O MCA 10)

ATHerOATICA L FOUNDATFONS FOR COOPOTINUb

Module I

bets
A Set a wel olelined lollechon of
obecs hese (alled elements
obecs ase

membeOS of dhe Set Use Capial leHess ,B, C- -

Sels an lowes (ase lekess A, b , -

t epsesent

elemens vs Sel A, wte EA

DePse Sent a

i is an eemenk of A a l A in abes
meobes a A
no
Example
TFA s he set Consishing o f he i s hue pessbve
inkgeos, hen we toste A 134,5Hese
EA bn 6 ¢A
Apotes hotabon dvs he Sct sA= } r/x Is an

Ipeger
arl 14Y<51.

tnSrile Sets
binite ad
nubeo ol elements tn he Sef
Tf he
15 Called hinite olheasoiie
hinte hen he Set

(nhinite
Exarople
he se of pohbue kgeas
I-71,3,3,.. -

}
, 6, x /eI, ieoo Sw
A-31,4
ak/keT Is bhnie
B- ,6,3, -
 Subet unu vese 0
oe sel tspm
1 CD
wnte C CD
C D
ard w te
Cis Calle a Subset of D

elemen! oCi an elenent of D.

eve hen
lonhins dn elemenl not in C,
D

Subset of D ord is deolesb

Called
Callel a poDe6

cCD

narople
ke U- 1234,5 wih A-,93 B34
and C-1,3,3,4, dhen Ac C ACC

BcC, B A
Nullet
The nul Se o6 emp se is dhe
dhe
set toneuinung Po elemenk Z4s deookod b Ùor?f
Ponoes et

Tf A s a Sedoom unwvese 0. he pooeag

ishe Collechon of all
9e of A demhe b PAD

3ubsels o A

Aanmple
A=1,3,34
PIM4,3,121,31,$43, f1,3, f131, F142
1343, in,3 {1243, 1343
3,53343,
3,343, A
 -Se of ntegers.
N set of Dahtaa numbess

Sel o posihve okge

S dSe of ortodna nurmbers
pasnbve aboral umbes
Sel of
numbeas.
R Sel o Seal

pve ea numbes
R se of

sel of (omp'e numbebs.

Sel OpeaxboS
A, BC U

h e Unlon o Aad B Is AUB:x/zeAYXGB

The easechorr of A and B s AnB =}x/xEA N ZEB

The Symmebs ci&tesence AAB is

A AB-x/xe AUBA z ¢AnB

tcample
0-13,34,54, 7,S9,10A-13,4,5f
B-34,54,7}. ad c-7,5,9
AnB- 34,51
AUB=1,3,3,4,5,6,7)
Bnc 7
Anc=

A AB= 1,R,47}
AUC-3 1,R,4, 578,77
AAC = 1,,3,4,5, 7,15
 Compement
hwx a et ACO he lompemen of A

denled b U-A os A given byx/teUn zfA

Exompe
Lhe PevionJ

U,a3,4,5,6,7,5,9, 1o )345

A6,7,8,4,10
too ABCU heelahve Complemend of A inB

Cenoke
by B-A is z/xeBAz¢A
A f A=}) ,34,5 ad B-3 4,5,4,7
B-A 6 , 7
1.Fos SsesA, md B Poove Hhat

AUB AnB
Solnbon
e e AUB 7¢AUB

EAA and re BB

=> XEA pB
AUB C AnB
7EA Ored XEB
Ael E AnB
-xdn avl dB AA
AUB

re AUB
(
AA
Anp C AUB
AUB = ANB
pm onl )
 any Sels A and B poove dha AnB = AUB

Soluhon
he LADB>XEA _al e B

AtB

e e AnDB AnB
¢ A and 24 B

e A UB
ADB C AUB

AUB EA 0'sxeB
e e

¢A and x4 B

(R)
AUB C ADB
Fopm ( ardl (a)
ADE AUB

3 Fs an
ses A, B and CC Poove hat

AnCBUC) = (ApB)U (anc)

