Chapter 1

Biological Classification
1. By observing the relationship of the first pair, fill in the blanks in second one. (MARCH-2010)
Ascomycetes: Saccharomyces and Penicillium
Basidiomycetes: …………..and …………..
Answer: Agaricus and puccinia
2. Observe the relationship between the word of the first sentence and fill the second one. (SAY-2010)
Archaebacteria growing in salty areas – Halophils
Archaebacteria growing bin hot springs – …………..
Answer: Thermophiles/Thermoacidophiles
3. Plants with haplontic life cycle include dominant gametophyte while in diplontic life cycle sporophyte
is the dominant phase. Name the type of cycle that is intermediate between the two. (SAY-2010)
Answer: Haplo-diplontic
4. Fill up the second party by observing the relationship of the first party. (MARCH-2011)
a) Monera – Prokaryote
Protista: ……….
b) Bacteria live in extreme salty areas – halophiles
Bacteria live in marshy areas – …………..
Answer: a) Eukaryote b) Methanogens
5. Fill in the blanks: (SAY-2011)
a) Fusion of protoplasm is called plasmogamy. Fusion of 2 nuclei is called ………….
b) Nuclear membrane is present in Plantae Nuclear membrane is absent in ………….
Answer: a) karyogamy b) Monera
6. ‘Diatoms, the chief producers in the oceans, are useful to us even after their death’. Evaluate the
statement. (MARCH-2012)
Answer: The cell wall deposits are called diatomaceous earth. It used in polishing and filtration of oils or
syrups
7. Based on the relationship fill in the blanks. (SAY-2012)
Euglena: Protista
Mycoplasma: …………
Answer: Monera
8. Suggest the correct scientific term for the following: Algal partner in lichens. (SAY-2012)
Answer: Phycobiont
9. Botany teacher brought a diseased plant in the class¬room. Manoj identified the pathogen as a virus.
Can you list any two symptoms of diseases, that helped him to identify the pathogen? (MARCH-2013)
Answer: Mosaic formation, Vein clearing
10. Observe the relationship between the first pair and fill up the blanks using appropriate terms: (SAY-
2013)
a) Carlous Linnaeus – Two kingdom classification
.................. - Five Kingdom classification
b) Thermoadidophiles – Extreme heat
Halophiles – …………..
Answer: a) R H Whittaker b) Salt conditions
11. Identify the statement which is applicable to cyanobacteria. (MARCH-2014)
a) Important decomposers
b) Form blooms in polluted water
c) Presence of prominent nucleus
d) Completely lack of a cell wall
Answer: Forms blooms in polluted water
12. Name one word for the following: (SAY-2014)
a) Symbiotic association of algae and fungi.
b) Viruses that attack bacteria
Answer: a) Lichen b) Bacteriophage
13. The symbiotic association of fungi with roots of higher plants is called mycorrhizae. How is a
mycorrhizal association helpful to plants? (SAY-2014)
Answer: The mycorrhizal association helps to absorb water minerals from the soil. It also increases the
surface area for the absorption.
14. The class of fungi known as imperfect fungi is (MARCH-2015)
a) Ascomycetes
b) Phycomycetes
c) Deuteromycetes
d) Basidiomycetes
Answer: c) Deuteromycetes
15. Observe the relationship between the first pair and fill in the blanks using appropriate terms. (SAY-
2015)
Bacillus Bacteria – Rod-shaped
Coccus Bacteria – ……….
Answer: Spherical
16. The name ‘Virus’ that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by …………. (MARCH-2016)
a) Pasteur
b) Ivanowsky
c) Beijerinck
d) Stanley
Answer: Pasteur or Beijerinck
17. Cell wall deposits of diatoms are called diatomaceous earth. Write any two uses of it. (SAY-2016)
Answer: It is used in polishing and also used in filtration of oils and syrups
18. Read the following statements and select the correct statements from the given choices. (MARCH-
2017)
i) Methanogens are present in the guts of ruminant animals.
ii) Mycoplasma has a distinct cell wall.
iii) Viroids are infectious naked DNA molecules.
iv) Algal component of lichen is phycobiont.
a) (ii) & (iii) b) (i) & (iv) c) (i) & (iii) d) (ii) & (iv)
Answer: b) i) methanogens are present in the gut of ruminate animals
iv) algal component of lichen is phycobiont
19. Which one of the following features are applicable to bacteriophages? (JULY -2018)
a) They are bacterial viruses
b) They have double stranded DNA as genetic material.
c) The Protein coat is called capsid
i) a) and b)
ii) b) and c)
iii) a) and c)
iv) All of these
Answer: iv) All of these
20. Fill in the blank.
In Anabaena specialized cells called ................ help in nitrogen fixation. (MARCH -2018)
Answer: Heterocyst
21. Which among the following is an example for flagellated protozoan (JULY -2019)
(a) Amoeba
(c) Paramoecium
(b) Trypanosoma
(d) Plasmodium
Answer: Trypamosoma
22.Observe the relationship between the first two terms and fill in the blank.
a) Mushroom : Agaricus
b) Bread mould: ....................
Answer: Rhizopus
23. Archaebacteria which can survive in hot springs are called ............ (DECEMBER -2020)
Answer: Thermoacidophiles
24. Observe the figure given below. Name the organism.

Answer: Euglena
 Chapter 2
Plant Kingdom

1. Match the following.(MARCH-2010)

Prothallus Mosses
Synergid Strobilus
Protonema Gametophyte
Sporophyll Egg apparatus

Answer:
Prothallus Gametophyte
Synergid Egg apparatus
Protonema Mosses
Sporophyll Strobilus
2. Observe the relationship between the word of the first sentence and fill the second one. (SAY-2010)
Association of a fungus with algae – Lichens
Association of a fungus with roots of plants- ................................
Answer: Mycorrhiza
3. The process of fertilization in angiosperm is known as double fertilization. Comment on it. (SAY-2010)
Answer: Occurrence of two sexual fusion in an embryosac. The fusions include,
1. Syngamy. This is the fusion of male nucleus with egg cell and results in the formation of diploid
zygote.
2.Triple fusion. This is the fusion of male gamete fused with Secondary nucleus resulting in the
formation of Primary endosperm nucleus (3n)
4. In Bryophytes, the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic plant. However, in
pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte. How can we easily differentiate between the
sporophytes in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes? (MARCH-2011)
Answer: In Bryophytes,the main plant body is gametophyte. In this sporophyte is attached to gametophyte
and is totally orpartially depended on the gametophyte. In pteridophyte the main plant body is sporophyte.
It is differentiated into Root, Stem and leaf and bears vascular tissues and spores. Sporophyte and
gametophyte in pteridophytes have independent existence.
5. a) Write the name of the stored food of the algal classes in the table given below. (SAY-2011)

Class Stored food

Phaeophyceae
Rhodophyceae

b) Liverworts reproduce asexually by fragmentation and by a specialized structure.

Name the specialized structure for asexual re-production.
c) Selaginella produces macro and micro spores in the same strobilus is called …………..
Answer:
a)
Class Stored food
Phaeophyceae Laminarin, Mannitol
Rhodophyceae Floridean starch
b) Gemmae
 c) Heterosporous
6. Most pteridophytes are homosporous but there are exceptions. (MARCH-2012)
a) Identify two heterosporous genera.
b) ‘Heterospory is a precursor to seed habit’. Point out any one common character found in heterospory
and seed habit.
Answer:
a) Selaginella, Salvinia.
b) Production of two kinds of spores ie, Macrospores and Microspores.
Megaspore germinate and give rise to female gametophyte. Microspore – germinate and give rise to male
gametophyte.
The development of zygote into embryo takes place in the female gametophyte. This is considered
to be a precursor of seed habit.
7. Even though algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, man is benefited by algae in a variety
of ways. Write any four points in favour of this statement. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
a) Half of the CO2 fixation on earth is done by algae.
b) 70 species of marine algae are used as food.
c) Agar-agar is obtained from Gracillaria and Geledium used for the growth of microbes (agar) and
also used for the preparation of ice-cream and jellies.
d) Chlorella and spirulina are rich in protein and used as food supplement by the space travellers.
8. ‘Double fertilization is an event unique to anagiosperms’. (MARCH-2013)
a) Mention the two fusions in this event.
b) Name the products obtained as a result of these fusions.
Answer:
a) Syngamy and triple fusion
b) Zygote and Primary Endosperm Nucleus.
9. Give reasons for the following: (SAY-2013)
a) Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
b) Fertilization in angiosperm is known as double fertilization.
Answer:
a) They are found in moist,cool, and shady places. They require water for fertilization
b) There are two sexual fusions in the embryosac, syngamy and Triple fusion
10. Unlike a majority of the pteridophytes, genera like selaginella and Salvinia show a unique feature in
spore formation.
a) What is this feature? (MARCH-2014)
b) Briefly comment on its significance.
Answer:
Both of these plants are heterosporous i.e production of two types of spores
1) microspores
2) megaspores.
It is considered a precursor to seed habit and important in Evolution.

11. Match the following. (SAY-2014)

Floridean starch Gymnosperm

Double fertilisation Red Algae
Coralloid roots Fern
Prothallus Angiosperm
Answer:

Floridean starch Red Algae

Double fertilisation Angiosperm
Coralloid roots Gymnosperm
Prothallus Fern
12. Complete the given table of algal divisions and their main characteristics by filling ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘d’.
(MARCH-2015)

Chlorophyceae Chlorophyll-a, b .....................(a)................

Phaeophyceae Chlorophyll-a, c Laminarin, Mannitol
and .....................(b)................
.....................(c)................ Chlorophyll-a, b and .....................(d)................
Phycoerythrin
Answer:

Chlorophyceae Chlorophyll-a, b a) Starch

Phaeophyceae Chlorophyll-a, c Laminarin, Mannitol

and (b) Fucoxanthin
(c) Rhodophyceae Chlorophyll-a, b and (d) Floridean starch
Phycoerythrin

13. Write any two distinguishing features of the algal class Rhodophyceae. (MARCH-2016)
OR
Distinguish between Mycorrhiza and coralloid roots.
Answer:
Rhodophyceae
1. Red pigment r-phycoerythrin is present.
2. Stored food-floridean starch is present
OR
Mycorrhiza – a symbiotic association between algae and fungi
Coralloid root is the association of a fungus with root of higher plants.

14. Double fertilization is a unique feature of angiosperms. Explain the two processes involved in double
fertilization. (SAY-2016)
Answer:
Syngamy: In this one of the male gamete fuses with egg cell to form a zygote.
Triple fusion: In this second male gamete fuses with a diploid secondary nucleus to form primary
endosperm nucleus.
15. Algae are useful to man in a variety of ways. Suggest any four use of algae. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
1 ) Half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis.
2) Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum are among the 70 species of marine algae used as
food.
3) Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water-holding
substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) are used commercially.
4) Agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria are used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice-
creams and jellies.
16. Match the items of column A with column B (JULY-2018)

Column A Column B
a Prothallus i Asexual buds in liverwort
b Protonema ii Sporophyte of angiosperms
c Antheridium iii Thalloid gametophyte of pteridophytes
d Gemmae iv Male sex organs in bryophytes
v Gemetophytic stage of mosses
Answer:

Column B
Column A
a Prothallus Thalloid gametophyte of pteridophytes
b Protonema Gemetophytic stage of mosses
c Antheridium Male sex organs in bryophytes
d Gemmae Asexual buds in liverwort

17. 'The given figure shows a plant belonging to liverworts. Identify the plant. Name the asexual buds seen
on it and write their features. (MARCH-2018)

Answer: Plant -Marchantia Asexual bud-Gemmae.

Gemmae are multicellular, green, asexual buds arising from the gametophytes of liverworts. They
germinate to produce a new gametophyte.

18. Observe the figure given below. It shows two phases in the life cycle of a plant. (MARCH-2019)
 Identify the phase marked as A. Write any two peculiarities of this
stage.
Answer: Sporophyte
Sporophyte in bryophytes has three parts. Foot, seta and capsule. Capsule is the fertile portion, which
produces haploid spores.
Sporophyte is partially dependant on gametophyte.
19. Selaginella and Salvinia show a unique feature in spore formation. (DECEMBER-2020)
(a) What is this feature?
(b) Comment on its significance.
Answer: Both of these species are heterosporous pteridophytes. Heterospory is considered as a precursor
of seed habit among plants.
20. Match the items of column A with B (MARCH-2020)
A B
(a) Double fertilisation (i) Bryophyte
(b) Heterospory (ii) Algae
(c) Protonema (iii) Gymnosperm
(d) Named seeds (iv) Peridophyte
(v) Angiosperm
Answer:

A B
(a) Double fertilisation (v) Angiosperm
(b) Heterospory (iv) Peridophyte
(c) Protonema (i) Bryophyte
(d) Naked seeds (iii) Gymnosperm
 Chapter 3
Morphology of Flowering Plants
1. Observe the diagram and answer the questions. Which character of a flower is indicated by the diagram?
Give an example for a plant having flowers with this character.

Answer: Papillionaceous corolla with vexillary aestivation.

