SHREE BHARATH VIDYAASHRAM CBSE SCHOOL

Opp. To Osudu Lake, Agaram, Puducherry-605502.

CBSE Affiliation No: 2930024.

PHYSICS - ACTIVITY

1. Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one
way key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand
paper.

Procedure
1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in
series with each other as shown in diagram and then in
series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to
measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Result:
The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.

2. Aim – To measure resistance, voltage(AC/DC), current(AC) and check continuity of a given

circuit using multimeter.
Apparatus and Material
Three carbon resistors, one standard resistance coil, a battery eliminiator with tapping(2V,4V, and
6V), a step down transformer(6-0-6V) with two tappings (2V and 4V), a resistor of 100 ohm, a
plug key and multimeter
Theory
Multimeter.It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a Voltmeter and an
Ohmmeter.For this reason, it is also called AVO meter.
It can measure alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well as direct voltage in
addition to resistance.For this purpose its panel is divided into five different sections.There are
many ranges in each section so that it can measure from micro(10-6) to mega(106) units.Rotation
of a knob changes the section and the range in one section.

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- Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range, brings shunt resistances of different values in
circuit in parallel with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range, brings series resistances of different values in
circuit in series with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range, brings different resistances in circuit in series
with the multimeter cell.
1. Carbon resistors are frequently used in electrical and electronic circuits and their values vary
over a very wide range.A colour code is used to indicate the value of the resistance.
2. A carbon resistance has four different concentric coloured rings or bands on its surface.The first
three bands a,b and c determine the value of the resistance and the fourth band d gives the
percentage of accuracy called tolerance.The resistance of carbon resistor R=(ab x 10c +-T %)Ω.
3. To read the value of carbon resistance, the following sentence is found to be of much more
helpful.
B B R O Y Great Britain Very Good Wife
0123456789
The bold face letter B,B,R,O,Y,G,B,V,G and W, in above sentence correspond to the colours
Black,Brown,Red,Orange,Yellow,Green,Blue, Violet,Grey, and White respectively for a and b,
while for the third c , they correspond to the multipliers 100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108
and 109 .

Procedure
1. Mark the given carbon resistors as R1,R2,R3.
2. Note the colour of first,second, third and fourth ring for each resistor.

3. Plug in the probes of the multimeter in appropriate terminals. Select the appropriate range ,short
the other ends of probes and adjust zero. Turn the terminal marked ‘Adjust’ such that the needle of
the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero ohm.
4. Separate the metallic ends of the probes. Insert the resistor R1 to be measured in between the
metallic ends of the two probes and read the deflection of the pointer on the range selected.
5. Repeat the step 4 for other resistors R2 and R3 each time selecting the appropriate range and
testing the zero.
6. Now convert using the colour code table the values of resistors in ohms and write their values
with tolerance.
(b) D.C. Voltage
1. Select a D.C. source of potential difference, 6V battery eliminator or a battery.
2. Plug the probes black in com and red in +.
3. Select D.C. volt, by turning the selector switch to range 10V D.C. volts.
4. Touch and press other ends of probes such that red is on battery terminal marked+ and black on
[Fig.(b)] and not the reading.

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5. Insert red probe in terminals marked 4V,2V in succession and note readings.
(c) A.C. Volts
1. Turn the selector A.C.(200 Volt).
2. Touch and press the probes other ends to two terminals of A.C. source of potential drop and
note the reading.
3. Use red probe in terminals 4V and 2V in succession and record the reading.

(d) Continuity of given circuit

1. Set the selector switch to ohm, range MΩ.
2. Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection indicates continuity.
3. Similarly check in succession the continuity between terminls B and C and terminals C and D.
Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with the terminals of the battery.
In digital electronic multimeter for continuity test rotor is set to mark 0 and a buzzer sounds when
probes are conneted to ends of components tested.

Observations
(a) Measurement of Resistance:

Inference
1. The measured values by multimeter match with decoded values of resistors.
2. A.C. and D.C. voltages marked on voltage sources match with voltage measured by multimeter.

