Department of Education

Bureau of Learning Delivery

Teaching and Learning
Division

PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
(Module 1 – Week 1 & 2)

Grade Level: 11
Core Subject: Reading and Writing Skills

Content Standard
 The learner realizes that information in a written text may be
selected and organized to achieve a particular purpose.

Performance Standard
 The learner critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of
development focusing on information selection, organization,
and development.

Competency
 Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across
disciplines
 Self-Learning Kit (SLK) for Senior High School Learners
READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Directions for the Learner

The following will serve as your guide as you go through this kit:
1. Take your time to read the lessons with gusto;
2. Read and follow directions as instructed;
3. Answer the pre-test before taking the next activity;
4. Take down notes to enhance your understanding of the concepts discussed;
5. Write down points for clarification to help yourself achieve a sufficient level
of proficiency;
6. Answer all tests and activities in this kit with no erasures;
7. Aim to get at least 80% proficiency;
8. Answer the post-test; and
9. Enjoy learning.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Introduction

Presenting information in an organized way in writing is challenging. Ideas and

information, no matter how valid they are, when presented in an incoherent way will
be futile.

Ideas and information, however, can be arranged logically in writing based on

a certain a pattern of development. These patterns of developing ideas will help
writers to recognize important details to be included in writing so that ideas will flow
naturally. This way, written texts are clearer and easier to understand.

This module will help you understand the different patterns of development of
different written texts.

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 WHAT I KNOW
 This part will serve as a PRE-TEST for better understanding of the lesson.

Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
the CAPITAL LETTER of the correct answer in your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy in selecting and organizing
information?
a. Be consistent in the numbering format in an outline.
b. Assign a facilitator during brainstorming.
c. Important details should be incorporated in graphic organizers.
d. A text about branches of medicine can use any type of graphic organizer
2. What is the best technique to use when your goal is simply to list down ideas
about a topic?
a. idea list b. idea map c. outline d. graphic organizer
3. Which strategy is appropriate for writing down ideas and drawing lines between
ideas, details and concepts to show how connected they are?
a. idea list b. idea map c. outline d. graphic organizer
4. Which graphic organizer is best to use when comparing and contrasting ideas?
a. network tree b. Venn diagram c. spider map d. timeline
5. Which graphic organizer is the tool to use in order to map events in the story?
a. problem-solution map b. timeline c. plot diagram d. cycle
6. Which graphic organizer will enumerate or list down the other aspects or sub-
topics of a concept?
a. spider map b. persuasion map c. cycle d. timeline
7. If you plan to present the members of the different clubs in school under the
student government like SSG, what graphic organizer will you use?
a. problem-solution mapb. network tree c. plot diagram d. timeline
8. You need to present how an egg changes to a larva then to a pupa which in
turn becomes a butterfly. What graphic organizer is the best one to use?
a. spider map b. persuasion map c. cycle d. timeline
9. Your teacher asked you to make a graphic organizer showing the possible
causes of unemployment in the Philippines. What will you use?
a. spider map b. network tree c. plot diagram d. timeline
10. There is a need for you to outline and show your arguments and evidences
for your position about abortion so that it is easier to write your essay. What
graphic organizer should you use?
a. spider map b. persuasion map c. cycle d. timeline

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this kit, you should be able to:
1. Compare and contrast patterns of texts;
2. Recognize the transitions that signal each pattern of development, and
3. Present information using the appropriate pattern of text development.
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LESSON PROPER
WHAT’S IN
 This part will help you REVIEW varied delivery for different situations.

TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE

What is a TEXT?
The word TEXT comes from the old French word “textus” meaning “the
scriptures.” This can also be a large unit of written language or a group of ideas that
have been combined to have a main idea. Text can be used for both written and
spoken language. There are different types of text. It can be a symbol, a phrase, a
clause, a sentence, a paragraph, an article, literacy pieces or any printed reading
materials.