Pea flower of Fabaceae.
It consists of one standard petal, two wing petal and two fused keel petal.
2. Name the parts of a monocot embryo in the given diagram.(MARCH-2010)
1 …………
2 ………….
3 …………
4 ……………

1
2
3
4

Answer: 1) coleoptile 2) plumule 3) radicle 4) coleorhiza

3. Use the appropriate terms for the following description. (SAY-2010)
a) Axiliary buds of stem modified as slender & spirally coiled structure for helping plants to climb.
b) Axilary buds of stem modified as woody straight and pointed structure to protect plants from
 browsing animals.
Answer: a) Tendril b) Thorns
4. Given below is the floral diagram drawn by Anil based on the floral bud of plant. (SAY-2010)

a) Help him to complete the floral formula.

b) Name the family to which this plant belongs.
Answer: a)

b) Solanaceae/ Potato family / Solanum family

5. L.S. of two flowers shows two types of ovaries. One is superior and the other is inferior. Name the type
of flower based on this. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
Flowers with superior ovary – Hypogyneous
Flowers with Inferior ovary – Epigyneous
6. Floral formula of a pea plant is given below: (MARCH-2011)

Give the important floral characters of the plant using the floral formula.
Answer: Flower : Bisexual, hypogynous, Pentamerous
Calyx : sepals 5, gamosepalous
Corolla : petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous
Androecium : stamens 10, diadelphous (9+1)
Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, half inferior (Perigynous)

7. Teacher showed the chart of aestivation to students and asked them to name the types of aestivation.
What is aestivation? Explain any two types of aestivation. (SAY-2011)

Answer: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud known as aestivation
Valvate – When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping bud
known as aestivation. Eg- Calotropis.
Twisted – One margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on. Eg-china rose, lady’s
finger and cotton.
8. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2012)
Cucumber: Tendril:: Citrus : ……….
Answer: Thorn
9. Given below is the floral diagram of a family you have studies. (MARCH-2012)

a) Identify the family and aestivation of corolla.

b) Describe three other floral characters from the floral diagram using technical terms.
Answer: a) Fabaceae – Vexillary aestivation
b) 1) Bisexual, Zygomorphic
2) Sepals – 5 – gamosepalous – valvate
3) Petals – 5 – Polypetalous – Papilionaceous corolla.
4) Vexillary aestivation
5) Stamens -10 – diadelphous
6) Superior ovary – monocarpellary, with marginal placentation
10. Observe the following diagrams “a and b” and identify the placentation. (SAY-2012)

Answer: a) Axile b) Parietal

11. In cactus both leaves and stem are modified to perform different functions. Name the modifications
and identify their functions. (SAY-2012)
Answer: Leaves modified in to Spine – Protection.
Stem modified into green flattened phylloclades for Photosynthesis
12. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2013)
Plumule : Coleoptile : : Radicle : ……………
Answer: coleorhiza
13. The diagram given below shows parts of a true fruit. (MARCH-2013)

a) Write the technical name of this fruit developed from a monocarpellary superior ovary.
b) Label the parts A and B.
c) Can you distinguish a parthenocarpic fruit from the given fruit?
Answer:
a) drupe
b) A- Epicarp B- Mesocarp
c) The given fruit is a true fruit developing from a fertilised ovary, but parthenocarpic fruit is developed
from an unfertilized ovary (seedless fruit)
14. Observe the floral diagram and answer the following questions: (SAY-2013)

a) Name the family.

b) Write the nature of stamen.
Answer: a) Solanaceae b) Epipetalous type
15. The following figures show two types of aestivation. Answer the following questions: (SAY-2013)

A B
a) Identify the types A and B.
b) How will you distinguish A and B?
Answer: a) A – Valvate, B – Twisted
b) A-margin of sepal/petal just touch with one another B margin of sepal/petal overlap the next one & so
on.
16. Normally, roots grow into the soil. But in some plants like Rhizophora, many roots come out of the
ground and grow vertically upwards. What are these roots called? Give their function. (MARCH-2014)
Answer: Breathing roots/respiratory roots/pneumatophores.
Pneumatophores are involved in the exchange of gases.
17. The following diagram represents five petal of a flower in a plant belonging to a major family.
(MARCH-2014)

a) Identify the family.

b) Write the floral formula of the flower.
Answer:
a) Fabaceae
b)

18. The arrangement of ovules in the ovary is known as placentation. Given below are different types of
placentations. (SAY-2014)

Identify (a), (b), and (c).

Briefly explain a,b,c in one or two sentences.
Answer: a) a) Marginal placentation
b) axile placentation
c) free central placentation
b) Marginal placentation – Placenta forms the ridge along ventral suture of ovary
in which ovules are arranged.
Axile placentation – Ovules are arranged in the central axis of multi chambered
ovary
Free central placentation – Ovules are arranged in the central axis of single
chambered ovary
19. In most of the plants, roots are meant for absorption and fixation. But there are exceptions to these
functions. Justify the statements citing at least three examples. (MARCH-2015)
OR
The main function of most of the stems is spreading out branches, bearing leaves, flowers and fruits and
the conduction of materials. But there are exceptions to this. Justify the statement citing at least three
examples.
Answer: In some plants are roots are modified for functions other than absorption and fixation.
1) Prop root – They hanging from upper part of banyan tree and act as pillar. So they have
mechanical supporting function.
2) Stilt root – It arise from the basal nodal portions of the main stem of sugar cane and maize,
responsible for mechanical support.
3) Respiratory root- It is otherwise called pneumatophore or breathing root responsible for
exchange of gases .
OR
In some plants stem is modified for special functions they are
1) Climbing – In watermelon, cucumber and pumkin etc axillary bud is modified into tendril for
climbing
2) Protection – In citrus and bougainvillea axillary bud is modified into thorns for protection from
grazing animals
3) Food storage – In ginger, colocasia etc. Underground stem is modified for food storage.
20. Four stem modifications are given below. Three of them are underground stem modifications. Pick the
odd one out as your answer. (SAY-2015)
(Potato, Opuntia, Ginger, Colocasia)
Answer: Opuntia
21.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Write the names of aestivations in figures 1,2 and 3. Identify aestivation of petals in pea flowers from the
above three aestivations.
Answer: 1- valavate, 2-Twisted 3-vexillary.
In Pea flowers petals in vexillary aestivation
22. Observe the given floral diagram (MARCH-2016)

a) Identify the family.

b) Write any four floral characters of the identified family.
Answer: a) Lilliaceae
b) tepal six (3+3), often united into tube; valvate aestivation, stamen six, (3+3), tricarpellary,
syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules; axile placentation.
23. By examining the four match pairs given below, find the correct matched pair from the alternatives
given below (SAY-2016)
Racemose Peduncle grows indefenitely
Epigynous flower Ovary superior
Phyllotaxy Arrangement of leaves on the stem
Coleoptile Envelope covering the radicle

a) (i) and (ii)

b) (ii) and (iv)
c) (ii) and (iii)
d) (i) and (iii)
Answer: d) i) Racemose-peduncle grows indefinitely
iii) Phyllotaxy-Arrangement of leaves on stem
24. Identify the diagram and label the parts shown as (SAY-2016)

Answer: i) Coleoptile
ii) Plumule
iii) Radicle
iv) Aleurone layer
25. a) The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is called …………. (MARCH-2017)
i) Aestivation
ii) Phyllotaxy
iii) Placentation
iv) Inflorescence
b) How can you differentiate an actinomorphic flower from a zygomorphic flower?
Answer: a) inflorescence
b) Actinomorphic: Flower can be divided into two equal halves in any radial plane passing through the
centre. Eg – china rose.
Zygomorphic: Flower can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane Eg –
pea
26. The following figures A and B shows two different types of phyllotaxy. (JULY -2018)
Identify the phyllotaxy A and B and explain them

A B
Answer:
A – Opposite phyllotaxy, B- Whorled phyllotaxy
In opposite phyllotaxy two leaves arise from a node as in Guava. In whorl phyllotaxy more than two
leaves arise from a node. Eg, Alstonia
27. Observe the relationship between the first two terms and fill in the blank.
Epipetalous Stamen : Brinjal :: .............................................. : Lily (MARCH -2018)
Answer: Epiphyllous stamen
28. Match the following
 Answer:
A B
a) Calotropis ii) Valvate
b) China rose iii) Twisted
c) Cassia iv) Imbricate
d) Pea i) Vexillary
29. Observe the given floral diagram :
a) Identify the family.
b) Write down any two distinguishing features of gynoecium.
c) Write any two economically useful plants belonging to this family.

Answer:
a) Liliaceae
b) Tricarpellary, trilocular, superior ovary with axile placentation
c) Asparagus, Aloe vera, Lily
30. Write three peculiarities gynoecium seen in solanaceae and fabaceae. (MARCH-2019)
Answer:
Solanaceae: Bicarpellary, superior ovary with swollen axile placenta
Fabaceae: Monocarpellary, superior ovary with marginal placentation.
31. Define the following (DECEMBER-2020)
(a) Aestivation
(b) Placentation
Answer:
Aestivation: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members
of the same whorl is known as aestivation
Placentation: The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
32. Observe the given floral diagram. (DECEMBER-2020)

(a) Identify the family

(b) Write any two floral characters of this family
(c) Write the name of two economically important plants of this family

Answer:
Family: Solanaceae
b) Floral characters:
Androecium: Stamens five, epipetalous
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, superior ovary with swollen axile placenta
33. Observe the figures A and B. (MARCH-2020)

(a) Identify the aestivation A and B.

(b) Write one peculiarity of A.
(c) Name the three kinds of petals in B.
Answer:
a) A- twisted aestivation B- Vexillary aestivation
b) One margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on.
c) 1- standard petal, 2 wing petals and 2 keel petals.
34. Observe the figures A and B given below: (MARCH-2020)
 A B
(a) Name the type of venation in A and B.
(b) Define venation.
Answer:
a) A- Reticulate venation B- Parallel venation
b) The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as venation
35. Based on the symmetry, the flowers can be classified into three types. Name and explain them (JULY-
2018)
1. Actinomorphic: Flowers can be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane
2. Zygomorphic:Flowers can be divided into two equal halves through a single vertical plane
3. Assymetric: Flowers cannot be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane.

Chapter 4
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
1. Grasses are capable of regeneration in spite of continuous grazing by cattle. Suggest the reason for it.
(MARCH-2010)
Answer: In Grasses intercalary meristem is seen in the internodal region. This meristem helps in the
regeneration of the axis.
2. a) What are bulliform cells? MARCH-2010)
b) Mention their function.
Answer: a) Bulliform cells are large, colourless empty cells present in upper epidermis of grasses
b) Turgor variation in these cells helps in the rolling and unrolling of the lamina and reduce
water loss.
3. Suggest a method for identification of stem and root in plants based on the arrangement of protoxylem.
(SAY-2010)
Answer:
In stemprotoxylem is arrangd towards the centre, this condition is called as endarch xyem, whereas in
roots protoxylem is arranged towards periphery of the root. This condition is called as exarch xylem
4. In dicot stem cambium occurs between xylem and phloem and the vascular bundles are arranged in a
broken ring fashion. However, dicot stem grows in diameter in a circular manner. Explain briefly how this
could happen. (SAY-2010)
Answer: Growth in diameter is due to the activity of lateral meristem. In dicot stem cambium present
between xylem and phloem is known as intra fascicular cambium. Medullary ray cells between vascular
bundles also become meristematic to form inter fascicular cambium. These to cambium joins to form a
cambial ring. Cambial ring produces cells towards inner side and outer side. Cells towards outer side
mature into secondary phloem and towards inner side mature into secondary xylem. This results in the
increase in girth of dicot stem.
5. In most woody trees, epidermis breaks to form a lens shaped opening. Name this opening that permits
gaseous exchange. (MARCH-2011)
Answer: Lenticels
6. In the early morning, droplets of water can be found at the tip of grass leaves. Name the phenomenon.
Can you give an explanation for this phenomenon? (MARCH-2011)
Answer: Guttation. It is the loss of water in the form of droplets from the vein ending of the leaf.
7. For constructing furniture like table, chair etc., we usually take the dark coloured central portion of
wood, but not the outer light coloured region. Give reason for this. (MARCH-2011)
Answer: Dark coloured central portion of the wood is composed of dead xylem elements. This is a hard
and non functional part. The central part is filled with resin, gum, tannin etc. that helps to resist the attack
of micro organisms.
8. During sunny days grass leaves curl inwards and minimise water loss. Why? Name the cells responsible
for the curling. (SAY-2011)
Answer: It helps to reduce surface area of leaf, thereby slows down water loss.
Bulliform cells
9. a) Teacher asked Gopi to name the layer from which root hairs and lateral roots arise respectively.
b) Differentiate the vascular bundles from the (A and B) diagrams given below. (SAY-2011)

c) Cambium is a ............................meristem.
Answer: a) Epidermis and pericycle respectively
b) A- conjoint closed B-conjoint open
c) Lateral meristem
10. Analyze the given statements and correct the false statements with respect to the underlined word.
(MARCH-2012)
a) In roots, vascular tissues are conjoint.
b) Cork cambium is otherwise called phelloderm
Answer: a) Radial b) Phellogen
11. In an anatomy lab, Ramu and Salim were taking transverse sections (T.S.) of two specimens, A and B
respectively. Their observations are given in the table. Complete the table. (MARCH-2012)
Specimen A Specimen B
1a. Closed vascular bundle 1b. Open vascular bundle
2a. 2b.
3a. 3b.

