WHITE PAPER | TIBIT TECHNOLOGIES

Optimizing passive optical networks

with coherent innovation

A technical paper prepared by Abstract

Edward A. Walter This paper examines coherent passive optical
System Design Architecture Engineer networks (CPONs) and their role in advancing
Ciena Corporation optical distribution networks (ODNs). It covers
[email protected] CPON background, objectives, and impact on ODN
efficiency, including AI integration for enhanced
Hani Elmalky management. The paper reviews relevant standards,
Head of Network Planning & Engineering network slicing, and the optical network unit
Google Fiber (ONU) management control interface (OMCI) for
[email protected] interoperability. It contrasts intensity modulation-
Vikas Veerareddy direct detection (IM-DD) with coherent optical
Specialist, Strategic Accounts technologies, explores wavelength coexistence, and
Ciena Corporation integrates dense wavelength division multiplexing
[email protected] (DWDM) with CPON. Practical aspects of deploying
cascaded ODNs for residential and multi-dwelling
Together with its affiliates, Ciena Corporation is a unit (MDU) coverage are discussed, highlighting the
supplier of certain networking solutions to GFiber. benefits of CPON in coverage and efficiency. The
paper concludes with a discussion on how 100G
CPON can future-proof fiber networks, addressing
growing bandwidth and service demands.

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Contents
1. Introduction of CPON: Evolving the optical distribution network.......................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Expanding the scope of PON................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Problem statement..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Objectives...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Enhancing ODN efficiency and management................................................................................................................................. 5
1.5.1 Incorporating AI into ODN management................................................................................................................................ 5
1.6 General PON architecture........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Benefits............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

2. Standards................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Standards development over time....................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Network slicing: Enhancing multi-service ODNs............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 Standards supporting network slicing................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 The value of network slicing in PON......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Current and near-term CPON standardization efforts................................................................................................................. 8
2.4 OMCI openness and interoperability................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 The role of OMCI in PON interoperability............................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2 Challenges in multi-vendor environments............................................................................................................................ 9
2.4.3 Promoting interoperability in OMCI......................................................................................................................................... 9

3. A robust market: Coherent optics.................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Coherent component market size........................................................................................................................................................ 9

4. Next-generation PON: IM-DD or coherent technologies........................................................................................................10

4.1 IM-DD..............................................................................................................................................................................................................10
4.2 SOAs in IM-DD systems..........................................................................................................................................................................10
4.3 Coherent optical transmission............................................................................................................................................................10
4.4 CPON ONU optimization.........................................................................................................................................................................10
4.5 CPON ONU architecture overview...................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.5.1 DAC/ADC........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.5.2 Coherent systems DSP (with IM-DD DSP comparison)................................................................................................. 11
4.5.3 MAC..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.6 System description................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.7 CPON value add: Tunability.................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.8 CPON cost comparison.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12

5. Wavelength coexistence and ODN architectures.....................................................................................................................13

5.1 PON wavelength overview.....................................................................................................................................................................13
5.2 ODN introduction: Cost dynamics......................................................................................................................................................14
5.2.1 Maximizing reach with CPON....................................................................................................................................................14
5.2.2 Reusing the ODN for multi-service applications..............................................................................................................14
5.2.3 Integrating DWDM and CPON for optimized service delivery....................................................................................15
5.3 The flexibility of the ODN........................................................................................................................................................................15

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6. Coexistence and service differentiation in an ODN with CPON...........................................................................................16

7. Coexistence of DWDM and CPON in a shared WDM infrastructure....................................................................................17

7.1 Overview of DWDM and CPON system integration.....................................................................................................................17
7.2 Strategic role of WDM filters in channel management...............................................................................................................18
7.3 Integration and optimization of P2P DWDM circuits...................................................................................................................18
7.4 Using CPON P2MP circuits within DWDM infrastructure..........................................................................................................18
7.5 Practical considerations and strategic benefits...........................................................................................................................19

8. Cascaded residential ODN for plant coverage...........................................................................................................................19

8.1 Central location..........................................................................................................................................................................................20
8.2 Field deployment.......................................................................................................................................................................................20
8.3 Key points.....................................................................................................................................................................................................20

9. Cascaded residential ODN for MDU coverage...........................................................................................................................20

9.1 Overview........................................................................................................................................................................................................20
9.2 Key considerations...................................................................................................................................................................................20
9.3 Benefits..........................................................................................................................................................................................................21
9.4 Role of CPON technology.......................................................................................................................................................................21
9.5 Benefits of a small OLT deployment..................................................................................................................................................21
9.5.1 Power efficiency.............................................................................................................................................................................21

10. Conclusion: Future-proofing fiber networks with 100G CPON..........................................................................................21

Figures
Figure 1. Residential ODN with example coherent PON overlay .......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2. PON evolution via standards ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 3. Coherent market revenue view (summarized from Dell’Oro data) .................................................................................. 10
Figure 4. CPON ONU functional block diagram ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5. “Residential” access ODN: Fixed-channel CPON tunability ............................................................................. ................ 12
Figure 6. ONU cost for higher BW PON ....................................................................................................................................... .............. 12
Figure 7. PON wavelengths ............................................................................................................................................................. .............. 13
Figure 8. PON coexistence with single-splitter ODN ............................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 9. WDM and CPON: ODN coexistence with DWDM .................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 10. Cascaded residential ODN for plant coverage ................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 11. CPON MDU ODN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23

References…………………………………………………………....................................................................... ……………………………24

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1. Introduction of CPON: Evolving the optical 1.3 Problem statement
distribution network As service providers expand the scope of their
1.1 Background networks to include mobility xHaul and enterprise
Passive optical networks (PONs) have traditionally services, they face the challenge of meeting the
focused on serving residential and small-to-medium increasing demand for higher data speeds and longer
business (SMB) markets. Early PON technologies reach while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Traditional
such as Gigabit PON (GPON) and Ethernet PON PON technologies, designed primarily for residential
(EPON) were instrumental in delivering high-speed and SMB markets, are insufficient to address the
fiber broadband access to these segments. The evolving requirements of these new applications.
architecture and capabilities of these networks were There is a pressing need for innovative PON solutions,
well-suited to the bandwidth demands of residential like CPON, that can scale to meet these demands and
and SMB customers, where a balance between support the expanded split ratios and fiber distances
cost, performance, and simplicity was paramount. necessary for modern ODNs.
However, the rapid increase in data traffic, driven by 1.4 Objectives
the proliferation of connected devices and the rise
The primary objective of this paper is to explore
of bandwidth-intensive applications, began to strain
the development and deployment of CPON and its
the capacity of these traditional PON systems. As a
implications for an ODN. Specifically, the paper aims to:
result, there has been a significant push within the
industry to evolve PON technology to meet the needs • Examine how PON technology has evolved
of not just residential and SMB customers, but also from focusing on residential and SMB markets
more demanding applications such as mobility xHaul to addressing the needs of mobility xHaul and
(fronthaul/midhaul/backhaul) and enterprise service- enterprise services.
level agreement (SLA) business services. • Assess the impact of CPON on optimizing the
1.2 Expanding the scope of PON ODN by exploring expanded split ratios and
extended fiber distances to enhance efficiency
To address the growing demand for higher data and cost-effectiveness.
speeds and to expand into new markets, service
providers are looking beyond traditional PON • Investigate the role of CPON in meeting the high-
architectures. CPON has emerged as a promising performance requirements of modern applications.
solution for extending the capabilities of fiber • Evaluate the integration of DWDM with CPON to
networks. CPON enables higher data rates, enhanced maximize fiber optic capacity and support various
reach, increased numbers of subscribers per PON, service needs.
and better spectral efficiency, making it ideal for
This paper will delve into the architecture, standards,
applications that require more robust performance
and wavelength coexistence strategies as part of
than what is offered by GPON or EPON. These include
the evolution of PON systems from their origins in
mobility xHaul, which demands low-latency and high-
residential and SMB markets to their expansion into
bandwidth connectivity to support the deployment
mobility xHaul and enterprise services. A key factor
of 5G networks, and enterprise services that require
in this evolution is the optimization of the ODN, where
reliable, scalable connections to support a wide range
expanding split ratios and extending fiber distances
of mission-critical applications.
play crucial roles in meeting the demands of modern
The expansion into these new markets is not only applications. In the following section, we will delve
driven by the need for higher bandwidth but also by deeper into the architectural components of modern
the economic imperative to maximize the return on PONs, focusing on how these ODN design strategies
fiber infrastructure investments. By using advanced and advanced PON technologies can be effectively
PON technologies like CPON, service providers can implemented to support a wide range of services
extend the utility of their existing networks, enabling while ensuring network scalability and cost efficiency.
them to serve a broader range of customers and
1.5 Enhancing ODN efficiency and management
applications with minimal additional fiber investment.
For an operator, a critical aspect of PON deployment is
optimizing the ODN plant, which forms the backbone
of the architecture. The deployment of fiber for an

