Length, Volume,

179
Surface
of Integration-4Area, Area, and Beta, Gamma Functiors
Agolcatons

BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION of n, denoted by n,is defined as

GAMMA
..1)

Ifwe put x=at in (1) we get ln = e (ary"adt =a" [e-a ndt.[GGSIPU III Sem End Term 2007]
0

And. by definitionn+1 =e**" dx. Integrating it by parts, we get

0

n+1 =-'ehtnle da =- lim

comes to be zero, therefore we have the

Applying L Hospital's rule n times to lim its value out

reduction formulan+1 =nn .

If n is a positive integer, then

n+1 =nn =n (n-1)|n-1 =n(n-1) (n-2)| n -2 =... =n(n-1)(n-2)..3.2.1|

1

as
=n(n-1)(n-2)..3.2.1
Thus, |n+1=n! (nE N).

as follows.
There is another representation of (n

Puting x=P in (1), gives 7- [e.a-2.21 dt = 2[e-".n-dt

...(2)
y2n-1dx

[GGSIPU III Sem End Term 2008]

Myet another representation

of In we put x= a in (1) and get

In= [e-a (aty2atdt

[GGSIPUIISem lI Term 2003, End Term 2007)

180 Advanced Engineering Mathematica

number can also be found. For that we use the formula

Gamma of a negative

In+1 = nln as In = In+1

n

For example, let us and [GGSIPU II Sem End Term 20131

evaluate

-3/2
Similarly
-3 = -V2 3 2
2 -5/2 5|2 2 -3/2

and
V2
also
-V2 ----2Va

and
15

Next, the BETA FUNCTION, denoted by B (m, n), is defined as

B(m, n) = xm- (1-x" dx ..3)

Applying the property of definite integrals.

Srn a - [f(a-x) dk in (3), we get
1

d= B(n, m)

Thus, we have p (m, n) =B(n, m). ..4)

There is yet another representation of B (m,n). Putting x= 1+ in (3), gives

m +n
(1+1 (1+r)"*

We can also write

(on using (4).(GGSIPU IISem End Term 2011|

Further, in the relation (3) if we substitute x=sin0, so dx = 2 sin 0 cos 0 de, we get
/2
B(m,n) = sin"(1 - sin' 0)"=2sin 9 cos 0 de

n/2

or B(m, n) =2 sinm=l0 cos2n-1 e d ..5)

 Area,
181
of Integration-
Length, Volume, Surface Area, and Beta. Gamma Functions
atics Aaaliations

RELATION BETWEEN BETAAND GAMMAFUNCTIONS

m
B (m,n) =
m +n

(GGSIPU IISem End Term 2009: End Term 2004: End Term 2006; End Term Z009
Term 2013]
End Term 2012: 1 Term 2013: End
13)

PROOF:
We know that
m -2fe,2m-ld and

mn-fe 0
2m
0 00
Now,converting into polar coordinates, we get

T/2 o
cos2m-1 e sin 2n- r drde
0 0

n/2

4e2mt2n-'dr cosm-0 sin?n-0de

3)

m+n B (m, n) on using (2) and (5).

Hence, B(m, n) = .(6)

m+n
Inrelation (5), writing 2m -1=p and 2n - =q 1 and using (6), we get

n/2
|p+1|9+1
2 2
2 sinP 9 cos? dO =
P+9+2
2
p+1lg+1
n/2
2 2
or
sinP cos 0 d9 = ...(7)

2P+9+2
2
This relation is a big facility and is used very frequently in the evaluation of the definite integrals.
In(7) if we
take p =qF 0, we get

T/2
y2/2 or since1 =1.
Jsin°8 cos' ed = 21 OPd 2 2

and useful result

Therefore, we have yet another very important

[GGSIPUII Sem I Term 2007; End Term 2006;End Term 2011. 20121
182 Advanced
Engineering Mathermatice

DUPLICATIONFORMULA :n+
In
2 22n-1
or
1 Va
2
2n +1
22n
Term 2007: End
[GGSIPUIII Sem I Term 2005; I
|Term201)
In relation (6)putting m =n, we get

B (n,n) =
2n (2n-1)(2n-2) (2n-3)..3.2.1

B(n, n)
22n
J-"-).2 31.!
-1|
2

z-)(o-2).21
/2
Or (as /2 = Wr)
2n 22n-1

nn+ 2 1

22n-1
which called is the duplication formula.

