Scribd
Upload
12 views

Lecture-04 - Turbulence Modelling(1)

Uploaded by

Mohammad Nasreddine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture-04 - Turbulence Modelling(1)

Uploaded by

Mohammad Nasreddine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

MEE 514 – Computational Fluid Dynamics

1
Lecture 4
Turbulence and its Modelling
Dr Gilbert Accary
OUTLINES

 What is turbulence?
 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow
 Characteristic scales and energy cascade
 Effect of turbulence on Navier-Stokes equations
 Characteristics of simple turbulent flows
 Turbulence models overview

2
WHAT IS TURBULENCE?
 Re > Recrit  Flow behavior is chaotic and random

𝑢 𝑡

 Characteristics 𝑢 𝑡
• 3D 𝑢′ 𝑡
• Wide range of length
𝑢
and time scales
• Effective mixing 𝑢 𝑡 𝑢+𝑢′ 𝑡 3
𝑡
• Highly rotational 𝑡
RICHARDSON’S DEFINITION OF TURBULENCE
 Turbulence consists of different eddies (flow structure)
 The largest turbulent eddies extract energy from the
mean flow by a process called vortex stretching
 Large eddies tend to breakdown to smaller eddies
 The smallest eddies are isotropic

4
KOLMOGOROV’S EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
 The rate of energy transfer from large eddies must
be in the order of energy dissipation from the small
eddies to heat
 The smallest eddy must be at the length and velocity
scale at which viscous force is at least as important
as the convection force.
 The Reynolds number of the smallest eddies (scale of
Kolmogorov) is Rek  1

5
SCALES & ENERGY CASCADE
 Taylor scale
• Length: l0
• Velocity: 𝑢’ 𝐼. 𝑈
𝐼 = turbulent intensity
𝑈 = mean velocity
• Time: 𝑡0 𝑙0/𝑢’
𝑢’𝑙0
• Reynolds: 𝑅𝑒𝑙
𝜈
 Kolmogorov scale
• Length: 𝑙𝑘
• Velocity: 𝑢𝑘 Energy transfer rate
• Time: 𝑡𝑘 𝑙𝑘 /𝑢𝑘
𝑢 𝑘 𝑙𝑘 6
• Reynolds: 𝑅𝑒𝑘 1
𝜈
SCALES & ENERGY CASCADE (CONT.)

 Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε is the


at all scales.
 At the largest scale, it is:

At smallest scale, it is:

 So

 At the viscous scale (Kolmogorov scale) convection


term is in the same order as diffusion term.
𝑢 𝑘 𝑙𝑘 𝑙 𝑘2 𝑙𝑘 2 𝑢𝑘2
𝑅𝑒𝑘 1, so 𝑅𝑒𝑘  1 → 𝑡𝑘  → ε  𝜈 2
𝜈 𝑡𝑘 𝜈 𝜈 𝑙𝑘 7
SCALES & ENERGY CASCADE (CONT.)

 At Kolmogorov scale:

since

 At the largest scale:

 So

where
8
DNS (DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION)

Problem length and time scales: l0 and t0 (Taylor scale)

To conduct a 3D unsteady
DNS of a turbulent flow
(to Kolmogorov scale)
lk
CV size: x ~
10
tk
Time step: t ~
10
u, v, w, p  f (x, y, z, t)

9
DNS COST
 Memory ~ N3

t0
 Run time ~ N 3
t
 Example: DNS cost at 𝑅𝑒 10
Memory ~ 10 grid points!
Run time ~ 10 CPU time / timestep!

Moderate Re (~ 103) High Re (~ 107)

10
DNS is possible DNS is impossible
TURBULENCE MODELLING

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 11


CFD OF A TURBULENT JET

DNS

LES

RANS
12
FIELDS VARIABLES FILTERING

 We define the mean  of a flow property  as:

By definition

 Information regarding fluctuating part of the flow is obtained


from the root-mean-square (rms) of the fluctuations:
13
REYNOLDS-AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

Reynolds Stress

Need to be modeled (Closure Problem)

14
EXAMPLE - PLANAR TURBULENT JET

15
FLAT PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER
 Average velocity profile:

 Using dimensional analysis:

Friction velocity:

𝑈(𝑦)

In the viscous sub-layer,


𝑈 𝜏 16
𝜏 𝜇 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. → 𝑈 𝑦→𝑢 𝑦
𝑦 𝜇
FLAT PLATE BOUNDARY LAYER (CONT.)

𝜅 0.4 (von Karman’s constant)


E = 9.8 (for smooth walls)

Viscous
sub-layer Log-law

𝒚 ~11.25

17
TURBULENCE MODELS
 The most common turbulence models:

 The classical models use the Reynolds equations (RANS)


→ most CFD codes
 Large eddy simulations (LES): Space-filtered equations
are solved for the mean flow and large eddies. Eddies
smaller than the filter size (assumed to be isotropic) are
accounted for using a simple model. 18
It requires a relatively fine mesh (Costly)
TURBULENT VISCOSITY CONCEPT
 Turbulent stresses increase with mean rate of deformation
(Boussinesq in 1877)

t is the turbulent or eddy viscosity (varies in space)


 As if the viscosity of the fluid is eff =  + t

 By analogy turbulent transport of a scalar:

We introduce a turbulent Prandtl number:


In most CFD applications: t ~ 1

19
COMMON RANS MODELS
 Mixing length models attempt to describe the stresses by
means of simple formulae for t as a function of the position
 In the k model, 2 transport equations are solved: one for
the turbulent kinetic energy k and a one for the dissipation
of turbulent kinetic energy 

Turbulence intensity:

(turb turbulence-decay time scale)

For both these models, we assume t is isotropic, which


fails in many categories of flows
 In Reynolds stress equation models (2nd order closure
models), 6 transport equations are solved (one for each
Reynolds stress) + one equation for  20

You might also like