Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

( ′)
An efficient technique of 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method for modified KdV and
Burgers equations with variable coefficients
Sanjaya K. Mohanty a , Sachin Kumar c , Apul N. Dev b , Manoj Kr. Deka d , Dmitry V. Churikov e ,
Oleg V. Kravchenko f,g ,∗
a
Department of Mathematics, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
b
Centre for Data Science, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
d
Department of Applied Science, Guwahati University 781014, Assam, India
e Scientific and Technological Centre of Unique Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
f Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
g Federal Research Center ‘‘Computer Science and Control’’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

( ′)
Keywords:
The extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion is well defined and an efficient technique, which is used to obtain
Exact solutions ( ′)
Extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method
the exact traveling wave solutions to the governing nonlinear equations with constant coefficients as well as
Nonlinear partial differential equations with variable coefficients. In this paper, the modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) (equation ) and Burgers equation
′
variable coefficients with variable coefficients are investigated through the extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method, which
Solitary waves are exceptional cases of the nonlinear evolution equations widely used in a two-layer fluid system, in fluid-
filled elastic tubes, in an atmospheric and oceanic dynamical system, traffic flow, turbulence in fluid dynamics,
dusty plasma, ion-acoustic waves in a plasma system. New families of exact closed-form solutions are obtained
in hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational function solutions with the available free constants. With the
help of computerized symbolic computation work, the newly formed closed-form solutions are validated by
back substituting them into the equations using the computational mathematical software. Furthermore, the
graphical representations of all these obtained solutions are discussed and demonstrated by giving the suitable
best values of arbitrary functions and constants via three-dimensional surface and density plots. The dynamics
of the solution profiles demonstrate the annihilation of 3D kink-type soliton waves, shock waves, double
solitons, and multi-soliton wave structures.

Introduction 𝐹 -expansion method [8], Lie symmetry technique [9,10], the 𝛷6 –model
expansion method [11,12], the new 𝛷6 –model expansion method [13],
Our world is filled with complex natural phenomena that with a the Kudryashov method [14], generalized Kudryashov method [15,16],
wide range of mathematical applications. These events are commonly
exponential function method [17], the
( generalized
) exponential rational
modeled with nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs). A class of NLEEs ′
function method [18,19], rational 𝐺𝐺 -expansion method [20] and
is found in hydrodynamics, fluid mechanics, condensed matter physics, ( ′)
optical physics, ocean physics, plasma physics, DNA models and lie different form of 𝐺𝐺 –expansion methods, the details for the different
( ′)
symmetry theory [1,2] and fractional calculus [3] etc. Because of their form of 𝐺𝐺 –expansion methods are given below.
prominent characteristics, the study of NLEEs has grown in importance. ( ′)
The observations of analytical solutions to higher order differential The 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method [21] is an efficient method to solve
equations provide information for understanding the inner mechanisms NLEEs, it is based on initial assumed solutions, in which the solutions
∑ ( ′ )𝑗
of physical models in plasma physics, fluid dynamics, nonlinear sci- are of the form 𝑛𝑗=0 𝑏𝑗 𝐺𝐺 , where 𝐺 = 𝐺 (𝜂) satisfying the following
ences, and mathematical physics [4,5]. To obtain the exact solutions
for NLLEs, different analytical methods are used, such methods are, the 𝐺′′ + 𝑘1 𝐺′ + 𝑘2 𝐺 = 0, (1)
𝐹 –expansion method [6], improved 𝐹 –expansion method [7], modified

∗ Corresponding author at: Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
E-mail address: [email protected] (O.V. Kravchenko).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2022.105504
Received 5 January 2022; Received in revised form 8 April 2022; Accepted 8 April 2022
Available online 19 April 2022
2211-3797/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

