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Definitions and Concepts for CAIE Biology A-Level

Before you start

Groups Keywords Note

□ Adenosine triphosphate

(ATP). □ Aerenchyma

□ Aerobic respiration

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□ Anabolic reactions

□ Anaerobic respiration

□ ATP synthase

□ Chemiosmosis □ Citrate

□ Coenzyme

2 □ Coenzyme A □ Cristae □

DCPIP □ Decarboxylation

□ Dehydrogenation.

□ Electron acceptor

□ Electron carriers

□ Electron transport chain

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□ FAD □ Fructose

1,6-bisphosphate

3 □ Glucose □ Glycolysis

□ Inner mitochondrial

membrane

□ Intermembrane space

□ Krebs cycle

□ Lactate dehydrogenase

□ Link reaction

□ Methylene blue.

□ Mitochondrial matrix

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□ Mitochondrion

4 □ NAD

□ Outer mitochondrial

membrane □ Oxaloacetate

□ Oxidative phosphorylation

□ Oxygen debt □ Pyruvate

□ Redox indicator

□ Respiratory quotient

□ Respiratory substrate

□ Respirometer

5 □ Triose phosphate

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□ Substrate-level

phosphorylation

Group 1: Keywords

Acetyl coenzyme A /əˈsɛtəl koʊˈɛnzaɪm eɪ/ - 乙酰辅酶A

A two-carbon molecule formed in the link reaction when an

acetyl group is bound by coenzyme A. It is oxidised in the Krebs

cycle.

在链接反应中乙酰基团与辅酶A结合形成的两碳分子。在克雷布斯循

环中被氧化。

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) /əˈdɛnəˌsin traɪˈfɒsfəˌfeɪt/ - 三

磷酸腺苷

The universal energy carrier found in all living cells.

所有活细胞中发现的通用能量载体。

Aerenchyma /ɛˈrɛŋkɪmə/ - 通气组织

Spongy tissue with air spaces that allow gas exchange between

the shoots and roots of some plants, e.g., rice.

具有气孔的海绵状组织，允许一些植物（例如水稻）的茎和根之间进

行气体交换。

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Aerobic respiration /ɛrˈoʊbɪk ˌrɛspəˈreɪʃən/ - 有氧呼吸

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of

oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

一种在氧气存在下进行的细胞呼吸形式，产生二氧化碳、水和ATP。

Anabolic reactions /ænəˈbɒlɪk riˈækʃənz/ - 合成反应

Smaller molecules react to form larger molecules, requiring an

energy input.

较小的分子反应形成较大的分子，需要能量输入。

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Anaerobic respiration /ænˌɛroʊˈbɪk ˌrɛspəˈreɪʃən/ - 无氧呼吸

A form of cellular respiration that takes place in the absence of

oxygen and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.

一种在没有氧气的情况下进行的细胞呼吸形式，产生的ATP比有氧呼

吸少。

ATP synthase /eɪ tiː piː ˈsɪnθeɪs/ - ATP合成酶

An enzyme found embedded in cellular membranes that

phosphorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it.

嵌入在细胞膜中的酶，随着质子流动，将ADP磷酸化形成ATP。

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Chemiosmosis /ˌkɛmioʊˈmoʊsɪs/ - 化学渗透

The synthesis of ATP through the movement of protons down

their concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane,

catalysed by ATP synthase.

通过ATP合成酶催化，质子沿其浓度梯度通过半透膜的移动来合成

ATP。

Citrate /ˈsɪtreɪt/ - 柠檬酸盐

A six-carbon molecule formed in the first stage of the Krebs

cycle from the reaction of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate.

在克雷布斯循环的第一阶段，乙酰辅酶A与草酰乙酸反应形成的六碳

分子。 Ms.Bio
Coenzyme /koʊˈɛnzaɪm/ - 辅酶

A molecule that helps enzymes carry out their function, e.g., NAD,

FAD, coenzyme A.

帮助酶发挥其功能的分子，例如NAD、FAD、辅酶A。

Fill-in-the-Blank Exercise

1. _________ is a two-carbon molecule that plays a crucial role

in the Krebs cycle.

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2. _________ is known as the universal energy carrier found in

all living cells.

3. _________ is a spongy tissue found in some plants that

enhances gas exchange.