Soluhioo ard re BUC

xEA
ae AD(BUC) =
XEA ard (EB ox
xe C)
EA aro xeB) os (zeA anl e c
- (xe An8) ox(x¬ Anc)
- xe (An B) UCan)
An (BUc) e (AnB)U(Anc)
 (an()-(XEAnB)o% (Xe AD
xe (AOB)0
=XEA and Xeb)ox
(MeA ard

XEA cmd (eB

os XeC)

XEA ard (e BU

x E AnCBU C)

(AnB) (Anc) An (BUC) (a)

Froom CD anl ( An (BUC) =(AnB) U (anc)
A
4 Povve Hhat AU (BNc) - (AUB) n CAvc)
Fero { \,2,3,15,6, 7,8,9, 10f Aet
det
5 U=

A 1,,3, 4,53 B- 1,34s, c-\,23, 5,7

Detesmne Each of he olloeing
ad D- 3,4,6,83
AUB)nc AD CBnc)
TUD
f) AUCB-O
AUB)-c
(h) B-Ce-D)
8 B--D
AUB) - (cnD)

Solubo
AUB 1,313,4581
DC31R,3, 5
x UB
A
BoC- ,a
AUC Bnc) - , , 3,A,5
C)T3 4, 6,8,9, 10j
D 1, 3, 5,7,910j
cUD1,3,4,5,6, 7, 2,,10
) CnD= a ,
CnD , 2,4,5,67,5,9,)0j

)(nUB)- C
=
}4,s1 A

C)B-c4,31
AU G-O,3,3,458j
) (B--D }
(6) c-D ),3,5, 7j
B-Cc-DD = 33,4,8

(CnD) ,a,4,5, 311

a)avE-
nwl C- { z .How
61f A- a,b.d B-} d,xy os he set
Smbsek
SMbsek a e eoce
ase hebe
Poupeo
mony
dos he Set An (BUC)2
An (BUC)2
don man
AnB)UC -7

oluso
ADB- d}
(An) U C =d,x, z1
th he Set 3
um be o od elemens
Jhe 3
u m bes of Swbses of ABUc = 2 =
S
The
num bey of oopes Sbses of enB) vC= 4f
he
BUCd 7, 9, z1
An (BU) 3d
Dopes Subses
dk
The numbes

Castesian ovduets

Fos ses A, B Hhe lorshesian poodu 0

CoDss povduk of A ond B is deroed b AXB

=
S@,b /aeh, beBj
frs edmple Jet - , 3 , 4} , B- {4,53
fos
AxB 4(a,5)(,4) ( ) (44DeD1
Kelarion
Ses A,B an Subset of AXB IS Called
aselahor) fsvm A to B Ang Subse
Slbse of
of AxA s

Called oa sekho00 on A

he o llowin some of he oelabons o

A to B in he above example,

a,4)
C(4) (,D1
d) (a,4) (3,4) A)}
e)a) (6,4) (+91
(f)AB
 Sinte AXB) = 6 dhese aoe posssble selabons
Foo A do B
A SxapA
Fov dnde Sels A,B Wih A= m ord E)=n,
theoe ae Delahons foom A to B. includng he
well Hhe
he selhon AxB 1self
emp deuhon
emphy aS as

heoe aoe also oeeubons From B oA one of

ond dmhes of ohtch s BXA.

wch IS also

ample
el B-S,?henA- P 1,13,13,)
txample oda sehhon on A:

X- (6), (, A), (4.1) {4 {13),

(1,)(3,8),3), (121,fa). (),12)
(tsal, iv)}
1. hor A, B, C CU, PovVe hat
Ony Se
A
Ax(Bpc)= (ArB) (axc)
n

Solkon
AX (BNC) a EA ond bé BDC
e
hel (a,b)E
KA
a E A and bE B, C
atA m bEB and acA, bE C

