PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)

N2022/P1/Q3(a)
Q. Describe the impact of Lord Curzon on India. [4]
J2023/P1/Q2(c)
Q. ‘Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because it was too large.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
[14]
N2023/P1/Q3(b)
Q. Explain how the Hindu community opposed the partition of Bengal between 1905 and 1911.
[7]
J2020/P1/Q3(c)
Q. How successful was the 1905 Partition of Bengal? Explain your answer. [14]
The Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed partitioning Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal in 1903 but was
implemented in 1905. Three areas Dhaka, Chittagong, and Mymensingh were merged with Assam to create
a new province called East Bengal, which was Muslim majority area. Due to this partition Hindus and
Muslims were divided along communal lines.
Bengal was a huge province and had a population 10 times that of Great Britain at that time. Its population
was 84 million out of which 54 million people were Hindus. The British claimed that Bengal could not be
managed by one governor and the province was facing administrative crisis. Moreover, before the
partition, Muslims and Hindus used to live together, causing a lot of violence in Bengal due to this the law
and order situation got worse. British fear that they would lose their control over India so to prevent any
further mismanagement and violence in Bengal, it was divided. British believed that two smaller provinces
were more efficient for them to administer rather than one huge province.
The reaction of Muslims to the partition of Bengal was very positive. The Muslims were delighted with the
partition. Their position was improved overnight. Since 1867 the British had mistrusted the Muslims, and
they had denied them proper education. The Hindus had gained all the advantages and they had even tried
to replace Urdu with Hindi. But when the clarification of the causes for War of Independence were made by
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, British wanted to improve their relation with Muslims and to do so, they divided
Bengal and gave the east side to Muslims so that they could freely practice their culture, religion and
language. Now at last, the Muslims had true recognition - a province in which they were in the majority.
According to the British, partition would result in equal development throughout Bengal. There were great
differences between east and west Bengal economically. East Bengal was an agricultural area as the people
there were more into the practice of agriculture whereas people in the West Bengal were more involved in
industrial sector and so West Bengal became an industrial area. East Bengal was an undeveloped area, as
all its resources were utilized on the west side. It was therefore decided to partition Bengal to provide
equal development opportunities to flourish East Bengal. Furthermore, the British wanted to develop the
port of Chittagong, which was only possible after the division.
The Hindus however were furious and believed in more sinister reasons. They believe that the British
divided Bengal as part of their divide and rule policy, and were trying to divide the Indians. By dividing the
province, the British made the Indians weaker. The Hindu also claimed that the British wanted to remove
the so called Hindu threat from the heads of Muslims. They lost their monopoly over muslims in every
aspect.
The Hindus opposed the partition and they started strikes, protests, and marches. The Hindus also decided
to boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi movement which gave economic damage to british
government. Instead of buying British salt, cloth or any other manufactured product, Hindus vowed to buy
Indian produce goods. This Swadeshi movement spread rapidly. British cloth was thrown onto bonfires, and
it became a matter of honor to wear locally produced clothes. At the same time some Indian workers, such
as those in Calcutta, begin a series of Strikes to show their opposition. Soon the sale of British goods
dropped dramatically. The Hindus’ objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to
reconsider it. Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put pressure on
the British government. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities and the Hindus closed Calcutta
for few days. Later they even attempted to assassinate the future viceroy of India Lord Minto. So they tried
their best to convince the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.
Seeing this nonstop persecution of Hindus and loss of support from the largest political party of India, the
partition was reversed in 1911 by King George V in Delhi at Durbar.
To some extent partition was successful but in my opinion it was a failure as hindus were not satisfied from
it and Hindus were in majority.
N2018/P1/Q3/B
Explain how British reacted to Hindu-led protests against Partition of Bengal between 1906 and 1908. [7]
The British took immediate steps to deal with the Hindu protest:
The Press Act of 1908 placed restrictions on newspapers and gave the government greater control over
newspaper. According to this Act, editors of newspapers, journalists were prosecuted and imprisoned found
involved in anti-British activities.
Furthermore, public meetings had restrictions placed upon them along with strict actions in case of defiance
e.g Tilak of Poona was arrested and sentenced to 6 years imprisonment. Other radical leaders left India to
avoid arrest. Soon local prisons were filled with those the British considered to be revolutionaries. Sometimes
suspects were simply deported - without being charged or put on trial.
Another approach intended to win support of the more moderate Hindus by making reforms. Lord Minto the
Viceroy worked with John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, on reforms that became the Morley Minto
reforms in 1909.
J2016/P1/Q3/B
Q. Explain why the British partitioned Bengal in 1905. [7]
The Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed partitioning Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal in 1903 but was
implemented in 1905.
Bengal was the largest province of the Indian subcontinent and had a population 10 times that of Great
Britain at that time. Its population was 84 million out of which 54 million people were Hindus. The British
claimed that Bengal could not be managed by one governor and the province was facing administrative
crisis, especially in relief work during the times of trouble such as feminine and plague. Moreover, before
the partition, Muslims and Hindus used to live together, causing a lot of violence in Bengal due to this the
law and order situation got worse. British fear that they would lose their control over India so to prevent
any further mismanagement and violence in Bengal, it was divided. British believed that two smaller
provinces were more efficient for them to administer rather than one huge province.
Another important reason for the partition was to create better economic opportunities for the Muslims of
East Bengal. The Hindu capitalists were holding a strong position in the economy of Bengal. They were
exploiting the Muslim peasants of eastern Bengal, who were mainly involved in agriculture and used to take
a loan from these Hindu capitalists on very high markups and as a result, the Muslim peasants were selling
their crops to them at very normal prices, minimizing their profits. The inhabitants of eastern Bengal were
providing raw materials to the industry of Western Bengal but were deprived of the benefits of
industrialization. Bengali Muslims believed that their poor financial condition was because of the fact that
most businesses were dominated by Hindu businessman and landlords due to which Muslims were not
given equal opportunities. To break the hold of these Hindu capitalists, the Bengal was partitioned. Before
the partition most Businesses, factories and universities were situated in West Bengal. After the partition
East Bengal began developing rapidly and many important buildings were set up such as Curzon Hall
College, which improved educational and employment opportunities for Muslims living in East Bengal.

