Assignment

Microbes in Human Welfare

(By Nishant Sir)

Champion in NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
@PIC ~ Basic Concepts and Microbes in
Household Products
1 Microorganisms or microbes are found in 6 Microorganisms such as Lactobacillus are commonly
(a) soil, air, water and inside the bodies ofliving organisms called
(b) thermal vents deep in soil (a) Citric Acid Bacteria (CAB)
(c) under snow and in highly acidic environments (b) Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
(d) All ofthe above (c) Tartaric Acid Bacteria (TAB)
2 The microscopic proteinaceous infectious agents are (d) Formic Acid Bacteria (FAB)
(a) viroids (b) prions 7 The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to human in
(c) protozoans (d) bacteria making curd from milk and in the production of
3 The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many antibiotics are the ones categorised as
fungi in the laboratory is called (a) cyanobacteria
(a) culture media (b) archaebacteria
(b) fermentation media (c) chemosynthetic autotrophs
(c) baking media (d) heterotrophic bacteria
(d) None ofthe above 8 The starter or inoculum is added to the fresh milk in
order to convert milk into curd and improves its
4 Given below is the diagram of a bacteriophage. In nutritional quality by increasing
which one of the option, all the six parts A, B, C, D, E (a) vitamin-B 12 (b) protein
and F are correct? (c) calcium (d) All ofthese
i------A 9 Study the following flowchart that shows curd
formation from milk and select the correct option for
A andB.
Curd is added as inoculum to the fresh milk
t
LAB shows growth in milk
t
Production of ..... A ..... starts
t
Coagulation and digestion of milk protein
t
Improved nutritional quality by increased ..... B ..
(a) A-Head, B-Tail, C-Collar, D-Pins, E-Plate, F-Prongs
(b) A-Head, B-Collar, C-Tail, D-Plate, E-Pins, F-Prongs (a) A-citric acid, B-vitamin-B 12
(c) A-Head, B-Tail, C-Collar, D-Plate, E-Prongs, F-Pins (b) A-lactic acid, B-vitamin-B 12
(d) A-Head, B-Collar, C-Tail, D-Pins, E-Plate, F-Prongs (c) A-lactic acid, B-vitamin-C
5 Which of the following bacteria convert milk into (d) A-citric acid, B-vitamin-B 2
curd? 10 Which gas is released during the process of
(a) Propionibacterium shermanii fermentation that gives the puffy appearance to dough
(b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae for making bread?
(c) Lactobacillus (a) CO2 (b) CO
(d) Thermophilic bacteria (c) 02 (d) H2
 11 Toddy, a traditional drink of Southern India is made by 13 Roquefort cheese is formed by ripening with ...A ...for
...A ... of sap from .. . B ... tree. Here, A and B refer to a particular flavour. Here A refers to
(a) A-fermentation, B-palm (a) yeast (b) fungi
(b) A-fermentation, B-bamboo (c) bacteria (d) None of these
(c) A-distillation, B-palm 14 Which of the following food items are produced
(d) A-distillation, B-bamboo through fermentation by the microorganisms?
12 Swiss cheese is formed by the bacterium I. Idli II. Dosa
(a) Aspergillus niger III. Toddy IV. Cheese
(b) Lactobacillus Choose the correct option.
(c) Propionibacterium shemanii (a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
(d) Penicillium roqueforti (c) II, III and IV (d) All of these

