Semester Paper Paper Title No.

of CA UE Total
Code Credit
III ELC-232 II Digital communication 2 15 35 50
and Networking

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Communication System

Continue……
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 Electronic Communication
Communication can be defined as exchange of information between source and destination
Located at far distance.
Electronic communication involves transmitting, receiving and processing Information by
means of electronic system

Sr. Electronic System Inventor Year

1 Telegraph (Wired) W.F. Cook and Charles Wheatstone 1840s
Point to point text message
2 Telegraph (Wireless) Guglielmo Marconi (Noble prize) 1895
3 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell 1876
4 Television John Logie Baird 1926
5 Radio Guglielmo Marconi 1901
6 Satellite USSR 1957
7 Cell Phone Martin Cooper 1973
8 Internet (www) Tim Berners- Lee 1991
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 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTONIC COMMUNICAITON
Q. With a neat diagram explain elements of electronic communication system. 4 marks

Free space, wire,

Optical fiber etc
Information or
Intelligence Recovered
Transmitter Communication Receiver
(Audio, video, Information or
Computer TX Channel RX
Intelligence
data etc.)

Noise

Block diagram of communication system

Information Source: it originates the message to be conveyed

Transmitter: Transducer provides signal in suitable baseband format to transmitter block. The
Transmitter block does the processing required for making the signal suitable for transmission.
It may have amplifier, modulator, multiplexer and antenna.
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External noise
a. Human made noise/ industrial noise: Produced by spark producing mechanisms such as
engine ignition system, fluorescent lights, electric motors etc. Human made noise occur
randomly head frequencies up to around 500Mhz.
b. Atmospheric noise: It is caused by naturally occurring disturbances in the earth atmosphere
because of lightning discharges, thunderstorm etc. The frequency content is spread over entire
radio spectrum.
c. Space noise: The noise caused due to sun he is called solar noise. The solar noise reaches to
peak every 11 years. All other stars also contribute to space noise called cosmic noise.
The frequency spectrum is 8Mhzz to 1.5Ghz.

Internal noise
They are generated by electronic circuits are of two basic types.
Johnson noise/ thermal noise: At temperature greater than absolute zero, thermal energy
causes microscopic particles to exhibit random motion. The random motion of charged
particles such as electrons generate random current or voltages called thermal noise. Its
frequency content spread equally throughout the usable spectrum, it is called white noise. It
appears in every communication system.
Shot noise: It is produced by electronic component such as transistor. Other than this at lower
frequency less than 1 Khz flicker noise occurs and at high frequencies transit time noise
occurs.

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Q. What is electro magnetic spectrum. 1 or 3 marks

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from
below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands
of kilometres down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is
divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are
called by different names; beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the
spectrum these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays,
and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end.

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Radio frequency Spectrum

Navy, Military communication

Aeroplane and marine

AM radio

Short wave radio

FM and TV

Mobile and Military

Satellite and radar

Satellite and special radar

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Q. What is speed of light? 1 marks
In wireless communication the information is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic
Form. The electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that is always in motion. It
propagates through a vacuum at the speed independent to both wavelength and
frequency. It is 3X 108 m/s. The speed is given by,
C=λ f
Where, λ= wavelengh in meter and F= frequency in hertz
Q. What is bandwidth? 1 marks
Bandwidth is difference between upper and lower frequency limits of signal. It is defined as
The range of frequencies that the signal occupies. It is also defined as the range of
frequency over which a signal is transmitted.
Q. What is signal bandwidth? 1 marks
Bandwidth of analog and digital signals is calculated in
separate ways. In analog technology, the bandwidth is the
difference between the lowest and highest frequencies that
can pass through the channel. Analog signal bandwidth is
measured in terms of its frequency (Hz) but digital signal
bandwidth is measured in terms of bit rate (bits per
second, bps).
For AM Broadcasting 20Khz bandwidth is common and for
TV it is approximately 6 Mhz. The bandwidth of telephone is
10
3000-30=2700Hz.
Q. What is channel bandwidth? 1 marks
A channel is the medium through which the input signal passes. It is defined as range of
Frequencies which can be transmitted over communication channel. It depends on the
Communication channel parameters such as construction, thickness and length.
Ex. A 60 to 108 Khz band can accommodate upto 12-4000 Hz voice channels. Thus allowing
Single channel to carry 12 individual information. Here signal bandwidth is 4Khz while
Channel bandwidth is 48Khz (108 Khz-60Khz)