N2015/P1/Q3/C
How successful was the Partition of Bengal in 1905? Explain your answer. [14]
J2014/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why did the British reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]
Bengal was divided into 1905 and the reversal took place in 1911. There were many reasons for the reversal.
The Hindus were against the partition and termed it as the division of Mother land on communal grounds. The
Hindus considered the partition as an attempt to sow the seeds of hatred and discontent among the Indian
people to weaken the national movement for self-rule. Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there
were mass rallies which put pressure on the British government.
The Hindus opposed the partition and they started strikes, protests, and marches. British schools and colleges
were boycotted, all British titles were returned to the government. The Hindus also decided to boycott of
British goods under the Swadeshi movement which gave economic damage to British government. Instead of
buying British salt, cloth or any other manufactured product, Hindus vowed to buy Indian produce goods. This
Swadeshi movement spread rapidly. British cloth was thrown onto bonfires, and it became a matter of honor
to wear locally produced clothes. Soon the sale of British goods dropped dramatically. Their economy was
affected, and it started to decline. Industrial work slowed down and mostly led to bankruptcy. King George V
was coming to India and Lord Harding didn’t want him to face riots and fierce opposition. There was also a
threat of him getting assassinated. The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto,
the future viceroy of India. They tried their best to convince the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.
The British wanted to have good relations with the Hindus as they were mainly the Zamindars and had a lot of
power in their hands. Seeing this nonstop persecution of Hindus and loss of support from the largest political
party of India, the partition was reversed in 1911 by King George V.
N2012/P1/Q2/B
Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]
J2011/P1/Q3/C
‘Partition or reversal?’ Were the reasons why Bengal was partitioned in 1905 more important than those
regarding its reversal in 1911? Explain your answer. [14]
The Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed to partition Bengal in 1903 but it was implemented in 1905. Three areas
Dhaka, Chittagong, and Mymensingh were separated and merged with Assam to create a new province called
East Bengal, which was Muslim majority area. Due to this partition Hindus and Muslims were divided along
communal lines.
Bengal was a huge province and had a population 10 times that of Great Britain at that time. Its population
was 84 million out of which 54 million people were Hindus. The British claimed that Bengal could not be
managed by one governor and the province was facing administrative crisis. Moreover, before the
partition, Muslims and Hindus used to live together, causing a lot of violence in Bengal due to this the law
and order situation got worse. British fear that they would lose their control over India so to prevent any
further mismanagement and violence in Bengal, it was divided. British believed that two smaller provinces
were more efficient for them to administer rather than one huge province.
The reaction of Muslims to the partition of Bengal was very positive. The Muslims were delighted with the
partition. Their position was improved overnight. Since 1867 the British had mistrusted the Muslims, and
they had denied them proper education. The Hindus had gained all the advantages and they had even tried
to replace Urdu with Hindi. But when the clarification of the causes for War of Independence were made by
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, British wanted to improve their relation with Muslims and to do so, they divided
Bengal and gave the east side to Muslims so that they could freely practice their culture, religion and
language. Now at last, the Muslims had true recognition - a province in which they were in the majority.
According to the British, partition would result in equal development throughout Bengal. There were great
differences between east and west Bengal economically. East Bengal was an agricultural area as the people
there were more into the practice of agriculture whereas people in the West Bengal were more involved in
industrial sector. East Bengal was an undeveloped area, as all its resources were utilized on the west side. It
was therefore decided to partition Bengal to provide equal development opportunities to flourish East
Bengal. Furthermore, the British wanted to develop the port of Chittagong, which was only possible after
the division.
The Hindus however were furious and believed in more sinister reasons. They believe that the British
divided Bengal as part of their divide and rule policy, and were trying to divide the Indians. By dividing the
province, the British made the Indians weaker. The Hindu also claimed that the British wanted to remove
the so called Hindu threat from the heads of Muslims. They lost their monopoly over muslims in every
aspect.
The Hindus opposed the partition and they started strikes, protests, and marches. The Hindus also decided
to boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi movement which gave economic damage to british
government. Instead of buying British salt, cloth or any other manufactured product, Hindus vowed to buy
Indian produce goods. This Swadeshi movement spread rapidly. British cloth was thrown onto bonfires, and
it became a matter of honor to wear locally produced clothes. At the same time some Indian workers, such
as those in Calcutta, begin a series of Strikes to show their opposition. Soon the sale of British goods
dropped dramatically. The Hindus’ objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to
reconsider it. Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put pressure on
the British government. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities and the Hindus closed Calcutta
for few days. Later they even attempted to assassinate the future viceroy of India Lord Minto. So they tried
their best to convince the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.
Seeing this non stop persecution of Hindus and loss of support from the largest political party of India, the
partition was reversed in 1911 by King George V in Delhi at Durbar.
According to the above mentioned reasons, In my opinion, the reversal of partition of Bengal was more
important than the partition itself.
J2009/P1/Q3/C
Q. ‘The reasons for partitioning Bengal in 1905 were more important than those that caused its reversal in
1911.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
J2007/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why did the British decide to reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]
J2006/P1/Q2/C
Q. ‘Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because of geographical factors.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
[14]
The Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed to partition Bengal in 1903 but it was implemented in 1905. Three areas
Dhaka, Chittagong, and Myemnsingh were separated and merged with Assam to create a new province called
East Bengal, which was Muslim majority area. Due to this partition Hindus and Muslims were divided along
communal lines.
Bengal was the largest province of the Indian subcontinent and had a population 10 times that of Great
Britain at that time. Its population was 84 million out of which 54 million people were Hindus. The British
claimed that Bengal could not be managed by one governor and the province was facing administrative
crisis, especially in relief work during the times of trouble such as feminine and plague. Moreover, before
the partition, Muslims and Hindus used to live together, causing a lot of violence in Bengal due to this the
law and order situation got worse. British fear that they would lose their control over India so to prevent
any further mismanagement and violence in Bengal, it was divided. British believed that two smaller
provinces were more efficient for them to administer rather than one huge province.
British wanted to give more relaxations & power to the Muslims due to the role played by the reformers like
Sir Syed to remove misunderstandings between the Muslims & the British. They had realized that Muslims
were victimized after war of 1857 so they should be given advance in this new province. The Hindus were in
majority in West Bengal i.e. 42 million while the muslims were only 12 million. The muslims were in majority
in East Bengal i.e. 18 million while the hindus were only 12 million. British thought that muslims were in
majority in new province so it would be able for muslims to prosper and dominate in different sectors which
will help to improve relations between muslims and british.
Another important reason for the partition was to create better economic opportunities for the Muslims of
East Bengal. The Hindu capitalists were holding a strong position in the economy of Bengal. They were
exploiting the Muslim peasants of eastern Bengal, who were mainly involved in agriculture and used to take
a loan from these Hindu capitalists on very high markups and as a result, the Muslim peasants were selling
their crops to them at very normal prices, minimizing their profits. The inhabitants of eastern Bengal were
providing raw materials to the industry of Western Bengal but were deprived of the benefits of
industrialization. Bengali Muslims believed that their poor financial condition was because of the fact that
most businesses were dominated by Hindu businessman and landlords due to which Muslims were not
given equal opportunities. To break the hold of these Hindu capitalists, the Bengal was partitioned. Before
the partition most Businesses, factories and universities were situated in West Bengal. After the partition
East Bengal began developing rapidly and many important buildings were set up such as Curzon Hall
College, which improved educational and employment opportunities for Muslims living in East Bengal.
They wanted to break the power of the Hindus in many parts of India & Bengal was its perfect example that
they followed the policy of divide & rule in those areas. In United Bengal, hindus dominated and exploited
muslims and kept them as a deprived section of a society. The area of Bengal could easily be controlled by the
Hindu extremists, so British had a fear of losing control on such a vast province.
As Bengal was densely populated province so different communities were living there, belonging to different
races, speaking different languages & practicing different religions. This multicultural environment created
problems for the government so British divided the Bengal.
The Hindus believed that the partition would come about as part of the British ‘divide and rule’ policy which
would weaken Hindu unity and its influence in the new East Bengal.
I agree with the statement, geographical reason was the most important reason for partitioning Bengal.
11 N2005/P1/Q3/B
Q. Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? [7]
J2004/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? [7]

SIMLA DELEGATION/DEPUTATION
J2013/P1/Q2/A
What was the Simla Deputation? [4]
A deputation of prominent Muslims led by Sir Aga khan visited Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla to place their
proposal in which they requested that the position of Muslims in India should be estimated not merely on
their numerical strength but in respect to the political importance of Muslims and the services it has provided
to the empire. They requested that Muslims should have their own representatives in all local and provincial
elections, elected only by Muslim voters. They also proposed that Muslims should have a higher more seats
than their actual population in the councils. These demands were accepted by Lord Minto. It developed great
confidence among the Muslims and trust in British, which led them to form their own party ‘the All India
Muslim League’ to fight for their rights.
N2006/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why was the Simla Delegation of 1906 an important turning point for the Muslims of the subcontinent?
[7]
N2010/P1/Q3/B
Q. Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the subcontinent? [7]
Simla deputation took place in 1906 at Simla. In this delegation of 36 members met Lord Minto at Simla under
the leadership of Sir Agha Khan.
The British acceptance of the Simla deputation turned out to be an important event for the Muslims of
Subcontinent. The British acceptance showed that the attempts of reformers like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and
others to restore the relations between the Muslims and the British were successful. The British were now
ready to work with the Muslims and were willing to make concessions to them. The British were considering
the Muslims as a dominant force.
The deputation showed that the Muslim community had decided to establish a secure place in the
constitution. The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim voters and weightage
in all elected bodies were accepted by the British. Through this Muslims role in government had increased.
More government jobs with higher ranks were achieved by Muslims. The Simla deputation improves the
relations of Muslims and the British. Trust and hope developed among them.
The deputation also showed that many Muslims had come around the idea that they were a separate
community who should be treated in a different way from the Hindus. This signifies the Muslims as a separate
community, and through this they were able to get an identity. Soon after the Simla delegation, Muslims
diverted their minds from being dependent over Congress and Hindus to the formation of separate political
party to support and protect the rights of the Indian Muslims. With this idea they eventually came up with all
India Muslim league, which was a political party for Muslims.
It was perhaps the first real political step towards the formation of Pakistan.
QUESTION BY MYM
Q. Why Simla Deputation was organized in 1906? [7]
Muslims had watched the reaction of Hindus towards Partition of Bengal with great disappointment. They saw
a massive wave of organized protest which they fear would result in the partition being reversed. The Muslims
knew that they were not able to provide such a level of protest to maintain the partition. So the Muslims
organized the Simla deputation to the viceroy for the maintenance of partition of Bengal.
Further, the Indian national congress was dominated by Hindus, Muslims feared that the Hindu agitation
would lead to the Hindi becoming the national language, or even the Muslims forcibly converted to Hinduism.
So to get their rights Muslims organized the Simla deputation.
The new liberal Government was elected in Britain in 1905; liberals stated that they would increase local
participation in the Govt. of India through elections. Muslims feared that they would soon be dominated by
Hindus in the local Govt. So they organized the Simla deputation to see the viceroy and to inform him about
their reservations and demands. So that they might be included in the coming reforms.

MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)

N2023/P1/Q2/A
Q. Describe the aims of the All-India Muslim League. [4]
The Muslims wanted a platform of their own after the success of Simla deputation and partition of Bengal
gave Muslims the courage to make their own Political party and protect the political rights and interests of
Muslims in India. The Muslims also realized that Congress was only working for the interests of Hindus and
they wanted to reduce the growing influence of the Congress. The riots between Hindus and Muslims further
strengthened their believes.
The Muslims also wanted to ensure that their views were represented to the British. Muslims wanted to
represent their loyalty, needs and aims to the British government. To clear up any misunderstandings about
the goals of any government action, Muslims needed their own platform.
The Congress demanded democracy in India, which was against the Muslims who were in minority. The
Hindus demanded Hindi to be made the national language. Hindu extremists groups like Arya Samaj were
cruel to the Muslims so in order to protect their rights and religion the Muslim league was formed.
J2022/P1/Q3/C
Q. To what extent was the need for a political party to represent the Muslim community the main reason
for the establishment of the All-India Muslim League in 1906? Explain your answer. [14]
May agree that the need for a political party to represent the Muslim community was the main reason for the
establishment of the All-India Muslim League in 1906:
 Muslim community could not rely on Congress to further their interests
e.g. education and economic well-being
 to take advantage of the support given by the British Liberal government
to the Muslim community
 to promote the political rights and identity of the Muslim community
 Simla Deputation achieved the promise of separate electorates propelling
the Muslim community towards the formation of the All-India Muslim League
 the promise of other political reforms created a ‘window of Muslim
opportunity’ to establish its own political party
counter-arguments might include:
 the partition of Bengal was a problem for Congress
 there had been a growth in Hindu activism
 Hindi-Urdu controversy/‘Two-Nation’ Theory
J2021/P1/Q3/B
(b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]
N2019/P1/Q3/C
Q. Was the Simla Deputation of 1906 the most important reason for the formation of the Muslim League
later that same year? Explain your answer. [14]
J2018/P1/Q3/B
Explain why the Muslim community felt it necessary to form their own political party in 1906. [7]
N2016/P1/Q3/C
Q. Was the partition of Bengal the main reason for the formation of the Muslim League in 1906? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
Muslim League was formed in 1906. It was a political platform for Muslims of sub-continent. The main aim
was to protect the rights of Muslims.
The province of Bengal was partitioned in 1905 which caused resentment amongst the Hindus. Muslims also
observed Hindu protest against the partition of Bengal. They saw a massive wave of organized protest which
they feared would lead to the partition being reversed. Muslims knew that they would not be able to provide
such a level of protest to maintain partition. Muslims also realized that Hindu dominated Congress would not
support them. It was an eye opening experience for the Muslims. Muslims saw this as a sign of the influence
the Hindus which they had over the British. Therefore, to reduce the influence of British, the league was
found.
The Muslims decided to form their own political party because of the unfair attitude of the Indian National
Congress. Congress demands of having a greater share in the government and ICS so that they can dominate
Muslims in local elections to be held in India. The Congress also demanded that India should be treated as a
cultural whole (Democratic) and Hindi should be declared the official language of India. Muslims realize that
Congress had become a Hindu dominated body which would only safeguard the rights of Hindus. Muslims
were aware that their political rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. Therefore, they decided to organize a Muslim group to counter the Congress influence.
Formation of All India Muslim league became possible due to improved Muslim relations with British. It was
due to the efforts of Sir Syed that the British attitude changed and they believed that Muslims should have
their own political identity. The British by now were ready to make concessions. The relations also improved
after the partition of Bengal. On the other hand, British relations with the Hindus deteriorated. Muslims
thought that it was the best time to take the action.
Another important reason for the formation of Muslim league was the growth of extreme Hindu Nationalist
groups such as ‘Arya Samaj’. They demanded that Muslims should be forcibly converted to Hinduism.
Therefore, a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League to protect the religious rights
of the Indian Muslims because Muslims were facing problems to practice Islam freely under the Hindu
domination. Muslims also lagged in education and the economic growth. Educational and economic condition
could only be upgraded by establishing a separate Muslim organization that could represent the wishes of the
Muslims.
The most important cause was the success of Simla deputation in 1906. Lord Minto had accepted the Muslim
demand for separate electorates and higher percentage of seats than their population. The deputation
showed the Muslims believed that they were a separate community and should be treated differently. The
acceptance of similar deputation encouraged the Muslims to form their own political party representing only
the Muslim community.
In my opinion, the partition of Bengal was one of the reason for the formation of Muslim League but the
success of Simla delegation was the most important reason in the formation of AIML. Although other reasons
also played a role but the key role was success of Simla Delegation.
N2014/P1/Q2/B
Q. Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]
N2013/P1/Q2/C
Q. Was the need for their own political party the most important reason why the Muslim League was
established in 1906? Explain your answer.
Muslims formed their own political party Muslim league in 1906.Muslims wanted a party to protect and
advance the political rights and interest of the Muslims in India. The Muslims were needing a political
platform to organize all the Muslims against the other parties of India. This new political party could also be
used to raise their voice in front of the British government, remove misunderstandings amongst the British
and the Muslims, to develop trust among them and to promote feelings of loyalty to the British government.
The Muslims decided to form their own political party because of the unfair attitude of the Indian National
Congress. Congress demands of having a greater share in the government and ICS so that they can dominate
Muslims in local elections to be held in India. The Congress also demanded that India should be treated as a
cultural whole (Democratic) and Hindi should be declared the official language of India. Muslims realize that
Congress had become a Hindu dominated body which would only safeguard the rights of Hindus. Muslims
were aware that their political rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. Therefore, they decided to form Muslim league to counter the Congress influence.
Another important reason for the formation of Muslim league was the growth of extreme Hindu Nationalist
groups such as ‘Arya Samaj’. They demanded that Muslims should be forcibly converted to Hinduism.
Therefore, a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League to protect the religious rights
of the Indian Muslims because the Muslims were facing problems to practice Islam freely under the Hindu
domination. Muslims also lagged in education and the economic growth. Educational and economic condition
could only be upgraded by establishing a separate Muslim organization that could represent the wishes of the
Muslims.
Muslims also observed Hindu protest against the partition of Bengal. They saw a massive wave of organized
protest which they feared would lead to the partition being reversed. Muslims knew that they would not be
able to provide such a level of protest to maintain partition. Muslims also realized that Hindu dominated
Congress would not support them. It was an eye opening experience for the Muslims. Muslims saw this as a
sign of the influence the Hindus had over the British. Therefore, to reduce the influence of Hindus, the league
was found.
The most important cause was the success of Simla deputation in 1906. Lord Minto had accepted the Muslim
demand for separate electorates and higher percentage of seats than their population. The deputation
showed the Muslims believed that they were a separate community and should be treated differently. The
acceptance of Simla deputation encouraged the Muslims to form their own political party representing only
the Muslim community.
Formation of All India Muslim league became possible due to improved relations of Muslims with British. It
was due to the efforts of Sir Syed that the British attitude changed and they believed that Muslims should
have their own political identity. The British by now were ready to make concessions. The relations also
improved after the partition of Bengal. On the other hand, British relations with the Hindus deteriorated.
Muslims thought that it was the best time to take the action.
In my opinion, it was not only the need for their own political party to protect the fundamental rights of
Muslims in the subcontinent. Simla deputation was the most important reason in the formation of AIML.
Although other reasons also played a role but the key role was success of Simla Delegation.
J2012/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? [7]
J2010/P1/Q2/C
Q. ‘The Muslim League was established in 1906 because the Hindus had their own political party.’ Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
J2009/P1/Q3/B
Q. Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? [7]
J2005/P1/Q2/B
Q. Why was the Muslim League founded in 1906? [7]

Morley Minto Reforms (1909)