@PIC ~ Microbes in Industrial Products

15 Which one of the following equipments is 21 Which one of the following antibiotics was extensively
essentially required for growing microbes on a large used to treat American soldiers wounded in World
scale, for industrial production of enzymes? War-II?
NEET2019 (a) Streptokinase (b) Penicillin
(a) Sludge digester (b) Industrial oven (c) Statins (d) Neomycin
(c) Bioreactor (d) BOD incubator
22 Who got Nobel Prize in 1945 for the discovery of
16 The alcoholic beverages produced by the penicillin as an antibiotic?
distillation of the fermented broth are (a) Alexander Fleming (b) Ernst Chain
(a) wine and beer (c) Howard Florey (d) All of these
(b) wine, whisky and brandy
23 Antibiotics are used to treat diseases like
(c) whisky, brandy and rum
(a) diphtheria, whooping cough
(d) whisky, beer and brandy
(b) plague
17 Which of the following organisms is used in the (c) leprosy
production of beverages like wine, beer, whisky (d) All of the above
brandy or rum?
24 Identify the blank spaces A, B, C and D given in the
(a) Clostridium butylicum
following table and select the correct answer.
(b) Aspergillus niger
(c) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Commercial
Types of microbes Scientific names
products
(d) Penicillium notatum
Bacterium A Lactic acid
18 Yeast is used in the production of
Fungus B Citric acid
(a) citric acid and lactic acid C Acetobacter aceti Acetic acid
(b) lipase and pectinase Fungus Penicillium notatum D
(c) bread and beer
(d) cheese and butter (a) A-Lactobacillus, B-Aspergillus niger, C-Bacterium,
D-Penicillin
19 Brewer's yeast is (b) A-Staphylococcus, B-Clostridium, C-Yeast, D-Penicillin
(a) Penicillium notatum (c) A-Lactobacillus, B-Microsporum, C-Yeast, D-Penicillin
(b) Trichoderma polysporum (d) A-Staphylococcus, B-Microsporum, C-Agaricus,
(c) Propionibacterium shermanii D-Penicillin
(d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 Which one of these microbes is used in the commercial
20 Who observed a mould growing in unwashed production of butyric acid?
culture plate while working on Staphylococcus (a) Clostridium butylicum
bacterium? (b) Streptococcus butylicum
(a) Ernst Chain (b) Alexander Fleming (c) Trichoderma polysporum
(c) Lamarck (d) Florey (d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
26 Which of the following is correctly matched for the 30 Monascus purpureus is a yeast used commercially in
product produced by them? the production of
(a) Acetobacter aceti - Antibiotics (a) ethanol
(b) Methanobacterium - Lactic acid (b) streptokinase for removing clots from the blood vessels
(c) Penicillium notatum - Acetic acid (c) citric acid
(d) Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Ethanol (d) blood cholesterol lowering agent, statins
27 Choose the incorrect pair. 31 Which of the following is a commercial blood
(a) Lipases - Used in detergents for removing oil stains cholesterol lowering agent?
(b) Pectinases and proteases - Used in clarifying (a) Statin
bottled juices (b) Streptokinase
(c) Statins - Competitively inhibit the enzyme (c) Lipases
responsible for cholesterol synthesis (d) Cyclosporin-A
(d) None of the above 32 Which of the following is incorrectly matched in the
28 Which of the following is used as 'clot buster' for given table?
removing clots from blood vessels of patient who
have undergone myocardial infarction? Microbes Products Applications
(a) Ethanol (b) Statins (a) Monascus Statins Lowering of blood
(c) Cyclosporin-A (d) Streptokinase purpureus cholesterol
(b) Streptococcus Streptokinase Removal of clot from
29 Identify the blank spaces A, B, C and D given in the blood vessel
following table and select the correct answer.
(c) Clostridium Lipase Removal of oil stains
Types of Scientific Medical butylicum
Products
microbes names applications (d) Trichoderma Cyclosporin-A Immunosppressive drug
Fungus A Cyclosporin-A B polysporum
C Monascus Statin D
purpureus 33 Which industrial products are synthesised from
microbes?
(a) A-Trichoderma polysporum, B-As an I. Antibiotics
immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients, II. Toddy
C-Yeast, D-As blood-cholesterol lowering agent III. Bioactive molecules
(b) A-Trichoderma polysporum, B-As blood-cholesterol
IV. Bread
lowering agent, C-Protozoa, D-As an
immunosuppressive agent in organ transplant patients Choose the correct option.
(c) A-Clostridium butylicum, B-Used as a clot-buster, (a) I, II, III and IV
C-Yeast, D-As blood- cholesterol lowering agent (b) II, III and IV
(d) A-Clostridium butylicum, B-As blood-cholesterol (c) I and IV
lowering agent, C-Yeast, D-Used as a clot-buster (d) III and IV

