Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Engine, description 200 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Engine, description
D4E - tier 3 compliant
The D4E configuration is a four stroke, straight four cylinder, turbocharged, direct injected diesel engine with charge air
cooling and wet, replaceable cylinder liners.
The D4E engine uses a Common Rail Fuel System controlled by the engine electronic control (E-ECU) software.
Mechanically controlled IEGR (Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation) reduces NO formation and lowers emissions without the
need for exhaust after treatment. Volvo's latest engine management system, E-ECU is used to control all engine electronic
functions.
The cylinders are numbered consecutively beginning at the flywheel end. Engine rotational direction is counterclockwise as
seen from the flywheel end.

Figure 1
Engine, D4E
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Engine, identification 200 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Engine, identification
Identification plate
The engine model, serial number and performance data are stamped on an identification plate which is attached on the
cylinder head cover. The engine model designation and serial number must be indicated when ordering spare parts.

Figure 1
Engine identification, D4E
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Engine, tightening torques 200 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Engine, tightening torques

NOTICE
Regarding bolted joints which are not listed here, see “Volvo standard tightening torques”

Engine, tightening torque

Rocker arm bracket on cylinder head 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Cylinder head cover (M6) on cylinder head 13 Nm (9.6 lbf ft)
Exhaust return module on cylinder head Step 1: 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft)
Step 2: 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Lock nut, valve adjusting screw 20 ±2 Nm (14.8 ±1.5 lbf ft)
Locking screw on cylinder head 34 Nm (25.2 lbf ft)
Solenoid valve on cylinder head 24 Nm (17.8 lbf ft)
Front cover on crankcase Step 1: 3 Nm (2.2 lbf ft)
Step 2: 21 Nm (15.5 lbf ft)
Drain plug on oil pan, M18 55 Nm (40.7 lbf ft)
Crankcase ventilation on cylinder head 21 Nm (15.5 lbf ft)
Return line to return stop valve 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Return stop valve to crankcase 80 Nm (59.2 lbf ft)
Impulse transmitter (crankshaft) on holder on front cover 9 Nm (6.7 lbf ft)
Impulse transmitter (camshaft) on gearcase 9 Nm (6.7 lbf ft)
Turbocharger on exhaust manifold 42 Nm (31.1 lbf ft)
Clamping shoe injector on cylinder head 16 Nm (11.8 lbf ft)
Injection lines on rail and injector, high pressure line on high-pressure 25 Nm (18.5 lbf ft)
pump
Fuel supply pump on holder 22 Nm (16.3 lbf ft)
Holder fuel supply pump on holder 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
V-belt pulley on fuel supply pump 27 Nm (20.0 lbf ft)
High pressure pump on crankcase, M10 Step 1: 10 Nm (7.4 lbf ft)
Step 2: 50 Nm (37.0 lbf ft)
Fuel control valve 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Fuel pipe on high pressure pump 29 Nm (21.5 lbf ft)
Fuel pipe on control block 39 Nm (28.9 lbf ft)
Rail on cylinder head 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Pressure relief valve on rail 100 Nm (74.0 lbf ft)
Rail pressure sensor on rail 70 Nm (51.8 lbf ft)
Pipe clips, fuel line fastening 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Fuel line on control block, fuel filter console and rail 39 Nm (28.9 lbf ft)
Fuel pipe (return) on control block 49 Nm (36.3 lbf ft)
Fuel pipe (return) on cylinder head 29 Nm (21.5 lbf ft)
Fuel line on fuel filter8 39 Nm (28.9 lbf ft)
Fuel filter console/radiator tank on crankcase 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
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Fuel pressure sensor on fuel filter console 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
Cover plate on cylinder cover, M6 30 Nm (22.2 lbf ft)
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Component locations 200 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Component locations
Component position, engine D4E. The following figures show the position of a number of components on engine D4E.

Figure 1
Component locations, front side

1 Engine oil filler 11 Oil dipstick

2 Air inlet 12 Power take off
3 Transport eye 13 Engine oil filter
4 Alternator 14 Fuel filter
5 Fuel feed pump 15 Connection to E-ECU
6 V-rib belt drive on crankshaft 16 Crankcase bleeding valve
7 V-rib belt 17 High pressure fuel pump
8 Automatic belt tensioner 18 Common rail
9 Coolant pump 19 Injector
10 Engine oil cooler
Figure 2
Component locations, flywheel side

20 Crankcase bleeding valve 27 Coolant inlet

21 Charge air manifold 28 Coolant outlet
22 Flywheel housing 29 Air inlet (from charge air cooler)
23 Oil pan 30 Air outlet (to charge air cooler)
24 Start motor 31 Exhaust manifold
25 Oil return line from turbocharger 32 Cylinder rocker arm cover
26 Turbocharger
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Engine characteristic curve 210 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Engine characteristic curve

Figure 1
Engine, characteristic curve

P Output power
S Engine speed
T Torque
be Fuel consumption
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Basic check, Engine 210 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Basic check, Engine

NOTE!
Certain tests and checks are performed with unlocked safety locking lever. Make sure that the machine cannot operate
unexpectedly when the control lockout lever is unlocked.