4. In the presence of oxygen, cells undergo _________, which

produces ATP along with carbon dioxide and water.

5. _________ involve smaller molecules combining to form

larger molecules, requiring energy input.

6. _________ occurs when there is no oxygen available,

producing less ATP than its counterpart.

7. _________ is an enzyme essential for ATP synthesis, located

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in cellular membranes.

8. _________ describes the ATP synthesis that occurs when

protons move across a membrane due to a concentration

gradient.

9. The Krebs cycle starts with the formation of _________, a

six-carbon molecule, from acetyl coenzyme A and another

compound.

10. _________ are molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing

reactions, examples include NAD and FAD.

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Answers

1. Acetyl coenzyme A

2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

3. Aerenchyma

4. Aerobic respiration

5. Anabolic reactions

6. Anaerobic respiration

7. ATP synthase

8. Chemiosmosis

9. Citrate

10. Coenzyme
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Group 2: Keywords

Coenzyme A /ˈkoʊˌɛnzaɪm eɪ/ - 辅酶A

A coenzyme that binds an acetyl group to form acetyl coenzyme

A during the link reaction of aerobic respiration.

在有氧呼吸的链接反应中绑定乙酰基团形成乙酰辅酶A的辅酶。

Cristae /ˈkrɪsteɪ/ - 嵴

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that provide a large

surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.

内线粒体膜的折叠部分，为氧化磷酸化提供大面积的表面。

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DCPIP /ˈdɪp sɪp/ - DCPIP

An artificial hydrogen acceptor that changes color from blue to

colorless when reduced.

在还原时从蓝色变为无色的人造氢受体。

Decarboxylation /diːˌkɑrbɒkˈsɪleɪʃən/ - 脱羧作用

The removal of a carbon dioxide molecule from a compound.

从化合物中移除二氧化碳分子的过程。

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Dehydrogenation /ˌdiːhaɪˌdrɒdʒəˈneɪʃən/ - 脱氢作用

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule.

从分子中移除氢的过程。

Electron acceptor /ɪˈlɛktrɒn əkˈsɛptər/ - 电子受体

A molecule that receives electrons at the end of the electron

transport chain, e.g., oxygen.

在电子传递链末端接收电子的分子，例如氧气。

Electron carriers /ɪˈlɛktrɒn ˈkæriərz/ - 电子载体

Proteins that transfer electrons through the electron transport

chain.

通过电子传递链转移电子的蛋白质。
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Electron transport chain /ɪˈlɛktrɒn ˈtrænspɔːrt ˈtʃeɪn/ - 电子传

递链

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from

electron donors to electron acceptors.

一系列蛋白质复合体，将电子从电子供体传递到电子受体。

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FAD /ˈfæd/ - FAD

A coenzyme involved in redox reactions, turning into FADH2

when reduced.

参与氧化还原反应的辅酶，在还原时转化为FADH2。

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate /ˈfruktoʊs waʊn sɪks bɪsˈfɒsfeɪt/ -

果糖-1,6-二磷酸盐

A sugar involved in glycolysis, cleaved into two three-carbon

sugars.

在糖解作用中参与的糖，被分解成两个三碳糖。

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Fill-in-the-Blank Exercise

1. ___________ is crucial in forming acetyl coenzyme A during

aerobic respiration.

2. ___________ increase the surface area for energy

production within mitochondria.

3. ___________ changes from blue to colorless in reduction

reactions during experiments.

4. ___________ refers to the removal of CO2 from organic

molecules.

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5. Removing hydrogen atoms from molecules in metabolic

reactions is known as ___________.

6. ___________ receives electrons at the end of the electron

transport chain.

7. Molecules that assist in electron transport in cells are called

___________.

8. A sequence of reactions involving ___________ is central to

cellular respiration.

9. ___________ is reduced to FADH2 during Krebs cycle

reactions.

10. The breakdown of ___________ into two smaller sugars is a

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critical step in glycolysis.

Answers

1. Coenzyme A

2. Cristae

3. DCPIP

4. Decarboxylation

5. Dehydrogenation

6. Electron acceptor

7. Electron carriers

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8. Electron transport chain

9. FAD

10. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Group 3: Keywords

Glucose /ˈgluːkoʊs/ - 葡萄糖

A six-carbon monosaccharide which is an important respiratory

substrate.