1
Jr 2n+1
Replacing n by n+ on both sides, we can get
2 2 2"

EXAMPLE 6.50. Evaluate (1)

SoLUTION: () Let I= [e* du. Substituting x=, so dx =2t dt, gives

1-[e 21di =2fe" 2 dt =2

5
2 =2= 3
2
1

2 2
3/n Ans.

(in) Let I- fred dt. Puting x -a so d= a, we have

0 2a./P

1
1

Ans.
2a 2
EXAMPLE 6.51. Evaluate
[GGSIPUII Sem I Tern 200S]

SoLUTION: () Let I= Je d =2|e de (by property of definite integrals)

Putting, x=t, so d= 1
dt, we get
2V?

0 Ans.
 183
-Area, Length, Volume, and
Surface Area, Beta. Gamma

[
FunctionS
of Integration

atics
that
2
Ialso implies
a

I= -
du. Substituting a=e or x log a = So that d= log a weget

t
Let
()
dt a+1 Ans.
log a loga
(log a)e+
Je'u*t- d aya +T
0 (log

Evaluate cos ax dx and sin ax dx.

6.52.
ExAMPLE

the

[e
Let us consider integral

SOLUTION:

I- an dr-(cos ax -i sin ax)dk (i=-1)

0 0

dt

aix =1,
dr= ai' we get
Putting

ai
fe'ad
0
= -(-iy"

|n
-i sin COS - i sin:
COS 2 2

n
Thus, (cos ax - isin ar) dr = a
cos
2
i sin
2
0

Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

n
Ans.
[e-cos ard = a" cos and [lsin sin
2
ax dt
2
0

LXAMPLE 6.53. Evaluate

2
d, m>0, n >0.

I Term 2010] [GGSIPU II Sem I Term 20101

[GGSIPU II Sem
2
UTION: (0 Let /-y(m-)(2-x) dt. Putting x=2sin0 inthegivenintegral, we get

I= |
T/2

2m-) sin 2m-2 A.20- cos2n-2 0-2sin cos 0 d =2m*+n-

T/2
sin 2-cos2n-l d

Imln
-2m+n-B(m, n) 2mtn-1 Ans.
=2 Im +n
 184 Advanced Engineering Mathematics

n-1
log =t or x=e, SO dx=-e dt, we have
du. Putting

Again putting mt =y, so dt =dy, we get

1
Ans.
dy = m

ExAMPLE 6.54. (a) Show that n B (m + 1, n) =m B (m, n + 1).

[GGSIPU IIISem I Term 2005; End Term 20131

B(m +1, n)_B(m, n+1)_ B(m, n) [GGSIPU IISemn End Term 20101
(6)
m m +n+1
m n
SoLUTION: (a) Using the property B(m, n) = we have
mtn

nm+1n n• m m n m m n+1
nB (m + 1, n) = m+n+1 m+n+1 +n +
m 1

=m B(m, n + 1) by the above mentioned property. Hence Proved.

B(m +1,n) Im +1ln B(m, n)

(6)
m mlm+n+1 (m +n+1)lm +n m+n+1

Similariy

ExAMPLE
B(m,n +1)

6.55.
n

(b)
(a) Evaluate

Show
Im

that
ln

nlm+n+1
+1
(m+n+1) lm+n

[sin'o(1+ cos

T/2

0
dt
e
n/2

0
.
Vsin x dr
B(m,
m+n+1
n)

= I. [GGSIPU III
HenceProved.

Sem I Term 20II]

Solution : (a) Let I = fsin 0 (1+cos 0)"

d.
2
Putting 2 =1 s0 dô =2di, we get

n2
h0as(2+1) (10+ 1) 3 11
2 2 2 2
I=64 sin' t cos!°1. 2dt -64.2. =64
+
(2 10+2)
2
7
 Integration -Area,
Length,
Volume,
Surface
Area,
and

64.9
Beta,
Gamma 185
Functions
222
6!
21

Thus,
[sin
0
e(1+cos 9)' - 21ln
16
6:5.4-3-2 16

Ans.