where 𝑏𝑗 (𝑗 = 0, 1, 2, … , 𝑛), 𝑏𝑛 (≠ )0, 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 are constants, and 𝑛 is a mKdV equation. The painleve properties with lax pair [56], and double
′
positive integer. This form of 𝐺𝐺 -expansion method is applied many wronksian type solitons structures [57,58] are obtained for the variable
times to solve the NLEEs with constant coefficients, such as nonlinear coefficient modified KdV equations.
low pass electrical lines equation [22], fractional Jimbo–Miwa and The Burgers equation with variable coefficient is of the form [59]
Burgers equation [23], fractional Klein–Gordon and Gas-Dynamics
𝑢𝑡 − 𝑔(𝑡)𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎(𝑡)𝑢𝑢𝑥 = 0, (4)
equations [24], generalized Black–Scholes equation [25], Kadomtsev–
Petviashui(KP) equation [26], Schrodinger equation [27], Ginzburg where 𝑎(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡) are smooth function of 𝑡, which exists in the study of,
Landau model equation [28] ( and) so on. ion acoustic waves in plasma [60], traffic flow [61,62], dynamics of
′
The general form of the 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method [21] is the general- soil water [63], shock formation in elastic gas [64], turbulence in fluid
( ′) ( ′)
ized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method [29]. In the generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion dynamics [65,66], in Kernel space [67], in symmetry theory [68] . The
∑ shock wave, multi-shock solitons [69] and voltera integral type wave
method, the assumed solutions for the NLEEs are of the form 𝑛𝑗=0 𝑏𝑗 (𝑋)
( ′ )𝑗 solutions [70] are obtained by using Cole–Hopf transformation [71]
𝐺
𝐺
where 𝐺 = 𝐺 (𝜉) satisfies (1). It has been widely applied to and with the concept of initial boundary value problem respectively
obtain the exact solutions for NLEEs with both constant coefficients for the Burgers equation with variable coefficients with force terms.
and variable coefficients, such as Schrödinger equation [30], system LH Zhang [72] obtained not trivial and time dependent conservation
of Broer–Kaup equation [31], the Zakharov–Kuznetsove (ZK) equa- laws with the presence of admissible transformation and Lie sym-
tion [32], KdV–Burger’s equation [33], and Burger Fisher equation, metry for the variable coefficients Burgers equation with force term.
Gardner equation [34] and so on. ( ′) IC Christov [73] obtained the kink or shock type traveling waves
In the new approach of generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method [35] solution of the Burgers equation with variable coefficients by using the
∑ ( )
′ 𝑖
the assumed solutions for the NLLEs are of the form 𝑛𝑖=0 𝑎𝑖 𝑑 + 𝐺𝐺 + Crank–Nicolson numerical scheme.
∑𝑛 ( )−𝑗 The goal of this paper is to obtain the kink type solitary waves and
𝐺′
𝑗=1 𝑏𝑗 𝑑 + 𝐺 , where 𝑎𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 1, … , 𝑛), 𝑏𝑗 (𝑗 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛), 𝑑 are soliton wave structures for modified KdV equation [29] and the Burg-
constant, and the function 𝐺 = 𝐺(𝜂) satisfies the equation ers’ equation
( ′ ) with variable coefficients [59] by using extended gener-
𝑃1 𝐺𝐺′′ − 𝑃2 𝐺𝐺′ − 𝑃3 (𝐺′ )2 − 𝑃4 𝐺2 = 0, (2) alized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion method [45]. The methodology of the extended
( ′)
generalized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion method is given in Section ‘‘Methodology
where 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 and 𝑃4 are constants. Many researchers applied this ( ′)
method on NLLEs with constant coefficients and such equations are for the extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion technique’’. The graphi-
as follows KP-BBM equation [36], (3 + 1)–dimensional mKdV-ZK equa- cal presentation of the obtained solutions and the procedure
( ′ ) to get the
tion [37], Boussinesq equation [38], modified ZK equation [39], reg- obtained solutions by using the extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion
ularized long wave equation [40], the Zhiber–Shabat equation [41], ( ′)
method are provided in Section ‘‘Extended Generalized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion
complex fractional Schrodinger equation [42], the KdV equation, mod-
method for variable coefficients NLEEs’’ with 2 subsections. Section
ified KdV–ZK equation and Jimbo–Miwa equation [43], the Schamel
‘‘Result and Discussion’’ provides the details of the obtained results and
Burgers’ equation [44] and so(on.)
′ some discussions. In Section ‘‘Conclusion’’, some conclusions are done
The extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method [45] is the gen-
and future scope is also provided.
eralized version for( generalized
) expansion method [29], in the ex-
′
tended generalized 𝐺𝐺 –expansion method the solutions are same as ( )
𝑮′
described by S Shang et al. [29] but 𝐺 = 𝐺(𝜂) satisfies eq (2) instead Methodology for the extended generalized 𝑮
–expansion tech-
of eq (1) and the detail procedure for this expansion (method is given nique
′
)
in Section ‘‘Methodology for the extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion
technique’’. It has been applied for the NLLEs with constant coefficients Consider the nonlinear partial differential equations are of the forms
i.e. the Schamel equations and the Schamel Burgers equation with ( )
𝑊 𝑢, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑢𝑧 , 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑦 , 𝑢𝑥𝑧 , 𝑢𝑥𝑡 , 𝑢𝑦𝑧 , 𝑢𝑦𝑡 , 𝑢𝑧𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 𝑢𝑧𝑧 , 𝑢𝑡𝑡 , … = 0, (5)
constant coefficients ( [45].
) In this paper our goal is to apply the ex-
′
tended generalized 𝐺𝐺 expansion method on the NLLEs with variable where 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡), and subscripts denotes the partial derivatives.
coefficients. Assuming the solutions of (5) are of the form [45]
The NLLEs with variable coefficients has more attention in the area ( ′ )𝑛
∑ 𝑛
𝐺
of research, as most of the real nonlinear physical equations are of 𝑢= 𝛼𝑗 (𝑌 ) , 𝛼𝑚 (𝑌 ) ≠ 0, (6)
𝐺
variable coefficients. In this paper we have considered tow nonlinear 𝑗=𝑜
evolution equations with variable coefficients i.e. the mKdV equation where degree of the polynomial is 𝑛, 𝛼𝑗 (𝑌 ), (𝑗 = 0, 1, 2, … , 𝑛) and 𝜂 =
and the Burgers equation, the details for both equations are given 𝜂 (𝑌 ), and 𝐺 = 𝐺(𝜂) satisfies the Eq. (2). The general solutions of Eq. (2)
below. in modified form can be written as follows [45].
The mKdV equation with variable coefficients is of the form [29] Family-I When 𝑃2 ≠ 0 and 𝛥 > 0 the hyperbolic solution of (2) can
( ) ( ) be written as [45]
𝑢𝑡 − 𝐾0 (𝑡) 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 − 4𝐾1 (𝑡)𝑢𝑥 + ℎ(𝑡) 𝑢 + 𝑢𝑥 = 0, (3)
(√ ) (√ )
where 𝐾0 (𝑡), 𝐾1 (𝑡) and ℎ(𝑡) are arbitrary functions of 𝑡, which applied in ( ′) √ ⎛⎜ 𝐶1 sinh 𝛥
𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cosh
𝛥 ⎞
𝜂 ⎟
𝑃2 𝛥⎜ 2𝛺 2𝛺
𝐺
many fields such as in two layer atmospheric blocking in oceans [46], = + (√ ) (√ )⎟, (7)
two layer fluid system [47], fluid-filled elastic tubes [48], atmospheric 𝐺 2𝛺 2𝛺 ⎜ 𝛥 𝛥 ⎟
⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sinh 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟
oceanic dynamical system [49], ion-acoustic wave in an unmagnetized ⎝ ⎠
collisional dusty plasma [50]. The N-soliton solutions, the bi-directional
where 𝛺 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃3 , and 𝛥 = 𝑃22 + 4𝑃4 𝛺.
waves and the wronskian solutions for mKdV equation are obtained
Family-II When 𝑃2 ≠ 0 and 𝛥 < 0 the trigonometric solution of (2)
by using the Hirota method [51]. One-traveling wave, two traveling
can be written as [45]
wave and many breather like solutions are obtained solutions for the (√ ) (√ )
mKdV equation are of by using the anti-tangent and anti-hypertangent √ ⎛ −𝛥 −𝛥 ⎞
( ′) ⎜ −𝐶1 sin 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 cos 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟
technique [52]. Soliton like solutions are obtained by sub-ODE tech- 𝐺 𝑃2 −𝛥 ⎜
= + (√ ) (√ ) ⎟. (8)
nique [53] for mKdV equaton. Solitary wave solutions are obtained by 𝐺 2𝛺 2𝛺 ⎜ −𝛥 −𝛥 ⎟
using both Hirota bilinear method [54], Lie group method [55] for the ⎜ 𝐶1 cos 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