N2022/P1/Q3/C (Self)
To what extent were the Morley-Minto reforms the most important political development in India between
1909 and 1919? Explain your answer. [14]
May agree that the Morley-Minto reforms were the most important political
Development in India between 1909 and 1919:
• The Morley-Minto Reforms became the Indian Councils Act 1909
• The reforms increased the number of Indians sitting on the Councils
• Indian members of the Councils could now have their views/opinions
Heard and formally recorded
• Separate electorates were granted
• The Indian Councils were only advisory bodies
Counter-arguments might include:
• The partition of Bengal in 1911 was reversed following Hindu protests
• In 1913 the Muslim League called for Indian self-government
• Indian groups/people were frustrated that political reform was slow after
The First World War ended
• The Luck now Pact of 1916 saw Congress and the Muslim League
Working together
• The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms/the Government of India Act 1919
Gave few concessions to the Indian people
• the Rowlett Act 1919 and its impact including Jallianwala Bagh
The Morley Minto reforms became law in 1909, as an Indian councils act. The reforms increased the number
of Indians sitting on the Councils. The importance of the councils, which were enlarge, were to ensure that
Indian members of the Councils were now given a chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted
the right of Muslims to have a separate electorate. After 1857 first time the British had realized that it was
important to give more share to the Indians and ruling their own country.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between Muslims and Hindus, which place a number of political
demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. It
demanded for greater number of Indian seats in the Council than before, and the protection of the rights of
minorities. The pact showed that the Hindus acknowledge the Muslims’ right to a separate electorate and was
therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future. Muslim had also realized that Congress support was
needed to pressurize the British to get their rights. It was the first and the only agreement between the
commerce and the league on an Indian constitution till 1947.
The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were set out in the government of Indian Act of 1919. The reforms gave
concessions to political parties, provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain in control. The
reforms increased the Indian participants in every council. The rights of vote were increased and separate
Muslim electorates were retained. It also introduced direct influences to give greater provincial autonomy to
Indians. This showed that the Indians struggle for self-rule bore fruit, which later led to their increasing
demands for independence.
Apart from these successes, there were many failures as well. The Morley Minto reforms enlarged the
councils, but they could only give advice with power remaining in the hands of the British. Indian objected to
this as they were more say in their affairs. Muslims were granted reserve seats in the Imperial and the
provincial legislative councils. Such concessions were not given to any other minority community. Congress
believed that it would increase the divisions within Indian society.
The Montague Chelmsford Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater
concessions. Central government reserved Vito Powers for itself with a minor concessions for the locals. As
the Indians had supported the British during World War 1, they felt that the British government should
reward this by giving them more responsibility in running their own affair. Moreover, Congress and the league
had signed the Lucknow pact which is the British did not approve in the Mont ford reforms. Therefore, this act
annoyed both the Congress and the league.
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 followed the Mont Ford reforms and increased the resentment of the political parties
by including the right of arrests without a warrant and detention without bail. This caused great unrest in
India as Indians believe that they were being betrayed.
In my opinion, the Lucknow pact was the most significant movement during 1909 to 1919 as it brought
Muslims and Hindus closer to achieve their common aim of self rule. It also marked the first acceptance by
the Hindus that they had a degree of partition be necessary in any self-governing India. It also showed that
the Muslims acknowledged that they should work with the Congress against the British for protecting their
rights.
N2021/P41/Q3/B
Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7]
J2013/P41/Q2/B
Q. Why were the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906 opposed by the Congress Party? [7]
Congress opposed Morley- Minto reforms because it did not grant them self-rule and Muslims were granted
reserved seats in the Imperial and provincial Legislative Councils
Morley Minto reform didn’t give political responsibility to Indians. The number of members in the Imperial
and provincial councils were increased but the actual power still remained in the hands of the British. The
Indians had no power of their own and they could just advise. The Indians had no power to implement any
policies or to pass any laws. The British could appoint the members in imperial and provincial councils which
meant the Indians would be in minority. The reforms could not satisfy the Indians, especially the Congress due
to limited concessions.
Congress raised objection to Muslim representation in the Councils as they felt that the Muslims should not
be given separate electorates. Such concessions were not given to any other minority community. This also
annoyed Hindus who wanted the right of joint electorate for all the areas of India because they were in
majority and could easily win the election in Hindu majority areas. They wanted to become a dominant force
in the subcontinent. Hindus believed that it was a British strategy of divide and rule that would ultimately
destroy the nation. The Congress passed an annual resolution to call off separate electorates.
N2008/P1/Q2/B
Why did Congress oppose Morley Minto reforms of 1909? [7]
N2004/P1/Q2/B
Why did the Congress party oppose the Morley Minto reforms of 1909? [7]
QUESTION BY MYM
Why Morley Minto Reforms introduced by British Govt? [7]
The British government was sick of the issues created after partition of Bengal so to resolve the communal
tensions between the HINDUS & THE MUSLIMS, they started these reforms so that both the parties could
resolve their issues politically and by stopping violence in India.
The British govt. wanted to work on the plan of reforms for 10 years so that all the Indian parties could be
ruled by making the constitution of India with the help of all the political parties of India. They wanted to give
the power to the Indians step by step so they planned to do it after every ten years.
The British govt. wanted to enlarge the councils by adding Indians in the law making councils so that they can
get the ideas of the demands of the Indians and could resolve their issues. They wanted to know the views of
the Indians and wanted to convey their messages to the Indians.

LUCKNOW PACT (1916) by Jinnah

N2023/P1/Q3/A
Q. Describe the terms of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [4]
• Congress agreed to concessions with the Muslim League
• Muslims had the right to separate electorates
• Muslims should be given one third of seats in Councils
• both parties wanted more seats in Councils
• the protection of minorities
• the provinces to have autonomy
• the proposals to be binding on the British
• the executive should be separated from the judiciary
• no Act affecting a community could be agreed if 3⁄4 of the representatives
of that community opposed it
• Motions passed by large majorities in the Councils should be accepted as
binding by the British government
J2021/P41/Q1/C
Q. Explain the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [7]
The Lucknow Pact was first example of the Hindu Muslim cooperation. It was the first time that they had
made a joint demand for political reform with the British. The cooperation showed that a degree of partition
would be necessary in any self-governing India. They put the differences between them on side and tried to
work together against the British in order to claim their rights which the British had violated.
Hindus accepted the principle of separate representation for the minority. Muslims acknowledged that they
can protect their rights better if they worked with Congress against the British. In the Pact, many demands of
the Muslims were agreed among like separate electorates, the demands for 1/3 of the seats in council and no
act affecting a community would be passed unless 3/4 of the community agreed. Indians agreed to speak to
the British with one voice. Later, it led to the Britain making concessions.
It also led to the growing belief in India that Self-government was a possibility. British woman, Annie Besant
helped Indian to oppose British rule by starting home rule movement which was to demand self-rule for
Indians. Due to this British arrested and imprisoned her. After a massive outcry, she was released. She
became the president of Congress to represent Indians in politics. However, the agreement didn’t last long
and Hindus and Muslims never cooperated again.
N2018/P1/Q1/c
Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]
N2016/P1/Q3/A
Q. Describe what happened at Lucknow Pact in 1916?
J2013/P1/Q3/B
Q. Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about? [7]
Partition of Bengal was beneficial for Muslims and the British made it clear that partition was final. But in
1911 it got reversed and Muslims were disappointed. In 1912 Muslim league added the demand for self-
government in their objectives. This brought both the parties closer. In 1913 Jinnah who was respected in the
Congress joined the Muslim league. Jinnah always tried his best for the Hindu-Muslim unity & did many
efforts to achieve this target. It was through his efforts the annual session was held at Lucknow in December
1916 and the pact was signed between Congress and Muslim League. Jinnah believed that if both political
parties worked together they can achieve independence quickly.
The Muslims and Hindu wanted to work together as they realized that in order to persuade the British, they
had to work together and establish common demands. The Muslims knew that if they work together with the
Hindus, they had a higher chance of protecting their rights against the British. The Hindus were in majority,
and they could pressurize the British through their protest. Both the Muslims and Hindus had been accepting
that some degree of self-government or partition was required. Through this pact, the INC also tacitly
accepted that India consisted of two different communities with different interests.
In this pact, Congress accepted the rights of a separate electorate for Muslims. Also 1/3rd seats were also
accepted in central legislature for Muslims and the principle of weightage was agreed upon.
J2012/P1/Q2/A
What was the Lucknow Pact? [4]
In 1916, a pact was signed between all Indian Muslim League under Jinnah and all India National Congress
under Ambedkar Charan Mahajan. Congress for the first time made concessions to give right to separate
electorates and 1/3 seat in the center. Common demands included increase of elected seats in the councils
and minority rights to be protected. It was the first and the last time they both had worked together.
N2012/P1/Q2/C
Q. The Lucknow pact of 1916 was the most important attempt by either the Muslims, Hindus or the British
government in seeking a solution to the problems in the subcontinent between 1909 and 1916? Do you
agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Muslims and Hindus which placed a number of
political demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims.
For the first time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate electorate and was therefore
seen as a beacon of hope for the future. However there were other attempts done to solve the problems in
the sub-continent during these years.
The Morley Minto reforms became law in 1909, as an Indian councils act. The reforms increased the number
of seats in the Councils. The importance of the enlarged councils was that Indian members of the Councils
were now given an opportunity to express their views to government. The British also accepted the right of
Muslims to have a separate electorate. After 1857 first time the British had realized that it was important to
give more share to the Indians in ruling their own country.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between Muslims and Hindus, which place a number of political
demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. It
demanded for greater number of seats in the Council than before, and the protection of the rights of
minorities. The pact showed that the Hindus acknowledge the Muslims’ right to a separate electorate and was
therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future. Muslim had also realized that Congress support was
needed to pressurize the British to get their rights. It was the first and the only agreement between the
congress and the league on an Indian constitution till 1947.
The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were set out in the government of Indian Act of 1919. The reforms gave
concessions to political parties, provided that they accepted the right of the British to remain in control. The
reforms increased the Indian seats in every council. The rights of vote were increased and separate Muslim
electorates were retained. Further, it brought direct influences that gave Indians more provincial authority.
This showed that the Indians struggle for self-rule bore fruit, which later led to their increasing demands for
independence.
Apart from these successes, there were many failures as well. The Morley Minto reforms enlarged the
councils, but they could only give advice with power remaining in the hands of the British. Indian objected to
this. Muslims were granted reserve seats in the Imperial and the provincial legislative councils. Such
concessions were not given to any other minority community. Congress believed that it would increase the
divisions within Indian society.
The Montague Chelmsford Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater
concessions. Central government reserved Vito Powers for itself with a minor concessions for the locals. As
the Indians had supported the British during World War 1, they felt that the British government should
reward this by giving them more responsibility in running their own affair. It also introduced diarchy in
provinces to give greater provincial autonomy to Indians. This showed that Indian struggle for self-ruled bore
fruit.
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 followed the Mont Ford reforms and increased the resentment of the political parties
by including the right of arrests without a warrant and detention without bail. This caused great unrest in
India as Indians believe that they were being betrayed.
Although these developments were a failure, though they proved to be successful in a way that they opened
the eyes of the Indians towards the bitter reality of the British. However, in my opinion, the Lucknow pact
1916 was the main event for Hindu Muslim unity. It showed that the Muslims acknowledged that they stood
much more chance of protecting their rights if they worked with Congress against the British.