Answer:
Specimen A Specimen B
 1a. Closed vascular bundle 1b. Open vascular bundle
2a. Schlerenchymatous hypodermis 2b. Collenchymatous hypodermis
3a.Large number of vascular 3b. Limited number of vascular bundles/
bundles/Scattered vascular bundle vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring

12. The following is a list of characteristic features of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Choose those
characters that belong to gymnosperms. (SAY-2012)
a) Tracheids alone form the conducting elements in xylem.
b) Production of fruits
c) Naked seeds
d) Cones are seen
e) Flowers absent
f) Xylem mainly contains vessels
g) Double fertilization present
Answer:
Tracheids alone form the conducting tissues or elements in xylem.
Naked seeds
Cones are seen
Flowers absent
13. Dicot plants show secondary growth in their stem and root. (SAY-2012)
a) Name the meristems that causes secondary growth in vascular region and cortex.
b) Comment on the activity of these meristems.
OR
Some tissues in plants are not able to divide further
a) Suggest name of such tissues.
b) Give any three examples.
c) List the difference between epidermal tissue system of roots and leaves.
Answer: a) Vascular cambium and phellogen or cork cambium.
b) Vascular cambium
The cells cut off towards inner side are called secondary xylem. The cells cut off towards outer side
are called secondary phloem. At certain regions cambial ring produce thin walled parenechyma cells,
which mature into secondary medullary ray.
Phellogen
Cells cut off towards outside are called phellem / cork. Cells cut off towards inner side are called
phelloderm/secondary cortex.
OR
a) Permanent tissue
b) Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma or Complex tissue. .
Root epidermis
Root hair present. Cuticle absent
Leaf epidermis
Stomata present, Cuticle present, Bulliform cells and Epidermal hairs present.
14. In the anatomy lab, Eugin observed the following features in the T.S. of a plant part. (MARCH-2013)
a) Radial and polyarch xylem bundles
b) Parenchymatous (homogenous) cortex
c) Large pith
 d) Epidermis with unicellular hairs
e) Pericycle
f) Endodermis with casparian strips.
i) Identify the plant part.
ii) Re-arrange the given regions from the periphery to the center in their correct sequence.
iii) Give an account of casparian strips.
Answer:
i) Monocot root
ii) d) Epidermis with unicellular hairs
b) Parenchymatous (homogenous) cortex
f) Endodermis with casparian strips.
e) Pericycle
a) Radial and polyarch xylem bundles
c) Large pith
iii) It is the water-impermeable waxy material deposition consisting of suberin
15. Imagine that you and your father are visiting a timber shop to buy wood for making furniture. The
timber shop owner suggested rosewood. Father seeks your help to determine the age of the wood. (SAY-
2013)
a) As a botany student can you help your father?
b) Justify your answer.
Answer: a) Yes, by counting the number of Annual rings we can calculate the age of a tree.
b) The Concentric annual ring is composed of two growth rings of an year. So by counting the annual rings
we can calculate the age of a tree.
16. Match the following columns A and B. (MARCH-2014)

a) Companion cells i) Stomata

b) Lenticels ii) Chlorophyll bearing
c) Bulliform cells iii) Casparian strips
d) Subsidiary cells iv) Present between xylem and phloem
e) Mesophyll cells v) Phloem tissue
f) Endodermal cells vi) Empty colourless cells
vii) Exchange of gases

Answer:

a) Companion cells v) Phloem tissue

b) Lenticels vii) Exchange of gases
c) Bulliform cells vi) Empty colourless cells
d) Subsidiary cells i) Stomata
e) Mesophyll cells ii) Chlorophyll bearing
f) Endodermal cells iii) Casparian strips
17. Stomata are small openings present in the epidermis of leaves. The stomata are bound by guard cells.
Mention the role of guard cells in stomatal mechanism. (SAY-2014)
Answer: In day time water enters into the guard cells from the subsidiary cells and becomes turgid, as a
result, its thin outer wall bulge and open. While in night water moves out of the guard cell and
guard cells regain their shape and stomata closes.
18. The following figures show two types of vascular bundles: (SAY-2014)
a) Identify the vascular bundles (A) and (B)
b) Briefly explain (A) and (B) in one or two sentences.

Answer: a) A – Conjoint open bundle

B – Radial bundle
b) Conjoint open bundle – xylem and phloem are arranged in the same radii. Cambium present
between xylem and phloem.
Radial bundle – Xylem and phloem are arranged in separated radii
19. In a dicotyledonous stem, secondary growth takes place at two regions by the activity of two lateral
meristems. (MARCH-2015)
a) Identify the two lateral meristems.
b) List the new tissues formed from each of these meristems.
Answer:
a) Vascular cambium and cork cambium
b) Vascular cambium gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem while cork cambium give rise
to phellem and phelloderm.
20.

Identify the types of vascular bundles in figures 1 and 2. Write the features of each vascular bundle. (SAY-
2015)
(Hint: Any two points each).
OR
Distinguish between leaf anatomy of dicot leaf and monocot leaf.
(Hint: Any three points each).
Answer: figure 1 – Conjoint Closed vascular bundle, figure 2- Conjoint open vascular bundle
Conjoint Closed vascular bundle
1. cambium absent
2. found in monocot stem
Conjoint open vascular bundle
1. cambium is present
2. found in dicot stem
OR
Dicot leaf Monocot leaf
more stomata is distributed on abaxial side than stomata are equally distributed on both side
adaxial side
mesophyll tissue is differentiate into palisade and No such differentiation
spongy parenchyma
Bulliform cells absent Bulliform cells present

21. How does periderm develop in dicot stem and replace the outer broken cortical and epidermal layers?
(MARCH-2016)
OR
In dicot stem, both intrafascicular and interfascicular cambium form a ring of vascular cambium. Explain
the activity of this cambial ring.
Answer: Due to the activity of vascular cambium, girth of the stem increases. This results in the
breakdown of epidermis and outer cortical layers. So the new protective tissues are formed by another
meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen. Phellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer
cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or
phelloderm. Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm.
OR
The cambial ring cut off new cells towards the inner (secondary xylem) and the outer sides (secondary
phloem). The cambium is more active on the inner side than on the outer. Amount of secondary xylem
produced is more than secondary phloem. The primary and secondary phloems get gradually crushed due
to the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem.
22. The internal anatomy of dicot and monocot stems shows many differences. Mention any four
differences between their vascular bundles. (SAY-2016)
Answer:

Dicot stem Monocot stem

Conjoint open vascular bundles Conjoint closed vascular bundles
Limited number of vascular bundles Numerous vascular bundles
Vascular bundles are arranged in a broken ring vascular bundles are arranged in a scattered manner
Presence of schlerenchymatous bundle cap Presence of schlerenchymatous bundle sheath
23. In timber yielding plants, only the central part of wood is used for making furniture. Name this part
and justify your answer. (SAY-2016)
Answer: Heartwood.
Heart wood is composed of dead secondary xylem elements. It is deposited with compounds like resins,
tannins, gums etc. Hence, it is more durable, thick and resistant to the attack of micro organisms.
24. a) A tissues involve in secondary growth of dicot plants are vascular cambium and ……………
b) Compare the formation of vascular cambium in diocot stem and dicot root. (MARCH-2017)
Answer: a) Cork cambium or phellogen
b) In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is the
intrafascicular cambium. The cells of medullary cells, adjoining these intrafascicular cambium become
meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of vascular cambium is
formed. Here the formation of Cambium is partially primary and partially secondary. In dicot root, the
vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin. It originates from the tissue located just below the
phloem bundles, a portion of pericycle tissue above the protoxylem forming a complete and continuous
wavy ring and later it becomes circular
25. Choose the CORRECT answer. All tissues on the inner side of the endodermis together constitute.
(JULY -2018)
a) Conjunctive tissue
b) Stele
c) Pericycle
d) Vascular bundle
Answer: Stele
26.

Identify the plant part and explain any two features of its vascular bundles. (JULY-2018)
Answer: Dicot stem.
1. Vascular bundles are conjoint open type.
2. Vascular bundles arranged in a broken ring manner.
27. Complete the flow chart given below (MARCH-2018)

Answer:
a) Secondary xylem
b) Metaxylem
c) Exarch
d) Stem
28. The tissue found between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf is called mesophyll. (MARCH-2018)
a) Write the type of cells found in this tissue in a dicot leaf.
b) Mention two differences between a dicot leaf and monocot leaf.
Answer: Pallisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma
b)
Dicot leaf Monocot leaf
More number of stomata in the upper epidermis Stomata almost equally distributed in the upper and
Bulliform cells absent lower epidermis
Bulliform cells present

29. The following are the anatomical features of flowering plants. Arrange these features in the table given
below : (JULY-2019)
(i) Exarch xylem
(ii) Presence of hypodermis
(iii) Palisade parenchyma cells
(iv) Conjoint and open vascular bundles
(v) Endodermis with casparian strips
vi) Large empty bulliform cells

Stem Root Leaf

Presence of hypodermis Exarch xylem Palisade parenchyma cells
Conjoint and open vascular bundles Endodermis with casparian strips Large empty bulliform cells
30. Notice the three simple tissues given below. (MARCH-2019)
a) Sclerenchyma
b) Parenchyma
c) Collenchyma
Identify and write the tissue that consists of cells that are thickened at the corners. Write the function of
this tissue.
Answer: Collenchyma
1. Collenchyma provide mechanical strength to young stem and petioles
2. Carry out photosynthesis
31. Names of three plants are given below. (MARCH-2019)
a) Rhizophora
b) Bougainvillea
c) Pea
Name the modifications seen in these plants. Write their functions.
Answer:
a) Roots modified into breathing roots called pneumatophores
b) Stem modified into woody pointed thorns for protection from browsing animals
c) Leaf modified into spring like coiled structures called tendrils for climbing on the support.
32. Observe the terms given below.
Xylem, Root hairs, pith, Stomata, Cambium, Bulliform cells. From this, identify and write the structures
seen in epidermal tissue system. Write their functions. (Hint : 3 structures) (MARCH-2019)
Answer:
Root hairs: Root hairs are found root epidermis. It helps in the absorption of water and minerals
Stomata: These are small openings seen in the epidermis of leaves. This helps in transpiration and
exchange of gases.
Bulliform cells: Are large, colourless empty cells found in the upper epidermis of grass leaves. They helps
to reduce water loss.
33. Choose the correct answer. (DECEMBER-2020)
Vascular bundle which have cambium between xylem and phloem is called............
(a) Open vascular bundle (b) Closed vascular bundle
(c) Radial vascular bundle (d) Peripheral vascular bundle
Answer: Open vascular bundle
34. Observe the figure illustrating the pathway of water movement in root. Differentiate apoplastic and
symplastic pathways. (DECEMBER-2020)
Answer:
Apoplast pathway Symplast pathway
Occurs through cell wall and inter cellular Occurs through living cytoplasm by crossing the
spaces plasma membrane
Offer no resistance to water movement and More resistance in the living cells and hence
the movement is faster movement is slower

35. Arrange the following anatomical characters in appropriate column (DECEMBER-2020)

 Conjoint vascular bundle
 Upper and lower epidermis
 Exarch xylem
 Endarch xylem
 Radial vascular bundle
 Ground tissue is called mesophyll

Answer:
Stem Root Leaf
Conjoint vascular bundle Exarch xylem Upper and lower epidermis
Endarch xylem Radial vascular bundle Ground tissue is called mesophyll
36. Choose the correct answer. (MARCH-2020)
Casparian strips are present in
(a) Dicot root (b) Dicot stem
(c) Dicot leaf (d) Monocot stem
Answer: Dicot root
37. Observe the figure given below :

Write any three features on mesophyll cells from the figure.

Answer:
1. Mesophyll differentiated into pallisade and spongy parenchyma
2. Mesophyll cells are elongated and closely arranged
3. Spongy parenchyma is oval in shape and loosely arranged.
 Chapter 5: Cell The Unit of Life
1. a) Choose from the bracket, the name of the part of a bacterial cell that constitutes extra genomic DNA
(mesosome/ plasmid/ basal body) (MARCH-2010)
b) Write any one of its functions.
c) Comment on its practical application.
Answer:
a) plasmid
b) it is used in sexual reproduction
c) It is used as cloning vector in genetic engineering.
2. Cell membrane is comprised of lipids and protein. Membrane protein mediate transfer of molecules
across it.
a) Suggest a model of membrane constitution that is suitable for this function.
b) Give the name of scientist who proposed it. (SAY-2010)
Answer: a) Fluid mosaic model b) Singer & Nicolson
3. State the reason for the following.
a) Mitochondria are called the power houses of the cell.
b) A metabolic product from cytoplasm is needed for energy production in mitichondria. (SAY-2010)
Answer: a) Mitochondria are the site of synthesis, storage and distribution of energy in a cell. b) Pyruvic
acid .
4. Eukaryotic cells have any membrane bound organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,
mitochondria etc. Can you give an example of a non-membrane bound organelle? (MARCH-2011)
Answer: Ribosome/centriole
5. Plastids are found in all plant cells and in euglenoides. Draw a diagram of the chlroplast and label the
following parts: (MARCH-2011)
a) Grana
b) Stroma
c) Tylakoid
d) Stroma lamella
Answer:

6. Examine the diagram of a eukaryotic cell. Which one of the labelled cell organelles is present in
bacteria? Membrane extensions into the bacterial cell is called mesosomes. What are their forms and
function? (SAY-2011)
Answer: Ribosome, Mesosome. Mesosomes are extensions in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
They helps in cell wall formation, DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells, Respiration,
Secretion and increase the surface area of the plasma Membrane and enzymatic content.
7. a) Identify the cell organelle found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (MARCH-2012)
b) Justify its presence in both types of cells.
Answer: a) Ribosome
b) It is used in Protein synthesis
8. Match the following: (MARCH-2012)

Answer:
Synthesis and storage Motochondria
Packaging and delivery Golgi apparatus
 Digestion of inter cellular materials Lysosome
Formation of basal body of cilia and flagella Centriole

9. The following is a list of cell organelles (nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, chloroplast, golgi
complex, mitochondria, ribosome) (SAY-2012)
a) Identify the organelles with double membrane envelope.
b) Mention the functions of these organelles.
Answer: a) Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast
b) Nucleus – Controlling centre of all the activities of the cell.
Mitochondria – Aerobic respiration
Chloroplast – Photosynthesis
10. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2013)
Starch : Amyloplast : : Fat: …………..
Answer: Elaioplast
11. An accepted model of the structure of a cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson.
(MARCH-2013)
a) Name the model.
b) List the 2 major biomolecules which this membrane is composed of.
c) Mention two important points of this model from the point of view of function.
Answer: a) fluid mosaic model b) lipid and protein
c) 1) cell growth 2) formation of inter cellular junctions
12. The diagrams a, b, c given below show three kinds of chromosomes. Of this, which is metacentric non-
satellite chromosome. Justify your answer. (SAY-2013)

Answer: Diagram b is the metacentric non satellite chromosome. Metacentric chromosomes have
centromere at the centre of the chromosome. Moreover it has no secondary constriction.
13. Prokaryotic cells possess a special membranous structure which is formed by the extensions of the
plasma membrane in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae. Identify this structure and write any one of
its functions. (MARCH-2014)
Answer: Mesosome. It helps in cell wall formation, secretion and respiration.
14. State whether the statements are ’true’ or ‘false’. If ‘false’, correct the statements by changing the
underlined words. (MARCH-2014)
a) Aleuroplasts store carbohydrates.
b) The centrioles form the basal body of cilia and flagella.
c) Ribosomes are not surrounded by membranes.
d) RER is the major site for synthesis of lipids.
Answer:
a) False, Aleuroplast store proteins
b) True
c) True
d) False, it is involved in the synthesis of proteins
15. In which hydrolases, the membrane bound vesicles are present? (SAY-2014)
Answer: Lysosome contains acid hydrolases
16. Distinguish between the characters of chloroplast and ribsomes from the given list and write them in
appropriate columns. (SAY-2014)
(Double membrane, George Palade, sac-like thylakoid, 70 Sand 80 S).