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ODN represents one of the most significant cost 1.5.1.3 Adaptive modulation and coding
components of a PON, particularly when considering AI dynamically adjusts modulation formats and coding
the expenses associated with trenching and boring schemes in 100G OLT nodes based on real-time
fiber in urban environments. The ODN’s design must network conditions. This adaptability ensures optimal
be carefully planned to balance coverage area, signal quality and bandwidth efficiency, even in
subscriber density, and the need to support expanded environments with varying conditions or interference.
split ratios and extended fiber distances.
1.5.1.4 AI-assisted wavelength management
Traditionally, split ratios of 1:32 or 1:64 were often AI optimizes wavelength allocation across the
deployed in residential and SMB deployments. ODN, reducing crosstalk and interference, especially
However, as operators expand into converged in densely packed wavelength environments.
services—including mobility xHaul and enterprise This optimization is crucial for maintaining signal
services—and extend into underserved areas, it integrity in networks using multiple wavelengths
becomes crucial to explore the optimal split ratios for various services.
to meet service metrics while maximizing fiber
infrastructure use. Higher split ratios can lower feeder 1.5.1.5 Enhanced signal processing
fiber costs and reduce the number of required PON AI enhances signal processing algorithms within
ports, but they may compromise service quality. 100G OLT nodes, improving signal detection
Conversely, CPON’s higher optical budget allows accuracy and error correction. This capability is
for longer fiber distances and supports higher split vital for maintaining high data rates and minimizing
ratios within the ODN, making it easier to reach latency, particularly in access networks where signal
larger geographic areas, such as rural or low-density degradation is a concern.
regions, where deploying new fiber is costly. This
1.5.1.6 Real-time optical performance monitoring
approach reduces fiber deployment costs and
minimizes the need for active electronics, such as AI continuously monitors the performance of 100G
remote optical line terminals (OLTs), which can be coherent optics, detecting and compensating for
costly in terms of power, maintenance, and cabinetry. degradations in key metrics like optical signal-to-noise
By relying more on passive fiber runs, operators can ratio (OSNR). This real-time adjustment capability helps
enhance network efficiency and reliability. maintain optimal performance across the ODN.

1.5.1 Incorporating AI into ODN management By incorporating AI into ODN management,

operators can achieve greater efficiency and
As the complexity of ODNs increases, integrating
reliability, supporting the diverse demands of
artificial intelligence (AI) into network management
residential, SMB, mobility xHaul, and enterprise
becomes essential for optimizing operations.
applications. This strategic approach optimizes
AI-driven solutions enhance the efficiency, scalability,
network performance and future-proofs the
and resilience of 100G OLT nodes, enabling service
infrastructure against evolving service requirements.
providers to maintain high performance across
diverse environments. The following subsections 1.6 General PON architecture
outline key areas where AI integration can
A PON architecture represents a highly efficient
significantly benefit ODN management.
and scalable solution for fiber broadband access,
1.5.1.1 Predictive maintenance characterized by its reliance on a single optical fiber
AI can analyze data from OLT nodes and connected for data transmission. The fully passive ODN extends
ONUs to predict potential failures or performance between the OLT at a central location and the ONUs
degradation. By identifying issues early, operators can at the endpoints. This architecture is distinguished by
proactively address maintenance needs, minimizing the absence of active components within the ODN,
downtime and ensuring continuous service delivery. which employs a single optical fiber and passive
optical splitters to distribute signals and manage
1.5.1.2 Fault detection and root cause analysis multiple connections. This design ensures a simple
AI systems could rapidly detect and isolate faults and reliable connection between the OLT and ONUs
within the ODN, pinpointing root causes with high and supports the coexistence of different PON
accuracy. This accelerates troubleshooting, reduces generations through wavelength filtering mechanisms.
mean time to repair (MTTR), and enhances network
reliability, ensuring a stable service environment.

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 ONU
GPON OLT Residential
XGS-PON ONU
Network 25GS/50G SMB
CPON OLT Splitter
ONU
CE ONU
Enterprise
Mobility
Figure 1. Residential ODN with example coherent PON overlay

Building on this architecture, PON operates on a network infrastructure, catering to both residential
point-to-multipoint (P2MP) basis. In this setup, a and SMB needs.
single OLT connects to multiple ONUs using passive 6. Future-proofing: Standards like GPON and EPON
optical splitters, which helps optimize infrastructure enable seamless upgrades to newer technologies,
costs and simplifies deployment. Data transmission ensuring long-term viability and adaptability to
within PON is managed through TDM for downstream increasing bandwidth demands.
communication, organizing data into frames and time
slots. For upstream communication, time-division 7. Robust global market demand: Growing global
multiple access (TDMA) is used, assigning specific demand for broadband drives the adoption of PON,
time slots to each ONU to prevent data collisions. with substantial volume contributing to its widespread
deployment. This demand underscores PON’s role
A key feature of PON is its ability to support the as a cost-effective, scalable, and reliable solution.
coexistence of different PON generations on the
same fiber infrastructure by deploying a passive Globally, PON has been widely embraced by
coexistence element (CE). Coexistence capability telecommunications and cable operators, supported
is facilitated through this CE that allocates specific by standards such as GPON from the International
ports for various PON standards. Additionally, ONUs Telecommunication Union’s Standardization Sector
use blocking filters to manage the wavelengths they (ITU-T) and EPON from the IEEE. These standards
receive, ensuring seamless integration of different are implemented extensively across North America,
generations within the network. Europe, and Asia. PON serves as a versatile network
solution for high-speed internet, voice, and video
1.7 Benefits services in residential and SMB areas.
PON is widely adopted for residential and SMB 2. Standards
services due to several key advantages:
2.1 Standards development over time
1. Cost efficiency: Using a single optical fiber shared
by multiple endpoints reduces infrastructure needs, Since the 1990s, the fiber broadband access industry
lowering both capital and operational costs. has undergone remarkable evolution, beginning with the
introduction of APON, or asynchronous transfer mode
2. Scalability: The P2MP structure facilitates easy (ATM) PON. APON pioneered high-speed internet, voice,
and cost-effective scaling as demand grows in and video services over optical networks. This progress
residential and business environments. continued with the ITU-T G.983 family of specifications
3. High-speed capability: PON delivers high-speed for broadband PON (BPON) in 1998.1 2 3 4 5
broadband essential for dataintensive activities,
The stage was then set for the introduction of
such as streaming and remote work, and is also
much higher—1 Gb/s—speed tiers through GPON
well-suited for SMB operations.
(G.984 series6 7 8) and EPON (802.39 clause 64, 65).
4. Simplicity and reliability: The passive nature of
ODN simplifies network management and enhances The next significant phase in the development of
reliability by eliminating the need for power between fiber broadband can be characterized as “the race to
the central office and endpoints. 10G,” though the maximum speed tier was limited
to much less (around 8.7 Gb/s) due to implementation
5. Support for diverse services: PON supports
of forward error correction (FEC).
internet, voice, and video services over a single

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 History 10 Gen 25G 50G Gen 100G+
XG-PON1 Work in progress
APON
10G/2.5G G.hsp.50Gpmd G.sup. VHSP
2010 50G/12.5G + 25G +50G
ITU-T BPON Beyond 50G
NG-PON2

G.987.2 TC
HSP TWDM PON PMD

G.989.3 PMD
622M DS/155M US supplement
1998 4x10G/10G 2019/23 W.I.P.
2013 Work in progress
GPON
2.5G/1.25G XGS-PON G.9807.1
TC
2003 10G/10G
2016
Deploying Trial/Dev Ciena Position
25GS-PON Delta Spec
MSA Group 100G/100G
25GS-PON
Single Carrier
25G/25G Coherent
2021
25G PMD + FEC

EPON 10G EPON 25G+50G EPON CableLabs

IEEE 100G CPON
1G/1G 10G/10G 25G/25G with 25Gx2
2004 2009 2020 100G/100G
Deploying

