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Lesson 4

Vocabulary

◾️Lever up (‫)رفع الرافعة‬: To lift or elevate using a lever, phrasal verb

◾️Rail (‫)سكة حديد‬: A bar of metal used in rail transport, noun
◾️Steadied (‫)ثبت‬: To make stable or secure, verb
◾️Ashen (‫)رمادي‬: Pale gray in color, resembling ashes, adjective
◾️Cast (‫)مظهر‬: appearance or colour , noun
◾️Streak (‫)خط‬: A long, thin mark or stripe, noun/verb
◾️Admirable (‫)جدير باإلعجاب‬: Worthy of admiration, adjective
◾️Perhaps (‫)ربما‬: Possibly but not certainly, adverb
◾️Virtually (‫)فعليًا‬: Almost or nearly, adverb
◾️Lain (‫)مُلقى‬: Past participle of lie, meaning to be in a flat position, verb
◾️Gazing (‫)تحديق‬: To look steadily and intently, verb
◾️Creaky (‫)صرير‬: Making a high-pitched sound when moved, adjective
◾️Stiffened (‫)تصلب‬: To become rigid or inflexible, verb
◾️Stiff (‫)متصلب‬: Rigid and difficult to move, adjective
◾️Rusted (‫)صدأ‬: Covered with rust, adjective
◾️Rusty (‫)صدئ‬: Affected by rust; not functioning well, adjective
◾️Machinery (‫)آالت‬: Machines collectively, noun
◾️Machine (‫)آلة‬:ّ A device that uses power to perform a task, noun
◾️Unmade (‫)غير مصنع‬: Not assembled or created, adjective
◾️Provoke (‫)استفزاز‬: To cause a reaction or emotion, verb
◾️Coughing fit (‫)نوبة سعال‬: A sudden attack of coughing, noun
◾️Wordless (‫)بال كلمات‬: Silent; unable to speak, adjective
◾️Set down (‫)وضع‬: To place something on a surface, phrasal verb
◾️Jug (‫)جردل‬: A container for liquids, noun
◾️Sip (‫)رشفة‬: To drink a small amount, verb
◾️Subside (‫)يخف‬: To become less intense or severe, verb
◾️Submit (‫)يقدم‬: To present for consideration or judgment, verb
◾️Ministration (‫)خدمة‬: The act of providing care or assistance, noun
◾️Halfwit (‫)أحمق‬: A foolish or stupid person, noun
◾️Shirtsleeve (‫)كم القميص‬: The part of a shirt that covers the arm, noun
◾️Cuffs (‫)أساور‬: The end part of a sleeve, noun
◾️Buttoned (‫)مُزرّ ر‬: Fastened with buttons, adjective
◾️Insist (‫)يصر‬: To demand something forcefully, verb
◾️Roll over (‫)يتدحرج‬:
◾️Starched (‫)مُنشط‬: Treated with starch to make stiff, adjective
To turn onto one's side or back, phrasal verb

◾️Shamble (‫)تدحرج‬: To walk awkwardly or clumsily, verb

ّ

◾️Slumped (‫)انحدر‬: To fall or lean heavily, verb

◾️Amid (‫)في وسط‬: In the middle of, preposition
◾️Fumes (‫)أبخرة‬: Smoke or gas, especially harmful, noun
◾️Dresser (‫)خزانة مالبس‬: A piece of furniture for storing clothes, noun
◾️Straw man (‫)شخص وهمي‬: A misrepresented argument or position, noun
◾️Billow out (‫)تتدفق‬: To swell or puff out, phrasal verb
◾️Notch (‫)شق‬: A small cut or indentation, noun
◾️Smear (‫)لطخة‬: A mark or smear, often of a sticky substance, noun/verb

🔴Sentence Structure (‫)بنية الجملة‬

Explanation:
Sentence structure refers to the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses within a sentence.
Understanding different structures—such as simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex—allows writers to create varied and engaging sentences that enhance the
flow and clarity of their writing.