2
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

Family-III When 𝑃2 ≠ 0 and 𝛥 = 0 the rational solution of (2) can be ( )2 ( )3 ( ) ( )2

𝑃3 𝐺′ 𝑃3 𝑃2 𝐺′
written as [45] 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑝2 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 3𝑝2 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
( ′) 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝐺
𝐺 𝑃 𝐶2 [ ]( )
= 2 + . (9) ( )
𝑃2
𝐺 2𝛺 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝜂 𝑃3 𝑃4 2 𝐺′ 𝑃 𝑃
+ 2𝑝2 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 +𝑝 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 +𝑝2 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 4 ,(15)
𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃 2 𝐺 𝑃2
Family-IV When 𝑃2 = 0 and 𝛺𝑃4 > 0 the hyperbolic solution of (2) can 1 1
be written as [45] ( )3 ( )4 ( ) ( )2
(√ ) (√ ) 𝑃3 𝐺′ 𝑃2 𝐺′ 3 𝑃3
⎛ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎞ 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 12𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
( ′) √ ⎜ 𝐶1 sinh 𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cosh 𝜂 ⎟ 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1
𝐺 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺 𝛺
= ⎜ (√ ) (√ )⎟. (10) [ ( )2 ( ) 2 ] ( ′ )2
𝐺 𝛺 ⎜ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎟ 𝑃3 𝑃4 𝑃3 𝑃2 𝐺
⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝜂 ⎟ + 8𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 7𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠ 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝐺
1

Family-V When 𝑃2 = 0 and 𝛺𝑃4 < 0 the trigonometric solution of (2) [ ( ) ]( )