一个六碳单糖，是重要的呼吸底物。

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Glycolysis /ɡlaɪˈkɒlɪsɪs/ - 糖解作用

An anaerobic process that takes place in the cytosol of the cell

and breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

在细胞质基质中进行的无氧过程，将葡萄糖分解成两个丙酮酸分子。

Inner mitochondrial membrane /ˈɪnər ˌmaɪtəˈkɒndriəl

ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/ - 内线粒体膜

The mitochondrial membrane that separates the matrix from the

intermembrane space. It is the site of the electron transport

chain.

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将基质与间膜空间分开的线粒体膜。电子传递链的位置。

Intermembrane space /ˈɪntərˌmɛmˌbreɪn speɪs/ - 间膜空间

The small space between the inner and outer mitochondrial

membranes. The electron transport chain results in a high proton

concentration here.

内外线粒体膜之间的小空间。电子传递链导致此处质子浓度高。

Krebs cycle /krɛbz ˈsaɪkəl/ - 克雷布斯循环

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions in the matrix of the

mitochondria in which acetyl coenzyme A is oxidised, generating

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reduced NAD, reduced FAD, ATP, and carbon dioxide.

在线粒体基质中发生的一系列氧化还原反应，其中乙酰辅酶A被氧化，

生成还原型NAD、还原型FAD、ATP和二氧化碳。

Lactate dehydrogenase /ˈlækˌteɪt diˈhaɪdrəˌdʒənəs/ - 乳酸脱

氢酶

An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

催化丙酮酸转化为乳酸的酶。

Link reaction /ˈlɪŋk riˈækʃən/ - 连接反应

The first stage of aerobic respiration (also known as oxidative

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decarboxylation). It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and

converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide.

Reduced NAD is also formed.

有氧呼吸的第一阶段（也称为氧化脱羧作用）。它发生在线粒体基质

中，将丙酮酸转化为乙酰辅酶A和二氧化碳。还生成还原型NAD。

Methylene blue /ˈmɛθɪliːn bluː/ - 亚甲蓝

An artificial hydrogen acceptor that changes colour from blue to

colourless when reduced.

在还原时从蓝色变为无色的人造氢受体。

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Mitochondrial matrix /maɪˈtəʊkɒndriəl ˈmeɪtrɪks/ - 线粒体基质

The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of the

mitochondria which contains mitochondrial DNA and enzymes

required for aerobic respiration.

线粒体内膜内充满液体的空间，含有进行有氧呼吸所需的线粒体DNA

和酶。

Mitochondrion /ˌmaɪtəˈkɒndriən/ - 线粒体

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic

respiration.

存在于真核细胞中的细胞器，是有氧呼吸的场所。

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Fill-in-the-Blank Exercise

1. ___________ is a crucial substrate in glycolysis.

2. The process of ___________ breaks down glucose

anaerobically into pyruvate.

3. ___________ separates the matrix from the intermembrane

space in mitochondria.

4. High proton concentration is found in the ___________ due

to activity in the electron transport chain.

5. The ___________ involves numerous reactions that produce

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ATP and other molecules.

6. ___________ catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.

7. The ___________ involves converting pyruvate into acetyl

coenzyme A.

8. ___________ is used as a hydrogen acceptor in redox

experiments.

9. The ___________ contains enzymes essential for processing

energy.

10. ___________ is the organelle where aerobic respiration

occurs.

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Answers

1. Glucose

2. Glycolysis

3. Inner mitochondrial membrane

4. Intermembrane space

5. Krebs cycle

6. Lactate dehydrogenase

7. Link reaction

8. Methylene blue

9. Mitochondrial matrix

10. Mitochondrion Ms.Bio

NAD /ˈɛnˈeɪˈdiː/ - NAD

A coenzyme involved in redox reactions, becoming reduced NAD

when it accepts electrons during cellular respiration.

在细胞呼吸过程中接收电子时，参与氧化还原反应的辅酶，变为还原

型NAD。

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Outer mitochondrial membrane /ˈaʊtər ˌmaɪtəˈkɒndriəl

ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/ - 外线粒体膜

The membrane that encloses the mitochondrion, separating its

contents from the rest of the cell.