Answer:

Chloroplast Ribosome
Double membrane George Palade
sac-like thylakoid 70 Sand 80 S
17. a) Due to the presence of a secondary constriction, a knob-like small fragment appears in some
chromosomes called (MARCH-2015)
i) Kinetochore
ii) Histone
iii) Satellite
iv) Chiasmata
b) Classify chromosomes based on the position of centromere.
Answer: a) iii) Satellite
b) Metacentric – Centromere in the middle of chromosome
Sub metacentric – Centromere is sub median in position
Acrocentric – Centromere is at the tip with a small small chromatid at one end
Telocentric – Terminal centromere
18. Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA and form a chain called ………….. (SAY-2015)
Answer: polyribosome
19. Name the type of chromosome based on the position of centromere in the figure and label the parts A,
Band C. (SAY-2015)
Answer: Metacentric chromosome
a – centromere, b – secondary constriction,c – satellite
20. Observe the given diagram. Analyse this diagram and explain the structure of plasma membrane.
(MARCH-2016)

Answer: Plasma membrane is lipo-proteinaceous in nature. Lipids are arranged within the membrane with
the polar head towards the outer sides and the hydrophobic tails towards the inner part. The peripheral
proteins lie on the surface of membrane while the integral proteins are buried in the membrane.
21. Identify the cell organelle known as ‘powerhouse’ of the cell from those given below. (SAY-2016)
a) Lysosome
b) Centrosome
c) Mitochondria
d) Plastid
Answer: c) Mitochondria
22. Ribosome is the cell organelle seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mention how ribosomes differ
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Also mention the function of ribosome. (SAY-2016)
Answer: In prokaryotes- 70 S type, In eukaryotes – 80S type. Ribosomes are involved in Protein synthesis
23. a) Identify a call organelle which contains hydrolytic enzymes. (MARCH-2017)
b) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) are morphologically
and functionally different. Justify this statement.
Answer: a) Lysosomes
b) The endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface is called rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER). It is involved in protein synthesis and secretion.
In the absence of ribosomes ER appear smooth are called us smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
It is the major site for synthesis of lipid. In animals steroid hormones are synthesized
24. The nucleoplasm contains small spherical shaped structures,
 a) Name the structures
b) Name the openings seen in nuclear envelope and state their function.
Answer: a) Nucleolus
b) Nuclear pore. Helps in the movement of RNA and proteins across the membrane.
25. Name and explain the structure of cell organelle that is involved in photosynthesis (JULY-2018)
(Hint: Write four structural features)
Answer: Chloroplast
Chloroplast is double membrane bound cell organelle. Membraneous sac like structures are called
thylakoids. Thylakoids are of two types inter granal thylakoids and stroma lamellae. Matrix enclosed by
the inner membrane is known as stroma.
26. Ribosomes are organelles without a membrane found in all cells. Name another organelle devoid of
membrane, seen in animal cells. Write its function. (MARCH-2018)
Answer:Centrioles.
Centrioles helps in cell division. Spindle fibres are formed from the centrioles.
27. Fill the blanks in the flowchart given below. Which organelle possesses hydrolytic enzymes.(JULY-
2019)

Answer:
Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi bodies, Vacuole
Lysosomes are filled with hydrolytic enzymes.
28. An improved model of the structure of plasma membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicholson.
(a) What is this model called ?
(b) Which component forms bilayer ?
(c) Identify two types of proteins present in cell membrane. (JULY-2019)
Answer:
a) Fluid mosaic model.
b) Lipids
c) Peripheral proteins and intrinsic proteins.
29. Choose the CORRECT answer. A structure seen in bacterial cell is (MARCH-2019)
a) Nucleus
b) Lysosome
c) Plastid
d) Mesosome
Answer: Measosome
30. Who discovered Golgi apparatus. (DECEMBER-2020)
(a) George Palade (b) Robert Brown
(c) Camillo Golgi (d) Robert Hooke
Answer: Camillo Golgi
31. Based on the position of centromere classify the chromosomes and write their name. (DECEMBER-
2020)
Answer: Based on the position of centromere chromosomes are classified into four types
Metacentric – Centromere in the middle of chromosome
Sub metacentric – Centromere is sub median in position
Acrocentric – Centromere is at the tip with a small small chromatid at one end
Telocentric – Terminal centromere
32. Choose the correct answer. The organelle known as power house of the cell is (MARCH-2020)
(a) Ribosome (b) Vacuole
(c) Mitochondrion (d) Chloroplast
Answer: Mitochondria
33. Peculiarities of certain cell organelles are given below (MARCH-2020)
a. Involved in protein synthesis
b. Made up of many flat, disc shaped sacs or cisternae
c. Bear ribosomes on their surface
d. Rich in hydrolytic enzymes
e. Membrane is absent
Copy the table given below and write the above peculiarities in appropriate column.

Answer:
Lysosomes Golgi apparatus Ribosomes
Rich in hydrolytic enzymes Made up of many flat, disc shaped Involved in protein synthesis
Membrane is absent sacs or cisternae
Bear ribosomes on their surface

34. Cell theory was formulated by two scientists. (MARCH-2020)

(a) Name the scientists.
(b) Write the two main points in cell theory.
Answer: a) Theodore Schwan and Rudolf Virchow
b) (i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
(ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
35. There are different types of leucoplasts in plant cells. Name the leucoplast that store proteins.
(MARCH-2018)
Answer: Aleuroplast.
 Chapter 6: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
1. The following are some of the important events in mitotic cell division. Mention the stages of mitosis
during which these events happen. (MARCH-2010)
i) Centromeres split and chromosomes separate.
ii) Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes.
Answer: i) Anaphase ii) prophase
2. What is a quiescent stage? (MARCH-2010)
Answer: It is the inactive stage of cell cycle . In this stage cells do not proliferate but they are in
metabolically active state.
3. Mention the importance of crossing over. (MARCH-2010)
Answer: This process helps in the exchange of chromosome material and promote genetic variation.
4. A diagram prophase I stage of a Meiosis is given below. Draw similar diagrams to illustrate the
following stages: (SAY-2010)

a) Metaphase I
b) Telophase I
c) Anaphase II
Answer: a) Metaphase I

b) Telophase I
c) Anaphase II

5. Mitosis is divided into four stages: Prophase is the first stage of mitosis and is the second stage i.....
(MARCH-2011)
Answer: Metaphase
6. A cell with a chromosome number 42 undergoes mitosis and another cell with 42 chromosomes
undergoes meiosis. Give the chromosome number of daughter cells after mitosis and meiosis. Give reasons
for your answer. (MARCH-2011)
Answer: Mitosis results two daughter cells have 42 chromosomes each. lt is the equational division
Meiosis results four daughter cells with 21 chromosomes each in them. lt is a reduction division
7. Prophase I of meiosis I is subdivided into five phases. The sub phases and the chromosome behaviour of
the prophase I are listed below. Arrange them in proper order. (SAY-2011)

Answer:
 1) leptotene stage — The chromosomes become gradually visible under the light microscope
2) zygotene — chromosomes start pairing
3) pachytene — Bivalent becomes tetravalents and cross over occurs between non-sister
chromatids
4) Diplotene — recombined homologous chromosomeseparate from each other except chiasma
5) Diakinesis — terminalisation of chiasmata.
8. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2012)
Meiosis : Reduction division :: Mitosis : ………
Answer: Equational division
9. Observe the given diagram of cell division. (MARCH-2012)

a) Identify the state.

b) Label the parts A and B.
c) Mention any one peculiarity of the pachytene stage of meiosis.
Answer: a) Metaphase
b) A – Spindle fibre, B-sister chromatids
c) Crossing over occurs between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes. It gives the appearance of
recombination nodule.
10. Given below is the metaphase of mitosis. Analyse the diagram and draw a sketch of anaphase. Write
any two events of anaphase. (MARCH-2017)

Answer:
 1. Centromeres split and chromatids separate.
2. Chromatids move to opposite poles
11. Observe the diagram given below representing a stage of mitosis. (SAY-2012)

a) Identify the stage.

b) Distinguish it from corresponding stage of meiosis -1.
c) Mention the role of spindle fibres in Mitosis.
Answer: a) Metaphase
Metaphase Metaphase I of meiosis
Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of sister Spindle fibres attach to homologous chromosomes
chromatids
Pairing of homologous chromosomes do not occur Pairing of homologous chromosomes
c) Helps in the separation of sister chromatid or Movement of daughter chromosomes to opposite poles.
12. A diagrammatic view of a cell cycle is given below. (MARCH-2013)

a) Identify the phase in which :

i) DNA synthesis takes place
 ii) Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the spindle
b) Mention two significant points of mitosis in the life of an organism.
Answer: a) i) S-phase ii) Metaphase
b) 1. Formation of genetically identical daughter cell
2. Growth of multicellular organisms
13. Observe the following phases of nuclear division during mitosis and answer the following questions:
(SAY-2013)

a) Name the two phases of A and B.

b) What are the main events occurring in these two stages?
Answer: a) A — Metaphase B — Telophase
b) In metaphase chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres are attached to the
kinetochore of the chromosomes.
In Telophase two daughter nuclei are formed at opposite pole of the cell. Spindle fibre disappears and
nucleolus, nuclear membrane ER and golgi complex reappears.
14. Prophase of the first meiotic division is typically longer and complex. It has been further subdivided
into five phases. The major events of these sub-stages are given below: (MARCH-2014)
a) Pairing of homologous chromosomes.
b) Terminalization of chiasmata
c) Occurs crossing over
d) Chromosomes are visible under a light microscope
e) Formation of chiasmata
i) Identify the stages a, b, c, d and e.
ii) Arrange these stages in correct order of occurrence.
Answer: i)
Major Events Sub - Stages
Pairing of homologous chromosomes Zygotene
Terminalization of chiasmata Diakinesis
Occurs crossing over pachytene
Chromosomes are visible under a light microscope Leptotene
Formation of chiasmata Diplotene

ii)d-a-c-e-b
 15. The diagram shown below represents a stage in mitosis.(SAY-2014)

a) Label the parts (A) and (B).

b) Identify the stage.
c) Mention any two events occurring in this stage.
Answer: a) A- spindle fibres B- chromosomes
b) Metaphase
c) 1. Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell
2. Spindle fibres arise from the poles and attached to the chromosomes
16. Observe the diagrammatic view of a cell cycle and answer the questions. (MARCH-2015)
a) Identify the phase in which DNA synthesis takes place.
b) Mention any one event that takes place in the stages marked as ‘x’ and ‘y’.

Answer: a) s – phase b) X – metaphase – Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell
Y – Anaphase – Chromosome splits and move towards opposite pole of the cell
17. Observe the diagram related with cell cycle. (SAY-2015)
Identify and describe A, B and C in the diagram. (3) (Hint: Description of one point each from A, B, and
C)
OR
Write five sub-stages in prophase-l of meiosis. Point out in which sub-stage crossing over occurs,
Answer:
A-G1 phase – stage just after M phase mitotic phase – Cell metabolically active and continues to grow
B-S phase – synthesis phase – DNA replication takes place.
C-G2phase – pre mitotic phase – production of RNA and proteins.
OR
1) leptotene
2) zygotene
3) pachytene
4) diplotene
5) diakinesis
Crossing over occurs during pachytene stage.

18. a) Identify the sub stages of meiosis in which crossing over is occurring. (MARCH-2016)
i) Leptotene
ii) Zygotene
iii) Pachytene
iv) Diplotene
b) Summarize the significance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms.
Answer: a) pachytene
b) 1) Meiosis conserves the specific chromosome number of each species across generations in sexually
reproducing organisms.
2) It results in reduction of chromosome number by half.
3) It increases the genetic variability from one generation to the next.
4) Variations are very important for the process of evolution.
19. Identify the sub stages of Prophase I of meiosis in which the following events takes place. Mention any
two significance of meiosis. (SAY-2016)
a) Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex.
b) Crossing over
c) Pairing of homologous chromosome
d) Terminalization of chiasma
Answer: a) Diplotene
b) Pachytene
c) Zygotene
d) Diakinesis
Significances
It result in formation of haploid gametes.
It Increases genetic variability It results in conservation of specific chromosome number in
successive generation of a species It results in Reduction in the number of chromosomes
20. Observe the diagrams. Identity the A and B stages of mitosis. Write any two identifying features of
each stages. (SAY-2016)
Answer: A- Metaphase
1. Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell.
2. Spindle fibres are attached, to kinetochore of chromosome
B-Anaphase
1. Centromere split and chromatids separate.
2. Movement of daughter chromosomes towards the opposite poles of the cell
21. Small disc shaped structures at the surface of the centromere are called .............. (JULY-2018)
Answer: Kinetochores

22. Observe the given stage of mitosis (MARCH-2018)

Answer: Telophase

23. First phase of meiosis I is typically longer and complex one. Name it. Mention the
five subdivisions of this phase. (MARCH-2018)
Answer: Prophase I
1) leptotene
2) zygotene
3) pachytene
4) diplotene
5) diakinesis
24. Crossing over occurs in ................................... sub stage of Prophase-I. (JULY-2019)
(a) Leptotene
(b) Zygotene
(c) Diplotene
(d) Pachytene
Answer: Pachytene
25. Given below is the diagrammatic representation of a particular stage of mitosis: (JULY-2019)
 a) Identify the stage.
b) Write any two features of this stage.
Answer: Anaphase
1. Chromosome split through the centromere
2. Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles.
26. Fill in the blank. (MARCH-2019)
Cytokinesis in animal cell takes place by the appearance of a ............................. in the plasma membrane.
Answer: Cell furrow
27. Karyokinesis of mitosis is divided into four stages. Name the second and third stage. Write any two
features of second stage.
Answer: Second stage: Metaphase : Third stage: Anaphase
Metphase:
1. Chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell.
2. Spindle fibres are attached, to kinetochore of chromosome
Anaphase:
1. Chromosome split through the centromere
2. Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles.
28. Name the following. (DECEMBER-2020)
The stage at which synapsis occurs during Prophase I
Answer: Zygotene
29. During interphase stage cells prepare for cell division. (DECEMBER-2020)
(a) Write three phases of interphase.
(b) Write the peculiarity of quiescent stage (G0)
Answer: G1 Phase, S phase and G2 phase
Quiescent stage: Some cells which do not divide or divide occasionally undergo an inactive stage called
quiescent stage. The cell is metabolically active but do not divide.
30. Observe the relationship between the first two terms and fill in the blank. (MARCH-2020)
Metaphase : Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores.
.....................: Chromatids move to opposite poles.
Answer: Anaphase
31. Analyse the table given below and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2020)
Zygotene ................(a)
......(b)........... Crossing over
........(c)...... Dissolution of synaptonemal complex
Diakinensis .............(d)................
Answer:

Zygotene Pairing of homologous chromosomes

pachytene Crossing over
Diplotene Dissolution of synaptonemal complex
Diakinensis Terminalisation of chaiasmata

Chapter7: TransportinPlants
1. Observe the relationship between the first two and fill in the blanks. (MARCH-2010)
Uniport: The movement of molecules across a membrane independent of other molecules.
Symport : ……………
Antiport : …………
Answer: Symport: Both molecules cross the membrane in the same direction.
Antiport:Both molecules cross the membrane in the opposite direction.
2. Mention the concept of fundamental to the understanding of water movement in plants. (MARCH-2010)
Answer: Water potential
3. Ramu took equal amounts of water in two glasses and put some sugar in One of them. (SAY-2010)
a) Which one of the glass is having more negative water potential?
b) Negative water potential in plant cell can cause the physical force concerned with the movement of
water molecule. Justify your reasons.
Answer: a) Sugar solution. b) Osmosis /diffusion. Water flows from high water potential to lower water
potential. Hence water move from a region from less negative to more negative region.
4. In a classroom experiment teacher placed splitted colacasia petiole one each in two beaker A and B
containing different solutions. After 30 minutes the following changes were observed as shown below. By
observing the changes identify the solutions and explain the solutions. (SAY-2011)
Answer: A – Hypertonic solution
B – Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution – This is the more concentrated solution when compared to the solution of
cell sap
Hypotonic solution – This is the less concentrated or dilute solution when compared to the
solution of cell sap.
5. Three potato pieces of equal weight (2 gms) were left in three types of solutions (A, B and C) overnight.
The weight change of potato pieces are as shown in the figure. (MARCH-2012)
Before putting in the solution

After putting in the solution

a) Identify the solutions A and C.

b) Discuss the reason for not having any change in the piece put in solution-B.
Answer: a) A – Solution Hypertonic C – Solution – Hypotonic
b) B – Solution – Isotonic. The Osmotic pressure of the external solution and cell sap are same. Hence no
net flow of water towards inside or outside of potato pieces.
6. Suggest reason for the following : (SAY-2012)
a) In tomato plants drops of water are seen along leaf margins in the morning.
b) Farmers remove leaves of banana plants before planting.
Answer: a) It is due to guttation
b) Removal of leaves helps to reduce transpiration or to check water loss.
7. ‘Unlike water, all minerals cannot be passively absorbed by roots’. Write any two reasons to justify the
above statement. (MARCH-2013)
Answer: 1. Minerals in the soil present as charged particles
2.Concentration of mineral is lower than that in the root
8. Proteins in the membrane are responsible for facilitated diffusion and active transport and hence both
show common characteristics. List any two such characteristics. (MARCH-2013)
Answer:
Both are highly selective
Liable to saturate
9. Match the following: (SAY-2013)
A B
a) Apoplast Phloem transport
b) Transpiration Semi permeable membrane
c) Mass flow hypothesis Cell wall
d) Osmosis Stomata
Answer:
A B
a) Apoplast Cell wall
b) Transpiration Stomata
c) Mass flow hypothesis Phloem transport
d) Osmosis Semi permeable membrane
10. Transpiration has more than one purpose in plants. Write any one purpose of transpiration in plants and
list any two factors that affect this process. (MARCH-2015)
Answer:
It supply water for photosynthesis
Transport minerals from soil to all part of the plant
Two factors affecting transpiration are temperature and humidity
11. Define imbibition and give one example studied by you. (SAY-2015)
Answer: Absorption of water by hydrophilic colloids and their enormous increase in volume.
Eg – Dry seeds absorb water and swells up
12. How can you differentiate active transport from facilitated diffusion? (MARCH-2016 )
Answer: In active transport, transport proteins and energy are used. In facilitated diffusion- transport
protein only is used. No metabolic energy is required.
13. Observe the diagram and identify the phenomenon that helps in the transport of molecules in plants.
Also mention the three type of movement of molecules shown in the diagram as (i), (ii) and (iii). (SAY-
2016)
Answer:
Facilitated diffusion
i) Uniport
ii) Antiport
iii) Symport
14. The movement of water through the root layers is ultimately symplastic in the endodermis. Give a
reason. (MARCH-2017)
Answer: Endodermal cells show casparian thickening due to the deposition of suberin. It prevent the flow
of water through wall layers hence the apoplastic pathway is blocked and further transport takes place in
symplastic pathway.
15. The opening and closing of stomata is aided by the peculiarities of bean shaped guard cells. Mention
any two such peculiarities (JULY-2018)
Answer: Opening and closing of stomata is controlled by the turgor variation in the guard cells. During
daytime guard cell absorb water from the surrounding subsidiary cells and become turgid. This leads to the
opening of stomata. During night guard cells loose water and become flaccid, leading to the closure of
stomata. Radial arrangement of cellulose micro fibrills also helps in this process.
16. Observe the figure given below. (MARCH-2019)

Identify the process demonstrated in the figure. Write the role of membrane in this process.
Answer: Osmosis
17. Observe the figure given below. (DECEMBER 2020)
Write the process labelled as 'I'
 Answer: Antiport

Chapter 8
Mineral Nutrition
1. Ammonia is used to synthesize amino acids in plants by two methods. Name the two ways of synthesis
of amino acids.
Answer: Reductive amination and Transamination
2. Amides contain more nitrogen than the amino acids. Name two important amides found in plants and
explain their formation (July-2018)
Answer: Asparagine and Glutamine by adding amino group to the hydroxyl group of amino acids.
Asparagine is formed from aspartic acid and glutamine formed from glutamic acid.
3. The nitrogenase enzyme and leg-haemoglobin are two important compounds related to nitrogen fixation
in plants. Mention the function of each. (MARCH-2010)
Answer: Nitrogenase – It is an enzyme involved in the conversion of N2 to NH3
Leghaemoglobin – It is the pink coloured pigment act as an 02 scavenger i.e it helps to prevent the
combining of nitrogenase with 02
4. Macronutrients and micronutrients are found to be absolutely essential for plant growth and metabolism.
Name two macronutrients.(MARCH-2011)
Answer: Carbon, Hydrogen
5. Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by living organisms is called biological nitrogen fixation. Can you
write about one free living nitrogen fixing aerobic microbe? (SAY-2011)
Answer: Azotobactor
6. In the given flow chart of N2 cycle write the name of organisms involved in the numbered places. (SAY-
2011)

Answer: Rhizobium, nitrococcus, nitrobactor, Thiobacillus

6. a) Carotenoids are responsible for the pink colour of root nodule in pea plant. (MARCH-2012)
Correct this false statement.
b) The pigment present in root nodule is called, ‘Oxygen scavenger’. Justify.
Answer: a) Leg – haemoglobin is responsible for the pink colour of root nodule in pea plant
b) Leg – haemoglobin act as oxygen scavenger and provide an anaerobic environment for
nitrogenase enzyme action
7. The biochemical assay of some plants indicates the presence of Gold, Vanadium, Silicon etc. But, these
elements are not considered as essential elements. Comment.(SAY-2012)
Answer: Essentiality of elements are identified as per the criteria of essentiality.
1) Essential elements required for normal growth and development.
2) Role of essential element is specific ie, not replaced by another element.
3) The element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant
Hence gold, Vanadium, Silicon etc. are not considered as essential elements.

8. ‘In a plant, deficiency of N2 is visible in older parts and that of Ca is visible in younger parts’. Critically
evaluate the statement. (SAY-2012)
Answer: N2is a mobile element which move from older parts to younger parts. Ca is an immobile element
which cannot move. Hence deficiency symptoms are found in younger parts
9. Nitrogen in the atmosphere exist as N2 (N = N). But it cannot be absorbed by plants as such. So it
converted into ammonia (NH3) by micro organisms and get fixed in the soil. (SAY-2013)
a) Name the enzyme in the micro organisms which help to convert nitrogen into ammonia.
b) What is the role of leg-haemoglobin in this process?
Answer: a) Nitrogenase
b) It act as 02scavenger that means it helps in preventing the combining of 02with nitrogenase
10. The deficiency symptoms of macro elements like calcium tend to appear first in the young tissues.
Why? (MARCH-2014)
Answer: It is an immobile element. So it cannot move to younger regions of plant.
11. Ammonia is first oxidized to nitrite and the nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate. Name the process. Give
any one example of a bacterium which is involved in this process. (MARCH-2014)
Answer: Nitrification
Ammonia is converted into nitrite with help of nitrosomonas but nitrite is converted into nitrate by
nitrobactor.
12. If you cut through the root nodules of a pea plant, you will notice that the central portion is red or pink.
(MARCH-2014)
a) What makes the nodule pink?
b) Mention the role of this pink pigment.
Answer:
a) Leghaemoglobin
b) lt act as 02scavenger that means it helps in preventing the combining of 02with nitrogenase.
13. Observe the diagram given below. (SAY-2014)

a) Name this technique

b) Write two advantages of this technique
Answer: a) Hydroponics
b) 1. It helps in studying deficiency symptoms
2. It is useful for the Commercial production of vegetables such as tomato.
14. Even though more than sixty elements are found in different plants, all are not essential. Write any two
criteria for the essentiality of an element. (MARCH-2015)

Answer:
1) The element must be absolutely necessary for supporting normal growth and reproduction.
2) The requirement of the element must be specific and not replaceable by another element.
15. Steps of conversion of atmospheric Nitrogen to Ammonia by Nitrogen fixing bacteria are given below.
(SAY-2015). Name the key enzyme in that reaction and point out the relationship between the key enzyme
and leg- haemoglobin.

Answer: Key enzyme in nitrogen fixation is Nitrogenase. Leghaemoglobin is the pigment protect
nitrogenase from the activity of oxygen.
16. The plants show deficiency symptoms when the concentration of an essential element is below the
critical concentration. Write any four deficiency symptoms shown by plants. (MARCH-2016)
Answer: chlorosis, necrosis, delay flowering and inhibition of cell division.
17. About 16 elements are found to be needed for the normal growth and development in plants. Mention
the three important criteria for the essentiality of an element and the metalic element forming the structural
component of chlorophyll molecule. (SAY-2016)
Answer:
1) The element must be essential for normal growth and reproduction.
2) Role of element must be specific, not replaced by other element.
3) Element is directly involved in the metabolism of the plant.
Magnesium forms the structural part of chlorophyll molecule
18. The root nodules of leguminous plants contain two necessary biochemical compounds for N2 fixation.
Identify these compounds. (MARCH-2017)
Answer: Nitrogenase enzyme and Leghaemoglobin
19. What is the difference between nitrification and denitrification in Nitrogen cycle ?
Answer: Nitrification is the conversion of Ammonia into nitrites and then to nitrates. Denitrification is the
conversion of soil nitrogenous compounds into molecular nitrogen.
20. Essentiality of an element is determined through certain criteria.
a. Write any two criteria determining the essentiality of elements.
b. Name the technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution.
Answer:
a) 1) The element must be essential for normal growth and reproduction.
2) Role of element must be specific, not replaced by other element.
b) Hydroponics
21. Names of certain essential elements are given below:
Potassium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Copper, Magnesium
Choose the macro nutrients and write one function of each of them
Answer: Potassium, Magnesium
Potassium is involved in opening and closing of stomata. Magnesium is an activator of RuBisCo and
PEPcase
22. Diagrammatic representation of development of root nodules in pea plant is given below. Observe the
figure and write down the different steps involved.
 Answer:
 Rhizobia aggregate
around the root hair and divide
 Upon infection the root hair curl.
 The infection thread carries the bacteria into the inner cortex
 The bacteria get modified into bacteroids
 The bacteroids induce the cortical and pericycle cells to divide to form a root nodule
 Mature nodule establishes vascular connection with that of the root.
23. How can we classify essential elements on the basis of their diverse functions?
Answer:
1. Essential elements that are components of biomolecules and hence structural elements.
2. Essential elements that are components of energy-related chemical compounds.
3. Essential elements that act as activators or inhibitors of enzymes.
4. Essential elements that can alter the osmotic potential of a cell.
24. The element is said to be deficient when present below the critical concentration. What is critical
concentration? State any two kinds of deficiency symptoms shown by plants. (JULY 2018)
Answer: The concentration of the essential element below which the plant growth is retarded is known as
critical concentration.
Chlorosis, Necrosis
25. Plants are adversely affected by manganese toxicity. Mention the effects of manganese toxicity in
plants. (MARCH 2018)
Answer: Appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins
26. Observe the diagram given below. (JULY 2019)
(a) Identify the type of plant culture
(b) Write any two uses of this of culture.