Channel Bandwidth Signal Bandwidth

In terms of analog signal, bandwidth of the channel is the range of frequencies that the
channel can carry. In terms of digital signal, bandwidth of the channel is the maximum bit
rate supported by the channel. i.e. number of bits per second that the channel can carry.
The bandwidth of the medium should always be greater than the bandwidth of the signal
to be transmitted else loss of information takes place.
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Q. Classify types of communication ? 4mks
Electronic communication systems can be classified according to transmission modes, type
of information and baseband or broadband type
1. Transmission modes: There are three modes of transmission for data communication
system stated as follows
a. Simplex b. Half Duplex c. Full Duplex
Simplex: In simplex data transmission is unidirectional. The sender can only send the data,
and the receiver can only receive the data. The receiver cannot reply to the sender.
The simplex can utilize data transfer at maximum capacity since it only has one direction to
go. It is effect in an environment where large amounts of information is to be sent from a
destination to one or more receivers.
Example: Radio, TV, keyboard

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Half Duplex: In half duplex data transmission is possible in both directions but one at a time.
The sender and receiver can both send and receive the information, but only one is allowed
to send at any given time. They are also referred as two way alternate or either way lines.
Example: walky talky, ATM cards, Pager, Fax

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Full Duplex: In full duplex data transmission is possible in both directions simultaneously.
The sender and receiver can both transmit and receive at the same time. They are also
called two way simultaneous, duplex or both way lines.
Example: Telephone, Mobile, Video conferencing, internet etc.

2. Type of information: According to type of information used the communication system

can be classified as
1.Analog 2. Digital
Analog Communication : An analog signal is a physical quantity that varies continuously
with time. All naturally occurring signals are analog in nature. Ex. Sound, video etc.
An analog communication system is a communication system where the information signal
sent from point A to point B can only be described as an analog signal. The analog
communication system involve analog modulation techniques such as AM, FM, PM.
Ex Radio, Television etc
Digital Communication system: The digital communication system transfer information in
digital form. If the information is analog then it first converts the information into digital
form for transmission. At receiver it is converted back to analog.

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The digital communication technique are widely used because of their advantages over
analog technics. The fundamental advantages of digital communication are:
1. It is possible to process signal at transmitter as well as at receiver
2. It is possible to store signal
3. Better noise immunity
4. It is possible to add security
However digital form has two main disadvantages
1. More Complex technique involved 2.Large bandwidth is required

3.Baseband or broadband
Baseband : It means the signal is transmitted at its base frequencies and no modulation
technique is implemented.
Ex Telephone
Broadband communication: In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data
transmission which transports multiple signals and traffic types.

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Q. Write a short note on synchronous communication. 2.5mks
In Synchronous data transfer, the sending and receiving units are enabled with same clock
signal. The term synchronous is used to describe continuous and consistent timed data
transfer of data blocks. In this method bit stream is combined into data blocks and data
communication takes place without gaps. Since here no start and stop bits are employed
the timing signals must be accurate to transfer data efficiently. To maintain synchronization
between transmitter and receiver, a group of 4 bits is placed at the beginning of the block
and at the end of the block. Two 8 bit synchronization ‘SYN’ code signals indicate start of
transmission. The receiver looks for these characters and then begin receiving the data
stream. At the end of the block end of text ‘Etx’ is send which indicates end of transmission.
The addition of only SYN bits do not increase bits being transmitted.
Advantage: The synchronous technique is faster than asynchronous.
There are no gaps between characters
Disadvantages: If clock is not in sync timing error occurs