Types of Sentence Structures:

1. Simple Sentences (‫)الجمل البسيطة‬:

- Definition: A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, expressing a complete thought.
- Example: "The cat slept peacefully."
- : "‫نامت القطة بسالم‬."
- Effect: Simple sentences provide clarity and can be used to deliver straightforward
information. Creates a tone of surprise, a sense of finality/certainity . Emphasises an idea ,
makes an event or realisation seem sudden

2. Compound Sentences (‫)الجمل المركبة‬:

 - Definition: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a
coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
- Example: "The sun was setting, and the sky turned a brilliant orange."
- : "‫ وتحولت السماء إلى برتقالي رائع‬،‫كان الشمس تغرب‬."
- Effect: Compound sentences can connect related ideas, can suggest that the events are
happening at the same time/close together , enhancing the narrative's flow.

3. Complex Sentences (‫)الجمل المعقدة‬:

- Definition: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.
- Example: "Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk."
- : "‫ قرروا الذهاب في نزهة‬،‫على الرغم من أنها كانت تمطر‬."
- Effect: Complex sentences allow for the expression of nuanced ideas and relationships
between thoughts, adding depth to the writing. Adds details which can help the reader imagine a
scene , links ideas and suggests a relationship between them.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences (‫)الجمل المركبة المعقدة‬:

- Definition: A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
- Example: "While the children played outside, the parents prepared dinner, and laughter filled
the air."
- : "‫ وامتألت األجواء بالضحك‬،‫ كان اآلباء يُعدّون العشاء‬،‫بينما كان األطفال يلعبون في الخارج‬."
- Effect: This structure provides rich detail and complexity, allowing for multiple ideas to be
expressed simultaneously.can suggest movement, can suggest time passing , can explain a
complex process or event

5. Minor sentence
Minor Sentences :
- Definition: A minor sentence is a fragment that does not have a complete subject-verb
structure but conveys meaning effectively.
- Example: "Help!"
- : "‫"!مساعدة‬
- Effect: Minor sentences allow for brevity and impact, conveying emotions, urgency, or
commands in a concise manner. They can create a strong emotional response or emphasize
key ideas without the need for a full sentence structure.

Additional Examples

1. Single Words:
- "Wow!"
- : "‫"!واو‬
- Effect: Expresses surprise or admiration instantly.

2. Phrases:
 - "In the morning."
- : "‫في الصباح‬."
- Effect: Provides context or setting without needing a complete sentence.

3. Questions:
- "What now?"
- : "‫"ماذا اآلن؟‬
- Effect: Indicates confusion or seeks direction in a succinct way.

4. Responses:
- "No problem."
- : "‫ال مشكلة‬."
- Effect: Offers reassurance or agreement quickly and clearly.

Here are more examples of minor sentences across different categories:

Single Words
1. "Cheers!"
- : "‫"!في صحتك‬
- Effect: A toast or expression of goodwill.

2. "Stop!"
- : "‫"!قف‬
- Effect: A command that conveys urgency.

Phrases
1. "Before dinner."
- : "‫قبل العشاء‬."
- Effect: Sets a time frame without a full sentence.

2. "With enthusiasm."
- : "‫بحماس‬."
- Effect: Describes how something is done succinctly.

Questions
1. "Who knows?"
- : "‫"من يدري؟‬
- Effect: Indicates uncertainty or speculation.

2. "Ready?"
- : "‫"جاهز؟‬
- Effect: Asks for confirmation quickly.

Responses
1. "Absolutely!"
- : "‫"!بالطبع‬
- Effect: Expresses strong agreement.

2. "Not today."
- : "‫ليس اليوم‬."
- Effect: Clearly states refusal or unavailability.

Exclamations
1. "What a view!"
- : "‫"!يا له من منظر‬
- Effect: Expresses admiration or awe.

2. "Finally!"
- : "‫"!أخيرً ا‬
- Effect: Conveys relief or satisfaction.

Contextual Statements
1. "In the blink of an eye."
- : "‫في غمضة عين‬."
- Effect: Describes something happening very quickly.

2. "Without a doubt."
- : "‫بدون شك‬."
- Effect: Affirms certainty strongly.

These examples show how minor sentences can convey a wide range of meanings and
emotions in a concise manner.

These structures enhance communication by allowing speakers and writers to express ideas
quickly and effectively, particularly in informal contexts.

Effect:
Using varied sentence structures enhances descriptive writing by improving readability and
engagement. It helps maintain the reader’s interest and allows the writer to convey complex
ideas more effectively.