Figure 2. PON evolution via standards

The IEEE kicked it off with ratification of 10G EPON operators to maximize the potential of a multi-service
(802.39 clause 74, 75, 76, 77) in 2009. ODN. By creating multiple virtualized and independent
network slices over the same physical infrastructure,
The ITU-T followed with three specifications: XG-PON1 operators can cater to the specific needs of diverse
(G.98710 11 12 series), NG-PON2 (G.98913), and XGS-PON services. For example, a slice could be optimized for
(G.9807.114) in 2010, 2013, and 2016, respectively. low-latency connectivity in mobility xHaul, another
Note that NG-PON2 provides up to four symmetric for high bandwidth to serve enterprise customers,
channel pairs of PON services at 10 Gb/s each, with an and yet another for enhanced security in critical
aggregate OLT capacity of 40 Gb/s using a time and applications. This flexibility ensures that the ODN is
wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) method. both efficient in resource utilization and capable of
Efforts for 25G and 50G began to take shape between delivering high-quality, tailored services to various
2020 and 2021, with the IEEE 802.3ca working group customer segments.
(802.39 clause 141, 142, 143, 144) developing a single 2.2.1 Standards supporting network slicing
wavelength pair (upstream and downstream) for 25G
To effectively implement network slicing in PON,
PON and a dual wavelength pair for 50G PON.
several standards and frameworks have been
At a high level, the 25GS-PON18 multi-source developed by leading industry bodies such as the
agreement (MSA) group specification builds on the Broadband Forum (BBF) and the Internet Engineering
IEEE 802.3ca physical media dependent (PMD), FEC Task Force (IETF). These standards provide the
specification, and the ITU-T G.9807.1 transmission necessary guidelines, architectures, and protocols
control (TC) specifications. The 25GS-PON to ensure that network slicing is not only feasible but
specification is a delta document, meaning it builds on also robust and scalable in real-world deployments.
existing standards. See the 25GS-PON specification
2.2.1.1 BBF standards
for more details.18
• TR-386: Network slicing in broadband networks
Meanwhile, the ITU-T developed a single-wavelength Outlines the framework for implementing network
50G PON solution via the G.9804 series of slicing in broadband networks, including PON.
specifications.15 16 17 It provides detailed guidelines on how to partition
physical network resources to create isolated
2.2 Network slicing: Enhancing multi-service ODNs
virtual networks. This standard is pivotal in defining
One of the key use cases discussed in this paper the lifecycle management of slices, ensuring that
is CPON supporting a multi-service requirement. each slice adheres to its defined SLAs. Operators
Network slicing is an innovative approach that enables using TR-386 can effectively optimize their PON

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 deployments by ensuring that each service slice is delivery that meets the specific requirements of
tailored to meet specific customer requirements, different customer segments.
whether it’s for enterprise-grade services, residential 2.2.2 The value of network slicing in PON
connectivity, or specialized industrial applications.
Network slicing allows for the customization of services
• TR-370: CloudCo Reference Architectural Framework based on customer needs and ensures these services
Provides a reference architecture for Cloud Central are delivered consistently and reliably across a shared
Office (CloudCO), which integrates cloud-native ODN infrastructure. This capability is particularly
technologies within the traditional central office valuable in scenarios where operators need to support
environment. Network slicing plays a key role in this numerous services, from high-bandwidth enterprise
architecture by enabling the dynamic allocation of applications to low-latency mobility xHaul connections,
resources across multiple virtualized services. all within the same physical network.
TR-370 offers operators a blueprint for deploying PON
2.3 Current and near-term CPON
systems that can dynamically adjust to varying service
standardization efforts
demands, ensuring that each service slice operates
efficiently within a shared ODN infrastructure. While a standardized CPON is not yet available,
the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) did set
• MR-453: 5G transport architecture and
operator requirements for 100G, and ITU-T Study
network slicing
Group 15 Question 2 (SG15/Q2) is working on setting
Addresses the integration of 5G transport requirements and evaluating technologies for next-
architectures with network slicing. It focuses on generation optical networks beyond 50G under the
how network slices can be extended across the G.Sup.VHSP analysis. Coherent technology is a key
transport network to support the diverse range of consideration in the assessment. In addition, ITU-T
services required in 5G, including mobility xHaul. SG15/Q2 is documenting G.Sup.HSP requirements for
By adhering to MR-453, operators can ensure that TWDM-PON which is expected to use four 50 Gb/s
the network slices they deploy in PON systems are channel pairs, shaping future standards for high-
seamlessly integrated with broader 5G network capacity optical access.
requirements, providing consistent performance
and reliability from the core to the edge. At the same time, the CableLabs CPON Working Group
• TR-328: Virtual business gateway is developing a technical requirements (TR) document
for 100+ Gb/s CPON. Vendors are anticipated to
Introduces the concept of a virtual business gateway
collaborate with CableLabs to develop and submit
(vBG), a software-based solution that supports
proposals for review.
network slicing by allowing multiple virtual gateways
to run on a single physical device. This is particularly CableLabs has released an architecture specification
useful for operators delivering managed services outlining the use cases and requirements for CPON,
to SMBs. The standard ensures that each business but not detailing implementation.19 Upcoming CPON
customer receives a dedicated slice of the network, specifications will include a physical layer (PHY)
tailored to their specific needs, while optimizing the specification, which will define the physical layer
use of the underlying PON infrastructure. parameters such as modulation formats, signaling
rates, FEC, and wavelength allocations. Additionally,
2.2.1.2 IETF standards
the specifications will include a media access control
• RFC 9543: A framework for network slices in (MAC) and upper layer protocol interface (MULPI)
network builds from IETF technologies specification. The MULPI specification is crucial as it
Developed by the IETF, provides a comprehensive defines how data is framed, transmitted, and managed
framework for implementing network slices across the network. It covers:
across networks built using IETF technologies.
This document outlines how to create, manage, • Framing and data transmission: Ensuring efficient
and operate network slices, ensuring that they are and reliable communication between the OLT and
isolated and secure while sharing the same physical ONUs by specifying how data packets are framed
infrastructure. For operators deploying PON and transmitted over the PON.
systems, RFC 9543 offers valuable insights into • Protocol adaptation: Managing the adaptation of
how network slicing can be integrated with existing standard network protocol data units (PDUs) into
IP-based networks, enabling end-to-end service a format suitable for PON, allowing for seamless
integration of user data such as Ethernet frames

8
 or IP packets into the PON system. 2.4.3 Promoting interoperability in OMCI
• Scheduling and granting protocol: Implementing To address these challenges, several strategies are
mechanisms for scheduling and granting time being implemented. One approach is to adhere to
slots for data transmission, which is essential for an OpenOMCI specification, which aims to minimize
managing upstream traffic in a P2MP network to the use of vendor-specific MEs and promote
prevent collisions. standard practices across the industry. OpenOMCI
specifications have been developed by AT&T and
• PON maintenance and management: Including
Verizon, and CableLabs is in the process of developing
protocols for maintenance, error handling, and
an OpenOMCI specification.
general operational management, ensuring that
the PON remains efficient and reliable. Reducing reliance on proprietary MEs and embracing
standard MEs wherever possible can simplify
Moreover, as the CPON ecosystem continues to
network management and enhance interoperability.
evolve, the need for an open standard that facilitates
Additionally, alternative management systems, such
robust integration of systems and nodes across
as IP-based addressing and TR-069/TR-369, can
the ODN becomes increasingly critical. An open
manage specific services like voice without relying
standard would provide a unified framework that
on those MEs, further reducing OMCI complexity.
ensures interoperability among various vendors’
equipment, allowing operators to integrate different Mandatory participation in IOP events, guided
nodes seamlessly. This enhances the flexibility of by documents like BBF’s TR-255, helps validate
network deployments and significantly reduces the multi-vendor compatibility, ensuring that different
time and resources required for qualifying different vendors’ equipment can work together as expected.
nodes within the ODN. By streamlining the integration These efforts collectively promote an open and
process, open standards enable operators to deploy interoperable PON ecosystem, reducing vendor lock-
new technologies and services more rapidly, fostering in and enabling operators to optimize their networks
a more competitive and innovative environment in the with the best available technologies.
fiber broadband market.
Achieving OMCI interoperability is vital for operators
2.4 OMCI openness and interoperability seeking ONU flexibility and cost efficiency in their PON
2.4.1 The role of OMCI in PON interoperability deployments. By minimizing proprietary elements,
The OMCI, as defined by ITU-T G.988, plays a the industry can overcome the challenges of multi-
crucial role in managing ONUs from an OLT within vendor environments, ensuring seamless integration
a PON. While the ITU-T G.988 specification offers a and future-proofing PON networks for emerging
comprehensive toolkit of both standard and vendor- technologies like CPON.
specific mandatory and optional managed entities 3. A robust market: Coherent optics
(MEs), this very openness can present challenges.
The recommendation in this section focuses on 3.1 Coherent component market size
improving the interoperability of OMCI by relying According to Dell’Oro Group data, the coherent
on specific agreed-upon mandatory MEs within an optics market is a mature, multibillion-dollar annual
“OpenOMCI” specification, rigorous interoperability industry.23 While coherent optics components have
(IOP) testing, and using alternative management traditionally been focused on transport applications,
systems for more complex services. there are emerging opportunities to cost-optimize
100G/200G coherent designs for metro, access,
2.4.2 Challenges in multi-vendor environments and PON applications.
Vendors often implement OMCI MEs differently,
introducing proprietary MEs or customizing standard Figure 3 illustrates the revenue trends in the coherent
ones. These inconsistencies lead to operational optics market from 2021 to 2027, segmented by
challenges when deploying ONUs across various data rates of 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and greater than
OLT platforms. Additionally, attributes tied to these 200 Gb/s. The market is projected to grow steadily over
MEs can differ in interpretation and implementation, this period, with total revenue increasing from just over
further complicating interoperability. The sequence $10 billion in 2021 to nearly $13 billion by 2027.
in which OMCI messages are processed is another
In 2021, 100 Gb/s solutions contributed a significant
source of potential misalignment, resulting in
portion of the revenue, followed by 200 Gb/s and
configuration failures or incomplete service setups.