Answer: Hydroponics
1. Is a technique for the commercial production of vegetables such as tomato, lettuce etc.
2. Helps to study the toxicity symptoms of mineral elements.
27. Observe the elements given below. (MARCH 2019)
Copper, Phosphorus, Boron, Magnesium, Potassium, Manganese, Chlorine
Choose the micro elements from the above.
Answer: Copper, Boron, Manganese, Chlorine
28. Match the Column -A with Column -B (DECEMBER 2020)
Column A Column B
(i) Phosphorus (a) Nitrogen metabolism
(ii) Potassium (b) Synthesis of auxin
(iii) Molybdenum (c) Opening and closing of stomata
(iv) Zinc (d) Phosphorylation reaction

Answer:
 Column A Column B
(i) Phosphorus (d) Phosphorylation reaction
(ii) Potassium (c) Opening and closing of stomata
(iii) Molybdenum (a) Nitrogen metabolism
(iv) Zinc (b) Synthesis of auxin

29. Nodules present in the roots of leguminous plants contain special pigment. (DECEMBER 2020)
(a) Name the pigments
(b) Write the functions of that pigments
Answer: Leg-haemoglobin
lt act as 02scavenger that means it helps in preventing the combining of 02with nitrogenase.
30. Observe the figure given below: (MARCH 2020)

(a) Name the processes

(b) Define the above identified process
Answer: Facilitated diffusion
The movement of substances from higher concentration to lower concentration with the help of carrier
protein without using metabolic energy.
31. Define hydroponics. Write one advantage of it. (MARCH 2020)
Answer: The technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution is known as hydroponics.
Used for the commercial production of vegetables such as tomato, seedless cucumber and lettuce
 Chapter 9
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
1. Label the marked parts in the given diagram of a chloroplast. (MARCH-2010)

Answer: 1) Grana 2) Stroma thylakoid

2. Comment on the speciality of carbon fixation in some plants adapted to dry tropical regions. What are
the anatomical peculiarities of the leaves of these plants? (MARCH-2010)
OR
Comment on the differences between cycle photophosphorylation and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
Which among the two is responsible for the production of oxygen in photosynthesis.
Answer: These plants (C4) show efficient photosynthesis due to the absence of photorespiration. In this
type primary CO2 fixation takes place in mesophyll chloroplast and secondary CO2 fixation (Calvin cycle)
takes place in bundle sheath chloroplast. Carbohydrate synthesis occurs in bundle sheath cells.
They shows special type of leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy.
OR
Cycle photophosphorylation Non- Cycle photophosphorylation
Electron travels in cycle manner Electron travels in non-cycle manner
Only ATP is synthesised Both ATP and NADPH are produced
Photolysis does not occur Photolysis occurs
Only PSI is involved Both PSI and PSII are involved

3. As a part of experiment to study the influence of light on carbohydrates synthesis, a potted plant was
kept in light for some time and then it was transferred to dark room. (SAY-2010)
a) It was observed that carbohydrate production continued for some time and came to a halt. Suggest
reason for this phenomenon.
b) What would happen to carbohydrate production if the same plant is again transferred back to light?
Answer: a) ATP & NADPH2 formed in light reactionare used for synthesis of sugar.
b) Restart the synthesis of carbohydrate.
4. Calvin, Benson and others found that during photosynthesis the first stable product in sugar formation is
3- phosphoglyceric acid, while Hatch and slack showed that it is oxaloacetic acid. Comment on these
contradicting observation. (SAY-2010)
Answer: Calvin, Benson and others fond in some plants first stable product of carbon fixation is 3
PGA. Such plants are called as C3 plants.
Hatch & slack found that in C4 plants the first stable product is a 4-carbon compound know as Oxalo
acetic acid.
5. Given below are the scientific terms related to photosynthesis. Classify them in appropriate manner in
the given table. (SAY-2010)
RUBISCO, Rice plant , C02, Maize plant, Oxalo acetic acid, 3 -PGA,PEP case.
Answer:
Sl No C3 plant C4 plant
1. RUBISCO RUBISCO/ PEP case
2. CO2 CO2
3. 3 – PGA Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
4. Rice plant Maize plant
6. Calvin and his co-workers worked out the whole pathway of CO2 fixation and showed that the pathway
is operated in a cyclic manner (MARCH-2011)
a) Draw this cycle using the given terms in the correct order.
3 phosphoglycerate, Regeneration,Carboxylation, Triose phosphate, Reduction, Ribulose, 1,5 biphosphate,
CO2, Sucrose.
b) Write the name of the primary CO2 acceptor in the Calvin cycle.
c) Write the number of carbon atoms in the first CO2 fixation product in the Calvin cycle.
OR
Pigments in plants are organized into two photo-chemical light harvesting complexes.
a) Name the reaction centre of PS-1 and write its absorption peak.
b) Name the reaction centre of PS-11 and wrote its absorption peak.
c) Explain noncyclic photophosphorylation giving reasons for the naming of the phenomenon, with the
help of a diagram
Answer:
a)

b) RUBP (Ribulose Biphosphate)

c) 3-phosphoglycerate (3 carbon)
 OR
a) P700 – Peak is 700nm
b) P680 – Peak is 680nm
c)

The schematic representation showing z-scheme.

7. During photosynthetic CO2 fixation certain plants, produce PGA as first stable product. Name such
plants. Who reported the pathway? What is the enzyme for carboxylation? Name the molecule which
accepts CO2in such plants. (SAY-2011)
Answer: C3 plant,
Melvin Calvin,
RUBISCO,
RUBP
8. Given diagram is the chemi-osmotic hypothesis of ATP formation during light reaction. Complete the
numbered places. (SAY-2011)

Answer: 1) NADPH
2) F1
3) ADP
4) ATP
9. An anatomist observed a peculiar type of large spherical bundle sheath cells in sugar cane leaf and a
physiologist identified the presence of PEP carboxylase in that leaf mesophyll. (MARCH-2012)
a) Name the peculiar leaf anatomy.
b) Explain the physiological advantages of such type of plants.
Answer: a) Kranz anatomy
 b) 1. Tolerate high temperature.
2. Response to high light intensities.
3. Photorespiration does not occur
4. Greater productivity and yield
10. Photorespiration is a curse to plants’. (MARCH-2012)
a) Evaluate this statement.
b) Find the reason for this event to take place.
Answer: a) In photo respiration neither synthesis of sugar nor ATP takes place. But release of CO2 with
the utilization of ATP occurs. Photosynthetically fixed carbon is lost. Hence it is a wasteful process.
b) In C3 plants, Oxygen bind to RuBisco and hence CO2 fixation is decreased. Here, Kranz anatomy is not
present
11. Light reaction and dark reaction are the two stages of photosynthesis. (SAY-2012)
a) Where does light reaction occurs?
b) What are its end products?
c) Comment on their roles in dark reaction.
Answer: a) Thylakoid or Grana
b) NADPH2, ATP & O2
c) NADPH2– used in reduction of 3 PGA or conversion of CO2 to sugar or glucose or food.
ATP is used during reduction stage and regeneration of RuBP in Calvin cycle.
12. C4 plants are adapted to overcome a wasteful process found in C3 plants and hence productivity and
yields are better in these plants. (MARCH-2013)
a) Name the wasteful process found in C3 plants.
b) Identify the cells involved in the C4 pathway.
c) Write any two differences between C4 plants and C4 plants.
Answer: a) photorespiration
b) Mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplast
c) In C3 plants the primary CO2 acceptor is RUBP and the first stable product formed is
3PGA. In C4 plants the primary CO2 acceptor is PEP and the first stable product formed is OAA
14. Light reaction is otherwise called photophosphorylation. (MARCH-2013)
a) Justify the statement.
b) Locate the site of this reaction.
c) Write any two differences between cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Answer: a) It is the addition of inorganic phosphate with ADP and forms ATP in the presence of light
b) It occurs in the grana of chloroplast
c) In cyclic photophosphorylation PSI is functional and electron flow is cyclic but in non-
cyclic photophosphorylation both PSI and PSII are functional and electron flow is in non-cyclic manner.
14. Chlorophyll contain a metallic element. (SAY-2013)
a) Name the metallic element.
b) Mention any one deficiency symptom of that element.
Answer: a) Magnesium b) Chlorosis
15. Light reaction of photosynthesis is divided into two processes. In one process the electrons emitted
will return to the place from where it is emitted. (SAY-2013)
a) What are the names of these two processes?
b) What happens to the electrons in the second phase?
c) Explain it with schematic representation.
Answer: a) cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation
b) Electrons expelled from PS II never return back. Hence such transport is non cyclic.
c)

The Z-scheme associated with photolysis of water release electrons and protons. PS II absorb sunlight and
electrons are expelled. Then electrons accepted by electron acceptor. Then passes through series of
electron acceptors and finally reaches PSI. Electron emitted from PSI and proton coming from water
combines with NADP and forms reduced co-enzyme NADPH2. Electron gap in the PSII is filled by the
electron formed from photolysis of water.
16. RuBisCo is an enzyme that catalysis two entirely different processes.(SAY-2013)
a) Which are the processes?
b) In which process chloroplast alone is used as cell organelle?
c) Label the parts A, B, C, D of the given diagram.

Answer:
a) Carboxylation (C3 pathway) and oxygenation (photorespiration)
b) C3 pathway
c)Stroma lamella
B – Grana
C – Stroma
D – Starch Granule
17. Plants that are adapted to dry tropical regions have a special type of CO2 fixation in addition to the C3
cycle. (MARCH-2014)
a) Name this pathway.
b) Can you identify any speciality in the leaf anatomy of such plants? If so, what is this anatomy called?
c) Which is the primary CO2 acceptor in this pathway?
d) Write any one advantage of such plants over C3 plants.
Answer: a) C4 pathway
b) yes, Kranz anatomy
c) Phospho enol pyruvic acid (PEP)
d) They are photosynthetically efficient than C3 plants
18. The use of radioactive C14by Melvin Calvin in algal photosynthesis studies led to the discovery of
CO2fixation in green plants. (MARCH-2014)
a) Identify the first stable product in this CO2 fixation cycle.
b) Which are the three main stages of this cycle?
c) Name the enzyme which catalyzes the first stage of this cycle.
d) Work out how many ATP and NADPH molecules will be required to make one molecule of glucose.
Answer: a) 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
b) Carboxylation, Reduction and Regeneration
c) RUBISCO
d) 12NADPH2,18ATP
19. C4 cycle is so called because of the presence of a C4 acid. (SAY-2014)
a) Name the C4 acid
b) Name the leaf anatomy present in C4 plants.
Answer: a) Oxalo acetic acid b) Kranz anatomy
20. The light reaction of photosynthesis is divided into two reactions. They are cyclic and noncyclic
photophosphorylation. Mention any three differences between cyclic and non-cyclic reactions (SAY-2014)
Answer:
Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Electron travels in cyclic manner Electron travels in non-cyclic manner
Only ATP is produced Both ATP and NADPH2 are produced
Photolysis does not occur Photolysis occur and oxygen is released
21. There is a clear division of labour within the chloroplast. Substantiate the given statement with an
explanation stating two points. (MARCH-2015)
OR
Photosynthesis can be considered as the most significant physico-chemical process on earth. Evaluate this
statement citing any two significances.
Answer: Light reaction occurs in grana. In grana ATP and NADPH2 are produced. In stroma dark reaction
leads to carbohydrate formation. This leads to the synthesis of carbohydrate.
OR
Carbohydrate synthesized during photosynthesis forms the basis of food for the entire biosphere. Absorb
carbondioxide and release oxygen.
22. C4 plants have special features. List out any four specialities of C4 plants compared to C3 plants.
(MARCH-2015)
Answer:
C4 plants plants can tolerate high temperature
They lack photorespiration
They shows specialised leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy
Greater productivity of biomass.
23. Write any four peculiarities of ‘Z scheme’ electron transport in light reaction. (SAY-2015)
Answer: a) Splitting of water occurs
b) ATP &NADPH2 are produced
c) PS I and PS II are involved
d) O2 evolution takes place
24. The reaction centre of photosystems in green plants during light reaction is ......... (MARCH-2016)
a) Xanthophyll
b) Carotenoids
c) Chlorophyll b
d) Chlorophgyll a

Answer: chlorophyll a
25. a) Name the special type of leaf anatomy shown by C4 plants. (MARCH-2016)
b) Illustrate the major advantages of C4 plants over C3 plants.
Answer: a) Kranz anatomy
b) C4 plants are photo synthetically efficient than C3 plants because energy wasteful process
photorespiration occur in C3. C4 plants can tolerate high temperature conditions than C3 plants.
26. Light reaction involve cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport. Classify the features given below under
the above stages of light reaction. (SAY-2016)
a) Only pigment system I is involved
b) ATP and NADPH are formed
c) Splitting of water occurs
d) Only ATP is formed
Answer:
Cyclic electron transport Noncyclic electron transport
Only pigment system Splitting of water occurs
I is involved ATP & NADPH are formed
Only ATP is formed
27. Chemiosmosis theory of photosynthesis requires a protein gradient for ATP synthesis to occur. Explain
any two events that causes protein gradient. (SAY-2016)
Answer:
Splitting of water molecules takes place inside thylakoid lumen and hence accumulation of protons
occur within the thylakoid lumen..
During electron transport, protons are removed from stroma and released into the lumen of
thylakoid
28. An important difference between C3 and C4 plants is photorespiration. Explain how photorespiration
occurs in C3 plants. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
In C3 plants O2 binds with RuBisCO and converted to 2 molecules of PGA and phosphoglycolate.
It takes place in high O2 and low CO2 concentration. In the photorespiratory pathway neither
synthesis of sugars nor of ATP. So it is a wasteful process.
30. Observe the relationship between first two terms and fill in the blank (JULY -2018)
C4 plants : PEP case :: C3 Plants: ..............................
Answer: RuBisCo
31. Choose the correct answer from the bracket. First stable product of carbondioxide fixation in C4 plant
is (MARCH -2018)
(PGA, OAA, PEP, RUBP)
Answer: PGA
32. Photosynthesis is a process influenced by environmental factors as well as plant factors. Mention three
factors under each category. (MARCH -2018)
Answer:
Plant factors Environmental factors
 Number, size, age and orientation of leaves  Availability of sunlight
 Mesophyll cells and chloroplasts,  Temperature
 CO2 concentration
 Internal CO 2 concentration
 Water
 Amount of chlorophyll.
33. Plants that are adapted to dry tropical regions have the C4 pathway. Write any two advantages of C4
plants over C3 plants. (JULY -2019)
Answer: C4 plants are photo synthetically efficient than C3 plants because energy wasteful process
photorespiration occur in C3. C4 plants can tolerate high temperature conditions than C3 plants.
34. RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme in the plant world. How does RuBisCO involve in
photorespiration ? (JULY -2019)
Answer: Enzyme RuBisCO has both carboxylation and oxygenation activity. Photorespiration is due to
the oxygenation activity of the enzyme RuBisCO. Higher oxygen concentration in the mesophyll cells
leads to the oxygenation activity of RuBisCO.
34. Certain thylakoid pigments are called accessory pigments. Name them. Write their significance. (JULY
-2019)
Answer:
1. They help to absorb light from other different wave lengths and made available for photosynthesis.
2. Prevent photo-oxidation of chlorophyll a molecule.
35. Observe the figure given below.(MARCH -2019)

Identify the parts a, and b. Write their functions.

