Direct indirect

Simple present Simple past

Simple past Past perfect
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Direct to indirect speech

Changes in verb:

Note : if the reported speech contains universal truth or habitual fact then
the simple present should not be changed to simple past.

Eg-1 The teacher said “honesty is the best policy”

Ans-The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.
Eg-2 He said “The earth goes round the sun”.
Ans-He said that the earth goes round the sun.

Changes in auxillaries:
direct indirect
shall should
will would
can could
Changes in pronoun:
I,you,my,your become he,she,his,her
We,you,our,your become they,their

Other changes:
direct indirect
now Then
this That
these Those
tomorrow Next day
here There
ago Before
today That day
yesterday Day before or previous day

Note : for wh questions (why,what,where,when,how)the word “that” should

not be used after asked.
Read the following sentences and change them into reported speech.

1. Mimi said, “I have been writing this letter.”

Mimi said that she had been writing that letter.

2. I said, “Sam’s driving the car.”

I said that Sam was driving the car.

3. The traffic police said to us, “Where are you going?”

The traffic police asked us where we were going.

4. I said to Alka, “How long will you stay here?”

I asked Alka how long she would stay there.

5. Luke said, “I can do this homework.”

Luke said that he could do that homework.

Read the following sentences and change them as directed.

1. Do you like Naina? (Passive Voice)

2. Asha Bhosle sings beautiful songs. (Passive Voice)
3. Tina is known to me. (Active Voice)
4. The film has been signed by Shah Rukh Khan. (Active Voice)
5. Cricket is played by Sourav Ganguly. (Active Voice)
6. Meera worshipped Lord Krishna. (Passive Voice)
7. Mark Antony delivered a speech to the Roman people. (Passive Voice)
 8. Ved Vyasa wrote Mahabharata. (Passive Voice)
9. Mr Singha has been robbed by the burglar. (Active Voice)
10.The cat drank the milk. (Passive Voice)
Answers

1. Is Naina liked by you?

2. Beautiful songs are sung by Asha Bhosle.
3. I know Tina.
4. Shah Rukh Khan has signed the film.
5. Sourav Ganguly plays cricket.
6. Lord Krishna was worshipped by Meera.
7. A speech was delivered to the Roman people by Mark Antony.
8. Mahabharata was written by Ved Vyasa.
9. The burglar has robbed Mr. Singha.
10.The milk was drunk by the cat.
PRIMARY AUXILIARY
BE VERB – AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE

HAVE VERB – HAVE, HAS, HAD

DO VERB – DO, DOES, DID

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Modal auxiliary verbs can be used as helping verbs along with other main verbs
to emphasise on the possibility, ability, necessity or probability of some action
taking place.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate auxiliary verb:

1. Leena ______ eating an apple.

2. _____ you finish the work I _____ given you yesterday?

3. _________ you please pass the logbook?

4. You _________ follow the rules.

5. Your phone ___________ damaged.

6. I am sorry, I ________ make it to your wedding.

7. Derrick __________ submitted all the documents for verification last week.

8. The Queen’s jewellery ______ stolen from the museum.

9. Peter ______ asked to host the ceremony by his uncle.

10. Sam and Joe ______ attending the event.

Check your answers.

1. Leena is/was eating an apple.

2. Did you finish the work I had given you yesterday?

3. Could/Can you please pass the logbook?

4. You should/ought to follow the rules.

5. Your phone should be damaged.

6. I am sorry, I cannot make it to your wedding.

7. Derrick had submitted all the documents for verification last week.

8. The Queen’s jewellery was/had been stolen from the museum.

9. Peter was asked to host the ceremony by his uncle.

10. Sam and Joe will be attending the event.

Types of Sentences

There are four different kinds of sentences in English grammar and they are as
follows:

Declarative or Assertive Sentence –

A declarative or assertive sentence is a sentence that is informative and ends

with a period or a full stop.

Examples:

 I like fantasy novels.

 There is a white house around the corner.

Interrogative Sentence –

An interrogative sentence is one that is used to question something and it ends

with a question mark.

Examples:

 What is the name of the movie you were watching?

  Can I come with you to the book fair?

Imperative Sentence –

An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a command, an order, or a

request.

Examples:

 Please pick up the notes when you come.

 Close the door.

Exclamatory Sentence –

An exclamatory sentence is one which is used to express sudden and strong

emotions, and it ends with an exclamation mark. You can also
use interjections to form exclamatory sentences.

Examples:

 Wow, how good this is!

 That was a great match!