Text as Words
Every word has many information in the dictionary like its spelling, how it is
syllabicated, its etymology or origin, its synonyms
Example:
Text /tekst/ noun.
1. a book or other written or printed work, regarded in terms of its content
rather than its physical form. "a text that explores pain and grief"
similar: written work, book, work, narrative

Text as Phrases
A phrase is a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit,
typically forming a component of a clause. There are different types of phrases -
noun, verb, gerund, infinitive, prepositional, adjectival, and adverbial.
Examples:
Noun phrase – the bewildered tourist, a story as old as time
Verb phrase – was waiting for the rain to stop, might enjoy a massage
Gerund phrase – taking my dog for a walk, getting a promotion
Infinitive phrase – to donate time or money, to study the language and culture
Prepositional phrase – by the river, on the table, in the dark of night
Adjectival phrase – smarter than me, quite small but cheap, extremely
delighted
Adverbial phrase - quite easily, through the looking glass, to understand better

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Text as Clauses
Clauses are a group of words that expresses a complete thought; with a
subject and a predicate (Independent/Main clause).
Clauses are also groups of words that does not express a complete thought
even if there is a subject and a predicate (Dependent/Subordinate clause)

Example: I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps.

Independent clause Dependent clause

Text as Sentences
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea.
Examples:
One-word sentence. – Stop.
Passage/Quote/Proverb - Time is gold., Do unto others what you want others
to do unto you.
Kinds of sentences according to use – Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative,
Exclamatory
Kinds of sentences according to structure – Simple, Compound, Complex and
Compound, Complex

Text as Paragraphs
A paragraph is a series of related sentences developing a central idea, called
the topic.
Example:
Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar
winds. There are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like
clouds of balloons caught in a whirlwind. The sun moves slowly to hide behind
the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in prominence atop
the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that
must still be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.
Source: https://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragraph-examples/

Text as Articles, Literary Pieces and Printed Reading Materials

Examples:
Non-fiction – reports, editorials, essays, articles, dictionaries, encyclopedia
Fiction – novels, short stories, dramas, poems
Letters – business, personal
Diaries, journals
Memos, Directories
Announcements, Invitations
Academic papers – reports, essays, theses, books
Recipes, manuals, advertisements

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 WHAT IS A DISCOURSE?
A DISCOURSE is a formal and lengthy discussion of a topic where concepts
and insights are arranged in an organized and local manner. Its purpose is to inform,
to persuade and to entertain.

Types of Discourse

Literary Discourse - is generally focused on creative works, including non-fiction;

includes texts that are used strictly for business communication
a. Poetic – found in poems, novels, short stories, plays
b. Expressive – found in academic journals, letters, blogs, diaries
c. Transactional – found in instructional materials, advertisements, editorial articles

Academic Discourse – is expository or argumentative in nature; presents an

individual’s insights regarding a concept or method in a
scholarly way; uses formal language and the third person
point of view and it maintains an objective tone
a. Argumentation – its purpose is to convince through logic
b. Exposition – used to inform through definition, classification and division,
cause and effect, etc.
c. Description – in its simplest form tells what things are like according to the
five senses
d. Narration – involves a series of events, usually in a chronological order

ACTIVITY 1. Write as many words that come to your mind when you hear or see the
word below.

COVID 19

What you have just done is called Brainstorming. Why do you think brainstorming is
important? Can you think of other ways of organizing information?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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 SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION

Brainstorming, graphic organizers, and outline are some of the ways to

organize and present information.

Brainstorming
a. Idea List – appropriate for textual people
b. Idea Map – also called webbing or clustering, a visual representation of
ideas
c. Free writing – sets a time limit and number of words or pages, no editing
d. Cubing – has six distinct viewpoints: describe, compare, associate,
analyze, apply, argue for and against
e. Researching – going to the library or searching the net
Examples:

Idea List Cubing Free Writing

Graphic Organizer
a. Venn Diagram – used to compare and contrast ideas and events
b. Network Tree – used to represent hierarchy, classification and branching
c. Spider Map - also called semantic map, used to investigate and enumerate
various aspects of a central idea
d. Problem-Solution map – displays the nature of the problem and how it can be
solved; contains description of the problem, its causes and effects and logical
solutions
e. Timeline – used to show how events occur chronologically through a long bar
labeled with dates and specific events
f. Plot Diagram – used to map events in a story
g. Series of Events chain – used to show the logical sequence of events
h. Fishbone map – used to better understand the causal relationship of a
complex phenomenon
i. Cycle – describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results
repeatedly
j. Persuasion map – used to map out arguments and evidences that prove a
viewpoint

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Examples:

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Outline

I. Two outline formats

A. Decimal outline – uses only numbers as label

B. Alphanumeric outline – uses both letters and numbers as labels

II. Two kinds of outline according to structure

A. Topic outline
1. A systematic arrangement of ideas
2. Uses broad topics in the form of words or simple phrases as headers

B. Sentence outline
1. This is also known as an expanded outline.
2. The sentence outline uses complete sentences as its entries.

