish arrived.
 Arrival of the Spaniards: o Support: Schools were
Magellan's Arrival: Magellan supported by local officials
arrived in 1521. Later, the Spanish and the church.
crown sent expeditions to convert o Note: Basic education
Filipinos to Christianity, unify the focused on religious and
country, and establish colonial practical subjects like
government. arithmetic and music,
 Central Government: In 1571, the preparing people for daily
Spaniards established a central life.
government in Manila, led by a 3. Introduction of Agriculture and
Spanish governor general. Medicine:
 Construction and Infrastructure: o The missionaries taught basic
 The Spaniards built stone churches agriculture and sanitation.
(some still exist today). o They also taught how to
make simple medicines from
 They introduced the use of adobe, native plants and how to
lime, cement, and bricks for grow sugar cane, which
construction. became the Philippines' main
export product.
o They also built hospitals,  Note: Spanish
like San Lazaro Hospital in missionaries
Manila (1578), which still introduced new
exists today. methods for farming
 Note: The and using plants for
introduction of medicine, which
construction materials helped the economy
like adobe and the and health.
building of hospitals 4. Higher Education:
showed technological o The establishment of higher
progress in educational institutions
construction and introduced scientific subjects
health care during the into formal education.
Spanish period. However, education was
2. Education: mostly for the elite (local
o Primary Education: In Spaniards, mestizos, and
1565, Spanish missionaries some native Filipinos).
started parish schools that o The first schools offering
taught: higher education were:
 Religion, reading,
writing, arithmetic, 1. Colegio de Cebu
and music. (now University of
 The local dialect was San Carlos) – founded
used as the medium of in 1597
instruction. 2. Colegio de Nuestra
Señora del Rosario
(now University of
 Santo Tomas) – especially in medicine
founded in 1611 and health.
3. Colegio de San Juan 6. Meteorology and Weather Studies:
de Letran – founded o In 1865, the Manila
in 1706 Observatory was founded at
4. Ateneo Municipal de the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila – founded in Manila, promoting
1859 meteorological studies.
 Typhoon warnings
 Note: Higher were issued by
education was mostly Federico Faura in
for wealthy families, 1879, based on data
but it introduced from the observatory.
Filipinos to subjects  The observatory
like astronomy, became an official
physics, chemistry, institution in 1884,
and math. establishing a network
5. Scientific Studies and Institutions: of meteorological
o The Spanish era saw the stations.
development of scientific  Note: This was an
studies, especially in important step in
medicine and pharmacy. understanding
 Clinical and weather and
laboratory predicting typhoons,
instruction was which benefited both
introduced at San the scientific and
Juan de Dios business
Hospital. communities.
 The Laboratorio 7. Economic Inequality:
Municipal (later the o By the end of the Spanish
Bureau of Science) regime, the benefits of
was established in economic development were
1887 to study not equally distributed.
infectious diseases. Wealth was concentrated
 Private among:
pharmaceutical firms,  Large landowners,
such as Botica Boie Spaniards, religious
and Botica de Santa orders, Chinese
Cruz, were involved mestizos, and a few
in pharmaceutical native Filipinos in
research. high positions.
 Note: These  Note: Despite the
developments show progress in science
the beginning of and technology, not
organized science, everyone benefited
 equally from these
advancements.

Summary:

During the Spanish Colonial Period, science

and technology in the Philippines developed
in several areas:

 Education (formal schooling and

scientific subjects)
 Construction (hospitals, stone
churches)
 Medicine (use of native plants,
pharmaceutical firms)
 Weather prediction (the Manila
Observatory)

However, access to education and the

benefits of technological progress were
mostly limited to the elite.

Key Words and Notes:

 Alphabet: A set of letters or symbols

used for writing.
 Governor General: The Spanish
official in charge of the Philippines.
 Adobe: A type of clay used for
building.
 Mestizo: A person of mixed Filipino
and foreign (often Spanish or
Chinese) ancestry.
 Meteorology: The science of
studying the weather.