J2006/P1/Q2/B
Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about? [7]
QUESTION BY MYM
Why Lucknow Pact was important? [7]

Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (1919)

N2018/P1/Q1/C
Why India was not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]
India was too valuable to Britain. There were many thousands of British people living in sub-continent who
could not be abandoned. The British government did not want to lose these businessmen, missionaries and
civil servants.

British did not want to lose trade links with India because they viewed India as the jewel of the Empire. Britain
was severely weakened after WW1, especially economically. All colonial nations were facing demands from
their colonies for independence in one form or another. Therefore, the British were reluctant to give in to
Indian demands.

British were firm in not to accept Indian demand of self-rule as strategically, India was important for the
British navy and British influence in the region as they were standing as a world power and they would be
weakened if they accepted Indian demands.

N2015/P1/Q3/B
Why were the Montague Chelmsford reforms opposed by Indians in 1919? [7]
The Montague Chelmsford reforms were opposed by both Congress and Muslim league due to several
reasons. The reforms apparently increase the Indian participation in every council. Legislative council would
have 103 members out of 145. Council of state would have 33 elected members out of 60. The reforms kept
power in British hands in respect of law and order, finance, justice, administration and the civil service as
reserved subjects. The Indians only received minimum powers of Transferred subjects as education, welfare,
public work, irrigation, etc. for which they lacked experience. Indian opposed these reforms because of the
unlimited powers of Viceroy. The Viceroy (appointed by the British government) could veto any decision made
and introduce any law that was necessary. Indians believed that they were being given no power at all in
running their country.

The Government of India Act in 1919 disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater
concessions. Congress in particular were bitterly against the proposals since they felt they had fought for
Britain and sacrificed their lives during the WW1 so they were expecting to get greater reward for it, but were
not given any real power in the government.
Although separate electorates had been given to Muslims but other minorities such as non- Brahmins, Sikhs,
Eurasians were not and thus these began to demand access to power. Only 2% people can vote which means
out of 250 million only 5 million people could vote. Voting is the right which was taken from the Indians. The
British maintained their grip on power by ensuring that the Viceroy had the authority to control how India was
governed.

J2016/P1/Q3/C

Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in India during 1919 and 1920?
Explain your answer. [14]
N2014/P1/Q2/C
Were the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms the main reason for the outbreak of violence across India in
1919? Explain your answer. [14]

The Montague–Chelmsford Reforms were drafted jointly by the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford and Secretary of
State, John Montague in 1919. They recommended to give some degree of responsibility to the elected
representatives. These Reforms became the Government of India Act in 1919 The Montague Chelmsford
reforms were opposed by both Congress and Muslim league due to several reasons. The reforms apparently
increase the Indian participation in every council. Legislative council would have 103 members out of 145.
Council of state would have 33 elected members out of 60. The reforms kept power in British hands in respect
of law and order, finance, justice, administration and the civil service as reserved subjects. The Indians only
received minimum powers of Transferred subjects as education, welfare, public work, irrigation, etc. for which
they lacked experience. Indian opposed these reforms because of the unlimited powers of Viceroy. The
Viceroy (appointed by the British government) could veto any decision made and introduce any law that was
necessary. Indians believed that they were being given no power at all in running their country. Central
government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor concessions for the locals.

These reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions. Congress in
particular were bitterly against the proposals since they felt they had fought for Britain and sacrificed their
lives during the WW1 so they should get greater reward for it, but were not given any real power in the
government. The Indians, led by Gandhi, bitterly attacked the proposals and this led to anger and frustration,
although Gandhi warned against a violent response. Congress and the league had recently come together
calling for self-rule, and they were bitterly disappointed by the new structure. The reforms were condemned
as inadequate, unsatisfactory and disappointing. It was true that the local people had more say in how the
country was governed, but in reality, the British maintained their grip on power by ensuring that the Viceroy
had the authority to control how India was governed. Only 2% people can vote which means out of 250
million only 5 million people could vote.

Rowlatt act in the same year (1919) increased the resentment of Indians by including the right of arrest to
anyone without a warrant, detention without bail & right of the provincial govt. to order people where to live.
It caused serious uproar in India because it appeared to go against the central principles of British justice i.e.
trial by jury and safeguards against illegal imprisonment. Furthermore, these measures were seen as being
repressive, especially as people could be made to live in a particular place and were stopped from attending
meetings. Strikes and demonstrations took place and the British made matters worse by introducing further
measures such as banning anti-British publications and holding public meetings.

The Amritsar massacre occurred in 1919 when a large group of Indians were shot dead and injured, including
women and children, for holding an illegal meeting. Although the British govt. did not give permission for such
gatherings but nearly 20 thousand people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, in 1919 for peaceful
demonstration. General Dyer, the commander in the area was determined to restore order. He got angered
on this and ordered the soldiers to open fire on the civilians. Around 400 people were killed & 1200 wounded
in Jallianwala Bagh Incident. To investigate this incident HUNTER COMMITTEE was set up in England. General
Dyer was removed from his services but he was not punished for it. Despite, General Dyer was reprimanded
for ordering the shooting, his standing in the British media was enhanced which offended Indians and resulted
in further violence.

In my opinion, Montague was the main cause as it led to the imposition of Rowlatt Act and further to the
killings in Amritsar Massacre. The relations between British and Indians deteriorated.
QUESTION BY MYM
Why Montage Chelmsford Reforms introduced by British Govt? [7]
It was issued because the British govt. was following a policy to introduce reforms after every 10 years and it
had been the time since they introduced Morley-Minto reforms in 1909. So they had to announce new
reforms according to their policy in 1919.

The British govt. wanted to get the favour of the Indians by offering them concessions in these reforms.
Because they were thinking that if they would introduce these reforms they would get the Indian favour by
giving them share in the govt. council. However, they had every intention of taking a strong and effective
action against any element in India which opposed British rule.

They wanted to check the success of their previous reforms (Morley-Minto reforms) & to plan for the future
reforms of India (Simon Commission). They never wanted to see that the Indians would not accept it like they
did in last reforms.