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Q. Write a short note on asynchronous communication. 2.5mks
Asynchronous communication is transmission of data, generally without the use of an
external clock signal, where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady
stream. The term ‘asynchronous’ is used to describe the process where data is added with
start and stop bits to show beginning and end of data transmission.
In this data flows in half duplex mode, 1 byte or character at a time. Usually 8 bit data
block is employed with one start and one stop bit making it 10 bits word.
It does not require clock synchronization. When there is no data to be communicated the
transmission channel is at idle state.
Advantage: Synchronization is not required, simple and fast
Disadvantage: additional start and stop bits are required per character and the technique is
slower
Application: keyboard to communication

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Q. What is data rate? 1mks
The data rate is a term to denote the transmission speed, or the number of bits per second
transferred. The useful data rate for the user is usually less than the actual data rate
transported on the network. One reason for this is that additional bits are transferred for
e.g signaling, the address, the recovery of timing information at the receiver or error
correction to compensate for possible transmission errors.
Q. What is bit rate and baud rate? 1mks
Bit rate and Baud rate, these two terms are often used in data communication. Bit rate is
simply the number of bits (i.e., 0's and 1's) transmitted per unit time. While Baud rate is the
number of signal units transmitted per unit time that is needed to represent those bits
Q. What is baud rate of serial port?
In the serial port context, "9600 baud" means that the serial port is capable of transferring
a maximum of 9600 bits per second.
Q. Why baud rate is 9600?
The baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a communication channel.
In the serial port context, "9600 baud" means that the serial port is capable of transferring
a maximum of 9600 bits per second. At baud rates above 76,800, the cable length will need
to be reduced

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The baud rate specifies how fast data is sent over a serial line. It's usually expressed in
units of bits-per-second (bps). ... One of the more common baud rates, especially for
simple stuff where speed isn't critical, is 9600 bps. Other "standard" baud are 1200,
2400, 4800, 19200, 38400, 57600, and 115200.

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Q. State Nyquist theorem for data communication. 1mks
Maximum Data Rate
Some factors can limit the maximum transmission rate of a transmission system. Nyquist's
theorem specifies the maximum data rate for noiseless condition, whereas the Shannon
theorem specifies the maximum data rate under a noise condition.

For example, if a transmission system like the telephone network has 3000 Hz of
bandwidth, then the maximum data rate = 2 × 3000 log2 2 = 6000 bits/sec (bps).

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Q. Define signal to noise ratio (SNR). 1mks
Noise is measured relative to an information signal in terms of the signal-to-noise prower
Ration S/N. Lower values of S/N, degrades fidelity in analog communication and produces
Errors in digital communication.
The SNR at a given point in a communication system is defined as the ratio of average
Signal power at that point to the average noise power at the same point
SNR= Average signal power
Average noise power
SNR dB = 10 log Ps
Pn
To improve value of SNR either power should be increased or noise power should be reduced.
Some modulation techniques provide more options for betterment of SNR. For example, in
Frequency modulation transmission, increase in bandwidth increases SNR

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Q. Define Channel capacity. 1mks
Information capacity/ channel capacity of a data communication system is a measure of
How much information can be propagated through a communication system. It is a function of:
i. Bandwidth of the communication channel
ii. Time of transmission

If bandwidth of channel is greater, the more information can be transmitted in a given time
If bandwidth of channel is narrow large time for transmission is required

The Hartley’s law relates channel capacity, bandwidth and transmission time
CαBXT
The channel capacity can be increased by allowing more bits per symbol for transmission
then the formula gets modified to
C=2B log2N
For binary data C=2B

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Q. Define Shannon theorem. 1mks
In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which
information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in
the presence of noise.