@PIC ~ Microbes in Sewage Treatment

34 Sewage contains large amounts of .. . A ... and .. . B... . 36 In the primary treatment of sewage, the floating
Here A and B refer to debris is removed by sequential ... by passing through
(a) A-inorganic matter, B-bacteria wire mesh screens. The most appropriate word for
(b) A-organic matter, B-pathogenic microbes filling the blank is
(c) A-organic matter, B-virus (a) filtration (b) sedimentation
(d) A-inorganic matter, B-pathogenic microbes (c) condensation (d) evaporation
35 Primary treatment of wastes is the 37 In the primary treatment of sewage, the soil and small
(a) physical removal of large and small particles from sewage pebbles are removed by
(b) biological removal of large and small particles from (a) filtration
sewage
(b) sedimentation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) condensation
(d) chemical removal of large and small particles from
sewage (d) evaporation
38 Which one of the following in sewage treatment (a) A-Small aeration tank, B-Microbial digestion, C-High
removes suspended solids? BOD, D-Activated sludge, E-Aerobic sludge digesters
(a) Tertiary treatment (b) Secondary treatment (b) A-Large aeration tank, B-Mechanical agitation,
(c) Primary treatment (d) Sludge treatment C-Increased BOD, D-Activated sludge, E-Aerobic
sludge digesters
39 In the biological treatment of sewage, the masses of (c) A-Small aeration tank, B-Microbial digestion, C-Low
bacteria held together by fungal filament to form BOD, D-Activated sludge, E-Anaerobic sludge
mesh-like structures called as digesters
(a) activated sludge (b) aerobic process (d) A-Large aeration tank, B-Mechanical agitation,
(c) floes (d) anaerobic sludge C-Reduced BOD, D-Activated sludge, E-Anaerobic
sludge digesters
40 Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
I. Primary treatment of sewage involves physical 43 Primary sludge
removal of small and large particles through .. .A ... and (a) possesses floes of decomposer microbes
... B .... (b) requires aeration for formation
II. Microbes consume the major part of organic matter in (c) involves little decomposition
the effluent and reduce ... C ... of sewage. (d) forms during secondary sewage treatment
III. . . .D... particularly . . .E... anaerobically breakdown 44 During sewage treatment, biogas is produced, which
cellulosic material and produce CO 2 and H2 from includes
anaerobic sludge during ...F... . treatment. (a) methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide
IV. When BOD of sewage has reduced, the effluent is (b) methane, oxygen and hydrogen sulphide
passed into ... G... . Here, A to G can be (c) hydrogen sulphide, methane and sulphur dioxide
(a) A-sedimentation, B-centrifugation, C-BOD, (d) hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and methane
D-Methanogen, E-Methanobacterium, F-water gas 45 Microbes are used in
plant, G-settling tank
I. primary treatment of sewage.
(b) A-centrifugation, B-sedimentation, C-BOD,
II. secondary treatment of sewage.
D-Methanogen, E-Methanococcus, F-biogas plant,
G-sludge tank III. anaerobic sludge digesters.
(c) A-filtration, B-centrifugation, C-BOD, IV. production of biogas.
D-Methanogen, E-Methanobacillus, F-gobar gas plant, Choose the correct option.