Khilafat Movement
N2023/P1/Q1/c
Explain the impact of the Khilafat Movement on the Muslim community in the years after 1924. [7]
Indicative content
• Indian people were no longer prepared to accept British rule
• the Khilafat Movement made the Muslim community realise they had
political power
• the Muslim community began to realise they no longer had to rely on the
Hindu community to advance their cause
• the Muslim community learned the importance of leadership and political
organisation
• it was seen as an important step towards an independent state
• socially this started to create a schism between the Muslim and Hindu
communities
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
N2023/P1/Q1/d
To what extent was the breakdown of Muslim–Hindu collaboration the main reason for the
Khilafat Movement ending? Explain your answer. [10]
May agree that the breakdown of Muslim–Hindu collaboration was the main
reason for the Khilafat Movement ending:
• the Muslim community lost a large amount of support from the Hindu
community
• Gandhi called off Hindu participation in the Khilafat Movement
• the Moplah violence against Hindus divided Muslim and Hindu
communities
counter-arguments might include:
• the Muslim community was demoralised
• the Ali brothers and other leaders were imprisoned in 1921
• there were 30 000 political prisoners by 1921
• Muslim groups unsuccessfully migrated to Afghanistan in 1920
• Kemal Ataturk abolished the Caliph in 1924
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
N2022/P1/Q4/b
(b) Explain why people joined the Khilafat Movement. [7]
Indicative content
• people wanted to protect the Caliphate/Ottoman Empire/holy places
• it provided a vehicle for different groups of people to protest against the
British
• the Muslim community resented fighting fellow Muslims in the First
World War
• Gandhi saw it as an opportunity to unite Muslim and Hindu communities
against the British
• to protest against the policy of British repression in 1921
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
J2020/P1/Q3/b
Explain why the Khilafat Movement ended in 1924. [7]
• Gandhi called off his support for The Khilafat Movement following the
Chauri Chaura incident causing Muslim and Hindu groups to stop
working together to further the Movement, weakening it;
• In 1920 many Muslim people set off on a hijrat to Afghanistan, but the
Afghan government did not welcome them as they had expected. The
migrants returned home to find their property and jobs occupied which
reduced their interest in supporting the Movement as it was more
important for them to get their lives back to normal;
• The new Turkish leader, Kemal Ataturk exiled the Khalifa, and
abolished the institution of the Caliph in 1924 which ended the
Movement.
In 1920 many Muslim people set off on a hijrat to Afghanistan, but the Afghan
government did not welcome them as they had expected. The migrants returned
home to find their property and jobs occupied which reduced their interest in
supporting the Movement as it was more important for them to get their
lives back to normal.
In Chaura Chauri incident 21 policemen were killed due to which Gandhi called
off his support because he was having his aim of self-rule while the Muslims
were much concerned with Khilafat. He was the leader of the groups and
without him it was difficult to continue the movement.
The members of Khilafat Movement were more concerned with the fate of
Khalifa than were the Western powers & the people of Turkey. The biggest
reason was that in 1922 Sultan Mehmud VI was deprived of his power in Turkey
and after 2 years Mustafa Kamal Attaturk formed a nationalist govt. & exiled
the Khalifa. Now there was no reason to carry khilafat movement.
J2019/P1/Q4/c
(c) Was the Moplah uprising in 1921 the main reason for the end of the Khilafat Movement?
Explain your answer.
(Two explanations, one Moplah and one on other reasons, are worth nine
marks. Additional explanations awarded up to 13 marks)
Uprising
• Moplahs were deeply religious Muslims who rose up against their
Hindu landlords and the British in South India. Their activities
destroyed a police station and Hindu property. This action divided
Hindus and Muslims and put in doubt Hindu cooperation in the Khilafat
Movement.
Other reasons
• 18 000 Muslim people migrated to Afghanistan (hijrat) to protect and
foster Islam after a promise of homes and land. However the Afghan
government did not welcome the hijrats and refused many of them
entry. Many of those returning to India died on the journey back or they
found themselves homeless and their jobs occupied. This was
dispiriting for the Muslim community and support for the Khilafat
Movement was lost.
• Some of the leaders including Maulana and Muhammad Ali were
imprisoned in 1921, which made the organisation less effective.
• Gandhi had seen an opportunity for self-rule by joining the Movement
and the involvement of the Hindu community was initially welcomed by
many Muslims. However, this made the objectives of the Movement
less clear since it was felt that Hindu groups and Gandhi were using it
to advance their own interests, not those of the Muslim community.
• The Chauri Chaura incident of violence between protesters and the
police led Gandhi to withdraw his support from the Khilafat Movement.
This left Muslim groups to continue the work of the Movement alone
which, combined with the imprisonment of their leaders and the Hijrat,
was challenging.
• The end of the Movement was also brought about by the decision of
the Muslim Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist government in
Turkey. Muslim groups now had no cause to follow.
Moplahs were deeply religious Muslims who rose up against their Hindu landlords
and the British in South India. Their activities destroyed a police station and
Hindu Properties. This action divided Hindus and Muslims and put in doubt
Hindu cooperation in the movement.

In 1920 many Muslim people set off on a hijrat to Afghanistan, but the Afghan
government did not welcome them as they had expected. The migrants returned
home to find their property and jobs occupied which reduced their interest in
supporting the Movement as it was more important for them to get their
lives back to normal.

