M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Benha University
Benha Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Chapter 5:
M 1261 Deflection of Beams and Shafts
Mechanics and Testing of Materials
Dr. Amir A. Abdelsalam

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 1 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 2

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

 Introduction  Introduction
• Deflection is a term that is used to describe the degree to which a structural • Because the design of beams is frequently governed by rigidity rather than
element is displaced under a load. strength. For example, building codes specify limits on deflections as well
as stresses. Excessive deflection of a beam not only is visually disturbing but
 Sources of Deflection also may cause damage to other parts of the building. For this reason,
1) Load building codes limit the maximum deflection of a beam to about 1/360 th of
2) Temperature its spans.
3) Fabrication Error • A number of analytical methods are available for determining the deflections
4) Settlement of beams. Their common basis is the differential equation that relates the
deflection to the bending moment. The solution of this equation is
complicated because the bending moment is usually a discontinuous
function, so that the equations must be integrated in a piecewise fashion.

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 3 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 4

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

 Consider two such methods in this text:

 Method of double integration The primary advantage of the double-
integration method is that it produces the equation for the deflection
everywhere along the beams.
 Moment-area method The moment- area method is a semigraphical
procedure that utilizes the properties of the area under the bending moment
diagram. It is the quickest way to compute the deflection at a specific Double- Integration Method
location if the bending moment diagram has a simple shape.
 The method of superposition, in which the applied loading is represented as
a series of simple loads for which deflection formulas are available. Then the
desired deflection is computed by adding the contributions of the component
loads (principle of superposition).

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 5 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 6

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

 Deflections Of Beams And Shafts  The elastic curve

 The Elastic Curve  The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that passes through the
 Slope and Displacement by Integration centroid of each cross-sectional area of the beam

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 7 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 8

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

 The elastic curve  Double- Integration Method

• Euler-Bernoulli Theory

≈ = +

= + +

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 9 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 10

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

• Boundary condition • Constants are determined from boundary

conditions
= + +

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
= 0, =0

– Overhanging beam
= 0, =0

– Cantilever beam
= 0, =0

• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 11 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 12
M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Ex.1) SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
SOLUTION: differential equation for elastic curve.

• Develop an expression for M(x) - Reactions:

and derive differential equation for
= ↓ = 1+ ↑
elastic curve.

14 × 68 = 723in = 29 × 10 psi • Integrate differential equation twice

= 50kips = 15ft = 4 ft and apply boundary conditions to - From the free-body diagram for section AD,
obtain elastic curve. =− 0< <
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, • Locate point of zero slope or point
(a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, - The differential equation for the elastic
of maximum deflection.
(b) determine the maximum deflection, curve,
(c) evaluate ymax. • Evaluate corresponding maximum
=−
deflection.

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 13 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 14

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

• Integrate differential equation twice and apply • Locate point of zero slope or point
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve. of maximum deflection.
PaL  x  
1 2
=− + dy L
2 0 1  3 m   xm   0.577 L
=−
1
+ +
dx 6 EI   L   3
6

• Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x  
3
at = 0, = 0: =0 y     deflection.
1 1
6 EI  L  L  
=−
at = , = 0: 0=−
6
+ =
6
ymax 
PaL2
6 EI

0.577  0.577 3 
Substituting,
PaL2
1 1 ymax  0.0642
=− + = 1−3 50 kips 48 in 180 in  2
6 EI
ymax  0.0642
  
2 6 6
=−
1
+
1 6 29  106 psi 723 in 4
6 6
ymax  0.238in
= −
6

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 15 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 16

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 17 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 18

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Example 2
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 19 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 20

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 21 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 22

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Method of Superposition
Principle of Superposition:
• Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 23 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 24

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 25 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 26

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

EX.2) • Consider moment acting at section D,

SOLUTION: =0

• Develop the differential equation for −

1
− =0
2 3
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A). = −
6

• Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A • The differential equation for the elastic
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve. curve,
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A. = = −
6
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 27 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 28

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

• Integrate twice
• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
1
= =
2
−
24
+ elastic curve equation,
1 1 1 1
= − + + = − −
6 120 6 10 120 120

• Apply boundary conditions: = − +2 −

120
= = −
6 at = 0, = 0: =0
1
at = , = 0:
2
−
24
+ =0 • Differentiate once to find the slope,
at = ,
1 = = −5 +6 −
= 0: − + + =0 120
6 120
• Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
at x = 0, =
120
− =0 = ↑
3 30 10

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 29 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 30

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

EX.3)
Loading I
For the beam and loading shown, =− =−
determine the slope and deflection at 6 8
point B.

SOLUTION: Loading II

Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown. = =

48 128

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.

= =
48

7
= + =
128 48 2 384

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 31 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 32

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts

Combine the two solutions,

7
= + =− + =−
6 48 48

7 41
= + =− + =−
8 384 384

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 33 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 34

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support.
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams. • Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
• Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce
redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the
the support. original supports.

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 35 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 36

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 37 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 38

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 39 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 40

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 41 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 42

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 43 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 44

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials 12/15/2024

M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials M 1261 Mechanics and Testing of Materials

Thank You For Attention

By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 45 By: Dr. Amir Abdelsalam 46