III. Four principles of outlining

A. Coordination – requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the

same way
B. Subordination - shows that minor details have to be placed under their
respective major details
C. Division – requires that no cluster should contain only one item
D. Parallel Construction – requires all entries in each cluster to use the same
structure and format

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ACTIVITY 2. Read the text below and make the appropriate (1) graphic organizer as
well as a (2) topic outline. (10 points for the graphic organizer and 10
points for the topic outline).

Building Blocks of a Strong Financial Education

Building a solid financial foundation is just like building a house. You build it
from the ground up.

First, you must have proper healthcare coverage in the event of a serious
health problem or sickness. Both can greatly affect or upset a person’s financial
stability, especially during old age. Statistics show that 90% of personal bankruptcies
are due to unexpected and unforeseen illnesses.

Second, you must have proper protection in the event of your premature
death. If this happens, then you have instant money to pay off any responsibilities
and liabilities left behind.

Third, manage and pay off all your bad debts.

Fourth, set aside 3 to 6 months of your income to deal with sudden changes in
the job or business. This is also to pay for unforeseen accidents or repairs.

Fifth, save and make long-term investments.

You should consider your healthcare and protection as a priority. Why? Even
if you save a few hundred pesos a month, but have no healthcare and life insurance,
it will not take you far. When you get sick, disabled, or die instantly, your savings
won’t last very long. Getting long-term healthcare and life insurance are the best
investments.

Likewise, if you experience an emergency but your money is tied up in some

investments, how could you deal with the sudden unexpected expense? If your
money was not tied up then it could have been used as your emergency fund.

Worst, if you have an emergency and you have no savings or emergency

fund, then you may have to apply for debt.

A strong foundation will result to you having sturdier and resilient finances that
can withstand any money-related storms, tornadoes, and earthquakes. Following
these five building blocks of a strong financial foundation will help build and secure
your financial future.

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 TYPES OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. The

pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better. Having the ability
to recognize it will help you distinguish major details from minor ones and predict
ideas.
There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. To know the
pattern of ideas in a text, note the signal words used. The signal words help you
identify the patten of development, but it is more important to understand the
meaning of the text.

ACTIVITY 3: Read the sample text for each pattern of paragraph development.
Identify the signal words used and its main idea.

1. Definition
Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by
answering the question “What does it mean?” This pattern explains the information
using illustrations, examples, and descriptions. It may also include one or more
different patterns.
Signal Words for Definition
is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate

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 Sample Text for Definition
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to
share personal information using technology. The “social” component in this scheme
means that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on the gullibility of
users rather than technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various
malicious acts online, such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

2. Exemplification
An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and then provides
specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. Simply put, this pattern
is used to provide an example of something.
Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely
as an example in other words put another way
consider the following in particular specifically
for example in short stated differently
that is to be specific to clarify

Sample Text for Exemplification

Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides.
One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of obtaining information, such as
passwords and credit card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is
a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. He received
an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed
to click a link to update personal information. If r. X clicks on the link, his personal
information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

3. Description (Sensory and Spatial)

A descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by using either a
sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on
one or all of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by
location or physical space.
Signal Words for Description (Sensory and Spatial)
above around between in front of onto
across away from beyond inside opposite to
adjacent to back of by into outside
against behind down near over
alongside beneath here on to the right
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 Sample Text for Description
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight
device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers,
keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most
noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying
information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are keys needed to
enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular
surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At the
bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse
button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers
which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the
battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an
AC adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power
when it is plugged in.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

4. Chronology/ Procedure
A chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to time. It can
either be in the form of a narration or process. A narration sequences events in the
order in which they occurred on time, while a process organizes details based on
stages or steps.
The most essential parts of this pattern are the main idea, major dates, and
events such as the outcome, major steps/stages, and the order of presentation.
Signal Words for Chronology/Procedure
about before in the meantime prior to tomorrow
after during later second until
afterwards eventually meanwhile soon when
as soon as finally next then yesterday
at first next week till
at this/that point immediately presently today
Sample Text for Narration
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Ondoy began to develop from an active low-pressure area to a tropical
cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm signals all
over the Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes
and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in.
Menawhile, President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government agencies
began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the
Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations were conducted.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________
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 Sample Text for Process
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
During flooding, one thing that may probably save your life is an improvised
flotation device. You can make one using your pants. First, knot off the leg holes of
your pants. Then, hold the open waist and swing the pants around to fill the legs with
air. Promptly knot off the waist to trap the air and hold the pants underwater so that
the air would not escape.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