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Precautions
1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be gone through thoroughly as it is a very handy
instrument and is likely to get damaged if carelessly or ignorantly used.
2. Select the appropriate parameter current, voltage or resistance to the measured and set it on
appropriate range.
3. If range of the parameter measured is not known,start with maximum. For measuring V ,never
connect more than maximum 600V.

3. Aim
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus and material

A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2), two or one way
key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a manner
that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.

Diagram

Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery
eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)

Result:

The electrical circuit assembled as per the corrected circuit diagram is functional.
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4. Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass
slab.

Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor.

Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal
since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel along
straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since refraction
takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent
ray.
From the following diagram

1. The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.

2. The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance d = t
sec r sin (i – r).

Diagram:
Procedure
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper
and mark its boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an
angle i with the normal. PQ will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or
more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at
points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that these two pins cover
the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray.
Join QR to represent refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i. Produce
PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral displacement

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Conclusions

1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).

2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i)

5. Aim
To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the
given set of lenses.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus. No particular apparatus is needed.
Material. A set of thin convex lenses, one of these is of given focal length (say 15 cm),
(we have to select a second lens such that the combination gives a single lens of focal length fc =
10 cm), lens holder with stand, a white painted vertical wooden board with broad stand, half metre
scale.
Theory

1. The reciprocal of focal length in metre is called power of lens in dioptre (D).

2. With a convex lens, the real image of a distant object is formed at a distance equal to its
focal length.
3. If f1 and f2 be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F be the focal length of the
combination.

Diagram:
Procedure:

1. Keep the white painted vertical wooden board to serve

as a screen.
2. The convex lens (known focal length f1 = 15 cm), fixed into a holder stand is put on the left
of the screen. There are sunlight illuminated green trees at large distance on the left of the
lens.
3. The lens is moved towards and away from the screen till a sharp, inverted image of
trees is formed on the screen.
4. Distance between central lines of the screen and holder stand is measured by a half
metre scale.

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 5. The distance gives the focal length of the convex lens about 15 cm.
6. Replace first lens by second convex lens of required power and repeat the steps from 2 to 5.
This gives the focal length of second convex lens.
7. Now bring both lenses in contact and repeat the steps from 2 to 5. This gives the
combined focal length.
8. Determine the focal length with other given lens. Determine the focal length of about six of
the convex lenses.

Calculations

Following combinations will be suitable.

Verification
The above combinations may be tried and result verified.

Precautions

1. Thin lenses should be taken.

2. Lenses should have same aperture.

Sources of error

1. Lenses may not be thin.

2. Lens apertures may not be same.

6. Aim
To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a candle
and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens).
Apparatus
An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens with holder, a burning candle, a card-board
screen.
Theory

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As the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image (position
of screen) moves from lens focus towards infinity.
For candle distance less than focal length, image becomes
virtual and does not come on screen.

Diagram

Procedure
Find rough focal length of the convex lens by usual
method.
Mount the convex lens in holder in central upright and
keep it in the middle of the optical bench.
Mount the card-board screen on another upright and keep it at distance equal to rough focal length
of the lens, from the central upright.
Mount the burning candle in third upright and keep it on the other side of the central upright and
near the end of the optical bench.
Adjust heights so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on screen.
Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the convex
lens.
The image will be real inverted and much more diminished.
As the burning candle is moved towards the lens on one side, the screen has to be moved away
from the lens on other side, for getting sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases.
When the position of the candle is at distance 2f from the lens, the screen is also at same distance
on the other side. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size.
Move the candle further nearer to the lens. The screen has to be moved away for getting an
enlarged inverted real image on screen.
As the candle reaches the focus of the lens, the screen may not be able to get its image which will
be at infinity i.e. beyond the ends of the optical bench.

Conclusion
This change in position, nature and size of the image is according to theoretical predictions

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