Read the following sentences and identify the type of sentence.

1. Please shut the windows and doors.

2. Do you like chocolate pastries?
3. My name is Astrid Gracy.
4. Where are you going?
5. Such a beautiful place!
6. Go and try this new flavour.
7. Today is Monday.
8. Please clean your cupboard today.
9. Turn off all the lights and fans when you leave the room.
 10.May I come in?
Answers

1. Imperative Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Declarative Sentence
4. Interrogative Sentence
5. Exclamatory Sentence
6. Imperative Sentence
7. Declarative Sentence
8. Imperative Sentence
9. Imperative Sentence
10.Interrogative Sentence

What Is a Phrase?

A phrase is a part of a sentence which consists of a group of words that

give more information about the subject, action or event in a sentence. A
phrase cannot stand on its own and will not convey meaning if separated
from the sentence.

 Noun Phrase
 Verb Phrase
 Adverb/Adverbial Phrase
 Prepositional Phrase
 Adjective/Adjectival Phrase

What Is a Clause?
A clause is also a part of a sentence that consists of a subject and a verb, unlike
phrases. They can be divided into two main types depending on how they
behave in a sentence. The different types of clauses are:

 Main Clause or Independent Clause

 Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause

Difference between Phrases and Clauses

Phrases Clauses

 A phrase does not have a subject and  A clause has a subject and a
predicate. predicate
 A phrase is not complete, cannot make  In some cases, a clause can look
sense or convey meaning if it stands on complete, convey meaning and
its own. make sense when separated from the
sentence.
 There are five types of phrases namely  There are two types of clauses
noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb namely independent clause and
phrase, adjective phrase and dependent clause.
prepositional phrase.
 Example: There is an unidentified  Example: I am sick, so I am going
vehicle in front of our house. to see the doctor.

Examples of Phrases and Clauses

 Anu and Teena (noun phrase)

 Have been searching (verb phrase)
 Beside the trees (prepositional phrase)
 Extremely well (adverb phrase)
 The house on 6th street (noun phrase)
 As soon as I reach the office (dependent or subordinate clause)
 I did not bring my umbrella. (independent clause)
 When the little boy saw his mom (dependent or subordinate clause)
 Collect your parcel from the courier office. (independent clause)
 Though we left home early (dependent or subordinate clause)

Identify the phrases and clauses in the following sentences and state
which of them is a phrase and a clause.

 1. I completed my project, but I was not satisfied with it.

 2. Jacob knew about it; however he kept asking everyone about it.
 3. I was waiting at the park.
 4. They all sang extremely well.
  5. The girls in the black dresses are the ones who won the competition
last year.
 6. In the meantime, I will help you with your domestic chores.
 7. Santana and Brittany are good dancers.
 8. When we reach home, we will call you.
 9. We were planning our summer vacation.
 10. She finally agreed to come with us to the slumber party.

Check your answers

 1. I completed my project, / but I was not satisfied with it.

 Clause / Clause
 2. Jacob knew about it; / however he kept asking everyone about it.
 Clause / Clause
 3. I was waiting / at the park.
 Clause / Phrase
 4. They all sang / extremely well.
 Clause / Phrase
 5. The girls in the black dresses are the ones / who won the competition
last year.
 Clause / Clause
 6. In the meantime, / I will help you with your domestic chores.
 Phrase / Clause
 7. Santana and Brittany are good dancers.
 Clause
 8. When we reach home, / we will call you.
 Clause / Clause
 9. We were planning our summer vacation.
 Clause
 10. She finally agreed to come with us / to the slumber party.
 Clause / Clause

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are used to combine two or more objects, phrases or clauses.
Types of Conjunctions
Conjunctions are mainly used to join actions, ideas and thoughts. They are
categorized into three main types:

 Coordinating conjunctions – used to combine two independent clauses.

 Examples of coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet and
so.
 Subordinating conjunctions – used to combine an independent clause and
a dependent clause.

 Examples of subordinating conjunctions are if, although, though, after,
before, because, as if, unless, until, when, while, etc.

 Correlative conjunctions – used to combine two phrases or parts of the
sentence which have equal importance within a sentence.

 Examples of correlative conjunctions are not only…but also, either…or,
neither…nor, whether…or, rather…or, if…then, etc.