0,b)a,b)E AxB ad (a,b)C AXC

( a , ) e AxB)nAx)
oONe hak Ax (BUC) =
Ax U (ARC)
3 Fos anu Sers A,B,c e U AkA
aDve /al (Ane)xc =(AX)n (Bxe)
Prot
aeA0B ard beC
e
ke la,b)e (AOB)xc

A, B md beC
ae
aeA,bEC ad acB, bEC
ae
AXC ad (a,be BAC
la,bDE

(a,5) e (Axn (Bx)

AxUCBxC
4) Pove ha (AUBxC =

6) keA iab.sd)an B twx

Let a,b, e,d ad B-/,
of troee nop
enph eabons
CaCoive exoples
A do B
foo
exampes of po emphsehbons oD
A
(bhroee

owho
Subsel of Ax8
Keation a
lo,1) (a,x),ta,Dj
Cie)

Citg (C,) (d,) (¢),(o9 (d), d9

 Ci)laiCa,)lad),lo,4)

het A a,b,cd,ef,a.hf
ard B-91351
hree tn AP(AxB).
elements ae
aHow many
ARAL
Cpenealize he esult (a

soruho
1B-5So AXB= A1xIB)= s5-40
Al 8
GC So hee
Ao elemens .

Subsets o AxB Is
he numbe- of

PIAXD
AxB- Ax1B) =
m
lAl-m m B) n,
elemens n AXB mD
o
( he numbe
elemenb PlAXB)
thw heoe

sdudar
 Claasvkrabor of Rehbions )
Relewive
Sel A s
Calecd
calad
A euhop R Op a

zeA, (Xx)EK.
efleaive tos all

Se A wh
JAl= n, (3
fosathinhe

AxAl-n heve are selabons on A

-sefloaiveeukons on A.
hese e

Exaople
a3ehborReAXA 1oil) be
et A=} ,R34j
R 0,D((,36A
eflexive i ard only
is pot a eflexive
R - CDG26j
On A
belahon
dxAl oeflexiue A.

Ra (zD/7jeA, z <y s

(3(34)

ymmebnc
Set A s Called
Telaionb
Ro
A dor all
(x,yER
> (9,x) ER,
ummemC
) Summeoc
hese abe
K3EA (0 selabons
hese
6elahons On A
 on A Hhal aoe bolh selexive ad hamblbe.
eric
Eornple
Goivern

OR 03aD 0D6Di pmmanc bu m

se flexive ehhon on A
Ra0D e26,)0)j *ehewve bu not

romeaic elabo on A
0
R0,D G,26) G,Dh3) hh oefkese
ond gromalsc

)Ra- CDe 61 pehes oeflexue

Symmehc

Foasibive
Se A, a sehhon R on A is Called
fore
hsaesbve if fos all 7y,xeA, (xD, (9,DeR

->(D¬R

Example uDta,9,4)(a4

13341.
han R,}
le A eluboo
on
A.
fadnSihve

is betaule
axans bve

v9, 0 E R
 Sel
sel
(pnsndes he selahiorn R on he

e
aRb a douples b
cezt
b=CA bvs Some
sez
>=
Sx dvesome
L R4 os Some
Some
te
t éz
z
foo
RZ
z-ly tsez
(t)x hr
t (sx)
-

7=ty =
RZ

toanshVe

Sx d
hRy R 1s
sedlexiue,

Rx, so R6 but
SyromlnC betawe
But R o

6R, a
Telahon R on dhe Sel b
Consvdes
aRb vohen abyo
we
haue X 2 0
all 1oeges
nd Rs sefleavee
So Rx
he
,9Ez
od R

AmmelnC
R Snce
(3,6,lo -7)eR
R re dansbve,

caue ka
(3,-7) 4R be (3(-9)<o
(3(-9)<o.
by o-9)20 0-9>o
bu
ard
((0)>,o
 Anhis mmetwic
on a Sek A R
Oiven
if fo all a,bEA aRb and
Called onh'symmelsic
bRa a -b

Exampe
seahoo R
Unweasal set U debine a
CCiveo
ACB. fo A,BEU.
on Plu) b (A,B)ER
We
have
have A CB
ad BRA, he
ARB
A-B.Jhe seahorn s
and BS A whth ves
v e s

ARA, he sehhan
anhisy homebnc. Also A CA
ard BRC A C B arrd BCC
selexiue. AR B

>ASC ARCt 9ueideset

R toansihve.