Purpose of the basic check

The purpose of the basic check is to provide fast and accurate information about the general condition of the engine.
The basic check should be performed and evaluated according to instructions in the PC-tool VCADS Pro.
Tests included in the basic check
The basic check which is divided into the following tests should be performed after reading out error codes and checking
parameters.
Tests:

1. Cylinder compression, test

The purpose of the test is to show if any cylinder has a deviating compression pressure. The test replaces the old
pressure check method but does not give any absolute values.
2. Feed pressure, test
The purpose of the test is to check that the feed pressure is as per specification.
3. Sensor, test
The purpose of the test is to check the function of all sensors.
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Troubleshooting 210 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Troubleshooting
General about troubleshooting
When a malfunction is suspected or has been confirmed, it is important to identify the cause as soon as possible.
The starting point for all troubleshooting is that there is some type of trouble symptom or malfunction.
Malfunctions can be indicated by:

 generation of error codes

 detection of a malfunction symptom.

Troubleshooting work
The first step in troubleshooting is to gather information from the operator concerning the malfunction symptoms, see
Electrical and information system, Collection of basic data. Then, attempt to pin-point the cause by checking in a certain
order, for more information, see Electrical and information system, troubleshooting strategy.
The different checking steps are:

 Check error codes

 Check parameters
 Perform basic check

Troubleshooting information
The following is included in Electrical and information system and is used when troubleshooting:

1. Troubleshooting strategy
Describes troubleshooting work, step by step.
2. Troubleshooting, assistive devices
Brief summary of the assistive devices that are available for troubleshooting.
3. Functional checks and tests, VCADS Pro
Brief description of VCADS Pro. For a detailed description, see VCADS Pro User’s Manual.
4. Error code information
Contains information regarding error code design, lists of all error codes and error code information about each
error code.
5. Components, troubleshooting and specifications
Contains methods and measuring values for troubleshooting of components. Also includes wiring diagrams and
certain specifications.
6. Parameters
Incorrectly set parameters may cause malfunction symptoms. The parameter list includes all limit and command
values for parameters.
7. Control units, functional description
Describes the functions of the control units, inputs and outputs as well as communication between the various
control units.
8. Control units, active and passive measuring
Contains measuring values for active and passive measuring of the ECUs.
9. Software functions
Describes the pre-requisite conditions for the control and monitoring functions that are performed by the software
in the ECUs.
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Camshaft and flywheel 210 Service Information 2014/10/8
signals, checking with
VCADS Pro and
oscilloscope
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Camshaft and flywheel signals, checking with VCADS Pro and

oscilloscope
Op nbr 210-090

9990014 Break out harness

9990062 Cable
9998699 Adapter
88890040 Oscilloscope
VCADS Pro VCADS Pro Service Tool

1. Connect 88890040 Oscilloscope to the VCADS Pro computer and perform 28420-3, Flywheel and camshaft signals,
test.
NOTE!
Instructions for how to connect the equipment are described in the VCADS Pro operation.

NOTE!
To be able to start the oscilloscope operation when USB-interface is default in VCADS Pro, then 88890180 Interface
must be connected to the computer. However, in this case the interface does not have to be connected to the
machine.

For computers with only one USB-port, the interface configuration must be changed to 9998555. However, in this
cases the interface does not have to be connected to the machine.

Detailed user support is available under the the menu Help in the software.

NOTE!
The function “Save” overwrites the original file. Therefore, choose “Save as...” to save the read-off.
 Figure 1

1. Click to start and stop the read-off

Figure 2
Example of read-off of sensor signals with oscilloscope

1. Signal from flywheel sensor

2. Signal from camshaft sensor

2. Check that the signal from the camshaft sensor's signal coincides with the signal from the flywheel sensor within
the marked area in the figure.

 If the signal for the camshaft sensor is displaced to the left the camshaft is displaced one gear tooth in
the camshaft's rotational direction.
 If the signal for the camshaft sensor is displaced to the right the camshaft is displaced one gear tooth
opposite to the camshaft's rotational direction.

For adjusting the camshaft's position, see service manual for respective engine.
 Figure 3
Relationship between camshaft signal and flywheel signal

A. Area where the signal from the camshaft shall coincide with the signal from the flywheel sensor

1. Flywheel sensor
2. Camshaft sensor

Figure 4
Example of incorrect signal
In this case, the signal for the camshaft sensor is displaced to the left.