𝑃3 𝑃2 𝑃4 𝑃23 𝐺′
can be written as [45] + 8𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)
(√ ) (√ ) 𝑃1 𝑃12 𝑃13 𝐺
⎛ −𝛺𝑃4 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎞
( ′) √ −𝐶 sin 𝜂 + 𝐶 cos 𝜂 ( )
𝐺 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎜ 1 𝛺 2 𝛺 ⎟ 𝑃3 𝑃42 𝑃22 𝑃4
= ⎜ (√ ) (√ ) ⎟, (11) +2𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) , (16)
𝐺 𝛺 ⎜ −𝛺𝑃4 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎟ 𝑃1 𝑃12 𝑃13
⎜ 𝐶1 cos 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜂 ⎟
⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠ ( )( )4 [ ( )
𝑃3 𝐺′ 𝑃3
where 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 are arbitrary constants. 𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡) −1 + 2𝑝(𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡) −1
𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1
Step 1. To get the value 𝑚, it requires to solve the equations, which ]( )3
are exists in balancing the exponents of terms between the 𝑃2 𝐺′
+𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡)
highest order nonlinear term(s) and with highest order partial 𝑃1 𝐺
derivative terms in Eq. (5).
[ ( )] ( )2
Step 2. Then substitute the Eq. (6) with the value of 𝑚, and with ( the) 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃3 𝐺′
′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡) 4 + 2𝑝(𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡) 2 + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
help of (2) into Eq. (5). Then collecting the coefficients of 𝐺𝐺 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝐺
with equal exponent to zero, we obtain a system of partial [ ]( )
differential equations 𝑃 𝑃 𝐺′ 𝑃4
Step 3. Solving the system of differential equations for 𝛼𝑗 (𝑌 ) (𝑗 = + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 + 2𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) 4 + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) (17)
𝑃1 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1
0, 1, … , 𝑛), and 𝜂 (𝑌 ), then the obtain the solution Eq. (5) by
utilizing the values 𝛼𝑗 ’s and the general solution of Eq. (2) in Now substituting the values of Eqs. (12)–(17) in (3), then according to
Eq. (6). step 2 of the methodology, the obtained the system of equations are as
follows
Remark 1. The different special values of 𝛼𝑗 (𝑌 )’s and 𝜂 (𝑌 ) can be cho- ( ′ )4 ( )3 ( )
𝐺 𝑃3 𝑃3
sen according to the different nonlinear partial differential equations 𝑥0 ∶ −6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 + 6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡) − 1 = 0,
𝐺 𝑃1 𝑃1
respectively.
(18)
( )
𝑮′
Extended generalized -expansion method for variable coeffi- ( )3 ( )2
𝑮 𝐺′ 𝑃3 𝑃2
cients NLEEs 𝑥0 ∶ −12𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
𝐺 𝑃1 𝑃1
( )
𝑃3 𝑃
In this section the exact solutions of the mKdV, and Burgers equa- + 12𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡) − 1 + 6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡) 2 = 0,
𝑃1 𝑃1
tions with variable
( ′ ) coefficients are evaluated by using the extended
generalized 𝐺𝐺 -expansion method and the graphical presentation of (19)
( )
′ 2
( ) ( )
the obtained solutions are given in the corresponding sub sections. 𝐺 𝑃3 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃3
𝑥0 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 − 4𝐾1 (𝑡)𝑃1 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
𝐺 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1
Solutions of the modified KdV equation ( )2
𝑃3 𝑃4
−8𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
𝑃1 𝑃1
Now balancing the term 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 with the term 𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 of (3), we get 𝑛 = 1. ( ) 2
𝑃 3
𝑃 2 𝑃
Thus the assumed solution of (3) can be written of the form −7𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼13 (𝑡) 4
( ′) 𝑃1 𝑃12 𝑃1
𝐺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛼0 (𝑡) + 𝛼1 (𝑡) , 𝛼1 (𝑡) ≠ 0. (12) 𝑃
𝐺 +12𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡) 2
𝑃1
Let 𝜂 = 𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 + 𝑞(𝑡), where 𝑝(𝑡) and 𝑞(𝑡) are function of 𝑡. From (12) with ( )
𝑃4
(2) and 𝜂, the obtained values of 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 are given as +6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 = 0, (20)
𝑃1
follows ( ′ )1 ( )
[ ]( ) ( ′ )2 ( 𝐺 𝑑𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃2 𝑃4
𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃3 𝐺 𝑑𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝑥0 ∶ + 𝛼1 (𝑡) − 8𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1
𝑢𝑡 = 𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝑥 + −1 + + 𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃12
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑑𝑡
[ ] )( ′) 𝑃23
𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃2 𝐺
𝑥 + −𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃13
( )
𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃4 𝑑𝛼0 (𝑡) 𝑃 𝑃
+𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝑥 + + , (13) +6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 +12𝐾0 (𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) 4
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑃
( )( )2 ( ) −4𝐾1 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 +ℎ(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) = 0,
𝑃3 𝐺′ 𝑃2 𝐺′ 𝑃4 𝑃1
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) + 𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) , (14)
𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1 𝐺 𝑃1 (21)

3
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

where
𝑠2 ( )
𝜂 = 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑥+ 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
8𝑃12 𝐾1 (𝑡) − 𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑠22 𝛥𝑒∫ −2ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡+𝑠1 .
2𝑃12 ∫

(28)