9
 necessary link budgets and maintain signal integrity.
Coherent optics market
This includes the use of externally modulated lasers
$14.0
(EMLs) instead of the simpler directly modulated
$12.0 lasers (DMLs), semiconductor optical amplifiers
Revenue (billions)

$10.0 (SOAs), and digital signal processor (DSP) application-

specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to handle the
$8.0
increased signal processing demands.
$6.0

$4.0 4.2 SOAs in IM-DD systems

$2.0 As PON systems push toward higher speeds, as
well as a combination of greater split ratios and longer
$0.0
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 ODN distances, maintaining sufficient optical power
100 Gb/s 200 Gb/s >200 Gb/s becomes critical. This is where SOAs may come into
Figure 3. Coherent market revenue view
play. An SOA is a device that amplifies the optical
(summarized from Dell’Oro data21) signal without converting it to an electrical signal,
making it an efficient way to boost power in
greater than 200 Gb/s solutions. However, as we IM-DD systems.
move toward 2027, the contribution from 100 Gb/s
SOAs are particularly important in high-speed IM-DD
solutions remains relatively stable, while the revenue
systems where the signal needs to traverse long
from 200 Gb/s and, more notably, greater than
distances or where the link budget is stretched due
200 Gb/s solutions is expected to grow substantially.
to high split ratios in the ODN. They help compensate
By 2027, the greater than 200 Gb/s segment is
for power losses that occur due to fiber attenuation,
projected to dominate the market, indicating a clear
splitting, and other factors. However, the inclusion of
shift toward higher-capacity coherent optics as
SOAs adds to the complexity and cost to a PON ONU.
network demands evolve.
4.3 Coherent optical transmission
The introduction of high-speed, compact, and power-
efficient pluggable modems is crucial for future Coherent optical transmission represents a more
CPON deployments. Their small size and low power advanced approach to optical communication,
consumption make them ideal for fiber-deep cable particularly suitable for high-speed applications
uplinks, where minimizing power usage is essential. like 100G PON. Unlike IM-DD, coherent systems use
These modems will be vital in meeting the bandwidth complex modulation schemes such as quadrature
and latency needs of CPON, while also supporting phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude
scalable solutions for enterprise networks and high- modulation (QAM), which encode data onto both
capacity metro connections. the amplitude and phase of the optical signal, and
even across multiple polarization states. This allows
4. Next-generation PON: IM-DD or coherent systems to achieve much higher spectral
coherent technologies efficiency, with more bits per symbol being transmitted.
4.1 IM-DD
A key advantage of coherent systems is their
IM-DD is a well-established technology used in current enhanced receiver sensitivity. Coherent detection,
PON systems like GPON and XGS-PON. It is based on combined with advanced DSP functions, allows the
simple modulation schemes, where the intensity of system to operate with higher losses in the ODN,
the optical signal is varied in proportion to the data enabling longer distances and higher split ratios.
being transmitted, and the receiver directly detects
these intensity variations. IM-DD systems have been 4.4 CPON ONU optimization
widely adopted due to their cost-effectiveness and The CPON ONU architecture is a sophisticated design
simplicity, particularly at lower data rates like 10G. that uses coherent detection and advanced signal
processing to enable high-speed, cost-effective
However, as the demand for higher data rates
data transmission. This architecture is divided into
increases (beyond 50G), the limitations of IM-DD
three primary functional blocks—digital-to-analog
become apparent. The transition to higher speeds
converter/analog-to-digital (DAC/ADC), DSP, and
requires more sophisticated components to meet the
MAC—which collectively ensure robust and efficient
operation within a 100 Gb/s symmetric system.

10
The following sections delve into the specifics of to the system’s ability to achieve high performance
each block, highlighting their roles in enhancing the and spectral efficiency. Coherent systems use these
performance and scalability of CPON systems. capabilities to handle more complex modulation
schemes and a wider range of signal impairments,
4.5 CPON ONU architecture overview enhancing overall system performance.
ONU While this analysis assumes the use of LDPC codes
in both IM-DD and coherent systems, it is important
λ US to note that as of the writing of this paper, neither
DAC/ DSP MAC True 100G
CableLabs nor ITU-T SG15/Q2 has made a final
117 Gb/s
ADC Ethernet
decision on this matter. Both IM-DD and coherent
λ DS
systems utilize their DSPs effectively, with coherent
systems providing enhanced performance and
Figure 4. CPON ONU functional block diagram flexibility in handling complex signal conditions.

4.5.3 MAC
The CPON ONU architecture can be divided into
The MAC block is responsible for managing the data
three primary functional blocks: DAC/ADC, DSP,
transmission protocols and ensuring compliance with
and MAC. These blocks collectively enable high-
the relevant PON standards, such as those defined
speed data transmission in a cost-effective manner,
by the ITU-T SG15/Q2. The MAC block uses an ASIC
using coherent detection and advanced signal
designed to manage the upstream and downstream data
processing techniques.
flows efficiently. It also handles tasks like packet framing,
4.5.1 DAC/ADC error checking, and arbitration, ensuring smooth and
The DAC and ADC convert between the digital and reliable communication between the ONU and the OLT.
analog domains. In the transmitter path, the DAC
4.6 System description
converts digital data streams into analog signals,
which are then modulated onto an optical carrier. For a true 100 Gb/s symmetric system with FEC
Conversely, the ADC in the receiver path converts super-rated (around 117 Gb/s), the CPON transceiver
incoming analog optical signals back into digital form can be cost-effective by employing fixed wavelength
for further processing. This block interfaces directly distributed feedback (DFB) lasers without lockers.
with the radio frequency (RF) baseband electronics, This design choice eliminates the need for costly
which, thanks to polarization multiplexing, require a components like SOA or erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
bandwidth of only 15 GHz. This allows the system to (EDFAs). As detailed by Boyd et al. (2024) in their SCTE
handle approximately 117 Gb/s across four orthogonal TechExpo24 paper, “What Could You Do with 100 Gbps
lanes at a baud rate of around 30 GBaud for in-phase Coherent PON?”, this approach ensures the CPON
and quadrature (I/Q) on both X and Y polarizations. ONU delivers high performance while maintaining cost
efficiency, making it suitable for broad deployment in
4.5.2 Coherent systems DSP (with IM-DD residential and business settings.22
DSP comparison)
In high-speed IM-DD systems, the DSP primarily 4.7 CPON value add: Tunability
handles tasks such as equalization, dispersion A key benefit of the CPON design is its tunability
compensation, and FEC, including low-density parity- across four upstream and four downstream
check (LDPC) codes. The DSP’s role in IM-DD systems channels. This tunability is achieved using DFB lasers
is crucial for addressing challenges like inter-symbol with integrated thermal tuning capabilities and a
interference (ISI) and signal distortion. LDPC codes wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filter. The DFB
help maintain signal integrity, ensuring reliable lasers are fixed wavelength but can be finely tuned
performance even as data rates increase. by adjusting the temperature, allowing them to align
with different channels within a limited wavelength
In coherent systems, the DSP performs a broader
range. The WDM filter further enables the separation
range of functions. Alongside equalization and
and selection of these specific wavelength channels,
FEC with LDPC codes, it manages phase recovery,
making it possible for the system to support multiple
polarization demultiplexing, and advanced error
upstream and downstream channels without the need
correction. These additional functions contribute
for expensive tunable lasers. This tunability enhances

11
 DFB laser in CPON optical module (within OLT and ONU) support thermal tunability
WDM filter Coexistence Splitter
OLTs (with diplexer for element (CE) ONUs
US and DS pairs)
λ DS1 λ DS1
100G Port 1 100G
λ US5 λ US5

λ DS2 λ DS2
100G Port 2 100G
λ US6 λ US6
100 GHz grid
COM Port Port 1
(within C-band)
λ DS3 λ DS3
100G Port 3 100G
λ US7 COM Port N Splitter λ US7

λ DS4 λ DS4
100G Port 4 100G
λ US8 λ US8

Assumption:
new filter
1577 nm 1577 nm
10G Port 2 10G
1270 nm 1270 nm

Optical distribution network

Figure 5. “Residential” access ODN: Fixed-channel CPON tunability

the flexibility and scalability of the network, allowing magnitude—than a full-band tunable laser, which can
for efficient bandwidth management and the stacking adjust its output across a wide range of wavelengths
of multiple channels on the same ODN infrastructure. within a specific band and represents a large portion
of the total module cost.
4.8 CPON cost comparison
Based on these assumptions of similar volumes and
ONU cost for higher BW PON
the use of fixed lasers, a true 100G symmetric CPON
Relative cost
7 ONU is estimated to be only 20% more expensive
100G (100G) than a 50G symmetric PON. This aligns with the trend
Relative ONU cost estimate

