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PS world ch 9

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36 views5 pages

PS world ch 9

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vamakshipujari22
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Chapter 9 Globalisation Class 12 Political

Science Notes

The Concept of Globalisation

• Globalisation as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These


flows could be of various kinds - ideas moving from one part of the
world to another, capital shunted between two or more places,
commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in
search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world.

• The crucial element is the worldwide inter connectedness which is


created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.

• Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept, it has political,


economic and cultural manifestations and these must be
distinguished adequately.

Causes of Globalisation

• Globalisation is not caused by any single factor but technology


remains a critical element.

• The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move


more easily from one part of the world to another has been made
possible by technological advances.

• Interconnection also a major part in Globalisation as any activity


like the Bird flu or tsunami is not confined to any particular nation. It
does not respect national boundaries.

Political Consequences
• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the
ability of government to do what they do.

• All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a
more minimalist state and the market becomes the prime
determinant of economic and social priorities.

• Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy


of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political
community.

• State capacity has got a boost as a consequence of globalisation,


with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to
collect information about its citizens.

Economic Consequences

• Economic globalisation usually involves greater economic flows


among different countries of the world. Some of this is voluntary and
some forced by international institutions and powerful countries.

• Globalisation has involved greater trade in commodities across the


globe as it has reduced the imposing of restrictions on the imports
of one country on another.

• It also draws attention towards the role of JMF and WTO in


determining economic policies across the world.
• According to some, economic globalisation is likely to benefit only
a small section of the population.
• Advocates of economic globlisation argue that it generates greater
economic growth and well-being for larger sections of the
population.

Cultural Consequences

• Globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called


cultural homogenisation.

• The culture of the politically and economically dominant society


leaves its imprint on a less powerful society, and the world begins to
look more like the dominant power wishes it to be.

• All cultures accept outside influences all the time. Some external
influences are negative because they reduce our choices. But
sometimes external influences simply enlarge our choices, and
sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the
traditional.

• While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the


same process also generates precisely the opposite effect. It leads
to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This
phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation.

India and Globalisation

• During the colonial period, as a consequence of Britain’s imperial


ambitions, India became an exporter of primary goods and raw
materials and a consumer of finished goods. After independence,
because of this experience with the British, we decided to make
things ourselves rather than relying on others. We also decided not
to allow others to export to us so that our own producers could learn
to make things.
• In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and to the desire for
higher rates of economic growth, India embarked on a programme
of economic reforms that has sought increasingly to de-regulate
various sectors including trade and foreign investment.

Resistance to Globalisation

• Critics of globalisation make a variety of arguments. Those on the


left argue that contemporary globalisation represents a particular
phase of global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor
poorer.

• Politically, critics of globalisation also fear the weakening of the


state.

• Economically, they want a return to self-reliance and


protectionism, at least in certain areas of the economy.

• Culturally, they are worried that traditional culture will be harmed


and people will lose their age-old values and ways.

• Anti-globalisation movements too participate in global networks,


allying with those who feel like them in other countries.

• In 1999, at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Ministerial


Meeting there were widespread protests at Seattle alleging unfair
trading practices by the economically powerful states. It was
argued that the interests of the developing world were not given
sufficient importance in the evolving global economic system.
• The World Social Forum (WSF) is a global platform bringing
together human rights activists, environmentalists, labour, youth
and women activists opposed to neo-liberal globalistion.

India and Resistance to Globalisation

• Resistance to globalisation in India has come from different


quarters.

• There have been left wing protests to economic liberalisation


voiced through political parties as well as through forums like the
Indian Social Forum.

• Resistance to globalisation has also come from the political right


taking the form of objecting particularly to various cultural
influences - ranging from the availability of foreign television
channels provided by cable networks, celebration of Valentine’s
Day, and westernisation of the dress tastes of girl students in
schools and colleges.

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