Using the value of (26), (12) and using (8) and the required trigono-
metric solution of (3) as
(√ ) (√ )
√ ⎛ −𝛥 −𝛥 ⎞
⎜ −𝐶 1 sin 𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cos 𝜂 ⎟
𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 −𝛥 ⎜ 2𝛺 2𝛺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − (√ ) (√ ) ⎟ , (29)
2𝑃1 ⎜ −𝛥 −𝛥 ⎟
⎜ 𝐶1 cos 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where the value of 𝜂 is same as (28).
Applying the value of (26) into (12) using (9), we have the rational
solution of (3) is obtained as
( )
𝛺𝑠 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝐶2
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 2 , (30)
𝑃1 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝜂
where

𝜂 = 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑥 + 4𝑠2 𝐾1 (𝑡)𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1
∫
Substituting (26) into (12), using (10), we get the simplified hyperbolic
solution of (3) of the form
(√ ) (√ )
√ ⎛ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎞
∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⎜ 𝐶1 sinh 𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cosh 𝜂 ⎟
𝑠2 𝛺𝑃4 𝑒 𝛺 𝛺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − ⎜ (√ ) (√ )⎟,
𝑃1 ⎜ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎟
⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝜂 ⎟
⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠
(31)

where
Fig. 1. (a) and (b) are the surface plot and density plot of Eq. (27) respectively, where
𝑠2 ( )
the free parameters are taken as 𝑃1 = 40, 𝑃2 = 1, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = 1, within −10 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 10 𝜂 = 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑥+ 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
4𝑃12 𝐾1 (𝑡) − 2𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑠22 𝑃4 𝛺𝑒∫ −2ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1 .
and −0.1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.1. 𝑃12 ∫

(32)
( ) ( )
𝐺′ 0 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃4 𝑑𝛼0 (𝑡) 𝑃3 𝑃42 Substitute Eq. (26) into Eq. (12)and using (11), the obtained solution
𝑥0 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) + − 2𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 of (3) is of the form
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃12
(√ ) (√ )
2 √ ⎛ −𝛺𝑃4 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎞
𝑃 𝑃4 𝑠2 −𝛺𝑃4 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
⎜ −𝐶1 sin 𝜂 + 𝐶2 cos 𝜂 ⎟
−𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝3 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − ⎜ (√
𝛺
) (√
𝛺
) ⎟, (33)
𝑃13 𝑃1 ⎜ 𝐶1 cos −𝛺𝑃4
𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin
−𝛺𝑃4
𝜂 ⎟
𝑃4 𝑃 ⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠
+6𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼02 (𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) − 4𝐾1 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 4 + ℎ(𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡) = 0, (22) where the value of 𝜂 is same as Eq. (32).
𝑃1 𝑃1
For the simplicity of graphical representation of solutions of Eq. (3),
( )2 ( ) ( ) we take 𝐾0 (𝑡) = 𝑡, 𝐾1 (𝑡) = 𝑡, ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑠1 = 2, 𝑠2 = 3, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 0 for all
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃3 𝑃3
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 = 0, (23) cases except (30) where we take 𝐶2 = 1. The particular values of the
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1
free variables 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑃4 are taken according to the general family
( )1
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃2 𝑃 solution of Eq. (2) with satisfying the required conditions respectively.
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) + ℎ(𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 = 0, (24)
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1
( )0 Solutions of the Burgers equation
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃4 𝑃
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) + ℎ(𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡) 4 = 0 (25)
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1 By balancing the term 𝑢𝑥𝑥 with 𝑢𝑢𝑥 of (4), we get 𝑛 = 1. Thus the
Now solving Eqs. (18)–(25) together for the free parameters 𝑝 (𝑡), 𝑞 (𝑡), assumed solution of Eq. (4) can be written of the form as same as
𝛼0 (𝑡) and 𝛼1 (𝑡), the obtained solution of the system is given as (12). Then using 𝜂 = 𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 + 𝑞(𝑡), we get 𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑥 and 𝑢𝑥𝑥 are same as
𝛺 𝑃 (13), (14) and (15) respectively. Now substituting these values in (4),
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
, 𝛼1 (𝑡) = − 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝛼0 (𝑡) = 2 𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 and then follow the step 2 of the methodology, the obtained system of
𝑃1 2𝑃1
𝑠2 ( ) differential equations are as follows
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 8𝑃12 𝐾1 (𝑡) − 𝐾0 (𝑡)𝑠22 𝛥𝑒∫ −2ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1 , (26)
2𝑃12 ∫ ( )3 ( )2 ( )
𝐺′ 𝑃3 𝑃3
𝑥0 ∶ −2𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑝2 (𝑡) −1 + 𝑎(𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) −1 = 0,
where 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 are integration constants. 𝐺 𝑃1 𝑃1
Now substitute Eq. (26) into Eq. (12), using (7) and the hyperbolic
(34)
solution of (3) can be obtained as
(√ ) (√ ) ( ) ( ) ( )
√ ⎛ 𝐶1 sinh ⎞
𝛥 𝛥 𝐺′ 2 𝑃3 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃3 𝑃2
⎜ 𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cosh 𝜂 ⎟ 𝑥0 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) −1 − 3𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑝2 (𝑡) −1
𝑠2 𝑒∫ −ℎ(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝛥 ⎜ 2𝛺 2𝛺
𝐺 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − (√ ) (√ )⎟, (27) ( )
2𝑃1 ⎜ 𝛥 𝛥 ⎟ 𝑃3 2 𝑃2
⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sinh 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟ +𝑎(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) − 1 + 𝑎(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) = 0, (35)
⎝ ⎠ 𝑃1 𝑃1