6
50G (42G) depicted in Figure 6, which shows a steady increase
5 DSP,
DSP, EML, Coherent in relative ONU cost estimates as the PON nominal
IM-DD w/ SOA
4 line rate increases from 10 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s. Notably,
3 the cost jumps at the 50G and 100G levels due to the
2
25G introduction of more advanced optical and electronic
10G (21G) IM-DD
(8.7G) DML components, such as DSP and coherent technology.
1 No SOA
No DSP
0 Consequently, 100G CPON is more cost-effective
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 on a relative dollar per bit per second basis compared
PON nominal line rate (Gb/s) to symmetric 50G PON. Initial samples expected in
Figure 6. ONU cost for higher BW PON 2026 are anticipated to have a 50% lower cost per
bit per second, especially since 50G symmetric PON
carries only 40G of data and is not FEC super-rated.
Using cost forecasts for 400G ZR in quad small Super-rating is not fully explored in this paper. For
form-factor pluggable double density (QSFP-DD) and greater detail on super-rating, see the Boyd et al.
100G ZR in QSFP pluggable 28 (QSFP-28) with full- SCTE TechExpo24 Paper, “What Could You Do with
band tunable lasers is not representative of the cost 100 Gbps CPON?”22
forecast for 100G CPON in QSFP-28. This discrepancy
arises due to the use of fixed-wavelength lasers and This low-cost coherent optics design with a balanced
the significantly higher volumes in the PON market photodetector also offers the significant advantage
compared to metro transport. For example, a fixed of tunability across a limited range of optical channels
DFB laser is substantially cheaper—by an order of with minimal performance impact. This feature allows

12
 100G (200G) CPON for future study

O-Band E S C L ...
1532.68 (c56) – TWDM
NG-PON2 US
1538.49 (c49) PON DS
TWDM-PON
1596.34 –
1602.31
HSP 1270 ±10 1300 ±10 1539.77 (c47) – 1546.12 (c39) –
U D
50G PON UW0 UW1 1542.14 (c44) 1548.51 (c36)

25GS-PON 1270 ±10 1300 ±10 PtP WDM PON Extended Spectrum DS and US
(MSA) UW0 UW1 1524-1625

25G+50G 1270 ±10 1300 ±10

EPON UW0 UW1

1320 1342 1358 1577

10G EPON 1270 ±10
+3/-2
±2 ±2 ±2

1577
XG(S)-PON 1270 ±10
+3/-2

GPON & GPON “Reduced” “Basic band” GPON G.984.5 Enhancement band option 2
1G EPON 1310 ± 20 1490 ± 10 1530-1580 /1625

1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1600

Figure 7. PON wavelengths

multiple wavelength pairs to operate on the same ODN for downstream and 1310 nm for upstream, with
and is supported with a single SKU. The tunability, upstream lasers also maintaining a ±50 nm tolerance.
achieved by adjusting the thermal control on the DFB
In 2007, the GPON standard was updated (G.984.5),
laser, is estimated to cover four 100 GHz channels at
introducing more refined options for upstream
no extra cost for an external tuning unit. By deploying
wavelength tolerance. This included the original ±50
four OLT PON ports across these 4 x 100 GHz
nm (regular), a reduced tolerance of ±20 nm, and a
channels, the average data throughput for ONUs can
narrow tolerance of ±10 nm. Additionally, the update
be quadrupled, resulting in a cost per bit well beyond
defined enhancement bands for downstream and
one-fourth that of symmetric 50G PON systems.
upstream, as depicted in Figure 7: band 1, located
5. Wavelength coexistence and ODN architectures in the water peak area (not shown), and band 2
5.1 PON wavelength overview (shown), aimed at improving wavelength precision and
supporting advanced network configurations.
The coexistence of CPON with legacy PONs and
DWDM is achieved through careful wavelength A significant advancement came in 2014 with the
planning and allocation. By utilizing the 100 GHz grid, NG-PON2 standard (G.989 series), which incorporated
operators can repurpose existing DWDM-deployed TWDM-PON and point-to-point (P2P) WDM PON
passive infrastructure to support CPON solutions technologies. NG-PON2 defined eight channels
compliant with the ITU-T 694.1 100 GHz grid.21 This for both downstream and upstream, arranged in
approach maximizes fiber optic capacity while downstream and upstream channel pairs, and
ensuring compatibility and interoperability with the introduced tunable ONTs and ONUs, enhancing
existing infrastructure. flexibility and scalability in network deployments.
This development supported more dynamic and
Wavelength standards in PONs have evolved
highcapacity PON systems.
significantly over the years. The original GPON
standard (G.984.2), introduced in 2003, defined Recent advancements include the 25GS-PON and
upstream lasers with a broad wavelength tolerance ITU-T 50G high-speed PON (HSP) technologies, which
of ±50 nm, allowing for variability in laser performance provide operators with the flexibility to select from
but lacking precision in wavelength control. In 2004, three upstream wavelengths (UW0, UW1, UW3) and
the IEEE 1G EPON standard (802.3ah) aligned with a single downstream option. These newer standards
GPON’s wavelength specifications, using 1490 nm represent the ongoing evolution in wavelength

13
management, expanding the options available for deploying a 1:32 splitter instead of a 1:64 splitter
high-speed and high-capacity networks. can recover optical budget, reducing the need for
costly electronics in the field. Density is a critical
As PON technologies advance, challenges in consideration; deploying a chassis OLT that can
wavelength management, particularly in the O-band support thousands of subscribers is not cost-
(1260–1360 nm), become more complex. CPON effective in areas with only a few hundred potential
technologies, which use 100 GHz DWDM channels, customers. Additionally, the supporting backend
require careful management of the O-band to avoid infrastructure, such as multiple 10/100GbE links for
disrupting existing PON technologies operating within resiliency to an aggregation transport, adds further
this range. Efficient wavelength management is crucial to the overall cost and must be carefully justified
to deploy CPON while still supporting legacy PONs. based on the expected subscriber base.
The development of high-speed TWDM-PON PMD 5.2.1 Maximizing reach with CPON
systems is likely to utilize NG-PON2 channels
The advent of CPON technology presents a
5–8, facilitating high-capacity and high-speed
transformative opportunity for operators to extend their
data transmission. This approach integrates new
reach into new subscriber areas without the immediate
technologies with existing infrastructure, reflecting
need to deploy additional OLTs. By using advanced
the ongoing evolution of PON systems. Additionally,
DSP, CPON enhances signal processing, compensates
CPON aims to maximize the use of existing
for chromatic and polarization mode dispersion
passive networks by leveraging 100 GHz DWDM
(CMD and PMD, respectively), and improves error
channels, thus reducing the need for extensive new
correction, equalization, and signal recovery. These
infrastructure. Operators can use unused RF video
enhancements allow operators to extend the reach
ports on existing customer equipment or build outside
of the ODN far beyond traditional PON architectures.
the video band if necessary, offering flexible and
efficient integration of CPON technologies. In business case decisions, this extended reach can
make previously marginal or unviable expansion areas
Overall, the progression of wavelength standards
economically feasible. The increased power-loss
in PONs underscores continuous advancements in
budget and improved CMD and PMD compensation
network performance and flexibility, highlighting the
enable longer fiber distances between the OLT and
critical role of precise wavelength management in
ONUs. This flexibility allows for a more balanced
supporting both current and future technologies.
approach between the number of potential splits
5.2 ODN introduction: Cost dynamics in the ODN and the increased distance of the
fiber. Operators can strategically manage cable
The deployment of fiber for an ODN represents
attenuation, additional connector and splice losses,
the most significant cost component of a PON.
and increased splitter port loss, ensuring a cost-
While selecting active electronics involves detailed
effective and efficient network design. By extending
technical analysis and negotiation, the expenses
the passive network rather than deploying new active
associated with trenching and boring fiber have
components, operators can minimize incremental
a far greater impact on the cost per home passed,
costs, enhance returns on investment, and achieve
particularly in densely populated areas.
a more strategic balance between network
When constructing an ODN, operators must weigh performance, cost, and subscriber acquisition.
trade-offs between coverage area and subscriber
5.2.2 Reusing the ODN for multi-service applications
density as these factors directly influence the cost
per home passed. A general rule of thumb is that Beyond residential services, the reuse of the ODN
aerial fiber is less expensive to deploy than buried to support a broader range of services, including
fiber, making it a more cost-effective option where mobility xHaul and enterprise business, is becoming
feasible. High-density suburban areas tend to be more an increasingly strategic approach for operators.
economical to serve than sparsely populated rural By leveraging the existing fiber infrastructure,
areas due to the lower cost per subscriber. operators can deliver a unified service platform that
caters to residential broadband as well as the needs
In optimizing the ODN, operators should prioritize of mobile networks and enterprise customers.
maximizing the optical budget by adjusting
splitter ratios and network design rather than For mobility xHaul, the ODN can be utilized to provide
relying on remote active electronics. For instance, backhaul, fronthaul, and midhaul connections for 4G,