G-filtre tank (a) I, II and III
(d) A-filtration, B-sedimentation, C-BOD, (b) I, III and IV
D-Methanogen, E-Methanobacterium, F-sewage (c) II, III and IV
treatment plant, G-settling tank (d) All of the above
41 In the sewage treatment, bacterial floes are allowed to 46 The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen
sediment in a settling tank. This sediment is called as by microbes in water bodies. The greater BOD of
(a) activated sludge (b) primary sludge sample water, indicates that
(c) anaerobic sludge (d) secondary sludge (a) it is highly polluted
42 Given below is the flowchart of sewage treatment. (b) it is not polluted
Identify A, B, C, D and E and select the correct option. (c) it is moderately polluted
I Primary sludge I (d) pollution level cannot be determined
Primary
Effluent
47 Which of the following plans has been initiated by the
treatment Secondary treatment IAl
from primary A Ministry of Environment and Forests to protect rivers
�
from water pollution?
l
settling tank
(a) Ganga action plan
(b) Yamuna action plan
Biagas Sedimentation l
[�}--I Flocs I
(c) Both (a) and (b)
formation f----- !cl
L=J f-----Li2..J <
,;::;-i (d) None of the above
@PIC ~ Microbes in Production of Biogas
48 The most flammable gaseous component of biogas is (a) A-Sludge, B-Dung+ Water, C- Gas holder
(a) methane, CO2 , H2 and H2 S (b) A-Dung+ Water, B-Sludge, C-CH4 + CO2
(b) methane (c) A-Sludge, B-Gas holder, C-Dung+ Water
(c) CO2 , H2 and H2 S (d) A-CH4 + CO2 , B-Dung + Water, C-Sludge
(d) CO, methane and N2 53 Study the following flowchart of biogas production
49 Methanogens are found in and select the correct option for A, B and C.
I. organic acid II. rumen ofcattle Stage Ill C
III. butanal IV. anaerobic sludge
Choose the correct option.
(a) I and II
(c) II and IV
(b) II and III
(d) III and IV
Stage II
I Organic acids I
50 Which of the following bacteria is present in the IA
Soluble compounds
rumen of cattle? Stage I
or monomers
(a) Rhizobium (b) Azotobacter
(c) Methanobacterium (d) Clostridium �
Fats/I !2ellulose I Hemicellulose
51 The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the
production of biogas from the dung of ruminant
(a) A-Methanogenic bacteria, B-Fermentative microbes,
animals, include the C-CO2 and hydrogen (biogas)
(a) thermoacidophiles (b) methanogens (b) A-Anaerobic microorganisms, B-Methanococcus,
(c) eubacteria (d) halophiles C-CO2 and nitrogen (biogas)
52 The diagram given below represents a typical biogas (c) A-Anaerobic microbes, B-Methanogenic bacteria,
plant. Select the correct option for A, Band C, C-CO2 and methane (biogas)
respectively. (d) A-Aerobic microorganism, B-Methanobacter, C-CO2
and methane (biogas)
.-------=----+ Gas
54 Gobar gas generation technology in India was
developed by the collaboration of ...A... and ...B... .
B
Here, A and B refer to
(a) A-Rural Bank oflndia, B-Khadi and Village Industries
Commission
(b) A-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, B-Khadi and
Village Industries Commission
(c) A-National Bank for Agriculture and Development,
B-Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(d) A-National Bank for Agriculture and Development,
B-Khadi and Village Industries Commission