- Effect: ‫ يساعد على الحفاظ على‬.‫يُعزز استخدام تراكيب الجمل المتنوعة الكتابة الوصفية من خالل تحسين القابلية للقراءة واالنخراط‬
‫اهتمام القارئ ويسمح للكاتب بنقل أفكار معقدة بشكل أكثر فعالية‬.

Summary:
Sentence structure is vital in descriptive writing, as it shapes the clarity and dynamism of the
narrative. By mastering different sentence types, writers can create engaging and effective
prose.
🔴Adverbial Phrases (‫)عبارات الظرف‬
Detailed Explanation:
Adverbial phrases can vary in complexity and function. They can be formed using single
adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases, or clauses. Their primary role is to modify
verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing context such as time, place, manner, reason, or
condition.

Types of Adverbial Phrases:

1. Adverbial Phrases of Manner (‫)عبارات الظرف للطريقة‬:

- Description: Describe how an action is performed.
- Example: "He danced with grace."
- : "‫رقص برشاقة‬."
- Example: "She completed the project quickly."
- : "‫أكملت المشروع بسرعة‬."

2. Adverbial Phrases of Time (‫)عبارات الظرف للزمن‬:

- Description: Indicate when an action occurs.
- Example: "They arrived after dinner."
- : "‫وصلوا بعد العشاء‬."
- Example: "We will go to the beach next weekend."
- : "‫سنذهب إلى الشاطئ في عطلة نهاية األسبوع القادمة‬."

3. Adverbial Phrases of Place (‫)عبارات الظرف للمكان‬:

- Description: Specify where an action takes place.
- Example: "The kids played in the park."
- : "‫لعب األطفال في الحديقة‬."
- Example: "She found her keys under the couch."
- : "‫وجدت مفاتيحها تحت األريكة‬."

4. Adverbial Phrases of Reason (‫)عبارات الظرف للسبب‬:

- Description: Explain why an action occurs.
- Example: "He left early due to the storm."
- : "‫غادر مبكرً ا بسبب العاصفة‬."
 - Example: "She was late because of traffic."
- : "‫كانت متأخرة بسبب الزحام‬."

5. Adverbial Phrases of Condition (‫)عبارات الظرف للشرط‬:

- Description: Indicate conditions under which an action occurs.
- Example: "If it rains, we will stay inside."
- : "‫ سنبقى في الداخل‬،‫إذا أمطرت‬."
- Example: "You can go out, as long as you finish your homework."
- : "‫ طالما أنك تنهي واجبك المنزلي‬،‫يمكنك الخروج‬."

More Complex Examples:

- Example with a Prepositional Phrase: "The cat slept on the warm windowsill."
- : "‫نامت القطة على حافة النافذة الدافئة‬."
- Here, "on the warm windowsill" provides context about where the cat slept.

- Example with a Clause: "He runs every morning to stay fit."

- : "‫يركض كل صباح ليظل الئ ًقا‬."
- "To stay fit" explains the purpose of his running.

Effect:
Adverbial phrases enhance writing by providing essential context, helping the reader
understand the actions and descriptions more fully. They create a more vivid picture of the
scene and contribute to the overall richness of the narrative.

- Effect: . ‫ُتغني عبارات الظرف الكتابة من خالل توفير سياق أساسي يساعد القارئ على فهم األفعال والوصف بشكل أكثر اكتمااًل‬
‫تخلق صورة أكثر وضوحً ا للمشهد وتساهم في ثراء السرد بشكل عام‬.

Summary:
Adverbial phrases are crucial for adding depth and clarity to sentences. By specifying how,
when, where, why, or under what conditions actions occur, they enrich the reader's experience
and enhance the narrative.

Adverbial clauses :
An adverbial clause is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. It typically
modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by providing information about time, place,
reason, condition, or manner. Adverbial clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions
like "because," "although," "if," "when," "while," or "since."

Example:
- "I went to the park because it was sunny."
In this sentence, "because it was sunny" is the adverbial clause that explains why the subject
went to the park.
Certainly! Here’s a more detailed breakdown of adverbial clauses:
Characteristics of Adverbial Clauses

1. Function: They provide context and details about the action in the main clause.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Common conjunctions include:
- Time: when, while, as soon as, after
- Reason: because, since, as
- Condition: if, unless, provided that
- Concession: although, though, even though, whereas

Types of Adverbial Clauses

1. Time Clauses: Indicate when something happens.

- Example: "I’ll call you when I arrive."