LHS =
Tt/2

sin-l/2
x dx | sin"xdx

1
+1

1
2 2
,+2
1
-+2 = 1.Hence Proved.
2
2l
2 2 4|4

[AMPLE 6.56. Express the integral"(1- de in terms of Gamma function

[GGSIPU III Sem ITerm 2012: I Sem End Term 20131

and evaluate

[GGSIPUII Sem End Term 2009; I Term 2011]

1
LUTION: Let I=(x" (1-x)P dr, then putting =t so n- d = dt, we get

m 1 m+1
1
lln dt
I-fr" (1-ny" nt n
0

m+1
p+1
n
.(1)
m+1
+p+l
n

we get
the above
) Now, taking m =2, n =2 and p= 4 in
relation,.

3
4!
2
2+1 4+1 128
Ans.
2
2 13
2.1
11 9 7 5 33 3465

2 2+1 +4+1
2
2 222 2 2
 Advanced Engineering
186 Maathernatics

3 = 1

we get
(ii) Next taking
m-and
m p in
in(1),
(0

2153/2
3
5+
p*2
512
2-(4-3-2-1)3/2 Ans.
3|3 3465

(11/2)(9/2 (7/2)(5/2) 2l2

[(r-a" (b -x)' d - (b - a)"*"** B(m +1, n+1).

EXAMPLE 6.57. Show that
a [GGSIPUISem II Term 20031

SoLUTION: Let I=|(-a)" (b-x)" d Putting x-a=y, so ddy, we get

a
b-a
y=(b-a) so dy =(b-a) d, we get
I= y" (6- a -y'dy and now putting t,

"
1
I= [(o-a" (b-a)' (1-)'(6-a) d

tntB(m +1,n +
ym
Ans.
- (6-a"*n* fr (1-1 d =(0-a"*n* 1).

n/2 T/2
3
EXAMPLE 6.58. (a) Show that Veot d® =
0 2005]
[GGSIPU IIISemI Term
T/2

(6) Show that Vtan + Vsece de +

3
4
[GGSIPU II Sem
I Term 2010]

SoLUTION: ()Using the property of definite integrals, we have

T/2 /2

3 3

Next, [ytan de = sin2 cos 2 0 dð =

4

21
4
2
4
s1
as =1.

Now, let us recall the duplication formula

 of Integration
Area,
Length,
tsons Volume,
Mathematics Surface
1
Area, and
Beta.

Tiking n= here, we get Gamma

Functions
187

or
n/2
T/2

n/2 Hence Proved.

T/2
() Vtan +sec® de [(sin"0 cos-/2 9+cos-2 0)de

m 2003] |4|4
2l1
2

I1=1 and
Hence Proved.
weget 6.59. Show xM-14 yn-1
EXAMPLE that
1mtn
de = B (m, n).
o (1+x"m
[GGSIPU II Sem End Term 2008: I Sem II Term 2003]
1

xm-14yn-1
jJLUTION: Let I =

=l+I,, say.
6 (1+*)"tn o(1+x o (1+ x)+n
s. Putting x= tan 0, dx = 2 tan 0 sec 0 d, in the above integrals, I, and L,, we get
1 /4
tan2m -2.2tan 9 sec² d
(1 +tan o)"*

2005]
=2
T/4
tan2m -0 sec“
lsi,2m-10 cos?n- d

secm +2n A 0
0

de

,
cos2m -l
- (1+ x)m +n =2
9
Similarly. I,
sinn-l0

2010]

n this integral, substituting 0 =- so de =- d, we get

/2
/4

/2 integrals.

=2 cos2n-'0 sin20
d0 by property of definite

/4
n/2
T/4
sin2m-lde
cos2n -led0
+2 (cos2n -l
I=2 sin2m-l@
n/4

/2 m n =B(m,n).
Hence Proved.

- 0 cos2n -I 0 d9 = mtn
2 sin2m 1

0
 188 Advanced Engineering
Mathematics

ExAMPLE 6.60. () Using Gamma function,evaluate

2

j4-t [GGSIPUI Sem IITerm

2013

(i) Evaluate
-1
IS Sem End
[GGSIPU II Sem End Term 2006: Term
2014)

SoLUTION: () Let Putting x=2 sin 0 here, we get

2
I= [42cos' 0-2cos 0 d9 =16 cos de
0

=16 5/212 =3 Ans.