5. Listing
A listing pattern organizes ideas using enumeration. Unlike a chronological
pattern, listing does not require the items to be sequenced chronologically because it
does not have the element of time. It basically presents series of items (facts,
examples, features, reasons, and tips) that support a maid idea.
Signal Words for Listing
additionally and then further likewise
again another furthermore moreover
along with as well in addition next
also besides in the same way together with
and equally important

Sample Text for Listing

Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Picking the right career is a daunting task because it pits passion against
reality. Would you choose the profession you love or would you choose a more
lucrative profession? Some find a hard time choosing at first, so do not be surprised
if you see people shift several careers before they achieve success. On this note,
here are some tips to help you choose the right career. Identify your interest. Are you
fascinated with numbers, arts, sciences, human behavior, computer technology, or
teaching? Try to process your reason as well for choosing a particular career; you
can factor in the financial component during this stage. Another thing that you can do
is to focus on and learn everything about your chosen career. If you want to be a
doctor, know exactly what a doctor does and check whether you can handle this type
of profession. In addition, try to visualize five or ten years from now, and develop a
plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck when it comes to
your career; instead, make reasoned decisions based on what you want.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

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 6. Comparison and Contrast
A comparison and contrast paragraph pattern organize ideas based on how
events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from each
other.
Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same way similarly
as in a similar fashion like to compare
both in comparison likewise

Signal Words for Contrasting

although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed to even though nevertheless unlike
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas
counter to in the meantime on the other hand yet

Sample Text for Comparison and Contrast

Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Are you not sure which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will
inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant
companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best
smart phones in the market to date. While these state-of-the-art phones have
similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch screen, and multimedia
features, they have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger
screen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating
system, iPhone 6 uses iOS(8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the
camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone’s
1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-replaceable and has a
shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, Iphone 6 outperforms S5.
Now that you know the basic differences of the two phones, you can decide.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

7. Classification and Division

Classification takes one large concept and divides it into individual pieces. A nice
result from this type of writing is that it helps the reader to understand a complex
topic by focusing on its smaller parts. This is particularly useful when an author has a
unique way of dividing the concepts, to provide new insight into the ways it could be
viewed. Signal words used are: can be classified, the first type, the first category.

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 Sample Text for Comparison and Contrast
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Piranhas comprise more than 30-60 species of fish, depending on whom you
ask. The many species fall into four genera: Pygocentrus, Pygopristis, Serrasalmus,
and Pristobrycon. Piranha in the Pygocentrus genus are the most common variety,
the kind you might find in a pet store. Pygopristis piranha are herbivores, feasting on
seeds and fruits, not flesh. In contrast, fish in the Serrasalmus genus eat only meat,
and their teeth are razor-sharp. Pristobrycon are the least friendly of all piranhas;
they often bite the fins of other fish, even fish of the same species. The label piranha,
then, refers to a wide variety of species
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________
8. Cause and Effect
If narration offers a sequence of events, cause/effect essays offer an explanation
about why that sequence matters. Cause/effect writing is particularly powerful when
the author can provide a cause/effect relationship that the reader wasn’t expecting,
and as a result see the situation in a new light. Signal words are because, due to, for
that reason, inasmuch as.
Sample Text for Cause and Effect
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in
modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization
has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide
trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive
effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second,
globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more
access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased.
Finally, globalization also led to privatization of various facilities, such as public
health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the
private sector can better manage and provide health services. In consequence,
health policies become more and more of a commodity on a global scale.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

9. Problem-Solution
This type of academic writing has two equally important tasks: clearly identifying a
problem, and then providing a logical, practical solution for that problem. Establishing
that a particular situation IS a problem can sometimes be a challenge–many readers
might assume that a given situation is “just the way it is,” for instance. Signal words
used are: but, first, nonetheless, one solution is.
Sample Text for Problem-Solution
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil,
and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at
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an alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and
factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through
the use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First, using
alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would lessen
pollution. These alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion
energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and
cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these
risks can be mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution
that governments can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this,
governments need to make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as
well as ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed on to
mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