@PIC ~ Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilisers

55 Bacillus thuringiensis is used as 57 Cultivation of Bt cotton has been much in the news.
(a) biofungicide (b) biopesticide The prefix Bt means
(c) biocontrol agent (d) bioweapon (a) 'Barium-treated' cotton seeds
56 In Bt cotton, the Bt toxin present in plant tissue as (b) 'Bigger thread' variety of cotton with better tensile
protoxin is converted into active toxin due to strength
(a) alkaline pH of the insect gut (c) produced by 'biotechnology' using restriction enzymes
(b) acidic pH of the insect gut and ligases
(c) action of gut microorganisms (d) carrying an endotoxin gene from Bacillus
(d) the presence of conversion factors in insect gut thuringiensis
58 Trichoderma species, free-living fungi, are present in (a) Aspergillus and Rhizopus
root ecosystems are potentially useful as (b) Rhizobium and Rhizopus
(a) biopesticides (c) Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium
(b) biofertilisers (d) Aspergillus and Cyanobacteria
(c) methanogens 68 Which ofthe following belongs to free-living
(d) vectors for genetic engineering nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
59 Which ofthe following can be used as a biocontrol I. Rhizobium II. Azospirillum
agent in the treatment ofplant disease? III. Azotobacter
(a) Chiarella (b) Anabaena Choose the correct option.
(c) Lactobacillus (d) Trichoderma (a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
60 Baculoviruses (Nucleopolyhedrovirus) do not show
69 The symbiotic association offungi with the roots of
(a) host specificity higher plants is called
(b) narrow spectrum applications (a) eubacteria (b) actinomycetes
(c) effects on non-target insects (c) mycorrhiza (d) lichen
(d) utility in IPM programme
70 The most common fungal partner ofmycorrhiza
61 A biocontrol agent to be a part ofan integrated pest belongs to genus
management should be (a) Azotobacter (b) Glomus (c) Azolla (d) Frankia
(a) species-specific and symbiotic
(b) free-living and broad spectrum 71 Which one ofthe following helps in absorption of
(c) narrow spectrum and symbiotic phosphorus from soil?
(d) species-specific and inactive on non-target organisms (a) Nostoc (b) Anabaena (c) Glomus (d) Yeast
62 Which one ofthe following is an example ofcarrying 72 Which ofthe following are the part or example of
out biological control ofpests/diseases using symbiotic mutualistic association?
microbes? (a) Rhizobium (b) Mycorrhiza
(a) Trichoderma sp., against certain plant pathogens ( c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Oscillatoria
(b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus against white rust in Brassica 73 Which ofthe following is cyanobacteria and fix
(c) Bt cotton to increase cotton yield atmospheric nitrogen?
(d) Ladybird beetle against aphids in mustard (a) Oscillatoria (b) Nostoc
63 Select the correct group ofbiocontrol agents. ( c) Anabaena (d) All of these
74 Which ofthe following is common to Azospirillum,
(a) Trichoderma, Baculovirus, Bacillus thuringiensis Anabaena, Nostoc and Oscillatoria?
(b) Oscillatoria, Rhizobium, Trichoderma (a) N2 -fixer microbes (b) Prokaryotic organism
(c) Nostoc, Azospirillum, Nucleopolyhedrovirus (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Eukaryotic organism
(d) Bacillus thuringiensis, Tobacco mosaic virus, Aphids
75 Which ofthe following serves as biofertiliser in
64 Organic farming includes paddy fields?
(a) use of fertilisers and pesticides of biological origin (a) Anabaena (b) Azospirillum
(b) IPM (Integrated Pest Management) (c) Nostoc (d) Both (a) and (c)
(c) locally developed pest resistant varieties
(d) All of the above 76 Azolla is used as a biofertiliser because it
(a) has association of mycorrhiza
65 The organisms which are used to enrich the nutrient (b) multiplies at faster rate to produce massive biomass
quality of the soil are (c) has association of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium
(a) bacteria (b) cyanobacteria (d) has association of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
(c) fungi (d) All of these
77 A biocontrol agent used for pest butterfly caterpillars is
66 The most important ofthe symbiotic nitrogen-fixing (a) Trichoderma (b) Bacillus thuringiensis
bacteria, which forms nodules on the roots oflegume (c) Pseudomonas (d) Rhizobium
plants is 78 Select the group oforganisms that are used as
(a) Aspergillus (b) Rhizobium biofertilisers in organic farming.
(c) Penicillium (d) Streptococcus (a) Clostridium, Beijerinckia, Glomus and Anabaena
67 Among the following pairs ofmicrobes, which pair (b) Trichoderma, Baculovirus and B. thuringiensis
has both the microbes that can be used as (c) Nostoc, Azolla pinnata and Tobacco mosaic virus
biofertilisers? (d) Penicillium, Streptococcus and Aspergillus
 @nswers
1(d) 2(b) 3(a) 4(b) 5(c) 6(b) 7(d) 8(a) 9(b) 10(a) 11(a) 12(c) 13(b) 14(b) 15(c)
16(c) 17(c) 18(c) 19(d) 20(b) 21(b) 22(d) 23(d) 24(a) 25(a) 26(d) 27(d) 28(d) 29(a) 30(d)
31(a) 32(c) 33(c) 34(b) 35(a) 36(a) 37(b) 38(c) 39(c) 40(d) 41(a) 42(d) 43(a) 44(a) 45(c)
46(a) 47(c) 48(b) 49(c) 50(c) 51(b) 52(c) 53 (c) 54(b) 55(c) 56(a) 57(d) 58(a) 59(d) 60(c)
61(d) 62(a) 63(a) 64(d) 65(d) 66(b) 67(c) 68(c) 69(c) 70(b) 71(c) 72(c) 73(d) 74(c) 75(d)
76(d) 77(b) 78(a)