254.
(i)Let I -[a+*-'a-x)9-1 dt. Puttingl+x=y, gives
-1
2
I = (yP(2-y)°"y. Again putting y =21, we get

1
1
0

IPl9
- 2Ptg- B(p, q) =2Pt9-1 lptq Ans.

EXAMPLE 6.61. )
(i)
Prove that

Show that
sin'xcos>x

In
d = 778
1-n= sin nt (0<n< 1).
[GGSIPUII Sem End Term

(GGSIPUIISem End
2000]

Term 2000]

SoLUTION: ()Using the result

I/2

sin xcos xd =
p+1 lg+1
2 2 we haye
2Ptgt2
2
n2 5
8
( sin xcos? xde = |15 77
Hence
Proved.

2x.72
4 4|4
Im In
(ii) We know that
Writing m=1-n, gives
o(l +r)"+n m+n

0 1+x 1
 of gratton
glatlons
-Area,
Length,
Volume,
Surface
Area, and
In complex integration Gamma
chapter we
Beta,
Functions 189
shall
establish
that

sinat 0<a<1
Now substituting e=t here, we get

1+t sin at

0 X+1
sin n 0<n<1
Therefore,

sinnT 0<n< 1.
Hence Proved.
EXAMPLE 6.62, Show that

T secC TX provided -1<2x < 1.

SOLUTION: LHS = -x
[GGSIPUI Sem End Term 2003]

Now we shall apply the well

known result n1-n
Sin nL Replacing nby
here, we get
T
T
1

Sin Ti tx
2 Sin

TU

COS TOX
T sec TOX.

Therefore, LHS. T sec TX =

-
R.HS
Hence Proved.
BXAMPLE 6.63.
Prove that
B(m, m).
[GGSIPUIISem I Term
2005)

OLUTION: By
definition, B(m, 1/2) =
2

Using the
duplication formula
Jn 2m
22m-1
here, we get

-Im Im m22m-1 since

l2m
-22m-1 B(m,m) =RHS.
Hence Proved.
 Advanced Engineering
190 Mathematics

U2
0<n<1.
EXAMPLE 6.64. (a) Show that tan" x dx = sec

Beta-Gamma function.
(b) Evaluate dx using

[GGSIPU II Sem End Term 20121

T2 TU2

SoLUTION: (a) tan" x dx = sin" x cos"x dk

n+1|1-n
2
2
|n-n+2
2

Using the result Imll-m where 0<m < 1, we can write

sin m

1
since ntl<l.
n+1
Sin
2
TU2
sec Hence Proved
tan" x dx = nT 2 2
nTt
2 sin + 2cos
2 2 2
V2

(b)Let d Put here x = sin .. x= sin 0, then

2
/2 sin e.sin- cos 0 de U2
3
I
cOs 3
( sin28 e de

213 +1
2 l2 _ 5/6 12 Ans.
2l4/3
 or Integration-Area,
Length, Volume, 191
Surface Area, and
AnoMcatonS
Beta., Gamma Functions

EXERCISE 6E

() xear cos bx dx.

1.
Evaluate
(i)| xe ar sin bx dx.

Evaluate
2.

Show that
3.
128

4. Evaluate *" (log x) dt.

0
Show that B (m,n+ 1) + B (m + 1, n) =B Term 2009]
(m, n). [GGSIPU III Sem End

6. Evaluate

(1+x)}5
1
7. Show that ((-x)"-'d B(m,n)
a" (a+1)"
1
8. Evaluate d.
0 (1+x)"+n

dx
9. Show that = B (mtn, 1- n), - m <n<1.
(-1)"
10.
If 1-n show that
sin nm? Sin nTt

m
11. Show that B (m + 1, n) = m+n
1/2

12,
Prove that B (n, n) =2 [(1-y dt.

If I, = show that
I,+2 =(n + 1) I,
2 ln/2+ 1
1

Evaluate
l4,
0
Prove the
following
o
[em cos bx dk =
(a+62)n/z
Cos ntan-1

[GGSIPUIISem End Term 20031