10. Persuasion
This type of academic writing organizes ideas to show how a set of evidences
leads to a logical conclusion or argument. Persuasion presents the issue, the
position and the supporting evidence that supports the position. Signal words used
when emphasizing a point: for this reason, again, indeed, to emphasize, with this in
mind, in that case, in fact. Signal words used for concluding and summarizing:
accordingly, due to, finally, in summary, on the whole, in a nutshell. Signal words for
conceding a point: admittedly, granted, no doubt, obviously, to be sure, undoubtedly,
assuredly.
Sample Text for Persuasion
Directions: Underline the signal words used here and the main idea.
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to
end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave
illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical
medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still
takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that have
legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is
unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of “primum non
nocore” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors have the
responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can never
be acceptable.
Main Idea: _____________________________
Signal words: ___________________________

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 WHAT’S MORE
 This part will help you EXPLORE and ELABORATE that the use of the
different patterns of paragraph development.

ACTIVITY 4: Read the following statements very carefully. Choose one pattern that
best matches the thesis statement.

1. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood.

2. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires urgent attention.
3. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties which you can focus on.
4. Major events happened that led to the defeat of Japan during World War II.
5. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps.
6. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass through EDSA.
7. iPhone 6 has many features that make it stand out in the market.
8. There are many reasons why unemployment continues to increase.
9. Drinking cough syrup may lead to various side effects.
10. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant similarities , they also have
striking differences.

ACTIVITY 5: Identify the pattern of development and the signal words in each
paragraph.
1. Drinking alcohol can sometimes be tolerated if done in moderation. However,
letting it take over our lives is another story. Many teenagers are not aware of
the dire consequences of drinking too much alcohol. First, drinking too much
alcohol can damage our heart. Doctors claim that while drinking alcohol
occasionally is good for the heart, if it is taken excessively the drinker may
suffer from an irregular heartbeat, stroke, cardiomyopathy and high blood
pressure. Being alcoholic will also take a toll on our liver and can lead to a
variety of diseases such as fibrosis, hepatitis and fatty liver. Finally, drinking
alcohol can weaken our immune system and make our body more vulnerable
to various diseases. It also weakens our body’s ability to ward off infections.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
2. The annual salary report from jobstreet.com determines the top earners in the
Philippines in 2013. The numbers are based on the average salary recorded
for each industry. For fresh graduates, the best-paying jobs are in the fields of
legal services, corporate strategy, secretarial services, education, and real
estate. For those with one to four years of experience, the top salaries are
from oil and gas engineering, aircraft maintenance, information technology
and instrumentation. As you approach the supervisory level, the best-paying
jobs are found in the following industries: information technology, engineering,
database administration, technical support, and actuarial science. Finally, as
you reach the senior management position, the most lucrative professions are
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 in quality control, logistics, information technology, pharmacy, and legal
services.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
3. There are many reasons why I prefer to live in the Metro. First and foremost, it
has many exciting places. For example, you can go to Makati if you want to go
shopping. If you want to experience the night life, you can visit the bars along
Tomas Morato and Malate. In terms of job opportunities, the Metro houses
most of the top companies that offer the best-paying jobs.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
4. In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described four types of
challenging students. The first type is the attention-seeking, discussion-
dominating students. The aim of these students is to be heard. The second
type is the inattentive students. These are the students who doodle and drift
off into their own thoughts during class discussion. They often stare at their
cell phones and chat with their classmates during lecture. We also have the
unprepared students. They are the ones who skip doing their assignments
prior to the class. They do not come to class equipped, even when they are
aware of scheduled quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students
is the uncivil and disrespectful ones. They are the students who display rude
behavior.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
5. Discriminating parents always have to make the difficult task of choosing
between a public and private school for their children. These two schools
share the same goal of educating students and developing them holistically.
Aside from this, they are open for anyone who wishes to apply for admission.
There is no remarkable difference as well in terms of the academic
performance of students. However, public and private schools vary in some
ways. While public schools are funded by the government, private schools get
their funding from tuition, endowments, and donations of private corporations.
The class size is different as well since public schools generally have a larger
number of students per room. They also differ as to who dictates the schedule
and school calendar. In private schools, it is the school board that decides
while in public schools, it is the government education agency. Choosing
between private and public schools is a challenging task, but what parents
should really consider is the performance of an individual school and not its
category.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
6. Spams refer to inappropriate and irrelevant messages indiscriminately sent to
numerous recipients via the Internet. They are considered as junk mail, and
most contain malwares and links used for phishing. There are two types of
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 spam based on the source. The first one is the unsolicited bulk e-mail which is
sent in large quantities. The second type is unsolicited commercial e-mail
which is sent to promote something, usually without the receiver agreeing to
receive these types of advertisements. The first spam was sent by Gary
Thuerk in 1978 to 600 recipients.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
7. To protect your computer from being attacked by a virus, you need to install a
reliable anti-virus software. To do this, first click the “Install Now” button. After
you click this button, wait for the required files to be downloaded completely.
Wait for the “Welcome to the Install Shield Wizard” window to open. Then,
click the “Next” button. Read and accept the license agreement and click the
“Next” button. Continue to click the “Next” button until you see the “Install”
button. Once it appears, click the “Install” button to wait for a few minutes as
the installation is completed. Once the technical support information appears,
read it and then click the “Next” button. Click the “Finish” button. The
installation is complete.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
8. Technological innovations can be a great help to students, but they can also
be used for hi-tech cheating. The latter practice is now running rampant that it
has become an epidemic: more and more students nowadays use information
technology to breach rules on academic honesty without them being aware of
their violations. To put a stop to this, some suggestions are listed in the
succeeding sentences. First, schools can create policies banning the use of
phones during examinations. They can also create programs that will develop
students’ information literacy skills. To ensure that plagiarism is minimized at
the very least, teachers can instruct their students to subject their work to
online plagiarism trackers before submitting them.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________
9. Traffic, traffic, traffic: this is what we always face in Metro Manila. As a
solution to this problem, one government agency suggested that jeepneys be
banned in the Metro. I strongly oppose this suggestion for two reasons. To
start, the Philippines has not yet built banning this mode of transportation, we
are posing a problem to those who cannot afford expensive transport systems
like taxis. Aside from this, banning jeepneys affects our cultural identity. These
colorful vehicles, as well as the actual experience of riding them, have
become one of the symbols of the Philippines. It is therefore a cultural crime to
bar them from the country’s capital.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________