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate conjunctions in the

following sentences:

 1. Deepak ________ Santhosh are best friends.

 2. Make sure you work hard ______ you will not be able to score good
marks.
 3. _______ Anna does not cook much, she loves baking.
 4. Let me know ______ you will be able to make it to the party.
 5. I have to go home now ______ I really wish I could stay for some
more time.
 6. I am not well _______ I decided to take a day off from work.
 7. _________ you work out regularly, you will not see any results.
 8. He had no money, _____he was prepared to help me
 9. I could not find the place ___________ I lost the map.
 10. ________ I was walking on the street, I found a wounded dog.
 CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

 1. Deepak and Santhosh are best friends.

 2. Make sure you work hard or you will not be able to score good marks.
 3. Although Anna does not cook much, she loves baking.
 4. Let me know if you will be able to make it to the party.
 5. I have to go home now but I really wish I could stay for some more
time.
 6. I am not well, so I decided to take a day off from work.
 7. Unless you work out regularly, you will not see any results.
 8. He had no money, yet he was prepared to help me.
 9. I could not find the place since/because I lost the map.
 10. While I was walking on the street, I found a wounded dog.

Identify whether the following sentences are simple, compound or complex

sentences. Also, mention which of the clauses is the main clause and the
subordinate clause.

1. I did not know that this food was meant only for the staff.

2. She is innocent, so she has appealed to the court.

3. If you are not ready with the song, it is better to let them know.

4. She will come home or I will stay back at her place.

5. In the evening, I am going to the park.

6. The sun looks amazing today.

7. I remember the day that we met very well.

8. Nithi is not keeping well, yet she decided to go to work.

9. After they reach the hotel, they will inform us.

10. We are going to the park.

Answers
1. I did not know that this food was meant only for the staff.
Sentence Type – Complex sentence

Main Clause – I did not know

Subordinate Clause – That this food was meant only for the staff

2. She is innocent, so she has appealed to the court.

Sentence Type – Compound sentence

Main Clause – She is innocent

Main Clause – She has appealed to the court

3. If you are not ready with the song, it is better to let them know.

Sentence Type – Complex Sentence

Main Clause – It is better to let them know

Subordinate Clause – If you are not ready with the song

4. She will come home or I will stay back at her place.

Sentence Type – Compound Sentence

Main Clause – She will come home

Main Clause – I will stay back at her place

5. In the evening, I am going to the park.

Sentence Type – Simple Sentence

Main Clause – I am going to the park

6. The sun looks amazing today.

Sentence Type – Simple Sentence

Main Clause – The sun looks amazing today

7. I remember the day that we met very well.

Sentence Type – Complex Sentence

Main Clause – I remember the day very well

Subordinate Clause – That we met

8. Nithi is not keeping well, yet she decided to go to work.

Sentence Type – Compound Sentence

Main Clause – Nithi is not keeping well

Main Clause – She decided to go to work

9. After they reach the hotel, they will inform us.

Sentence Type – Complex Sentence

Main Clause – They will inform us

Subordinate Clause – After they reach the hotel

10. We are going to the park.

Sentence Type – Simple Sentence

Main Clause – We are going to the park

CONDITIONALS / IF CLAUSE

There are four different types of conditional sentences in English.

1 Zero conditional sentences

2 First conditional sentences

3 Second conditional sentences

4 Third conditional sentences

zero conditional (simple present + simple present)

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one

thing always causes another.

If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.

When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

while using the zero conditional, the correct tense in both clauses is
the simple present tense. A common mistake is to use the simple future
tense.

When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer.

First conditional (simple present + simple future)

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the
outcome is likely (but not guaranteed) to happen in the future.

If you rest, you will feel better.

If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

When we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and the simple
future tense in the main clause—the clause that expresses the likely
outcome. This is how we indicate that under a certain condition (as
expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.

If you will rest, you will feel better.

If you rest, you will feel better.

Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.

If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.

If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.

second conditional (simple past tense + modal verb)
Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are
completely unrealistic or will not likely happen in the future.

If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in the if-
clause and a modal auxiliary verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the
main clause (the one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome).

If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

Explanation: When applying the second conditional, use the simple past
tense in the if-clause.

If I owned a zoo, I will let people interact with the animals more.

If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

Explanation: Use a modal auxiliary verb in the main clause when using the
second conditional to express the unlikelihood that the result will actually
happen.

Third conditional
Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances
would be different if something different had happened in the past.

If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past
perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause. The modal auxiliary
(would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause
expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.

If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a modal auxiliary

verb in the if-clause.

If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.

If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

Explanation: The third conditional expresses a situation that could have

happened in the past only if a certain condition had been met. That’s why
we use the modal auxiliary verb + have + the past participle.