14
5G, and future mobile network generations. 5.3 The flexibility of the ODN
This shared infrastructure approach allows for more ODNs offer remarkable flexibility, making them
efficient use of fiber resources and reduces the need highly adaptable to changing network demands and
for deploying separate networks for different service technological advancements. This flexibility is evident in
types. The “remote device” documented in Figure 9, several key aspects of ODN design and implementation:
“WDM and CPON: ODN coexistence with DWDM”,
could be a radio unit (RU), distribution unit (DU), or a • Support for various splitter configurations: ODNs
switch in an enterprise or regional office, depending can utilize both balanced and unbalanced splitters
on the specific service being supported. Similarly, to meet diverse network requirements.
the ODN can be extended to offer highcapacity, - Balanced splitters, such as 1 x 8 or 1 x 16 splitters,
low-latency connections required by enterprise distribute the optical signal evenly among all
businesses. This includes providing dedicated output ports, ensuring uniform signal strength
fiber access, P2P Ethernet services, and other across all branches. This uniform distribution
businesscritical connectivity solutions. By simplifies network design, particularly when equal
consolidating residential, mobile, and enterprise performance is desired across multiple endpoints.
services onto a single ODN, operators can maximize -C
 onversely, unbalanced splitters allow for
the return on their infrastructure investment, customized power distribution, which can be
streamline network management, and enhance the optimized based on specific needs such as varying
overall service offering to a diverse customer base. distances or subscriber densities. By allocating
5.2.3 I ntegrating DWDM and CPON for optimized more power to certain branches or segments,
service delivery unbalanced splitters can enhance performance
and cost efficiency, reducing the need for
Incorporating DWDM technology with 100 GHz
additional active electronics in the network.
channel spacing into the ODN offers a compelling
solution for mixing P2P connections with CPON • Single or cascaded splitters: The flexibility of ODNs
for other applications. DWDM allows for the extends to the configuration of splitters. Operators
transportation of high-capacity, dedicated wavelength can choose to deploy a single splitter or cascade
services, which are particularly valuable for enterprise multiple splitters, depending on the optical budget
customers and mobility backhaul. These customers and network design requirements. Single splitters
generally have a higher willingness to pay for premium, are ideal for shorter reaches or lower subscriber
low-latency, and high-reliability services, making the densities, providing a straightforward solution with
business case for network expansion more attractive. minimal signal loss. For more extensive networks
requiring longer reaches or higher capacity,
By utilizing DWDM for P2P connections, operators cascading multiple splitters allows for broader signal
can effectively segment high value enterprise and distribution. This approach enables scalable network
mobility traffic while still using CPON to deliver design while carefully managing signal attenuation to
broadband services. This approach enables operators maintain optimal performance across all segments.
to generate higher revenue per fiber strand while
• Compatibility with multiple PON technologies:
simultaneously expanding their service footprint.
ODNs are designed to accommodate multiple PON
The revenue from enterprise and mobility services
technologies simultaneously. By incorporating
can help subsidize the cost of extending the network
coexistence elements and blocking filters within
into underserved residential areas, making it possible to
ONUs, ODNs can prevent interference from
reach more customers with minimal incremental cost.
different wavelengths, facilitating the concurrent
This integrated strategy of combining DWDM and operation of various PON standards. This capability
CPON within the same ODN enhances the overall ensures that network operators can deploy and
network efficiency and provides a flexible, scalable manage multiple PON technologies, such as GPON
platform capable of meeting diverse service and XGS-PON, within the same infrastructure
requirements. It allows operators to optimize their without compromising performance.
infrastructure investment, tapping into new revenue • Adaptability to emerging technologies: One of the
streams while ensuring that residential, enterprise, significant advantages of ODNs is their ability to
and mobility needs are met with the appropriate support new and unforeseen PON technologies
service levels. without necessitating major infrastructure changes.

15
 This adaptability means that as new PON technologies In modern PON architectures, cascaded splitter
emerge, such as next-generation solutions beyond designs play a pivotal role in optimizing network
XGS-PON, they can be integrated into the existing coverage and scalability. Sections 8 and 9 explore
ODN framework without requiring a complete the application of these designs within different
overhaul of the fiber or splitter components. deployment scenarios. Section 8, “Cascaded
• Support for next-generation PONs: It is crucial for residential ODN for plant coverage,” focuses on
ODNs to be backward-compatible, allowing for the broader coverage across multiple PON serving areas
coexistence of older and newer PON generations (PSAs), emphasizing efficient utilization of the ODN.
within the same network. This requirement ensures Meanwhile Section 9, “Cascaded residential ODN for
that advanced PON systems can be integrated MDU coverage”, delves into the specific use case of
seamlessly while maintaining service continuity for MDUs, highlighting how cascaded splitters and small,
existing deployments. Such backward compatibility power-efficient OLTs can streamline infrastructure
is vital for operators looking to upgrade their while maintaining high service quality.
networks incrementally. Sections 6 through 9 demonstrate the ODN’s capacity
• Scalability for increasing broadband demands: to support diverse PON technologies and network
ODNs have demonstrated their capacity to keep configurations. Section 6 covers the coexistence of
pace with rising broadband speed requirements. PON standards within a unified ODN, while Section 7
As demand for higher speeds continues to grow, examines the integration of DWDM with CPON. Sections
ODNs can accommodate these needs by integrating 8 and 9 highlight cascaded splitter designs for broader
higher-speed PON technologies, thus evolving to coverage and optimized MDU deployment. These
meet new performance and capacity benchmarks sections collectively emphasize the ODN’s adaptability
without substantial infrastructure modifications. and effectiveness in meeting current and future.

ODNs are essential for modern telecommunications, 6. C

 oexistence and service differentiation in an
allowing operators to adapt to evolving technologies ODN with CPON
and deployment scenarios. ODNs support multiple The figure illustrates an example deployment of CPON
PON technologies, accommodate varying service and ODN architecture that supports a wide range of
demands, and ensure long-term viability, making services, including residential, enterprise, and mobility
them crucial for optimizing network performance front, mid, and backhaul. This architecture highlights
and meeting future requirements. the integration of CPON OLTs alongside legacy OLTs,
The integration of different PON technologies within a demonstrating the ability of CPON to coexist with GPON,
single ODN is exemplified in Section 6, “Coexistence 10G-PON, and emerging 25/50G-PON technologies.
and service differentiation in an ODN with CPON.” In the context of CPON, supporting multiple PON
This section explores how CPON can facilitate the technologies within a single ODN is crucial for
coexistence of various PON standards, including GPON, operators in maintaining network efficiency and
XGS-PON, 25GS-PON, 50G-PON, and 100G CPON. By adaptability. A typical CPON setup must accommodate
utilizing a CE to manage wavelength separation and a diverse PON specifications, such as GPON, XGS-PON,
splitter to provide signal distribution, this setup enables 25GS-PON, 50G-PON, and 100G CPON. To achieve
multiple PON technologies to operate efficiently within this, a CE is employed to manage the combination
the same network infrastructure. and separation of various wavelength channels
Section 7, “Coexistence of DWDM and CPON in a associated with each PON technology. The CE ensures
shared WDM infrastructure” delves into the integration that different wavelengths do not interfere with each
of DWDM with CPON. This section highlights how other, allowing multiple PON technologies to operate
the ITU-T 100 GHz channel plan and WDM filters are simultaneously across the same ODN.
employed to manage high-capacity data transmission. The CE could be located at a central location closest
The central location and field WDM filters work to the OLTs to reduce feeder fiber costs. It would
together to separate and combine wavelengths, while be equipped with ports dedicated to both CPON
the remote PHY device (RPD) bridges the DWDM fiber wavelengths (denoted as λ_DS and λ_US pairs) and
and coaxial networks. This approach enhances the legacy PON wavelengths. This design enables the
network’s capacity and performance, supporting a CE to manage up to four CPON wavelength pairs,
broad range of services and technologies.

