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Expt3-MaximumPower-1

xpt3-MaximumPower-1

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Devansh Khanna
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4 views

Expt3-MaximumPower-1

xpt3-MaximumPower-1

Uploaded by

Devansh Khanna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Experiment # 5 Date(s):

Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem

Aim:
To verify Thevenin’s theorem and Maximum power transfer theorem for the given electrical network
using LTspice simulation and breadboard setup.

Apparatus required(software):
LTSpice software

Apparatus required (hardware):

Sl. No. Components Name Range Quantity


1 Resistor 2.2 kΩ, 1 kΩ, 1.1 kΩ 2 Nos. each
2 Voltmeter 0-10 V (DC) 1 Nos.
3 Ammeter 0-10mA (DC) 1 Nos.
4 RPS 0-32 V (DC) 1 No.
5 Connecting Wires - Few
6 Bread Board - 1 No.

A. Thevenin’s Theorem
Rth

Circuit
Vth

Fig. 1
Formulae:
𝐼 = ; 𝑉 =𝑅 𝐼 = 𝑉

B. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem


Formulae:
Condition for maximum power transfer: RL =Rth

Maximum power transferred: 𝑝 =

Thereotical Calculations:
Considering RL as the load terminal in the circuit given in Fig.2(a),
1) Determination of Thevenin’s Voltage, Vth
First, the load resistor is removed and then the voltage across the open terminals is determined by
analysis techniques. This value is taken as Vth.
For a current ‘i’ in the loop, Vth = voltage across R2 = VR2
By voltage division,
V
V = i ∗ R2 = ∗ R2
(R1 + R2)
15
= ∗ 2.2k
(2.2k + 2.2k)
= 7.5V
So, Vth = 7.5V.

Fig. 2(a)

Fig. 2(b) Fig. 2(c)

2) Determination of Thevenin’s Resistance, Rth


First all the sources are replaced by their internal resistance. Then the equivalent resistance of the
circuit is calculated, as seen from the open terminals. This value is taken as Rth.
Here R1 and R2 are in parallel when the voltage source is replaced by its internal resistance (R=0).
R1 ∗ R2 2.2k ∗ 2.2k
Req = = = 1.1kΩ
(R1 + R2) (2.2k + 2.2k)
So, Rth = 1.1kΩ.

A. Software Experiment

Procedure:
1. Open New Schematic in LTspice. Select the required components from the component library,
connect them and assign values.
2. Determination of Thevenin’s Voltage, Vth:
Design the circuit in Fig.3. Go to Simulate → Edit simulation cmd. Choose dc op pnt. Run the file.
Observe the value of open circuit voltage (Vth→Vn002) from the obtained output window.
3. Determination of Thevenin’s Resistance, Rth:
Design the circuit in Fig.4. Add 1A current source to the open terminals in the circuit and obtain the
Rth value from Vth 𝑉(𝑛001) / IL I(I1) from the output window.
4. Determination of Load Current IL:
a) Main circuit - Design the circuit in Fig.5. Note down the current value I(R3) from the output
window.
b) Thevenin equivalent circuit - Design the circuit in Fig.6. Determine the current across the Load
Resistor. Obtain the value of current I(R3) from the output window.
5. Maximum power graph:
Take five values for the load resistance. One equal to Rth, two greater and two smaller. Go to
Simulate → Edit simulation cmd, then select DC op point. Add Text to the file, select SPICE
directive and type the command “ .step param R3 list 500 800 1100 1400 1700 ” (Fig.7). Run the
simulation and obtain the output.

Simulation results:
1) Vth 3) Main circuit

Fig.3 Fig.5

2)Rth 4) Thevenin equivalent circuit

Fig.4
Fig. 6

5) Maximum power curve

Fig. 7
B. Hardware Experiment
Practical Circuit Diagrams & Procedure:
1. Main Circuit:
 Connections are given as per circuit diagram (Fig.8).
 Supply voltage is given using regulated power supply.
 The ammeter reading is noted and tabulated.

2. Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit:


 Connections are given as per circuit diagram (Fig. 9) to measure Vth.
 Supply voltage is given using regulated power supply.
 The voltmeter reading is noted and taken as Vth.
 Connections are given as per circuit diagram (Fig. 10) to measure Rth.
 Supply current of 1A is given using regulated power supply. The voltmeter reading is noted and Rth
is calculated.
 Or, use multimeter to find Rth.
 Connections are given as per circuit diagram (Fig.11), with the measured values of Vth and Rth.
 Supply voltage is given using regulated power supply.
 The ammeter reading is noted and tabulated.

3. Maximum power transfer theorem:


 Connections are given as per circuit diagram (Fig.11).
 Supply voltage is given using regulated power supply.
 The ammeter readings are noted for different RL values and tabulated.
 Power consumed for each RL value is calculated.

Fig. 8 (Main circuit) Fig.9 (measuring Vth)

Fig. 10 (measuring Rth) Fig. 11 (Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit)


Model Graph:

Observation Table:
IL(mA)
VTH (V) RTH ( Ω )
Main circuit Thevenin’s circuit
Theoretical Value
Observed Value
(Simulation)
Observed Value
(Hardware)

Sl. Simulation
RTH (Ω ) RL (Ω )
No. IL (mA) PL (mW)
1
2
3
4
5

Sl. Hardware
RTH (Ω ) RL (Ω )
No. IL (mA) PL=IL2RL (mW)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Result :
Thus, the Thevenin’s theorem and Maximum power transfer theorem have been verified using the given
circuit.

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