2. Cause/Reason Clauses: Explain why something happens.

- Example: "She passed the exam because she studied hard."

3. Condition Clauses: Describe a condition that must be met.

- Example: "If it rains, we’ll stay indoors."

4. Concessive Clauses: Show contrast or exception.

- Example: "Although he was tired, he continued working."

Structure

- Dependent Clause: An adverbial clause cannot stand alone; it depends on a main clause.
- Placement: It can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
- Example: "Although it was raining, we went for a walk." (Beginning)
- Example: "We went for a walk, although it was raining." (End)

Examples in Context

1. Manner: "She spoke as if she knew everything."

2. Purpose: "He studied hard so that he could pass the test."

Tips for Identifying Adverbial Clauses

- Look for subordinating conjunctions that signal the start of the clause.
- Check if the clause adds context to the main action (e.g., when, why, or under what
conditions).

Understanding adverbial clauses enhances your comprehension of complex sentences and

helps in constructing clearer, more detailed sentences in writing.
The main differences between an adverbial phrase and an adverbial clause are their structure
and complexity:

Adverbial Phrase

1. Definition: A group of words that functions as an adverb but does not contain a subject and a
verb.
2. Structure: Typically consists of an adverb or a prepositional phrase.
3. Example:
- "She sings with great enthusiasm."
- "He left early in the morning."

Adverbial Clause

1. Definition: A dependent clause that functions as an adverb, containing both a subject and a
verb.
2. Structure: Begins with a subordinating conjunction.
3. Example:
- "She sings as if she were a professional."
- "He left because he was tired."

Summary of Differences

- Composition:
- Adverbial phrases do not have a subject-verb structure.
- Adverbial clauses do have a subject and verb.

- Complexity:
- Adverbial phrases are simpler and often shorter.
- Adverbial clauses are more complex and can provide more detailed information.

Examples
Adverbial Phrases

1. Time:
- "We will meet after dinner."
- "She worked until midnight."

2. Manner:
- "He drives like a pro."
- "She spoke in a soft voice."

3. Place:
- "They searched in the garden."
 - "I found my keys under the couch."

4. Reason:
- "He left out of frustration."
- "She studied for the exam."

Adverbial Clauses

1. Time:
- "We will meet after we finish dinner."
- "She worked until she was exhausted."

2. Manner:
- "He drives as if he owns the road."
- "She spoke as though she was giving a presentation."

3. Place:
- "They searched where they last saw the dog."
- "I found my keys where I left them."

4. Reason:
- "He left because he was frustrated."
- "She studied so that she could pass the exam."

Examples of Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases:

1. Manner:
- Example: "She sang beautifully, her voice soaring above the crowd."
- : "‫ وصوتها يرتفع فوق الحشد‬،‫غنت بشكل جميل‬."
- Effect: The adverb "beautifully" describes how she sang, enhancing the emotional quality of
the action.

2. Time:
- Example: "He will arrive shortly, just in time for dinner."
- : "‫ تمامًا في الوقت المناسب للعشاء‬،‫سوف يصل قريبًا‬."
- Effect: The adverb "shortly" indicates when the action will happen, creating anticipation.

3. Place:
- Example: "They wandered aimlessly through the empty streets."
- : "‫تجولوا بال هدف في الشوارع الفارغة‬."
- Effect: The adverb "aimlessly" adds depth to their wandering, suggesting a lack of direction
or purpose.

4. Degree:
- Example: "She was extremely happy to see her friends again."
 - : "‫كانت سعيدة للغاية لرؤية أصدقائها مرة أخرى‬."
- Effect: The adverb "extremely" emphasizes the intensity of her happiness, deepening the
emotional impact.

5. Adverbial Phrase:
- Example: "With great enthusiasm, he took on the new project."
- : "‫ تولى المشروع الجديد‬،‫بكل حماس‬."
- Effect: The adverbial phrase "with great enthusiasm" provides additional context about his
attitude, enriching the description of the action.

Effect:

Summary

- Adverbial phrases provide information in a simpler form (without a subject-verb structure).

- Adverbial clauses offer more detail and complexity (with a subject and verb).

These examples illustrate how both can function in sentences while differing in structure and
complexity.