16
 DFB laser in CPON optical module (within OLT and ONU) support tunability
WDM filter Coexistence Splitter
(with diplexer for element (CE)
CPON OLTs US and DS pairs) CPON ONUs
λ DS1 λ DS1
100G Port 1 100G
λ US5 λ US5

λ DS2 λ DS2
100G Port 2 100G
λ US6 100 GHz grid λ US6
COM Port Port 1
λ DS3 (channel subset) λ DS3
100G Port 3 100G
λ US7 λ US7

λ DS4 λ DS4
100G Port 4 100G
λ US8 λ US8
COM Port N Splitter
Legacy OLTs Assumption: new filter Legacy ONUs
1490 nm 1490 nm
GPON Port 2 GPON
1310 nm 1310 nm

1577 nm 1577 nm
10G Port 3 10G
1270 nm 1270 nm

1358 nm (25) / 1342 nm (50) 1358) / 42 nm

25/50G Port 4 25/50 G
UW3: 1286 nm 1286 nm

Optical distribution network

Figure 8. PON coexistence with single-splitter ODN

supporting different services by assigning specific • The CE also includes ports dedicated to legacy OLTs,
wavelength pairs to various OLT ports. which handle GPON and 10G-PON services, ensuring
backward compatibility. Figure 8 shows how these
Each CPON OLT operates at 100G and can serve legacy wavelengths (for example, 1490 nm, 1310 nm
different types of services, including MDU, mobility for GPON, 1577 nm, and 1270 nm for 10G-PON) are
fronthaul, midhaul, enterprise, and mobility backhaul. seamlessly integrated into the overall ODN structure.
The wavelength pairs (λ_DS1/λ_US5, λ_DS2/λ_US6, This allows operators to continue supporting legacy
etc.) are allocated based on the specific service type, services while gradually transitioning to CPON-based
ensuring efficient service differentiation and optimal high-capacity networks.
performance across the ODN. For example:
• This example showcases the flexibility and
• Port 1 utilizes a 100G wavelength pair scalability of CPON and ODN. The integration with
(λ_DS1/λ_US5) to provide MDU services alongside legacy PON technologies, coupled with wavelength
GPON wavelengths for residential broadband. management and the uniform distribution of optical
• Port 2 is dedicated to mobility fronthaul with signals through splitters, positions CPON as a key
another 100G wavelength pair (λ_DS2/λ_US6). enabler for nextgeneration services.
• Port 3 supports enterprise services with its own 7. C
 oexistence of DWDM and CPON in a Shared
dedicated 100G wavelength pair (λ_DS3/λ_US7). WDM Infrastructure
• Port 4 serves additional mobility fronthaul needs, 7.1 Overview of DWDM and CPON system integration
with wavelengths assigned accordingly.
The integration of the CPON system within a shared
• Within the ODN, the splitter plays a pivotal role. WDM infrastructure represents a critical advancement
It distributes optical signals evenly across all output in optimizing fiber resource utilization and expanding
ports without altering the wavelength allocation. network capabilities. This architecture, as illustrated,
This uniform distribution ensures that each PON leverages the ITU-T 100 GHz channel plan, which
technology receives equal optical power, which is provides a standardized framework for managing
essential for maintaining consistent performance multiple wavelength channels on a single fiber, thereby
and service quality across the network.

17
 Diplexer WDM Filter N Splitters

CPON OLTs CPON ONUs

λ DS1 λ DS1
λ DS1 Port 1 Port 1 λ DS1 λ DS1
100G DX λ US5 λ US5 DX N 100G
λ US5 Port 2 Port 2 λ US5 λ US5
λ DS2 λ DS2
λ DS2 Port 3 Port 3 λ DS2 λ DS2
100G DX λ US6 λ US6 DX N 100G
λ US6 Port 4 Port 4 λ US6 λ US6
λ DS3 λ DS3
λ DS3 Port 5 Port 5 λ DS3 λ DS3
100G DX λ US7 λ US7 DX N 100G
λ US7 Port 6 Port 6 λ US7 λ US7
λ DS4 λ DS4
λ DS4 Port 7 Port 7 λ DS4 λ DS4
100G DX λ US8 λ US8 DX N 100G
λ US8 Port 8 Port 8 λ US8 λ US8
. .
. COM Port COM Port ..
DWDM .
λ DWDM1 Feeder λ DWDM1
Port 13 fiber Port 13
XCVR XCVR
Port 14 Port 14
λ DWDM2 λ DWDM2
. .
. .
. .
Port n Port n

Optical distribution network

Figure 9. WDM and CPON: ODN coexistence with DWDM

maximizing fiber capacity and supporting a diverse array high-speed, reliable fiber broadband access, which
of services across both P2P and P2MP configurations. is essential for bandwidth-intensive applications
such as enterprise services, high-speed internet,
7.2 Strategic role of WDM filters in channel management and low-latency connectivity required for emerging
WDM filters are central to the successful integration of technologies like 5G.
DWDM with CPON systems, playing a crucial role in the
precise separation and combination of optical signals The integration of DWDM P2P circuits with CPON
across various wavelengths. These filters ensure that P2MP circuits requires meticulous planning to avoid
each channel is accurately routed through the network, any detrimental interference and to ensure peak
minimizing signal interference and maintaining the performance across all services. Effective channel
integrity of the transmitted data. At the network’s planning and the strategic use of WDM filters are
central hub, WDM filters are tasked with the critical necessary to separate DWDM channels from CPON
function of managing both incoming and outgoing channels, thus preventing crosstalk and ensuring the
wavelength channels, ensuring efficient routing and integrity of all transmitted data.
preventing any potential cross-channel interference. 7.4 U
 sing CPON P2MP circuits within
In a shared WDM infrastructure, the dual management DWDM infrastructure
of DWDM and CPON wavelengths places additional The CPON system’s deployment within the DWDM
demands on WDM filters. For DWDM P2P circuits, infrastructure allows for the efficient delivery of
these filters must achieve high isolation and minimal multiple P2MP circuits over a single fiber, significantly
insertion loss to ensure that each wavelength channel enhancing network scalability and resource efficiency.
remains distinct and uncorrupted. In contrast, for By utilizing the 100 GHz channel plan, operators can
CPON P2MP circuits, the filters must efficiently support high-density splitter ratios, enabling the
combine multiple wavelength channels into a single efficient management of a vast number of subscriber
fiber path, maintaining high performance and connections. This capability is particularly beneficial
minimizing any degradation in signal quality. in densely populated urban environments where
maximizing fiber utility is essential.
7.3 Integration and optimization of P2P DWDM circuits
DWDM P2P circuits are integral to the high-capacity The coexistence of CPON P2MP circuits with DWDM
connections between MDU OLT and the operator’s P2P circuits requires the design of highly specialized
central network. These circuits utilize the extensive WDM filter configurations. These filters must adeptly
channel capacity provided by DWDM to deliver combine and split CPON wavelengths while preserving

18
 Cascaded Splitter
(stage 2)
Distribution Drop
fiber fiber CPON ONUs
λ DS1
100G
WDM Filter Cascaded λ US5
T
(with diplexer for Splitter λ DS4
N Splitter 100G
US and DS pairs) (stage 1) Feeder λ US8
CPON OLTs fiber λ DS2
λ DS1
100G
λ US6
100G Port 1 T
λ US5

λ DS2
100G Port 2
λ US6 Fiber distribution
COM Port N Splitter hubs/primary Fiber terminal
λ DS3 flexibility points
100G Port 3
λ US7

λ DS4
100G Port 4 λ DS2
λ US8 100G
λ US6
T
Feeder
fiber N Splitter
Assume wider coverage across multiple λ DS4
PON serving areas (PSAs) with a cascaded 100G
λ US8
splitter configuration T
λ DS3
100G
λ US7

Optical distribution network

Figure 10. Cascaded residential ODN for plant coverage

high channel density and ensuring that performance • advanced mobility solutions. This flexibility is crucial
remains uncompromised. This careful engineering for meeting the evolving demands of a diverse
ensures that CPON systems can fully exploit the customer base while maintaining a unified and
DWDM infrastructure’s capacity, providing reliable, efficient network architecture.
high-quality service to a broad base of end-users. • Sustainability and efficiency: By transitioning
7.5 Practical considerations and strategic benefits from Ethernet switches that require a dedicated
transceiver for each customer to a PON, operators
The integration of DWDM with CPON in a shared can significantly reduce energy consumption and
WDM infrastructure yields substantial operational electronic waste. The passive nature of PONs,
and strategic benefits: which rely on optical splitters instead of active
• Maximized fiber utilization: By channeling both components like switches, minimizes the need for
P2P and P2MP circuits through DWDM, operators power-hungry equipment, contributing to a more
can achieve near-complete utilization of available sustainable and efficient network infrastructure.
fiber resources, thereby significantly reducing the
need for costly and time-consuming additional This integrated DWDM-CPON architecture enhances
fiber deployments. the technical capabilities of fiber networks and
positions operators to efficiently scale and adapt
• Enhanced network scalability: DWDM’s inherent their infrastructure to meet future demands, ensuring
flexibility allows for seamless network capacity long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the
expansion, enabling services and subscribers to rapidly evolving telecommunications landscape.
be added without major infrastructure changes,
thus supporting long-term growth. 8. Cascaded residential ODN for plant coverage
• Operational flexibility: A shared WDM infrastructure Figure 10 illustrates a CPON architecture that
provides a versatile and adaptable platform for employs a cascaded splitter design to achieve
deploying a wide range of services, including high- broader coverage across multiple PSAs. This
speed internet, enterprise-level connectivity, and architecture focuses on more efficient use of

19
the ODN rather than just saving feeder fiber. The key 9. Cascaded residential ODN for MDU coverage
components of the design are: 9.1 Overview
8.1 Central location Building upon earlier discussions of PON coexistence,
• CPON OLTs: These OLTs support 100G speeds WDM integration with CPON, and cascaded splitters,
and handle wavelength pairs for both upstream this section focuses on the deployment of an ODN
and downstream traffic. Figure 10 emphasizes within MDUs using high splitter ratios, such as
the tunable nature of the OLTs, offering flexibility 1:256. This setup is important to efficiently deliver
in managing various wavelength pairs. broadband services within an MDU. CPON technology
plays a key role in managing these high splitter ratios
• WDM filter: A WDM filter is used to manage and while ensuring service quality.
separate wavelength pairs (both upstream and
downstream) as they are distributed throughout The use of a WDM filter before the MDU OLT allows
the network. for the integration of P2P DWDM circuits, enabling
• Stage 1 splitter: The WDM filter output is connected the network to support various services, including
to a stage 1 splitter, which further distributes the those for remote devices, businesses, and wireless
optical signal across multiple feeder fibers. applications on the property.