4
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

Fig. 2. (a) is the surface plot and (b) is the density plot of Eq. (29), where 𝑃1 = 3,
𝑃2 = 1, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = −1 within −1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1 and −0.1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.1. Fig. 3. (a) and (b) are the surface plot and density plot of Eq. (30) respectively, where
𝑃1 = 3, 𝑃2 = 4, 𝑃3 = 5, 𝑃4 = −1 within −5 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 5 and −1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 1.

( )1 ( ) Now substitute the value of Eq. (41) in Eq. (12) and using Eqs. (7)–
𝐺′ 𝑑𝛼1 (𝑡) 𝑃 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃3 𝑃4 (9) the simplified hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational function so-
𝑥0 ∶ + 𝛼1 (𝑡) 2 − 2𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑝2 (𝑡) −1
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑃1 lutions of (4) are given as
𝑃22 (√ ) (√ )
−𝑔(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑝2 (𝑡) ⎛ √ ⎛ 𝛥 𝛥 ⎞⎞
⎜𝑃 𝐶
⎜ 1 sinh 𝜂 + 𝐶 cosh 𝜂 ⎟⎟
𝑃12 𝛥 2𝛺 2 2𝛺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3 ⎜ 2
+ ⎜ (√ ) ( √ ) ⎟⎟ , (42)
𝑃2 𝑃 ⎜ 2𝛺 2𝛺 ⎜ ⎟⎟
+𝑎(𝑡)𝑝(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡) + 𝑎(𝑡)𝛼12 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) 4 = 0, (36) ⎜
𝛥 𝛥
⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sinh 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟⎟
𝑃1 𝑃1 ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
( )0 (√ ) (√ )
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑃4 𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝛼 (𝑡) ⎛ √ ⎛ −𝛥 −𝛥 ⎞⎞
𝑥 0
∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) − 𝛼1 (𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑝2 (𝑡) 2 4 + 0 ⎜𝑃 ⎜ −𝐶1 sin 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 cos 2𝛺 𝜂 ⎟⎟
𝑃2 ⎜ −𝛥 ⎜
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑑𝑡 ) ⎟⎟ ,
2
1 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3 + (√ ) (√
⎜ 2𝛺 2𝛺 ⎜ −𝛥 −(𝛥) ⎟⎟
𝑃 ⎜ ⎜ 𝐶1 cos 2𝛺 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜂 ⎟⎟
+ 𝑎(𝑡)𝛼1 (𝑡)𝛼0 (𝑡)𝑝(𝑡) 4 = 0, (37) ⎝ ⎝ 2𝛺 ⎠⎠
𝑃1
( ′ )2 ( ) (43)
𝐺 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃3
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) − 1 = 0, (38)
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1
( )
( )1 𝑃2 𝐶2
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃2 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3 + , (44)
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) = 0, (39) 2𝛺 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝜂
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1
where
( )0 ( )
𝐺′ 𝑑𝑝(𝑡) 𝑃4 𝑠24 2𝑠2 𝛺 + 𝑠3 𝑃2
𝑥1 ∶ 𝛼1 (𝑡) = 0. (40)
𝐺 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝜂 = 𝑠4 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1 .
𝑃 1 𝑠3 ∫
Now solving the above system of Eqs. (34)–(40), the obtained solution
Applying the value of Eq. (41) in to Eq. (12) and using Eq. (10),
of the system is
Eq. (11) the obtained hyperbolic and trigonometric functions solutions
2𝑠 𝛺𝑔(𝑡) of Eq. (4) are respectively
𝛼0 (𝑡) = 𝑠2 , 𝛼1 (𝑡) = 𝑠3 , 𝑎(𝑡) = − 4 , 𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑠4 ,
𝑃1 𝑠3 (√ ) (√ )
( ) (41) ⎛ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎞
𝑠2 2𝑠2 𝛺 + 𝑠3 𝑃2 √ ⎜ 𝐶1 sinh 𝑋 + 𝐶 2 cosh 𝑋 ⎟
𝑞(𝑡) = 4 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1 , 𝛺𝑃4
⎜
𝛺 𝛺
𝑃1 𝑠3 ∫ 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3 (√ ) (√ ) ⎟ , (45)
𝛺 ⎜ 𝛺𝑃4 𝛺𝑃4 ⎟
where 𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , 𝑠3 , 𝑠4 are arbitrary constants. ⎜ 𝐶1 cosh 𝑋 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝑋 ⎟
⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠

5
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

Fig. 6. (a) and (b) are the surface plot and the density plot of Eq. (42) respectively,
Fig. 4. (a) is the surface plot and (b) is the density plot of Eq. (31), where 𝑃1 = 20, where 𝑃1 = 40, 𝑃2 = 1, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = 1, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 ≠ 0 within the interval −10 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 10,
𝑃2 = 0, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = 1 within −10 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 10 and −0.5 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.5. −0.1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.1.