Bt R ls h Smmeoc.

he selahon Kon A pven b

fosA- $,3,31.
R O.3D (,0,/o,
mmec
belanue (3)4 R A
Ri bu
betave O ) ,aDER 142.
Kis o anh Summet1c
O
boh Symmewe
he Kehbon R: 6,Dla,D1 1s
A ds
ond Oruh summelic

hese ae (a") Onh'sy mmebc oelahons on A.

 Preckial ocsderoin
A elahoo K ona sel A is Called

pardhl Oxdes 06 padial cocesnyehkn,f

ard htnshie,
R selleaive anhymmetc

Eravoge
he
he selahor R on he e z by aRb
Debne
A)
a sb
betane ala
O R is sellecive
be (anse aRb ard bRa
R anhsy mmeoc
arcl bea = a=b
->asb

oanshve belanse aRb amd bRe

R 's

and b<C > asC are.

ab

R pashal oaeom clabior

he Tebbon R on P0) b ARB

ehne
ACB Porve hk he sehhon IS Pohal

Odle's seahon d

(Coive dhe sel A- 1,9,3,4, 6,a. he Sel of

1Debine Jhe ehhoo
neges dhuisoas of lR.
poSbve
A Ry if daudes
dudes
Ro
 Ris sellexive becae Xdules x.

anhsymmosc beLawe xRyand Rx

R
x divides
and doudes

became x Ry Ord yRz

R toansihvMe

and drurdes z
>x duides
>x cdrndes z

- x Rz

oelahonb
EguilaleMLe

egwidalente selah K en a sel A

a oehhon hat sellexdve, S
omene

tsansihivee
Crample-

A- f),3. hen R, } C1,D(1,a (,)

oe lahon o A
s an envmlenue
(3,D/3)
and SR3 SD R, is selexne
IRI, aR

RtHrd R3 LR3

Ra a 3R-
So R s
4mmetox .

R3 3RI

1R3
1RI and IR3
1RI
R3 and 3 RI =
IR3
R3 ad 3R3
S0 R is Fsans ivVe
 elahion
eurualente
R is an

Ci,D,2 (13 a,D

D 31,23 Ra
A-
nquiualense

CR la, (3 (3,5 (3,39

is

elahon on A

C,D,(,) (33) e R
sedlexive
Ra
Cy => (a,))
C1,3 (3
Ca, (,
Ra 1s
C,D and C11
(,

C1, and Cl3) C),3)

C,omd ( , 1 ) > ( , )
ard (3, ) > CVa)
Cl
Cya)ad (2,3-,3

Cy)ord 3 , > C
ard C3, V)
Cy3
Clyand 3)>Cy3) cT
Ra is goansbve. 9
e9unalente
enbop.
Ro is ar
 Szy,zf ave
ard
he
et A
=} 1,9,2,,5, 6, 7 B-

fAB be he Oop chunckof- o, (9,)

Dkoe e
,2 Ch (5,2 (%D (7,3f.
aRb flð-feb) Koove h a
beahon R A
On b
ap egniMalente selahon
R
s
each aEA, fl-fld) betanse a

tunhpn.. s0 a Ra ard kR is Dellexive.

ad aRb fn-f(6
Fos a,beA
> f(D= fla
bRa

S0 R is mebc

a Rb ord bR C
tos ab c EA

flo)-fa) and fb-Slc)