Answer: a) Grana b) Stroma

b) Light reaction occur in grana, which leads to the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. Dark reaction occur in
stroma leading to the synthesis of carbohydrate.
36. C4 plants have a special leaf. Name that anatomy. Write three peculiarities of this kind of anatomy.
(MARCH -2019)
Answer: Kranz anatomy
1. The bundle sheath cells may form several layers around the vascular bundles
2. Large number of chloroplasts
3. Thick walled cells. Cells are impervious to gaseous.
37. Match the items of column A with B. (MARCH -2019)
 A B
a Reduction i Formation of oxygen
b Photolysis ii Formation of 3-PGA
c Photorespiration iii Formation of PEP
d Carboxylation iv Formation of glucose
v Formation of phosphoglycolate
Answer:
A B
a Reduction i Formation of glucose
b Photolysis ii Formation of oxygen
c Photorespiration iii Formation of phosphoglycolate
d Carboxylation iv Formation of 3-PGA
38. Light reaction and dark reaction are the two stages of photosynthesis. Write the differences between
light reaction and dark reaction. (DECEMBER-2020)
Answer:

Light Reaction Dark Reaction

Occurs in grana Occurs in stroma
ATP and NADPH are formed Glucose is formed

39. Analyse the table and fill in the blanks. (DECEMBER-2020)

Characteristics C3 plants C4 plants
Primary CO2 Acceptor ...............(a)............ PEP
Primary CO2 fixation product ...............(b)............ Oxalo Acetic Acid
Leaf anatomy Normal Anatomy ...............(c)............
Example Rice plant ...............(d)............

Answer:

Characteristics C3 plants C4 plants

Primary CO2 Acceptor RuBP PEP
Primary CO2 fixation product 3-PGA Oxalo Acetic Acid
Leaf anatomy Normal Anatomy Kranz anatomy
Example Rice plant Maize plant

40. Melvin Calvin discovered CO2 fixation in green plants. (DECEMBER-2020)

(a) Which are three main stages of Calvin cycle?
(b) Name the enzyme catalysing first stage of this cycle-mitochondria
(c) What is the peculiarity of this enzyme?
Answer:
(a) Carboxylation, Reduction, Regeneration
(b) RuBisCO
(c) This enzyme can catalyse both carboxylation and oxygenation of RuBP.
41. Analyse the table given below and fill in the blanks a, b, c, d. (MARCH-2020)

Process Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation

Movement of electrons Cyclic ..................(a).....................
Number of photosystems ..................(b)..................... ..................(c).....................
Splitting of water ..................(d)..................... Absent
Answer:

Process Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation

Movement of electrons Cyclic Non cyclic
Number of photosystems 1 2
Splitting of water Present Absent
42. Observe the given figure showing C4 pathway. (MARCH-2020)

(a) Identify the cells A and B.

(b) Name the C4 acid formed through this pathway.
(c) Name the enzyme involved in the formation of C4 acid.
Answer:
(a) A – Mesophyll cell B. Bundle sheath cell
(b) Oxaloacetic
(c) PEPcase
43. Notice the three stages of Calvin cycle given below. (MARCH-2020)
Reduction Regeneration, Carboxylation
(a) Arrange the above stages in correct order.
(b) Calvin cycle is also known as C3 cycle (pathway). Give reason.
Answer: a) Carboxylation, Reduction, Regeneration
b) First stable compound formed in this cycle is a three carbon compound, hence this cycle is
known as C3 cycle.
 Chapter10
RespirationinPlants
1. Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycles are the two important steps in aerobic respiration. Suggest where exactly
in the cell these events take place. (MARCH-2010)
Answer: Glycolysis – Cytoplasm, Krebs cycle – Mitochondria
2. Plants are living organisms respiring just like animals taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide.
But, they are without any organ for this purpose. Mention any two reasons for it. (MARCH-2010)
Answer:
1. Each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs.
2. Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange. Roots, stems and leaves respire at rates
far lower than animals do.
3. Suggest a method for finding out the biochemical compound used as the respiratory substrate in plants.
(MARCH-2010)
Answer: It mainly based on Respiratory quotient. (RQ= Volume of CO2 evolved/ Volume of O2 consumed)
4. Diagrammatic representation of kerbs cycle is given below with some omissions. (SAY-2010)
a) Complete the diagram by filling the gaps.

b) Where does the substrate level phosphorylation occur in kerbs cycle?

Answer: a) 4c – Oxaloacetic acid
4c – Malic acid / Fumaric acid
5c – α Ketoglutaric acid
b) During the formation of succinic acid / conversion of succinyl co.A to succinic acid/ Conversion of 5c
to 4c compound.
5. Breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is called glycolysis. Draw the scheme of
glycolysis using the following, starting from glucose ending in pyruvic and 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid,
glyceraldehyde 3 phospate dihydroxy acetone phosphate, fructose, 1, 6- biphosphate, 3 phosphoglycerate,
fructose-6, phosphate, phosphoenol pyruvate, glucose-6 phosphate, 3 phosphoglyceric acid. (MARCH-
2011)

Answer:

6. Break down of glucose to pyruvic acid is glycolysis. (SAY-2011)

a) How many molecules of pyruvic acid is produced from a glucose molecule?
b) Write the steps in which ATP is used during glycolysis.
c) The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with OAA and water to yield citric acid.
a) Name the enzyme catalysing the reaction.
b) How many NADH + H+ molecules are produced in TCA cycle?
c) How many FADH2 molecules are produced?
d) How many ATP molecules are produced?
Answer:
a) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
b) 1) conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
2) fructose-6-phophate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
c) a) citrate synthase
b) 6NADH2
c) 2FADH2
d) 2ATP
7. Observe the given figure and answer the questions. (MARCH-2012)

Answer:
a) Identify the cycle and name the scientist who traced the pathway.
b) Complete the cycle by filling A, B, C & D in the boxes.
c) How many NADH and FADH2 are yielded during the complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate
by this pathway?

Aswer:
a) Kerb’s cycle / tricarboxylic acid cycle / Hans Kreb
b) A – Acetyl co-enzyme
B – Citric acid
C – Succinic acid
D – Oxaloacetic acid / OAA
c) 4 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2
8. Observe the incomplete schematic representation given below and answer the questions. (MARCH-
2012)

a) Identify this pathway common for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
b) Complete the scheme by filling the boxes A, B, C and D.
c) Mention the three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by this pathway.
Answer:
a) Glycolysis / EMP Pathway
b) A – Glucose 6 – phosphate
B – Triose phosphate / glyceraldehyde – 3 Phos-phate
C – 2 – Phosphoglyceric acid
D – 2 – Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
c) 1. Lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells,
2. Alcoholic fermentation in Yeast and
3. Aerobic respiration.
9. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration starts with a common pathway. Identify the pathway and
its end product. (SAY-2012)
Answer: Glycolysis or EMP Pathway, Pyruvic acid
10. Observe the illustration given below and answer the following questions. (SAY-2012)

a) Identify the cyclic pathway.

b) Where does it occur?
c) Identify the steps of this pathway in which de-carboxylation takes place.
Answer:
a) Kreb’s cycle or T.C.A. or Citric acid cycle.
b) Mitochondria
c) Conversion of Pyruvic acid to Acetyl Co. A.
Conversion of citric acid to α – ketoglutaric acid.
Conversion of α – ketoglutaric acid to succinic acid.
11. Analyze the given statements and correct them with respect to the underlined words. (MARCH-2013)
a) Respiration is an anabolic pathway.
b) The site of perception of light by a plant for a photoperiodic response is a flower.
Answer:
a) amphibolic pathway
b) leaf
12. Breakdown of glucose in respiration is listed under glycolysis and Krebs cycle. (MARCH-2013)
a) Locate the site of glycolysis and Krebs cycle in the cell.
b) Glycolysis is a partial oxidation process. Justify.
Answer:
a) glycolysis-cytoplasm,
Krebs cycle-mitochondria
b) Glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
13. Oxidative phosphorylation is an important event in cellular respiration. (SAY-2013)
a) Which organelle is associated with this process?
b) Name the phase of cellular respiration that is common to both aerobic and anaerobic condition.
c) Draw the schematic representation of that phase.
Answer:
A) a) Mitochondria
b) Glycolysis
c)

14. During terminal oxidation, electrons in the hydrogen atoms are transported to the oxygen through a
series of electron carriers in ETS. The electron carriers are given below FMN, FAD, Ubiquinone, FeScyt a,
cyt b, cyt c, cyt a3, etc. (SAY-2013)
a) Briefly explain ETS with schematic representation.
b) Where does ETS occur?
Answer:
The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another is called the electron
transport system (ETS). Reduced coenzyme like NADH(complexl) in the mitochondrial matrix is oxidised
and release 2 electrons and 2protons. Electrons and protons are transferred to FMN, it is reduced to
FMNH2 It breaks and releases protons and electrons .Protons goes to inter membrane space but electrons
reaches ubiquinone. Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex II). The reduced
ubiquinone is then oxidised with the transfer of electrons to cytochrome c via cytochrome bc1 complex
(complex III). Cytochrome c acts as a mobile carrier for the transfer of electrons between complex III and
IV. Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase complex containing cytochromes a and a3, Oxygen acts as
the final hydrogen acceptor.
b) It is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
15. Anaerobic respiration is also occurs in animal cells. Suggest an occasion for this. (MARCH-2014)
Answer:During excessive muscular exercise O2 inadequacy experience in Skeletal tissues. In such a case
the respiration is anaerobic and occurs through lactic acid fermentation.
16. Glycolysis is present in all organisms and it is the only process of respiration in anaerobic organisms.
(MARCH-2014)
a) What is glycolysis?
b) Where does glycolysis occur?
c) Glycolysis is a partial oxidation. Justify.
d) Calculate the total number of ATP molecules synthesized in glycolysis by the partial oxidation of one
molecule of glucose.
Answer:
a) Glycolysis is the partial breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
b) Cytoplasm of the cell.
c) It is a partial breakdown process as 6C glucose is cleaved into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C). Still
there are energy rich C-C bonds in pyruvic acid.
d) The net gain of ATP formed is 10 – 2 = 8ATP molecules.
17. Various compounds in the citric acid cycle are given below: (Oxaloacetic acid, citric acid, succinyl
CoA, pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, malic acid, – Ketoglutaric acid, succinic acid) (SAY-2014)
a) Arrange them in order and draw a complete cycle.
b) Who traced this cycle?
c) Where does it take place?
Answer:
a)
b) Hans Kreb
c) Mitochondrial matrix
18. The metabolic pathway through which electrons pass from one electron carrier to another is called the
electron transport system. Some electron acceptors are given below: (SAY-2014)
(Fes, Cyt b, FMN, FAD, cyt a, NADH, Ubiquinone, cyt c, cyt a3, H2O).
a) Arrange them in the correct order.
b) Name the site of ETS.
c) What is the role of O2 in ETS?
Answer:
a)
b) Inner membrane of mitochondria
c) O2 combines with electrons and protons to form metabolic water. This is called Terminal oxidation.
19. Out of the four statements given below related to respiration, the correct statements are :(MARCH-
2015)
i) Though respiration has traditionally been considered a catabolic process, it would be better to consider it
as an amphibolic pathway.
ii) In muscles when oxygen is inadequate, lactic acid is reduced to pyruvic acid.
iii) When fats are used in,respiration, the RQ is greater than one.
iv) In respiration, the energy of oxidation-reduction is utilized for phosphorylation.
a) i & ii
b) ii & iii
c) iii & iv
d) i & iv
Answer: d) i & iv
20. Two crucial events of aerobic respiration takes place in two parts of mitochondria. Locate the two parts
and mention the two events in one or two sentences each. (MARCH-2015)
Answer: Mitochondrial Matrix and inner membrane. The complete oxidation of pyruvate by the stepwise
removal of H2 atoms and leave three molecules of C02 that takes place in mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative
phosphorylation and terminal oxidation occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria.
21. Mention the fate of pyruvic acid in respiration. (SAY-2015)
(Hint: Any two points)
Answer:
Pyruvic acid is used in three ways in respiration. Alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and
aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration pyruvic acid enters into Krebs cycle and later forms C02 and
water
22. The following compounds are intermediate in Glycolysis or in Kreb’s cycle. Write them in proper
column of the table.
Fructose-6-phosphate, Citric acid, Phosphoenol pyruvate, Malic acid. (SAY-2015)

Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle

Answer:

GLYCOLYSIS KREB’S CYCLE

Frucose -6 phosphate, phosphoenol Malic acid
pyruvate Citric acid

23. “Respiration is an amphibolic pathway.” Evaluate the statement. (MARCH-2016)

Answer:
In amphibolic pathway both catabolism and anabolism are involved. In respiratory pathway, fat is
breakdown into fatty acid and glycerol, fatty acid again splits into acetyl CoA. If body requires the
synthesis of fat, acetyl CoA withdraws from the pathway and used in the synthesis of fat.
24. Fermentation is the incomplete oxidation of pyruvic acid. Find the difference between two types of
fermentations in micro-organisms. (MARCH-2016)
Answer: In alcoholic fermentation, glucose undergoes incomplete oxidation in the presence of yeast and
forms ethyl alcohol and CO2. In lactic acid fermentation, glucose undergoes incomplete oxidation and
forms lactic acid.
25. Match the following (SAY-2016)

A B
a) Stomatal Closure i) Cytoplasm
b) Citric Acid ii) Plasticity
c) Glycolysis iii) Ethylene
d) Heterophylly iv) Kreb’s cycle
v) ABA

Answer:

B
A
a) Stomatal closure v) ABA

b) Citric acid iv) Kerb’s cycle

c) Glycolysis i) Cytoplasm

d) Heterophylly ii) Plasticity

26. “There are several reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organs”. Justify the statement
giving three reasons. (SAY-2016)
Answer:
a) Plant do not have great demands for gaseous exchange,the rate of respiration is far lower than that of
animals.
b) The availability of oxygen is not a problem, because oxygen is released within the cell during
photosynthesis.
c) Diffusion that helps the movement of gases.
27. Fill up the flow chart of glycolysis given below using the list of intermediary compounds given in the
bracket. (SAY-2016)

(Phosphoenol pyruvic acid, Glucose -6- phosphate, Pyruvic acid, Fructose -1,6- biphosphate, 2
Phosphoglyceric acid, 1,3 Biphosphoglyceric acid)
Answer:
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
1,3- bisphosphog lyceric acid
2-phosphoglyceric acid
Phosphoenol pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid
28. Glycolysis is the partial oxidation of glucose to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid. (MARCH-
2017)
a) Where does glycolysis occur?
b) Steps of glycolysis are given below. Fill up the blank boxes.