(√ ) (√ )
√ ⎛ −𝛺𝑃4 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎞
⎜ −𝐶1 sin 𝜂 + 𝐶 2 cos 𝜂 ⎟
−𝛺𝑃4 𝛺 𝛺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠3 ⎜ (√ ) (√ ) ⎟ , (46)
𝛺 ⎜ −𝛺𝑃4 −𝛺𝑃4 ⎟
⎜ 𝐶1 cos 𝜂 + 𝐶2 sin 𝜂 ⎟
⎝ 𝛺 𝛺 ⎠
where
2𝑠2 𝑠24 𝛺
𝜂 = 𝑠4 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠1 .
𝑃1 𝑠3 ∫
For graphical representation of solutions of (4), we take 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡,
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑡, and 𝑠1 = 2, 𝑠2 = 3, 𝑠3 = 1, 𝑠4 = 2 for simplicity.

Result and discussion

To understand the dynamical structures of governing nonlinear

evolution equations with variable coefficients in a better way, we
have used Mathematica 11 to plot the obtained solution using differ-
ent relevant physical parameter based on the available data adopted
from different literature. We have introduced the detailed graphical
representations of surface and density plots of our established ana-
lytical solutions in various dimensions, including hyperbolic forms,
trigonometric forms, rational forms, and combined function forms.
Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) represents the typical 3D plots of Eq. (27) repre-
senting a shock wave along with its density plot, and from the figure,
a smooth transition of the shock can be observed. The contour plot
also represents a nice transition of shock potential propagation with a
distinct boundary. Thus, we see that the obtained solution represents a
shock profile which is in well agreement with previous results. Similarly
Fig. 5. (a) and (b) are the surface plot and density plot of Eq. (33), where 𝑃1 = 3,
𝑃2 = 0, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = −1 within −1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 1 and −0.1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.1. the Figs. 4(a), 4(b)), (6(a), 6(b)), (9(a), 9(b)) represent the typical shock
profile along with its density for different solution Eqs. (31), (42),

6
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

Fig. 7. (a) and (b) are the surface plot and density plot of Eq. (43); where 𝑃1 = 3,
Fig. 8. (a) is the surface plot and (b) is the density plot of Eq. (44), where 𝑃1 = 3,
𝑃2 = 1, 𝑃3 = 2, 𝑃4 = −1, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 0 with in −5 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 5, −1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 1.
𝑃2 = 4, 𝑃3 = 5, 𝑃4 = 2, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 1 within the interval −5 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 5, −0.1 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.1.

(45), respectively. From all the figures mentioned above, the typical
where 𝛼0 (𝑡) and 𝛼1 (𝑡) are function of 𝑡, and 𝐺 = 𝐺(𝜉) satisfies the
smoothness of the transition of the shock profile is quite evident from
differential equation of the form [Eq. (1)] and the value of 𝜉 = 𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 +
the density plots, and accordingly, smooth and sharp transitions can be
𝑞(𝑡), where 𝑝(𝑡) and 𝑞(𝑡) are function of 𝑡. In our results the solution
classified as the outcome of the solutions which is well known in the
for the both the modified KdV equation and the Burgers’ equation with
area of non-linear dynamics.
variable coefficients are of the same form Eq. (47) provided that the
Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) represents the typical 3D plots of (29) repre- function 𝐺(𝜉) satisfies the differential function of the form Eq. (2). It
𝑃 𝑃
senting localized propagation of solitons along with its density plot is to be noted that if we consider 𝑃3 = 0, 𝑃2 = −𝜆, and 𝑃4 = −𝜇
1 1
and from the density figure, concentrated lines represents the local- then our results coincide with results given in [29,59], hence our
ized concentrations of solitons. Similar observations can be seen from results are in more generalized form. We have tried to validate our
Figs. 3(a) and 3(b) where the localized distribution of soliton for mathematical and analytical findings with the existing literature for
solution described in Eq. (30) can be easily understood from the density example, IC Christov [73], investigated the solution of the Burgers
distribution. Fig. 7(a), 7(b)) represents the propagation of (43), with equation with variable coefficients and he reported (Fig. 1of Eq. (1))
localized multi-soliton having different amplitude along with density that their numerical solution obtained by using the Crank–Nicloson
plots which is the consequence of the solution described in equation scheme, admitter kink or shock type traveling wave. The analytical
((33) within a typical range of time and spatial profile. The Figs. 8(a) solution as mention in Eq. (42) and (45) of the present manuscript
and 8(b) representing the multi-soliton propagation solution described and its graphical output (mentioned in Fig. 6, Fig. 9) quite resemble
in Eq. (44) along with its density plot. Similarly the Figs. 10(a) and to the typical kink or shock wave type solutions mentioned by IC
10(b) represents the typical 3D plots of (46) representing the multi Christov [73] . So we can conclude that the newly introduced method-
periodic solitons along with its density plot. Fig. 5(a), 5(b)) represents ology to find the solutions of nonlinear partial differential equation
the typical 3D plots of ((33) representing the double solitons along like modified KdV equation and the Burgers’ equation with variables
with its density plot and from the density figure concentrated lines coefficients discussed in the present manuscript should be quite useful
represents the localized concentrations of solitons. and effective to the real-world phenomena wherein this case arise.
To verify our results we have compared our findings with some
Conclusion
existing literature. For example, S Zhang et al. [29], and EME Zayed,
( ′)
MAM Abdelaziz [59] respectively investigated that the solutions of the
We have successfully applied the extended generalized 𝐺𝐺 −
modified KdV equation and Burgers equation with variable coefficients
expansion method and obtained a new group of solutions for the
are of the form
mKdV equation and Burgers equation with variable coefficients. The
( ′) obtained solutions are checked and verified by back substitution using
𝐺
𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛼0 (𝑡) + 𝛼1 (𝑡) (47) Wolfram Mathematica 11, and the solutions are generally different
𝐺