> fl= fo
Cce aRe. d
So R is toUm$bve

eguNalene ehhon.
R ao

Equh selahop feel

seubon on
Set A, dhen Ris
Pf R
selahon a a parsbal erxe
boh egnivalenue

on A and oy Ris he egoli h

selahono A
C A- 3451 3ve an enarople
of a oelaboo R A thad
sedlexNe ad mec
bu o Fscnsvee

seflexive ond bansihve bu odomea.e

()Summotoe and taanshve bu ol oelkuve

@R- oD , ( s , ) ,4D(5,5) CV5)(9,D(6,3D(95)7

ASn

isoeleave belase of ,(a, 5 (3,2 G,D(5,5

and
(1,5) (5,) ->0,D ard
IS Symmese beeomse of
Ad
15,9 (3,9- (55)

No toanshve betane C15),(5,he C1,3) Is not

tn R

Is selexve etanse ol ,D , ) (3,9(4, (5,5)

tsanbshve betanie o C1,5), (55) =5 (1,5) E R

s
belaue C,5) E R
Ra is nol mmec
Bwt
bu (5,D 4Ra
Ce) Ra ( ) 1s5),ts,D (15) (5,D ,D
sellenive
becanse (a,3 R
no
becane C,5) ERa (s,D6R3.
mmerc

1s touns1'hve betanse C5,(5,D->D ERg

 ) AelahiorR onaSe A sCalled torelewve
if dog all atA, a,a 4 R.
uo exaroples of selahon R whece R
Cnive a

iS Faseledive, taamsve buu o omebi

Delabo on A. rove
(BAet R e a DoD emph

tot R Bahshes dn to of he follavoing poprbies

tounshue then K anmod
ant
osedleaive, me
Sahsty dhe Semalhng hod

R de tined Ri
(aRelabop
Ryisoseflexine belae , 0 ¢R,
z
becanue xR ord R,
sunsbvVe
and y Z

=>X R, z
betawe R- <9
R no yomebic

Pa Ry f
Kelahon Ra debned on

a Paopes
Sbse cf ( *
b Assume hat RSahshes dwo Condihons

rometne Olrdl ocansbve Then vy ( R

toansbve
(U by Symm ebst hen by.
(XyeR,(9,0ER C (a)ER. Theo R Btexive

ie R 1s ot ioseflexike
humbes of sehhions n A= }a,b,Gd, e
6) 1ehesmhe he
tho ase @oellexdue (B yomeic sellexive

ad ymmehc eanh'symm eC a ssyrnebic

rsse flexive peiheselexve nOy iovedexdive

Hese A) = n= 5

The pumbes of oelexi ve selabtns on A ase

-hs 59

mme c selahions
The numbesoF on A aae

) 15

end neae sebthons op

of seleve
CThe numb
A Or

belabons on A
numbes of omb'symmesc
d)The

oebhons On A
The umbos of assyetbe
10
3
numbes a sselexive selahons
) The
(n-1) 5l5-1)
nelhes oeHeaive
numy seakons a e
(g) h e
a-. -.a
ovelexave
Ose
Prove hat he selahon dehined

R- ) : 5 duides x-y an elahon

egwualene elaen

Solukon
R, Ris
Sinte 5 duides - -O (

oellexive
9)ER, hen 5 ddes (x-
Lf
55 dndes-(z-9 As
>5 vide-X

So R
anl (y,ER. , heo 5 dbudes y
T )ER
ard 5 divdes
5 dvides -yt9-z

5 alinde s z

- (x eR

S0 R is roansibve

he belahon R on ohee
(8)2ove that
even muilalente Delaban.

Sduhoo SO Rx, ad R
-X = 0 e ven

isedlexiue
Is eveo
1 y b e x-4
1'3 eveD
= -

x-9)
even
= y-
= R omebnt.
 heo
OIrd
R
eVen
1
eNeD orol - 7 (v
eve

- xkkz

R toansibu

Pawse that he oebboo K o delond

prchial des ehon.
aRb f als (a dves b
Sauhoo Ord R t slexive.
S0 aRa
dlvdes a

f aRb divites b 2
diurdes a
1 bRa b

then a= b

S0 R is onb qrnmeoc

ard bR C Hhen
aRb
diuides b and
nd bdivieles C
a

a dvides C 9Vreon
->

ud a Re

SoRs odnsbuUe.

czdes belaher,
R pachal