围绕线粒体的膜，将其内容与细胞的其他部分分开。

Oxaloacetate /ˌɒksəˈloʊəˌsiːteɪt/ - 草酰乙酸

A four-carbon molecule that combines with acetyl coenzyme A

to produce citrate in the Krebs cycle.

在克雷布斯循环中与乙酰辅酶A结合产生柠檬酸的四碳分子。

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Oxidative phosphorylation /ˌɒksɪˈdeɪtɪv ˌfɒsfəˈrɪleɪʃən/ - 氧化

磷酸化

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, driven

by the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the

electron transport chain.

通过电子从NADH和FADH2通过电子传递链的转移，从ADP和无机磷

酸盐合成ATP。

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Oxygen debt /ˈɒksɪdʒən dɛt/ - 氧债

The extra amount of oxygen that the body needs after physical

activity to restore metabolic balance.

身体在体力活动后需要额外的氧气量来恢复代谢平衡。

Pyruvate /ˈpaɪrʊveɪt/ - 丙酮酸

A three-carbon molecule produced at the end of glycolysis; it

enters the mitochondria where it is further processed in the

Krebs cycle.

在糖解作用结束时产生的三碳分子；它进入线粒体，在克雷布斯循环

中进一步处理。 Ms.Bio
Redox indicator /ˈriːdɒks ˌɪndɪˈkeɪtər/ - 氧化还原指示剂

A chemical that changes color in response to oxidation or

reduction, used to monitor redox reactions.

在氧化或还原反应中改变颜色的化学物质，用于监测氧化还原反应。

Respiratory quotient /rɪˈspaɪrətɔːri ˈkwəʊʃənt/ - 呼吸商

A ratio that compares the volume of carbon dioxide produced to

the volume of oxygen consumed during respiration.

在呼吸过程中产生的二氧化碳体积与消耗的氧气体积比较的比率。

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Respiratory substrate /rɪˈspaɪrətɔːri ˈsʌbstreɪt/ - 呼吸底物

Organic compounds that are oxidized during cellular respiration

to produce energy.

在细胞呼吸过程中被氧化以产生能量的有机化合物。

Respirometer /rɪˈspaɪrəˌmiːtər/ - 呼吸计

A device used to measure the rate of respiration by quantifying

the exchange of gases.

用于通过量化气体交换来测量呼吸率的设备。

Fill-in-the-Blank Exercise

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1. The molecule ___________ accepts electrons to become

reduced NAD during respiration.

2. ___________ is the protective outer layer of the

mitochondrion.

3. In the Krebs cycle, ___________ reacts with acetyl CoA to

form citrate.

4. The process of ___________ involves the final steps of

cellular respiration to synthesize ATP.

5. After intense exercise, the body incurs an ___________ to

repay.

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6. At the end of glycolysis, the molecule ___________ is

formed.

7. A ___________ is used to visually track changes in

oxidation-reduction reactions.

8. The ___________ is used to compare CO2 output and O2

intake during respiration.

9. ___________ serves as a fuel molecule in cellular respiration.

10. A ___________ measures how much air is inhaled and

exhaled during breathing experiments.

Answers

1. NAD
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2. Outer mitochondrial membrane

3. Oxaloacetate

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

5. Oxygen debt

6. Pyruvate

7. Redox indicator

8. Respiratory quotient

9. Respiratory substrate

10. Respirometer

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Group 5: Keywords

Triose phosphate /ˈtraɪ.oʊs ˈfɒs.feɪt/ - 丙糖磷酸

A three-carbon compound formed in glycolysis, which is further

processed to generate ATP and pyruvate.

在糖解过程中形成的三碳化合物，进一步处理生成ATP和丙酮酸。

Substrate-level phosphorylation /ˈsʌb.streɪt ˈlev.əl

ˌfɒs.fə.rɪˈleɪ.ʃən/ - 基质水平磷酸化

A type of phosphorylation in which an enzyme transfers a

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phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, forming

ATP.

一种磷酸化类型，其中酶从底物分子转移磷酸基团到ADP，形成ATP。

Fill-in-the-Blank Exercise

1. ___________ is a key intermediate in glycolysis that eventually

leads to the production of ATP.

2. ___________ occurs when a phosphate group is directly

transferred from a substrate molecule to ADP, bypassing the

electron transport chain.

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Answers

1. Triose phosphate

2. Substrate-level phosphorylation

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