The non-cooperation movement was started at a wrong time. Burning of 21 policemen in Chaura Chauri
incident which made it violent. After the non-cooperation movement almost all the prominent leaders of
the Congress & Muslim league were in jail so the Indians were running it in a rebel way so poor leadership
also caused problems.
In Chaura Chauri incident 21 policemen were killed due to which Gandhi called off his support because he
was having his aim of self-rule while the Muslims were much concerned with Khilafat. He was the leader of
the groups and without him it was difficult to continue the movement. Khilafat movement and non
cooperation movement started simultaneously. Both movements were working together but with different
intentions. Khilafat movement was started to save Ottoman Empire. Non-cooperation was started to get
self rule.
The members of Khilafat Movement were more concerned with the fate of
Khalifa than were the Western powers & the people of Turkey. The biggest
reason was that in 1922 Sultan Mehmud VI was deprived of his power in Turkey
and after 2 years Mustafa Kamal Attaturk formed a nationalist govt. & exiled
the Khalifa. Now there was no reason to carry khilafat movement.
Although Moplah uprising played role in the failure of Khilafat Movement but
the most important reason for the failure of Khilafat Movement was
abolishment of Khilafat by Mustafa Kamal Attaturk.
Was the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support the most important reason for the decline of the Khilafat
Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
N2016/P1/Q3/B
Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge? [7]
The Khilafat movement emerged in 1919 after the WW1 and ended up in 1924.
During the First World War, Turkey had fought along with Germany and Austria against the British. The
Muslims were not fighting the war so the British promised that if they won the war, no harm would be
done to the Caliphate and they would not split up Turkey in parts. However, after the war ended, reports
from Europe suggested that the British and French wanted to punish the Turks for their support of the
Germans. They broke their promise and issued the treaty of Sevres and split up Turkey, which angered the
Muslim. This led Maulana Mohammed Ali Johar, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad to
form the Khilafat Movement.
Turkey was a Muslim country and its ruler, the Sultan, was considered the Khalifa, the head of world-wide
Islamic community. Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see
Turkey split up after the war and thus the Caliphate abolished because it was the only region in the world
where the Caliphate was in practice.
The khilafat movement was emerged to maintain Ottoman Empire. Muslims feared that their sacred places
like Makkah, Madinah and Jerusalem would go under non-Muslim rule. These places have huge importance
for muslims world-wide especially in the sub-continent. So for the protection of these places, the khilafat
movement was formed.
Some Muslims believed that the British policy towards Muslims was to encourage the fear of Hindus so that
Muslims would cooperate with British. The British weren’t thinking about the local people of Afghanistan
while fighting with Russia which further increased the anger.
N2014/P1/Q3/C
Were concerns about British policies towards Muslims the most important reason for the foundation of
the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer. [14]
Muslims distrusted British policies, especially after the First World War and the
Rowlatt Act and other legislation. They were concerned that the British were
encouraging Muslims to fear the Hindus so that Muslims would cooperate more
with the British. They were also worried about how British rule in Afghanistan
and Persia had paid little attention to the views of Muslims there and were
worried that the same was happening in India.
The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the
same way they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were
angry at this decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat
in Turkey. Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not
prepared to see Turkey split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished.
It was the only region in the world where the Caliphate was in practice and
the Turkish ruler was known as the “Khalifa or Caliph” so the Muslims wanted
to save Khilafat in Turkey.
The British and other successors wanted to destroy the Ottoman Empire which
contained many sacred places of the Muslims like Makkah, Madina & Jerusalem
or to convert Turkey to a nation than an empire. The Muslims were also anxious
about Hajj and Umrah in case of division of these sacred places. So they started
Khilafat Movement.
British asked muslims to support them in first world war. British promised that
if they won the war, they would not attack the turkey. However, after winning
the war they forgot their promise and decided to punish turkey. So to remind
the promise they started this movement.
Many Indian muslim leaders believed that the decline of Turkish empire would
have an adverse effect on the importance of indian Muslim community. And in
future british may start treating them with disrespect. Therefore they
encourage muslims to launch khilafat movement in order to protect their image
and prestige.
It was clear that British would harm the turkey. So many muslims deserted
the british army as they were not interested in fighting with muslim brothers.
In Islam, muslims are brothers of each other. This meant that they did not
favour the british policy regarding Turkey. This same hatred took form of their
opposition towards british as khilafat movement.
The Muslims of South Asia launched a movement to pressurize the British to
give independence to India by using this agitation because the British govt. was
having a weak position due to World War I and all the Hindus and the Muslims
were united due to Lucknow Pact. Muslims and Hindus were united and Hindus
saw this as the best opportunity to drive british out of India.
Although concerns about british policies was one of the reason for the formation
of Khilafat movement. But the most important reason for formation of khilafat
movement was that muslims held caliphate in high regard.
J2014/P1/Q3/C
Was the migration to Afghanistan (Hijrat) the most important reason why the Khilafat Movement failed?
Explain your answer. [14]
Khilafat movement was formed in 1919 to save Turkey. It failed because of many reasons, including
Gandhi’s withdrawal.
In 1920, thousands of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest on the call of Maulana Abdul
Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Bari. They sold their land and property and began the long and difficult
journey. Initially, the Afghan government welcomed the emigrants, but as a number of migrants increased,
the Afghan government become hostile and refused to accept any more refugees and forcibly send them
back. When they got back to their homes more problems awaited them. They had no jobs and whatever
property they own was now in the hands of Hindus. As a result, many supporters lost their enthusiasm in
supporting the movement as it was more important to get their lives back to normal.
Khilafat movement and non-cooperation movement started simultaneously. Both movements were
working together but with different intentions. Khilafat movement was started to save Ottoman Empire
whereas, Non-cooperation was started to get self-rule. Hindus and Gandhi especially were using this
movement for their own i.e self-rule and did not have any interest in the Muslim demand of protection of
Khilafat.
The British were concerned that the movement was a threat to law and order and it is true that there were
disturbances across India. In 1921, there was an uprising by the Moplahs in South India against the British
and their Hindu landlords. Some 10,000 Moplahs set the police station on fire and took arms and
ammunition (bullets and shells). The British had to send troops in to end the uprising and 4000 Moplahs
were killed. In 1922, in Chaura Chauri village of Gorakhpur district, 21 policemen were killed after they fired
on a political procession. Seeing this Gandhi called off his non-cooperation movement because he feared its
complete blame. Gandhi’s withdrawal at this crucial stage, badly affect the movement. The Congress
support ended and Muslims were left alone in the movement.
Another tragic event that led to dismay the Hindu Muslim unity in the movement was the Moplah uprising.
In 1921, there was an uprising by the Moplahs against the British and their Hindu landlords. Some. 10,000
Moplahs set the police station on fire and took arms and ammunition (bullets and shells). The British had to
send troops in to end the uprising and 4000 Moplahs were killed. This action divided Hindus and Muslims
and put in doubt Hindu cooperation in the movement.
By the end of 1921, all renowned political leaders including Gandhi, Ali Brothers and Maulana Abdul Bari
were arrested and thus there was no proper guidance or leadership available for the Indian Muslims to
conduct or continue with the Khilafat movement, which proved to be a major cause for the failure of the
Khilafat movement in India.
The most important reason for the decline of Khilafat movement was the abolishment of the caliphate in
Turkey. In 1922, a nationalist leader, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, established a nationalist government in
Turkey and himself abolished caliphate. Later in 1924 the last caliph Mehmet VI was exiled to Italy, which
marked the end of the Khilafat movement, leaving no aim for Indian Muslims to continue the movement.
Although Hijrat Movement played role in the failure of Khilafat Movement but the most important reason
for the failure of Khilafat Movement was abolishment of Khilafat by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk.
N2013/P1/Q3/B
Why did the Khilafat Movement fail by 1924? [7]
J2012/P1/Q2/C
‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because Gandhi withdrew his support.’ Do you agree? Give
reasons for your answer. [14]
N2010/P1/Q3/C
Was the migration to Afghanistan the most important reason why the Khilafat Movement failed? Explain
your answer. [14]
J2010/P1/Q2/B
Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7]
J2009/P1/Q4/B
Explain the reasons for the failure of Khilafat Movement? [7]
N2008/P1/Q2/C
‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because of poor leadership.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]
N2006/P1/Q2/C
Was the abolition of the institution of the caliphate in 1924 the main reason for the failure of the Khilafat
Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
The members of Khilafat Movement were more concerned with the fate of Khalifa than were the Western
powers & the people of Turkey. The biggest reason was that in 1922 Sultan Mehmud VI was deprived of his
power in Turkey and after 2 years Mustafa Kamal Attaturk formed a nationalist govt. & exiled the Khalifa.
Now there was no reason to carry khilafat movement. (rest similar to above question)
Although there were other reasons which played role in the failure of Khilafat Movement but the most
important reason for the failure of Khilafat Movement was abolishment of Khilafat by Mustafa Kamal
Attaturk.
J2006/P1/Q3/B
Explain why Khilafat Movement has failed by 1924? [7]
J2006/P1/Q3/B
Was the Khilafat Movement founded because the Muslims feared the breakup of Turkey after the First
World War? Explain your answer. [14]
The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the
same way they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were
angry at this decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat
in Turkey. Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not
prepared to see Turkey split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished.
It was the only region in the world where the Caliphate was in practice and
the Turkish ruler was known as the “Khalifa or Caliph” so the Muslims wanted
to save Khilafat in Turkey.
The British and other successors wanted to destroy the Ottoman Empire which
contained many sacred places of the Muslims like Makkah, Madina & Jerusalem
or to convert Turkey to a nation than an empire. The Muslims were also anxious
about Hajj and Umrah in case of division of these sacred places. So they started
Khilafat Movement.
British asked muslims to support them in first world war. British promised that
if they won the war, they would not attack the turkey. However, after winning
the war they forgot their promise and decided to punish turkey. So to remind
the promise they started this movement.
Many Indian muslim leaders believed that the decline of Turkish empire would
have an adverse effect on the importance of indian Muslim community. And in
future british may start treating them with disrespect. Therefore they
encourage muslims to launch khilafat movement in order to protect their image
and prestige.
It was clear that British would harm the turkey. So many muslims deserted
the british army as they were not interested in fighting with muslim brothers.
In Islam, muslims are brothers of each other. This meant that they did not
favour the british policy regarding Turkey. This same hatred took form of their
opposition towards british as khilafat movement.
The Muslims of South Asia launched a movement to pressurize the British to
give independence to India by using this agitation because the British govt. was
having a weak position due to World War I and all the Hindus and the Muslims
were united due to Lucknow Pact. Muslims and Hindus were united and Hindus
saw this as the best opportunity to drive british out of India.
Muslims distrusted British policies, especially after the First World War and the
Rowlatt Act and other legislation. They were concerned that the British were
encouraging Muslims to fear the Hindus so that Muslims would cooperate more
with the British. They were also worried about how British rule in Afghanistan
and Persia had paid little attention to the views of Muslims there and were
worried that the same was happening in India.
Although there were other reasons for the formation of Khilafat movement.
But the most important reason for formation of khilafat movement was that
muslims held caliphate in high regard and feared the breakup of Turkey.
J2004/P1/Q2/C
Was the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922 the most important reason for the failure of the Khilafat
Movement? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
Section 3
Early Ministries/ Major Iskander Mirza
J2024/P1/Q4/A
Q. Describe the ‘One Unit’ Scheme. [4]
In 1954, Muhammad Ali Bogra had proposed that the four provinces and ten princely states within Pakistan
should be joined together to form West Pakistan. In 1955 Iskander Mirza passed an order unifying all West
Pakistan in what became known as the ‘One Unit’ Scheme. Pakistan was divided into two wings, West and
East Pakistan. Iskander Mirza claimed that the unification would bring about greater efficiency and enable
more rapid development. It would also be a significant step towards a united country.
Q. Why was one unit policy unpopular? [7] (school)
Iskander Mirza (Acting Governor-General) introduced it in 1955 to unify all of West Pakistan. He claimed it would
bring about greater efficiency and enable more rapid development. The scheme was highly unpopular in East
Pakistan, and also was opposed in the individual provinces of West Pakistan. Opposition protests were
ignored and, in the case of Bhawalpur and Khairpur, their state assemblies were closed down. Troops were
used to crush opposition in Balochistan. In 1969 President Yahya Khan annulled one unit scheme
The policy was opposed because Opponents were upset as they might lose their provincial identities.
Leading provincial politicians and political parties feared a loss of power. Even many of those who
supported one unit in principle turned against it when the government failed to keep all its promises to
provincial leaders.
The critics claim that the government had failed to deliver better administration and protection of the
Sindhi language.
People in East Pakistan saw the one unit of West Pakistan as a device to curtail their majority in the
National Assembly. West Pakistan politicians and administrators feared their influence may be challenged if
they did not do this, especially as there were 10 million more people in East Pakistan. By unifying West
Pakistan and making West Pakistan and East Pakistan official with equal representation in the Assembly,
the One Unit Scheme prevented East Pakistan from gaining a majority in the Assembly.
J2019/P1/Q5/B
Explain why there were many governments between 1951 and 1958. [7]
Jinnah the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 and Liaqat Ali and another major
leader died in 1951. The country was struggling to established itself without
these two as most of the other politicians were inexperienced who had great
difficulty in running country as a result there was lack of stability governing
and this led to many different governments being founded during these years.
The formation of East Pakistan brought with it problems relating to the capital
being located in west Pakistan and refusal to have Bengali (the language east
Pakistan) as the main language was a conflict which not only delayed the
constitution but also caused serious political problems to run the country
effectively.
Another reason was the lust for power in Malik Ghulam Mohammad and Iskandar
Mirza, the two heads of state during 1951-58. They frequently changed Prime
Minister from East Pakistan to maintain their authority as they were many
looking for their ‘yes men’ e.g. MGM dismissing Khwaja in 1953 and 3 PMs
were changed by Iskander Mirza in one year (1957-58). This created political
instability and created problems that led to future change in government the
only solution left to bring stability was to impose Martial Law which was
declared in 1958.
J2018/P1/Q5/B
Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958? [7]
There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached
a stage where Ayub Khan felt the army should take control until stability had
been restored.
Previous governments endured a number of problems that hampered
development such as food shortages and a drought, which led to demonstrations
of discontent. As successive governments found difficulty