8.2 Field deployment 9.2 Key considerations

• Stage 2 splitter: After the feeder fibers, the All passive design:
optical signal is further divided by a stage 2 splitter • Primary splitter at main distribution frame (MDF):
located closer to the end-users (in distribution The primary splitter is in the MDF, where the optical
hubs or primary flexibility points). This additional signal is divided into multiple paths.
splitting enables the CPON system to cover
a wider geographic area.
MDU
100G
• Distribution and drop fibers: These fibers extend
N Splitter
from the stage 2 splitter to the end-user ONUs. 100G

• Fiber terminals: Represented by “T” in Figure 10,

100G
these terminals connect the distribution fibers N Splitter
100G
to the final drop fibers leading to the ONUs.

8.3 Key points

• Coverage focus: This design prioritizes broader
coverage over merely optimizing feeder fiber
usage. The cascaded splitter approach with 100G
N Splitter
multiple stages effectively serves multiple PSAs.
• Scalability: The architecture is scalable, 100G
N Splitter
allowing more end-users to be connected with 100G
fewer OLT PON ports by cascading splitters
across wider areas. 100G
N Splitter
• Wavelength management: The WDM filter and 100G
tunable OLTs are crucial for efficiently managing
multiple wavelength pairs, ensuring high- N Splitter

performance service across a large network.

DWDM
This PON architecture example demonstrates how Transceiver
to extend coverage by using a flexible, scalable WDM Filters
ODN that improves utilization per PON port, 100G CPON OLT
Business/Mobility
ultimately reducing the number of PON ports (mixed tenant unit)
required at the central location. It also provides a XCVR
perspective that goes beyond simply minimizing
feeder fiber usage.
Figure 11. CPON MDU ODN

20
• Intermediate distribution frames (IDFs): Additional • Compact design for space efficiency: The small
splitters are placed in the IDFs on each floor to footprint of the mini-OLT allows for installation in
further distribute the signal, as indicated in Figure 11. confined spaces, such as telecom closets or utility
• Reduced fiber runs: The cascading splitter design rooms within the MDU.
minimizes the number of fiber runs needed from This streamlined architecture ensures cost-effective
the MDF to individual units, reducing installation deployment and enhances the scalability and reliability
complexity and costs. of fiber broadband access in MDUs, accommodating
9.3 Benefits high service demand with minimal infrastructure.

• Simplified installation: The cascading splitter 10 Conclusion: Future-proofing fiber networks

architecture reduces the number of fiber runs, with 100G CPON
streamlining installation and lowering both labor As fiber broadband access continues to evolve,
and material costs. operators are under increasing pressure to deliver
• Lower infrastructure costs: The reduced need higher bandwidth and support more diverse services
for fibers and active components translates into while keeping costs under control. CPON technology
significant cost savings. presents a forward-looking solution, particularly in
• Enhanced reliability: The use of passive the context of existing, brownfield deployments.
components, which are less prone to failure and By integrating 100G CPON into established
require minimal maintenance, enhances overall networks, operators can significantly enhance their
network reliability. service capabilities without the need for extensive
infrastructure overhauls.
9.4 Role of CPON technology
In brownfield scenarios, the ability to augment rather
• High data rates: CPON technology supports high
than replace the outside plant (OSP) infrastructure is a
data rates even with significant splitter ratios,
critical advantage. 100G CPON enables operators to
maintaining service quality for large numbers
upgrade their networks by annexing new capabilities
of subscribers while reducing the footprint and
to existing ODNs. This process involves meticulous
power requirements of the OLT in the MDU.
link budget planning and optical budget optimization to
• Increased sensitivity and dynamic range: CPON ensure that 100G services can be delivered effectively,
systems, with high-sensitivity receivers, can detect even with higher split ratios and extended reach, thus
weaker signals and operate over a wide dynamic maximizing the use of current fiber resources.
range, effectively managing the attenuation caused
by high splitter ratios. While the ITU-T is still investigating the technologies
for 100G CPON, ongoing standardization efforts at
• Enhanced flexibility: WDM integration adds
CableLabs and ITU-T SG15/Q2 are positioning CPON
flexibility, allowing the network to support diverse
as a versatile and costefficient technology for both
applications and future upgrades. This includes
residential and business applications. The tunability
both DWDM P2P circuits directly to end-users and
and potential cost advantages of CPON make it
DWDM P2P circuits feeding the OLT.
an attractive option, particularly as the market for
9.5 Benefits of a small OLT deployment coherent optics expands.
9.5.1 Power efficiency Notably, 100G CPON is expected to offer significant
• Lower power consumption: The deployment of cost savings over symmetric 50G PON, with up to 50%
a small 1–2 port OLT, as illustrated in Figure 11, lower cost per bit per second, thanks to its tunable,
significantly reduces power consumption compared low-cost coherent optics design. This efficiency,
to larger units, leading to cost savings and a combined with its ability to extend network reach
reduced environmental impact. and enhance service flexibility, positions CPON as a
• Backup power solutions: Compact backup power leading technology for future-proof fiber networks.
systems, such as small uninterruptible power In addition to its cost benefits, CPON’s ability to
supplies (UPS) or batteries, can effectively support support multi-service applications through the reuse
a mini-OLT, ensuring compliance with regulatory of existing infrastructure and the integration of WDM
reserve power requirements.

21
further highlights its potential. For instance, in
scenarios like MDUs with cascaded splitters, CPON
overcomes traditional limitations related to split ratios
and network reach. This ensures that passive fiber
networks can be simplified, yet powerful enough to
meet the growing demand for high bandwidth and
varied services.

100G CPON represents a significant advancement

in the PON architecture. It optimizes the ODN by
enhancing wavelength coexistence, extending
network reach, and maintaining cost-effective service
delivery. By enabling operators to future-proof their
networks, 100G CPON offers a versatile, efficient,
and cost-effective solution that is set to drive the
future of fiber access networks.

22
Acronyms
ADC analog-to-digital converter MSA multi-source agreement
AI artificial intelligence MTTR mean time to repair
APON asynchronous transfer mode passive MULPI MAC and upper layer protocol interface
optical network ODN optical distribution network
ASIC application-specific integrated circuits OLT optical line terminal
ATM asynchronous transfer mode OMCI ONU management control interface
BBF Broadband Forum ONU optical network unit
BPON broadband passive optical network OSNR optical signal-to-noise ratio
CE coexistence element OSP outside plant
CloudCO Cloud Central Office P2MP point-to-multipoint
CMD chromatic mode dispersion P2P point-to-point
CPON coherent passive optical network PDU protocol data units
DAC digital-to-analog converter PMD physical media dependent
DFB distributed feedback PON passive optical network
DML directly modulated laser PHY physical layer
DSP digital signal processor PMD polarization mode dispersion
DU distribution unit PSA PON serving area
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
EML externally modulated laser QPSK quadrature phase shift keying
EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifiers QSFP-28 quad small form-factor pluggable 28
EPON ethernet passive optical network QSFP-DD quad small form-factor pluggable
FEC forward error correction double density
FSAN Full Service Access Network SG15/Q2 Study Group 15 Question 2 (ITU-T)
GPON Gigabit passive optical network RF radio frequency
HSP high-speed PON RPD remote PHY device
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics RU radio unit
Engineers SLA service level agreement
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force SMB small-to-medium business
IDF intermediate distribution frames SOA semiconductor optical amplifiers
IM-DD intensity modulation-direct detection TC transmission control
IOP interoperability TDM time-division multiplexing
ISI inter-symbol interference TDMA time-division multiple access
I/Q in-phase and quadrature TR technical requirement
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union’s TWDM time and wavelength division multiplexing
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
UPS uninterruptible power supply
LDPC low-density parity check
vBG virtual business gateway
MAC media access control
WDM wavelength division multiplexing
MDF main distribution frame
XGS-PON 10 Gigabit symmetric passive optical
MDU multi-dwelling unit network
MEs managed entities

23
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24
References continued
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