C= Channel capacity, bits/sec

B= Bandwidth
S/N= signal to noise ration

Implication of Shannon theorem

1. By increasing bandwidth, the channel capacity can be proportionately increased without
Degrading noise performance or raising signal power

2. By exponentially increasing signal power, the capacity can be increased without increasing
BW or degrading noise performance

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Q. Explain error detection codes 2.5 marks
Error detection is the detection of errors caused by noise or other impairments during
transmission from the transmitter to the receiver.
Error correction is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original error free data.
Types of error
i. Single bit
ii. Multiple bit
Forward error correction (FEC) is a digital signal processing technique used to enhance data
reliability. It does this by introducing redundant data, called error correcting code, prior to
data transmission or storage. FEC provides the receiver with the ability to correct errors
without a reverse channel to request the retransmission of data.
Forward error correction works by adding redundant bits to a bitstream to help the decoder
detect and correct some transmission errors without the need for retransmission. The
name forward stems from the fact that the flow of data is always in the forward direction
(i.e., from encoder to decoder).
To correct the error in data frame, the receiver must know exactly which bit in the frame is
corrupted. To locate the bit in error, redundant bits are used as parity bits for error
detection.For example, we take ASCII words (7 bits data), then there could be 8 kind of
information we need: first seven bits to tell us which bit is error and one more bit to tell that
there is no error.

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Automatic repeat request (ARQ), also known as automatic repeat query, is an error-
control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the
receiver indicating that it has correctly received a packet) and timeouts (specified periods
of time allowed to elapse before an acknowledgment is to be received) to achieve reliable
data transmission over an unreliable service. If the sender does not receive an
acknowledgment before the timeout, it usually re-transmits the packet until the sender
receives an acknowledgment or exceeds a predefined number of retransmissions.

Hamming Code is one of the most common FEC type error detection and correction code.
It was invented by Richard Hamming in 1950. it makes use of the concept of adding extra
parity bits in the data information to be communicated. Here first message i.e hamming
code is generated consisting of data information and parity bits. Constructed message is
transmitted. When hamming code is received at receiver it is processed to check error. If
error has occurred its position is identified and the corrected

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Q. What is parity ? 1mks

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Q. What is parity ? 1mks

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Q. What is Hamming code for ? 2.5mks
Hamming code is error detection an error correction technique. Hamming code is constructed
by placing parity bits with message bits. The number of parity bits required depends on the
Length of information bits in data transmission.
If the length is ‘m’ then number of extra parity bits required, ‘P’ is calculated by Hamming rule
m+P+1<=2p
If the data information is 4 bit
i. Let P=2 then m+P+1=2+4+1=7. Since 2P = 22=4 but Hamming rule fails here 7≠ 4
ii. Let P=3 then m+P+1=3+4+1=8. Since 2P = 23=8 but Hamming rule is satisfied here 8= 8
Thus Parity bit required is 3
The Hamming code word in this case will have 4 + 3 = 7 bits
Bit Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Data P1 P2 M1 P3 M2 M3 M4
Message M1 M2 M3 M4
HC
Hamming code can be designed with even or odd parity
P1= 1,3,5,7
For even parity P1, P2,P3 will check parity for even i.e number of 1
P2= 2,3,6,7 Should be even ex p1=1001
P3= 4,5,6,7 31
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Q. Construct Hamming code for message 1101even parity ? 4mks
Hamming rule
m+P+1<=2p
Here message is 4 bit
i. Let P=2 then m+P+1=2+4+1=7. Since 2P = 22=4 but Hamming rule fails here 7≠ 4
ii. Let P=3 then m+P+1=3+4+1=8. Since 2P = 23=8 but Hamming rule is satisfied here 8= 8
Thus Parity bit required is 3
The Hamming code word in this case will have 4 + 3 = 7 bits
Bit Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Data P1 P2 M1 P3 M2 M3 M4
Message 1 1 0 1
Parity 1 0 0
HC 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

P1= 1,3,5,7 Hence P1= 111. Here number of 1s is odd so we need to make it even P1=1
P2= 2,3,6,7 Hence P2=101. Here number of 1s is even so P2=0
P3= 4,5,6,7 Hence P3=101. Here number of 1s is even so P3=0
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Q. If message bit is 8 bit how many parity bits are required
4

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Thank you

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