Answer:
Cytoplasm(Cytosol)
b) A. Glucose-6-phosphate
B. Fructose -6- phosphate
C. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
D. 1,3bisphosphoglycericacid/Triosebisphosphate
E. 2 phosphoglycerate
F. Phosphoenol pyruvate
29. The complete oxidation of pyruvic acid yields three molecules of CO2 by a cyclic process in the matrix
of mitochondria. (MARCH-2017)
a) Who first develop this cycle?
b) Draw a diagrammatic sketch of the identified cycle.
Answer: a) Hans Krebs
b)

30. Observe the following pathways of anaerobic respiration (JULY-2018)

B
Answer: A- Ethanol+ CO2 B: Lactic Acid

31. Following figure shows the citric acid cycle. Identify the steps where FADH2 and GTP are
svnthesized. (MARCH-2018)
 Answer: FADH2 is synthesized when Succinic acid is
converted into Malic acid.
When succinyl-CoA is converted to succinic acid a molecule of
GTP is synthesised
32. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called
glycolysis. Where does it occur in a cell? How many ATP molecules are directly synthesized during this
process?
Answer: Cytoplasm
4 ATP molecules are synthesized directly
33. “There are several reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organs." Justify the above
statement by citing two reasons. (JULY-2019)
Answer: 1. Each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs.

2. Plants do not present great demands for gas exchange. Roots, stems and leaves respire at rates
far lower than animals do.

34. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. (JULY-2019)

(a) Where does glycolysis occur in a cell ?
(b) Why is glycolysis a partial oxidation ?
Answer: a) Cytoplasm
b) Glycolysis is a partial oxidation because it results in the generation of two molecules of pyruvic
acid (3c). Energy rich C-C bonds are to cleaved again to release the complete energy.
35. Write any two differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. (MARCH-2019)

Answer:
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Complete breakdown down of glucose Partial breakdown of glucose
36 ATP molecules are formed Only two molecules are formed
36. Observe the figure given below. Label the missing parts.(MARCH-2019)
Answer: ADP+ Pi ----------- ATP
37. Observe the equation given below. (DECEMBER-2020)

(a) Calculate the respiratory quotient of glucose from the equation

(b) What is respiratory substrate?
Answer:
a) Respiratory quotient = Volume of CO2 evolved/ Volume of O2 consumed
=6 CO2/ 6 O2
=1
b) The compounds that are oxidised during this process are known as respiratory substrates
38. Observe the illustration given below and answer the following questions. (DECEMBER-2020)

(a) Identify the cyclic pathway

(b) Write the name of intermediate compounds marked as A, B and C
Answer: a) Krebs cycle
b) A- Oxaloacetic B- Citric acid C- Malic acid
39. Fill in the blank.
The number of carbon atoms in acetyl co-enzyme A, which take part in Kreb's cycle is ..........................
(MARCH-2020)
Answer: 3 carbon
40. The first step in respiration is glycolysis. (MARCH-2020)
(a) Define glycolysis.
(b) Write the site of glycolysis.
Answer: a) Glycolysis is the partial breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
b) Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm
41. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration are two types of respiration. (MARCH-2020)
(a) What is anaerobic respiration ?
(b) write the change that occurs to pyruvic acid in yeast cells.
Answer: a) Respiration in the absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration.
b) Pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol and carbondioxide
 Chapter 11
Plant Growth and Development
1. Choose the appropriate function from the bracket and fill up the blanks against each plant hormone in
the table. (Ripening of fruits, helps to overcome apical dominance, increase in length of stem in sugar
cane, induction of parthenocarpy). (MARCH-2010)

B
A Function of the hormone
Plant hormone

Auxin
Gibberellin
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Answer:

Plant Hormone Functions of the hormone

Auxin Induction of parthenocarpy

Gibberellin Increase the stem length of sugarcane

Cytokinin Helps to overcome apical dominance

Ethylene Ripening of fruits

2. Some wheat varieties are sown in the spring season and some are sown in the autumn season. Mention
the physiogloical phenomenon responsible for it. (MARCH-2010)
Answer: Vernalisation.

3. Comment on the following statements: [SAY -2010]

(a) Abscisic acid is also known as stress hormone.
(b) There are hormones promoting apical dominance and those acting against apical dominance.
Answer:
(a) ABA stimulates closure of stomata. It provide tolerance to plants for various kinds of stresses.
(b) Apical dominance is promoted by Auxin. Cytokinin act against apical dominance.
4. Match the following [MARCH – 2011]
 A B C
Auxins Regain capacity of division Ripening-fruit
Gibberellin Stress hormone Does not occur naturally
Cytokinin Gas Stomatal Movement
Dediffernentiation Kinetin Delay-senescence
ABA IAA Cork-cambium
Ethylene GA3 Apical growth

Answer:

A B C
Auxins IAA Apical growth
Delay
Gibberellin GA3
senescence
Cytokinin Kinetin Does not occur Naturally
Dedifferentiation Regain capacity of division Cork cambium
ABA Stress hormone Stomatal movement
Ethylene gas Ripening Fruit

5. Label the phases of growth in the given growth curve. [SAY – 2011]

Answer: Lag phase, Log phase and stationary phase

6. Removal of terminal buds is a usual practice in tea plantation. Explain the reason. Name a synthetic
auxin. [MARCH – 2012]
Answer: Removal of terminal bud is known as decapitation. It promotes lateral branching.
Synthetic auxin – NAA, 2, 4 – Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
7. Given below is the growth curve of a plant growth. Observe it and answer the questions. [MARCH –
2012]

(a) Name the growth curve.

(b) Label A and C phases of growth in the growth curve.
(c) When the tip of cassava plant is lost, a number of lateral branches grow from the nodes below. Explain
this phenomenon and specify the hormone responsible for this phenomenon.
Answer: (a) Sigmoid curve
(b) A – Lag phase
C- Stationary phase
(c) Removal of apical dominance. The cytokinin promotes the growth of lateral buds.
8. Based on the relationship fill in the blanks. [Say -2010]
Cell division : Cytokinin Bolting : ……………
Answer: Gibberellins
9. Suggest the correct scientific term for the following: [MARCH – 2012]
Flowering on exposure to low temperature
Answer: (a) Vernalisation or Chilling treatment
10. Artificial phytohormones are widely used in agriculture. [SAY – 2012]
(a) Name any two artificial phytohormones.
(b) Mention their importance in agriculture.
Answer:
(a) 2, 4-D, NAA
b) 2, 4 – D – Used as weedicide. It is used to make weed free lawns.
NAA – Used for flower initiation in pineapple or initiation rooting in stem cutting.
11. Match the following: [MARCH – 2013]

(a) Auxin (i) Fruit ripening

(b) Gibberellins (ii) Stomatal closure
(c) Cytokinins (iii) Root initiation
(d) Ethylene (iv) Bolting
(v) Overcome apical dominance
Answer:
(a) Auxin Root initiation
(b) Gibberellins Bolting
(c) Cytokinins Overcome apical dominance
 (d) Ethylene Fruit ripening

12. Given are certain physiological effects. Name the plant hormone responsible for it. [SAY – 2013]

(a) Increase in stem length.

(b) Apical dominance
(c) Closure of stomata
(d) Ripening of fruits
(e) Bolting
(f) Active cell division
Answer:
(a) Increase stem length -GA3
(b) Apical dominance -Auxin
(c) Closure of stomata -ABA
(d) Ripening of fruits -Ethylene
(e) Bolting -GA3
(f) Active cell division -Cytokinin
13. Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to do the following
processes? [MARCH – 2014]
(a) Induce parthenocarpy
(b) Quickly ripen a fruit
(c) Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves
(d) To increase the length of grape stalks.
Answer:
(a) Induce parthenocarpy - Auxin
(b) Quickly ripen a fruit - Ethylene
(c) Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves - Abscisic acid
(d) To increase the length of grape stalks. - Gibberellic acid
14. In certain plants, a tolerance to various kinds of stresses such as severe drought can be overcome by
the production of a hormone. Name this hormone. [SAY – 2014]
Answer: Abscisic acid
15. Observe the graph [MARCH – 2015]
Answer:
The graph represents the different phases of growth. Name the growth curve and identify the different
phases of growth represented in the diagram as (a) , (b), and (c).
Answer: (a) Lag phase (b) Log phase (c) Stationary phase
16. Apical dominance and bolting are two physiological phenomena shown by plants due to the activity of
two growth regulators. [MARCH – 2015]
(i) The growth regulators concerned are:
(a) Apical dominance : …………….
(b) Bolting : ………………
(ii) Distinguish between the two phenomena.
Answer:
(i) (a) apical dominance -auxin
(b) Bolting- Gibberellin
(ii) Apical dominance – The presence of auxin in shoot apex promote the growth of apical buds and inhibit
the growth of lateral buds
Bolting- It is the internodal elongation just prior to flowering in rosette plants.
17. Match the following : [SAY – 2015]
Answer:

A B
(a) Auxin (i) Delay of leaf senescence
(b) Gibberellin (ii) Promotes senescence
(c) Cytokinins (iii) Promotes bolting
(iv) Apical dominance
Answer:
A B
(a) Auxin (Apical dominance
(b) Gibberellin promotes bolting
(c) Cytokinins delay of leaf senescence
OR
(a) Identify the odd one from the given list of plant growth regulators.
(i) ABA
(ii) NAA
(iii) IAA
( iv) IBA
(b) List some physiological responses of gibberellins in plants.
Answer:
(a) ABA
(b)
GA3 causes an increase in the length of grapes stalks.
Gibberellins, cause fruits like apple to elongate and improve its shape
They delay senescence. Hence the fruits are keeping as fresh.
GA3 is used to speed up the malting process in brewing industry.
18. Auxin and Gibberellin are two important growth hormones that control plant growth. Write any two
important functions of each of these hormones. [SAY – 2016]
Answer:
Auxin
Promote apical dominance
Promote root initiation
Prevents premature fruit and leaf fall
It promote abscission of old mature leaves and fruits
Gibberellin
Promote Bolting
Delays senescence
Promote stem elongation
It speed up malting process in brewing industry
19. Who among the following scientists is related with the identification of cytokinins? [March -2017]
(a) E. Kurosawa
(b) F. Skoog
(c) C. Darwin
(d) F.W. Went
Answer: (b) F. Skoog

20. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone. Describe its four different actions in plant body. [JULY -2017]
Answer: (Write any four)
1. Horizontal growth of seedlings
2. Enhance respiration during fruit ripening – respiratory climactic.
3. Breaks seed and bud dormancy
4. Promote fruit ripening
5. Initiate flowering and synchronising fruit set in pineapples.
6. Rapid internodal elongation in deep water rice plants
7. Promote root growth and root hair formation and hence increase surface area of absorption.
21. Give scientific term for the following.[JULY -2017]
Inter node elongation just prior to flowering
Answer: Bolting
22. Plant growth regulators perform different functions in plant body. [MARCH -2018]
a) Name the hormone responsible for apical dominance and bolting. Define the two phenomena.
b) Which plant hormone is antagonistic to gibberellic acid.
Answer:
a) Apical dominace: Auxin:: Bolting : Gibberellin
Apical dominance – The presence of auxin in shoot apex promote the growth of apical buds and inhibit the
growth of lateral buds
Bolting- It is the internodal elongation just prior to flowering in rosette plants.
b) Abscisic Acid
23. Write a note on the phenomenon plasticity exhibited by plants with an example. [MARCH -2018]
Answer: The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phases
of life to form different kinds of structures is called as plasticity. Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and
larkspur
24. Plant growth regulators can be employed for various agricuitural and horticultural practices. Identify
the growth regulators that can be used for the following Purposes. [MARCH -2018]
a) To have weed free lawns
b) To increase sugar cane length
c) Fruit set in pineapples
d) Rooting in stem cuttings
e) Inhibiting seed germination
f) To promote female flowers in cucumber

Answer:
a) To have weed free lawns - 2, 4 D
b) To increase sugar cane length - Gibberellin
c) Fruit set in pineapples - Ethylene
d) Rooting in stem cuttings - Auxin
e) Inhibiting seed germination - Abscisic acid
f) To promote female flowers in cucumber - Ethylene / Ethephon
25. A simple gaseous Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) is [JULY -2019]
Answer: Ethylene
26. Many plants show plasticity during their life span. [JULY -2019]
(a) What is Plasticity ?
(b) Give one example.
Answer:
a) The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phases
of life to form different kinds of structures is called as plasticity.
b) Heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur
27. Draw the given flow chart in your answer sheet. Fill in the blank columns. [JULY -2019]

Answer: Synthetic auxins - NAA and 2, 4 D

Natural Auxins – IAA and IBA
28. plant growth regulators perform various functions in plant body. [MARCH -2019]
a) Name the hormone responsible for apical dominance and bolting. Define the two phenomena.
b) Which plant hormone is referred to as antagonistic to gibberellic acid.
Answer:
29. Given below are the names of three plant growth promoters. Write their main functions. [DECEMBER
-2020]
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellim
(c) Cytokinin
Answer:
Auxin- Induce parthenocarpy, Promote apical dominance, Induce rooting in stem cuttings
Gibberellin- Enhance malting process, Increase internodal length, Induce bolting
Cytokinin – Delay senescence, Inhibit apical dominance

30. The plant growth regulators are divided into growth promoters and growth inhibitors. [MARCH -2020]
(a) Name the three hormones, which are known as plant growth promoters.
(b) Name the growth inhibitor which is known as ,stress hormone,.
(c) write any two roles of the above identified stress hormone.

Answer:
a) Auxin, Cytokinin and Gibberellins
b) Abscisic acid
c) 1. Provide tolerance to various kinds of stresses.
2. Significant role in seed developement, maturation and dormancy