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 10. In the wild, there lived three young women who decided to build a shelter.
However, they had different preferences, so each of them decided to build
their own house. And so it was that opposite to a river, the youngest girl build
a house using leaves and twigs. Adjacent to the youngest girl’s house is the
shelter of the eldest. She built a house using logs and she constructed it near
the spring so she can easily access drinking water. In the middle of the forest,
the middle child build their house. It stands between two hills and is quite far
from her sisters’ houses, but she was contented.
Pattern of Paragraph Development: _________________________________
Signal Words: __________________________________________________

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Learning Feedback Diary:

Answer the following questions about the activities you had in this self-learning kit.

1. What were your thoughts or ideas about the principles of speech delivery prior
to the discussion of the lesson in this self-learning kit?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. What concepts did you learn about the following?

Text as Written Types of Discourse Strategies in Types of
Discourse Organizing and Paragraph
Presenting Development
Information

3. What new or additional ideas did you learn after taking up this lesson?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 ASSESSMENT

 This part will serve as a POST-TEST to check your understanding of the lesson.

I. Read the following statements very carefully. Write True if the statement indicates
a property of a well-written text; write False if it does not.
________ 1. Each major point of the paragraph has supporting details.
________ 2. Transitional devices are used excessively.
________ 3. A topic sentence is placed at the end part of the introductory paragraph.
________ 4. The thesis statement is restated in the conclusion.
________ 5. Contractions are used in research papers.
________ 6. An essay uses at least two paragraphs.
________ 7. Colloquial tone is used in formal essays.
________ 8. “There” structure is frequently used in the text.
________ 9. All ideas in a text relate to the thesis statement of the essay.
________ 10. Ideas are organized according to their types.

II. Encircle the letter of the sentence in each group that is not clearly related to the
topic for that group of sentences.
1. Topic: Uncle Fred is very cheap.
A. He only buys old used cars.
B. He is very kind to animals.
C. He still has the first peso he made.
D. He’s never gone on a vacation.
2. Topic: The quarrel between Suzanne and Maria is stupid.
A. They don’t remember what started it.
B. They live in Mabolo.
C. They see each other every day.
D. They have been next door neighbors for ten years.
3. Topic: The baby isn’t hungry this morning.
A. She keeps spitting out her food.
B. She turns her head when I try to feed her.
C. Her stomach looks stuffed.
D. She loves rice pudding for lunch.
4. Topic: Your Uncle Bernard is very strong.
A. He can lift eighty-pound sacks of cement easily.
B. He can beat anyone in arm wrestling.
C. He can lift me over his head with no trouble.
D. He is an excellent piano player.