118(b) 119(c) 120(c) 121(d) 122(c) 123(c) 124(a) 125(d) 126(c) 127(a) 128(b) 129(b) 130(c) 131(c) 132(a)
133(a) 134(d) 135(b) 136(d) 137(c) 138(d) 139(b) 140(d)

Answers & Explanations

2 (b) Prions are the microscopic protein particles similar to a 7 (d) Heterotrophic bacteria are the most abundant life forms.
virus, but lack nucleic acid. These are assumed to be the Many of them have a significant impact on humans, such as
infectious agent, responsible for scrapie and certain other these are helpful in making curd from milk, e.g.
degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Lactobacillus sp., and production of antibiotics, e.g.
3 (a) The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many Streptomyces sp.
fungi in the laboratory is called culture media. This media 70 (a) The dough, which is used for making foods such as dosa,
contains all the essential requirements necessary for bread and idli are also fermented by bacteria. The puffed up
bacterial and fungal growth such as carbon, sugar, minerals, appearance of dough is due to the production of CO2 gas by
etc. The growth of microbes is visible as colonies that can be these bacteria.
seen with the naked eyes. Such cultures are useful in studies 12 (c) Swiss cheese is formed with the help of single strain of
on microorganisms. Propionibacterium shermanii. Its characteristic feature is
5 (c) Lactobacillus is added to milk which converts lactose the formation of large holes due to the production of a large
(sugar of milk) into lactic acid. Lactic acid causes amount of CO2 .
coagulation and partial conversion of milk protein casein to 15 (c) Bioreactor is an essential equipment required for
calcium paracaseinate. These chemical changes in milk help growing microbes on large scale, i.e. for the industrial
in its conversion into curd, yoghurt and cheese. production of enzymes, antibiotics, beverages, etc. These
 In stage -III, organic acids are acted upon by 64 (d) Organic farming includes several methods to
methanogenic bacteria (B) to produce methane rich enhance soil fertility. In such farming, methods of
mixture of gases called biogas (C). biological origin are used, e.g. biopesticide,
55 (c) Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil bacterium used as biofertilisers, IPM (Integrated Pest Management),
biocontrol agent that can control infestations by insect locally developed pest resistant varieties, green manure,
pests such as butterfly, caterpillars, ants, moths, etc. etc.
Some strains of these bacteria can kill animal and plant 66 (b) Rhizobium is a soil bacterium that fixes nitrogen in
parasitic nematodes, snails, protozoans, etc. symbiotic association with root nodules of legumes
56 (a) The Bt toxin is an inactive protoxin, which gets (Fabaceae). Rhizobium requires a plant host, as it cannot
activated due to the alkaline pH of the insect gut. independently fix atmospheric nitrogen.
Proteins are solubilised and proteolytically processed 67 (c) Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium can be used as
when exposed to alkaline pH and thus are activated. biofertilisers. Biofertilisers are the organisms that enrich
The toxins then attack the gut cells of the insect, the nutrient quality of the soil. Whereas, Aspergillus
creating holes in the lining casusing lysis and death of and Rhizopus are not used as biofertilisers.
the insect. 68 (c) Azospirillum andAzotobacter are free-living
57 (d) In Bt cotton, Bt means carrying an endotoxin gene nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These bacteria fix atmospheric
from Bacillus thuringiensis. nitrogen in the soil and make it available for the higher
Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus plants. On the other hand, Rhizobium is the symbiotic
thuringiensis and incorporated into several crop plants nitrogen-fixing bacterium.
such as cotton, com, etc. The toxin is coded by a gene 69 (c) A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic (mutually beneficial)
named cry and imparts resistance to a wide range of association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular
insect pests. (higher) plant. These are important components of soil
59 (d) Trichoderma can be used as a biocontrol agent of life and soil chemistry.
several plant pathogens. It is a filamentous soil fungus 71 (c) Genus-Glomus forms mycorrhiza with roots of
having mycoparasitic activity. higher plants. It is a fungus which helps in nutrient
On the other hand, Anabaena helps in nitrogen-fixation, uptake from soil, mainly aiding the absorption of
Lactobacillus helps in the production of organic acid, phosphorus.
e.g. lactic acid and Chiarella is a single cell protein, 73 ( d ) Nostoc, Anabaena and Oscillatoria are all
which acts as food supplement.
cyanobacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen and
60 (c) Baculoviruses (Nucleopolyhedrovirus) do not show increase the organic matter of the soil through
effect on non-target insects. These viruses are excellent photosynthetic activity.
candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum
75 (d) Nostoc and Anabaena are cyanobacteria, which
insecticidal applications. These have been known to
serve as important biofertilisers in paddy fields. These
shown no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds,
fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the organic matter
fish or even on non-target insects.
of soil through their photosynthetic activity. These also
61 (d) For a biocontrol agent to be a part of an Integrated increase the soil fertility by adding organic matter to the
Pest Management (1PM) programme, it should be soil.
species-specific and inactive or have no negative
76 (d) Azolla is a pteridophyte and it is used as a
impacts on non-target organisms like plants, mammals,
biofertiliser because it has association with a
birds, fish and even another non-target insects. It should
nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria called Anabaena azollae.
kill only targeted insects/pests (organisms).
77 (b) Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective
62 (a) Option (a) gives an example of biological
biocontrol agent for insect pests such as butterfly
pest/disease control being carried out by microbes.
caterpillars. Spores of this bacterium produce a toxic
Trichoderma species are effective biocontrol agents of insecticidal protein called Cry. These proteins enter the
several plant pathogens. They are free-living fungi that host's body and reach gut where on activation they kill
are very common in the root ecosystems. the host by lysis.
63 (a) The correct group of biocontrol agents is given by
option (a), i.e. Trichoderma, baculovirus and Bacillus
thuringiensis.
• Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and
other arthropods. Most of baculoviruses used as
biocontrol agent belong to the
genus-Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
• Trichoderma is extensively used against pathogenic
fungi which causes soil-borne diseases.
• Bacillus thuringiensis secretes toxin cyrstals which kill
the insect larvae.