3. Check that the curves are not mirror-imaged (see figure). If the curves are mirror-imaged:

 Check the connection to the oscilloscope.

 If the connection to the oscilloscope is correct, check that the connections for the crankshaft sensor are
installed correctly. If needed, unplug the connector for the flywheel sensor and change place of the cable
connections.
 Figure 5
Example of incorrect signal
In this case, the signal for the flywheel sensor is mirror-imaged

4. Check the voltage across the camshaft sensor.

To ensure reliable start and operation of the engine, the voltage across the sensors shall be according to
3021 SE2703, description and measuring .
If the signal is too low:

 Check that the sensor is correctly installed and adjusted.

 Remove the sensor and check that it is not damaged. Check the distance between the sensor and the
sensor ring gear is according to 386 Engine rotation speed sensor (camshaft), replacing. Install the sensor
and check the signal again.
If the sensor is damaged, rotate the crankshaft and check if the camshaft gear has any damage that has
caused damage to the sensor.

Figure 6

A. Signal voltage camshaft sensor (V)

5. Check the voltage across the flywheel sensor.

To ensure reliable start and operation of the engine, the voltage across the sensors shall be according to
3021 SE2701, description and measuring .
If the signal is too low:

 Check that the sensor is correctly installed and adjusted.

 Remove the sensor and check that it is not damaged. Check the distance between the sensor and the
sensor ring gear/flywheel is according to 386 Engine rotation speed sensor, replacing. Install the sensor
and check the signal again.
If the sensor is damaged, rotate the crankshaft and check if the flywheel has any damage that has caused
damage to the sensor.

Figure 7

A. Signal voltage flywheel sensor (V)

 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Cylinder head, description 211 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Cylinder head, description

The cylinder head is made of grey cast iron and is common for all cylinders. The induction air enters vertically (A) and the
exhausts leave horizontally (B). Inlets and exhaust outlets are located on the same side of the cylinder block. Inlet and
exhaust valve size is increased to optimize the gas exchange and combustion process. Valve guides are replaceable. Coolant
flow in the cylinder head is modified to accommodate an outlet controlled cooling system.
On order for the engine to fulfill governing emission standards, there are 3 cylinder head gaskets of different thicknesses
between the cylinder head and the piston.

Figure 1
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Cylinder head gasket, 211 Service Information 2014/10/8
description
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Cylinder head gasket, description

The cylinder head gasket is a multi layered gasket with 1, 2 or 3 identification holes to indicate three different thicknesses
available. Selection of the proper thickness of gasket is determined by the measurement of piston projection above the
cylinder block sealing surface. Recalibration for the correct gasket thickness would be required if new pistons or a new
cylinder block were installed.

Figure 1

1. Cylinder head gasket, marking

 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Cylinder block, description 212 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Cylinder block, description

The cylinder block is cast in one piece and has wet, replaceable cylinder linings. Combustion pressure tensile breaking
strength in cylinder head screws is led through stiffened sections of the cylinder block wall directly to the main bearings.
The cylinder block surface should not be ground as the distance between the pistons and the valve heads may become too
small. There is also a risk that injector tips will be incorrectly placed in relation to the pistons and that exhaust values will
worsen.
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Cylinder, description 213 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Cylinder, description

Figure 1
Cylinder liner

1 Cylinder liner
2 Crankcase

D4E engine with a bore about 101 mm (3.98 in) is provided with dry, plateau-honed slip-fit cylinder liners. In case of
damage, the cylinders of the D4E series are repaired by replacing the slip-fit liners.
 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Pistons, description 213 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Pistons, description
D6E Engine

The pistons are made of special alloy aluminium. The piston's combustion compartment has a somewhat off-center
(eccentric) position in relation to the piston pin.
The pistons are provided with 3 piston rings. The first ring has a ring carrier made of cast iron.
The piston is cooled with oil sprayed up on the inside of the piston top.
The piston cooling nozzles are made of plastic and are mounted in the cylinder head by the main bearing positions.
The first piston ring has an asymmetric cross-section area (A). The cross-section area for piston ring number two
(compression ring) is tapered. When installing the piston rings, the marking TOP by the opening in the rings must face up.
The third ring is an oil ring with bevelled edge.

Figure 1
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 Service Information

Document Title: Function Group: Information Type: Date:

Piston rings, description 213 Service Information 2014/10/8
Profile:
EXC, ECR145C L [GB]

Piston rings, description

Each piston is equipped with two compression rings and one oil ring. The uppermost compression ring is of the "Keystone"
type (dual trapezoid-formed cross section). Compressions rings should be placed with the text facing upwards.
The oil ring is equipped with two scraping edges, which are pressed against the cylinder wall using the spring tension in the
ring and an expander spring placed on the inside of the ring. The oil ring can be placed on either side but should be placed
with expander spring and oil ring openings 180° from one another.

Figure 1
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