O Level Pak Studies PAGE 14 History Section 3

 in dealing with these matters, there were many personnel changes to try to
find a solution. As a result, little constitutional development could take place.
Iskander Mirza lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was
alarmed at a plan by Prime Minister Suhrawardy to unite the political leadership
of Bengal and Punjab against him.
J2017/P1/Q4/C
Which of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958?
i. Khwaja Nazimuddin
ii. Malik Ghulam Muhammad
iii. Iskander Mirza
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
(i) After the death of Quaide-e Azam, Khwaja Nazimuddin was made the Governor General of Pakistan in
1948. His powers were shared among Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Mr Tamizuddin, the speaker of
the constituent Assembly of Pakistan. He proposed the objective resolution in 1949. In this, the constitution
would observe the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice. The Muslims
would be able to lead their lives according to Islamic principles. Another religious groups were also allowed
to practice their religion freely. Minorities would also be legally protected from the social injustice. This was
the first step towards the Constitution making, the Islamic and ideological character was preserved.
However, Ullemas criticized that the Constitution was not proper Islamic. During his time Khwaja was able
to draft such financial policies due to which he managed to keep the economy going. He produced a surplus
budgets for the new state. He also supported Liaquat Ali Khan in making a Basic Principle Committee. The
report was presented in 1952 for the future constitution. However, it attracted much criticism as it was
seen by many as being insufficiently Islamic. It contained clauses which gave more power to Federal
government and Head of State resulting in limited power given to Provincial politicians which angered them
as it was against what the Pakistan Movement stood for (provincial autonomy). PRODA (Public and
Representative Officers Disqualification Act) was introduced with the aim of eliminating corruption.
Through this act, officials could be removed from office if misconduct was found. During his rule, the Ahrar
Party demanded that Qadianis should be declared as Non Muslims. The conflict started and the situation
get worse in Punjab. The Govt of Nazamuddin was criticized for lacking firmness. Malik Ghulam later
dismissed him from the position of PM due to poor law and order situation. Mohammed Ali Bogra was
appointed as the new PM of Pakistan.
After the death of Liaquat Ali Khan, Malik Gulam Mohammed became the third governor General of
Pakistan. He drafted the five year plan for the development of economy of Pakistan however, he was
unable to achieve it due to lack of staff and national challenges. Food Crisis and movement of Ahrar party
against Qadianis crippled Pakistan politically and brought the country at the threshold of civil war. The
Ahrar Party demanded that Qadianis should be declared as Non-Muslims and they should be removed from
the key posts of Pakistan including foreign minister Zafar Ullah Khan. The movement spread like wildfire in
country and situation get worsen. The government of MGM was unable to deal with these protests and at
last called for military assistance to curb them which was failure on part of MGM as he dragged in military
to deal which political affairs and sowed the seeds of future martial laws. Due to these challenges little
constitutional development could take place. In 1953, Pakistan faced a severe food crisis. He imported
wheat from USA to reduce food shortages and improved relationships with them. During his time, Pakistan
became the member of SEATO. Pakistan also signed the Baghdad pact with Iran and Turkey, which was
later renamed as CENTO. He also organized the international Islamic conference in Karachi. He resigned in
1955 due to ill health.
Iskander Mirza became the 4th Governor General of Pakistan after the resignation of MGM in 1955. Later in
became the 1st president of Pakistan after the introduction of the constitution of 1956. Iskander Mirza
introduced the one unit scheme according to which 4 provinces of West Pakistan including 10 princely
states were unified together to make one province known as the West Pakistan. Now Pakistan comprised of
2 provinces i.e East and West Pakistan. This was done to improve efficiency and development in West
Pakistan but people of East Pakistan criticized it as it affected their number of seats in the assembly. The
policy meant that East Pakistan could not gain a majority in the Assembly. He suspended the Constitution in
1958 and imposed first Martial Law. His rule became unpopular and lost the support of many leading
politicians. I.M removed 3 prime minister in short period of 1 year (1957_58) which created political and
economic instability in the country and the currency devalued. It forced Ayub Khan (commander in Chief) to
impose martial law in 1958 to restore stability. It was due poor leadership Iskander Mirza that Pakistan had
to suffer from martial law for the coming 11 years.
In my opinion, Khwaja’s contribution was most important as he gave the basis for the first constitution of
Pakistan, under the basic principles committee.
N2016/P1/Q5/B
Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955? [7]
Jinnah the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 and Liaqat Ali Khan died in 1951.
They were the two leading leaders of Pakistan thus after the death of these
two they were no main leaders to guide the unexperienced member of
constituent assembly who were mainly landlords resulting in constitutional crisis
in Pakistan.
In 1953 the G.G Malik Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Khawaja Nazim Uddin the
PM who was replaced by Muhammad Ali Bogra. He was a diplomatic and had
little experience about the political and constitution affairs leading to delay in
constitution making.
8Prime Minister Bogra made an amendment in Govt of India act of 1935 in
1954 in order to reduce power of Governor General MGM when he was abroad.
When he returned he dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency
stating that Bogra had lost the confidence of the people. This was challenged
in court but Ghulam Muhammad prevailed. This delayed making of the first
constitution even further as the new assembly was elected in the following year
to restart the work on constitution making and a lot of their time was wasted.
One unit scheme introduced by Iskandar Mirza in 1955 in which 4 provinces of
in Pak and 10 princely states were unified to make one province known as West
Pakistan. The East Pakistanis saw that now the seats would be equally divided
b/w east and west Pak in the assembly and felt that it was deliberate attempt
on part of I.M and then west Pakistani leaders to prevent them in gaining
majority in the assembly although east Pakistan’s were 54 percent. This caused
constitutional crisis.
N2014/P1/Q4/B
Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? [7]

J2013/P1/Q4/C
Who of the following contributed the most to Pakistan’s domestic policies between 1948 and 1958?
i. Liaquat Ali Khan
ii. Malik Ghulam Muhammad
iii. Iskander Mirza
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above. [14]
Liaquat Ali Khan made the first move towards constitutional development with
his Objectives Resolution in 1949. Which consisted on the principles of Islam
i.e. freedom and religious tolerance as it stated that not only Muslims will be
able to lead their lives according to Islamic principles but other religious groups
should be able to practice their own religion. Hence, it was a success of LAK’s
part as it enabled him to deflect criticism from Ullemas (religious leaders) who
said the new state was not Islamic enough as it satisfied the Ullemas. During
his time LAK was able to draft such financial policies due to which he managed
to keep the economy going. It was a success on his part as he was able to
produce surplus budgets for the new state. Basic Principle Committee in 1950,
provided with clauses for drafting of a constitution. However, it attracted much
criticism as it contained clauses which gave more power to Federal government
and Head of State resulting in limited power given to Provincial politicians which
angered them as it was against what the Pakistan Movement stood for
(provincial autonomy). During his PRODA (Public and Representative Officers
Disqualification Act) was introduced with the aim of eliminating corruption as
it gave the power to Governor-General or Provincial Governors to initiate inquiry
by Judges against public office holders and if found guilty can be removed from
position. However, it was criticized by many as against Jinnah’s democratic
vision and was used by ruling elites to threaten opposition (public office holders)
to be silent.
However, others also contributed towards the domestic policies.
There were shortage of food during the region of MGM due to severe droughts.
At first the government was slow to address the situation and there were
protests against the government and soon he was able to get a million tons
wheat from Australia and USA which helped to eliminate these forced shortages
and people calm down. There were also protests on religious lines as many
Ullemas demanded that all Ahmedis should be decided non-Muslims and should
also remove from senior posts including foreign minister Zafar Ullah Khan but
the government of MGM was unable to deal with these protests and at last
called for military assistance to curb them which was failure on part of Ghulam
Mohammad as he dragged in military to deal which political affairs and sowed
the seeds of future martial laws. Due to these problems little constitutional
development could take place.
Iskander Mirza became the 4th Governor General of Pakistan after the
resignation of MGM in 1955. Later in became the 1st president of Pakistan
1956 after the introduction of the constitution of 1956. Iskander Mirza passed
the one unit scheme according to which 4 provinces of West Pakistan (Punjab,
Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan) including 10 princely states were unified together
to make one province known as the West Pakistan. Now Pakistan comprised of
2 provinces i.e East and West Pakistan. It was important as it helped to resolve
the constitution issue of division of seats in the assembly as now seats were
equally divided between east and West Pakistan made in the constitution of
1956. The policy meant that East Pakistan could not gain a majority in the
Assembly. I.M removed 3 prime minister in short period of 1 year (1957_58)
which created political instability of and provided a reason to Ayub Khan
(commander in Chief) to impose martial law in 1958 to restore stability. It
was due poor leadership Iskander Mirza that Pakistan had to suffer from martial
law for the coming 11 years.
In my opinion, Liaquat’s contribution was most important if compared with
MGM and IM.
N2011/P1/Q4/B
Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? [7]
East Pakistan disagreed with the draft proposals of Basic Principle Committee in 1950 because it felt that its
people were under-represented, especially given its large population as they were 54% of total population,
and it wanted representation at least equal to each of West Pakistan’s provinces. It also objected to Urdu
being the main language, given its use of Bengali.
There was opposition from local and provincial politicians, as they had no input under the proposals of
approving of the power of the head of state and central government.
Religious groups also objected, as the new constitution wouldn’t put enough emphasis on Islam, and they
argued that Pakistan should be governed on Islamic principles. Since, there was so much opposition to
these proposal, LAK felt it needed further consideration resulting in constitutional crisis.