7
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

Fig. 9. (a) is the surface plot and (b) is the density plot of Eq. (45), where 𝑃1 = 3,
Fig. 10. (a) is the surface plot and (b) is density plot of Eq. (46), where 𝑃1 = 3, 𝑃2 = 0,
𝑃2 = 0, 𝑃3 = 5, 𝑃4 = 2, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 1 within the interval −10 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 10, −0.5 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.5.
𝑃3 = 5, 𝑃4 = 2, 𝐶1 = 1, 𝐶2 = 1 within the interval −10 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 10, −0.5 ⩽ 𝑡 ⩽ 0.5.

from those reported previously, about which a detailed discussion

physics, fluid dynamics, ocean engineering, traffic flow, cosmology, and
is placed in the introduction part. The obtained solutions are shock
mathematical physics. Applications of these freshly produced solutions
types, multi solitons, double solitons, solitary waves. Furthermore,
will be extremely useful in research and advanced development in this
the solution to the mKdV equation with variable coefficients obtained
discipline. Higher-dimensional nonlinear physical models for illustra-
differs from the solution obtained in S Zhang et al. [29]. Similarly, the
tions with dispersion and dispersive terms are one of our innovative
obtained solutions for Burgers equation with variable coefficients are
future characteristics, and fractional nonlinear evolution equations will
different from EME Zayed and MAM Abdelaziz [59]. The numerical
bring further intriguing results closer to real-life situations. However,
simulation is performed by using Wolfram Mathematica 11 by giving
it will be challenging to find analytical solutions for such equations, as
the particular values of the free parameters. The currently proposed
it is ultimately shown that the used technique is easy, well developed,
method is a straightforward, efficient, and robust method that is very
and straightforward. Furthermore, the dynamic features and properties
reliable to solve variable coefficient types of nonlinear evolution equa-
of various nonlinear equations with variable coefficients, nonlinear
tions in mathematical physics and engineering physics. For example
evolutionary equations may play an essential part in describing them.
the propagation characteristic of solitary and shock waves, especially
in degenerate plasma medium are prevalent and well established in CRediT authorship contribution statement
compact astrophysical objects, e.g., white dwarf and black holes [74],
neutron stars [75], as well as to study the ultra-intense laser–plasma Sanjaya K. Mohanty: Acquisition of data, Analysis and/or inter-
interaction [76] and so on. Therefore, we have basically investigated a pretation of data, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
new method for finding the solution of the governing equation which Sachin Kumar: Analysis and interpretation of data, Writing – review
governs the propagation of soliton/shock in different areas of plasma & editing. Apul N. Dev: Conception and design of study, Writing –
physics/nonlinear dynamics which, we believe may help researchers review & editing. Manoj Kr. Deka: Acquisition of data, Analysis and/or
to find out the more accurate and precise solution, which again may interpretation of data, Writing – original draft. Dmitry V. Churikov:
help the research fraternity to decode the hidden information more Conception and design of study, Acquisition of data, Writing – original
precisely. In the future, we believe that this method can also be applied draft. Oleg V. Kravchenko: Conception and design of study. Writing –
to solving several other types of system nonlinear equations with review & editing.
constant coefficients.
Declaration of competing interest
Future scope
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
This paper obtains several new closed-form wave solutions to non- cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
linear partial differential equations with variable coefficients in plasma influence the work reported in this paper.

8
S.K. Mohanty et al. Results in Physics 37 (2022) 105504

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