5. Topic: It’s hard to find a good baby-sitter.

A. Many high school girls go out on weekends.
B. A lot of girls won’t work for baby-sitting wages.
C. Our favorite baby-sitter is Clarissa.
D. Some girls who baby-sit aren’t very responsible.

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III. Match each item in column A to the description in column B. Write only the letter of your
choice on the space provided. (10 points)
A B
1. Brainstorming a. Investigates and enumerates various aspects of a concept
2. Venn Diagram b. Used to classify items
3. Timeline c. Uses complete sentences as entries when organizing ideas
4. Fishbone Map d. Used to enumerate items
5. Division e. Requires that no cluster should contain only one item
6. Network Tree f. Technique for generating ideas
7. Cycle g. Used to show similarities and differences
8. Semantic Map h. Used to show causes and effects
9. Sentence Outline i. Used to show repeated results
10. Idea List j. Used to show how events occurred chronologically

IV. Match the pattern of development in column A to the transitional device in column
B. Write only the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
A B
1. cause and effect a. arguably
2. spatial b. as defined
3. chronology c. away from
4. classification d. by
5. comparison e. consequently
6. contrast f. even though
7. definition g. in a similar fashion
8. persuasion h. meanwhile
9. problem-solution i. the next category
10. exemplification j. to illustrate

V. Identify the pattern of development of each paragraph.

1. ________________________________________
I took up the river road as hard as I could put. By and by I begin to hear
guns a good ways off. When I came in sight of the log store and the woodpile
where the steamboats lands I worked along under the trees and brush till I got to
a good place, and then I climb up into the forks of a cottonwood that was out of
reach, and watched. There was a wood-rank four foot high a little ways in front of
the tree, and first I was going to hide behind that; but maybe it was luckier I didn't.

2. ________________________________________
Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria in the bloodstream
(bacteremia) lodge on abnormal heart valves or other damaged heart tissue.
Certain bacteria normally live on parts of your body, such as the mouth and upper
respiratory system, the intestinal and urinary tracts, and the skin. Some surgical
and dental procedures cause a brief bacteremia. Bacteremia is common after
many invasive procedures, but only certain bacteria commonly cause
endocarditis.

3. ________________________________________
Refugees usually find safety, food and shelter in a second country. They
are protected by a well-defined body of international laws and conventions and
are assisted by UNHCR and other organizations. But the internally displaced

23
 often face far more insecure conditions. They may be trapped in an ongoing
internal conflict at the mercy of the warring parties, making the provision of relief
hazardous or impossible.

4. ________________________________________
Families are the basic units of society and have been transformed to a
great degree over the past 50 years as a result of changes in their structure (for
example smaller families, later marriage and childbearing, increased divorce rates
and single parenthood), global trends in migration, the ageing of the population
and HIV/AIDS [TIP]. These dynamic social forces have had a manifest impact on
the capacities of families to perform such social functions as the socialization of
children and caregiving for its younger and older members.

5. ________________________________________
In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described four types
of challenging students. The first type is the attention-seeking, discussion-
dominating students. The aim of these students is to be heard. The second type
is the inattentive students. These are the students who doodle and drift off into
their own thoughts during class discussion. They often stare at their cell phones
and chat with their classmates during lecture. We also have the unprepared
students. They are the ones who skip doing their assignments prior to the class.
They do not come to class equipped, even when they are aware of scheduled
quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students is the uncivil and
disrespectful ones. They are the students who display rude behavior.

References

A. Books
Barrot, J. S., Academic reading and writing for senior high school. C & E
Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City. 2016.
Abao, E., Dayagbil, F., & Bacus, R. Critical reading and writing for senior high
school. Lorimar Publishing, Inc: Quezon City, Metro Manila. 2016.

DISCLAIMER

I do not own or license any copyright rights in the texts,

images, photographs, graphics, and other content provided in this
SLK. I created this SLK solely for non-commercial, informational, and
educational purposes. There is no intention on my part to claim
ownership as to the contents or make profit out of this SLK.

Prepared by: Mary Ann C. Datoy

SHS Faculty
Jagobiao National High School

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